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Hubbard CB, Murillo AC. Behavioral resistance to insecticides: current understanding, challenges, and future directions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 63:101177. [PMID: 38355042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Identifying and understanding behavioral resistance to insecticides is vital for maintaining global food security, public health, and ecological balance. Behavioral resistance has been documented to occur in a multitude of insect taxa dating back to the 1940s, but has not received significant research attention due primarily to the complexities of studying insect behavior and a lack of any clear definition of behavioral resistance. In recent years, a systematic effort to investigate the mechanism(s) of behavioral resistance in pest taxa (e.g. the German cockroach and the house fly) has been undertaken. Here, we practically define behavioral resistance, describe the efforts taken by research groups to elucidate resistance mechanisms, and provide insight on designing appropriate bioassays for investigating behavioral resistance mechanisms in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb B Hubbard
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Amy C Murillo
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Hubbard CB, Gerry AC, Murillo AC. Evaluation of the stability of physiological and behavioral resistance to imidacloprid in the house fly (Musca domestica L.) (Diptera: Muscidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1361-1366. [PMID: 37915306 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The house fly (Musca domestica L.) is a synanthropic fly species commonly associated with confined animal facilities. House fly control relies heavily on insecticide use. Neonicotinoids are currently the most widely used class of insecticide and have been formulated into granular fly baits since 2002. Physiological resistance to imidacloprid in house flies has been observed to be unstable and decline over time without continual selection pressure, indicating that resistance has a fitness cost to individuals in the absence of exposure to insecticides. The stability of behavioral resistance to imidacloprid in the house fly has not been evaluated. In the current study, we assess the stability of physiological and behavioral resistance in house flies to imidacloprid over time. RESULTS Physiological susceptibility to imidacloprid varied significantly among three house fly strains examined, with WT-15 exhibiting the greatest susceptibility to imidacloprid with an LC50 and LC95 of 109.29 (95.96-124.49) μg g-1 and 1486.95 (1097.15-2015.23) μg g-1 , respectively. No significant differences in survival were observed across 30 generations of a house fly strain (BRS-1) previously selected for behavioral resistance to imidacloprid with percentage survival ranging from 93.20% at F0 in 2020 to 96.20% survival at F30 in 2022. CONCLUSION These results have significant implications for the management of house flies exhibiting behavioral resistance in field settings. It appears that standard resistance management tactics deployed to reduce the prevalence of physiological resistance, such as rotating or temporarily discontinuing the use of specific insecticides, may not lead to reduced behavioral resistance to imidacloprid. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb B Hubbard
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Alec C Gerry
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Amy C Murillo
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Sabotič J, Bayram E, Ezra D, Gaudêncio SP, Haznedaroğlu BZ, Janež N, Ktari L, Luganini A, Mandalakis M, Safarik I, Simes D, Strode E, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Varamogianni-Mamatsi D, Varese GC, Vasquez MI. A guide to the use of bioassays in exploration of natural resources. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 71:108307. [PMID: 38185432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Bioassays are the main tool to decipher bioactivities from natural resources thus their selection and quality are critical for optimal bioprospecting. They are used both in the early stages of compounds isolation/purification/identification, and in later stages to evaluate their safety and efficacy. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the most common bioassays used in the discovery and development of new bioactive compounds with a focus on marine bioresources. We present a comprehensive list of practical considerations for selecting appropriate bioassays and discuss in detail the bioassays typically used to explore antimicrobial, antibiofilm, cytotoxic, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-ageing potential. The concept of quality control and bioassay validation are introduced, followed by safety considerations, which are critical to advancing bioactive compounds to a higher stage of development. We conclude by providing an application-oriented view focused on the development of pharmaceuticals, food supplements, and cosmetics, the industrial pipelines where currently known marine natural products hold most potential. We highlight the importance of gaining reliable bioassay results, as these serve as a starting point for application-based development and further testing, as well as for consideration by regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Engin Bayram
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - David Ezra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Institute, P.O.Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Susana P Gaudêncio
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Biomolecular Sciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, Blue Biotechnology & Biomedicine Lab, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Berat Z Haznedaroğlu
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Nika Janež
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Leila Ktari
- B3Aqua Laboratory, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anna Luganini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Manolis Mandalakis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ivo Safarik
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Biology Centre, ISBB, CAS, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dina Simes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; 2GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Evita Strode
- Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Agency of Daugavpils University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- Department of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Despoina Varamogianni-Mamatsi
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Marlen I Vasquez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
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Chen F, Lu J, Li M, Yang J, Xu W, Jiang X, Zhang Y. Spinetoram-Induced Potential Neurotoxicity through Autophagy Mediated by Mitochondrial Damage. Molecules 2024; 29:253. [PMID: 38202836 PMCID: PMC10780237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinetoram is an important semi-synthetic insecticide extensively applied in agriculture. It is neurotoxic to insects, primarily by acting on acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). However, few studies have examined the neurotoxicity of spinetoram in human beings. In this study, various concentrations (5, 10, 15, and 20 μM) of spinetoram were employed to expose SH-SY5Y cells in order to study the neurotoxic effects of spinetoram. The results showed that spinetoram exposure markedly inhibited cell viability and induced oxidative stress. It also induced mitochondrial membrane potential collapse (ΔΨm), and then caused a massive opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), a decrease in ATP synthesis, and Ca2+ overloading. Furthermore, spinetoram exposure induced cellular autophagy, as evidenced by the formation of autophagosomes, the conversion of LC3-I into LC3-II, down-regulation of p62, and up-regulation of beclin-1. In addition, we observed that p-mTOR expression decreased, while p-AMPK expression increased when exposed to spinetoram, indicating spinetoram triggered AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy. Complementarily, the effect of spinetoram on neurobehavior was studied using the zebrafish model. After being exposed to different concentrations (5, 10, and 20 μg/mL) of spinetoram, zebrafish showed neurobehavioral irregularities, such as reduced frequency of tail swings and spontaneous movements. Similarly, autophagy was also observed in zebrafish. In conclusion, spinetoram exposure produced potential neurotoxicity through autophagy mediated by mitochondrial damage. The experimental data and results of the neurotoxicity study of spinetoram provided above are intended to serve as reference for its safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (F.C.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (W.X.)
| | - Jin Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (F.C.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (W.X.)
| | - Meng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (F.C.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (W.X.)
| | - Junwu Yang
- Frog Prince (Fujian) Baby&Child Care Product Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou 363000, China;
| | - Wenping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (F.C.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (W.X.)
| | - Xufeng Jiang
- Ugel Cosmetics PTE Ltd., Singapore 349561, Singapore
| | - Yang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (F.C.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (W.X.)
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Lawson BE, McDermott EG. Topical, contact, and oral susceptibility of adult Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to fluralaner. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:281. [PMID: 37580834 PMCID: PMC10426106 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are economically important blood-feeding pests closely associated with livestock production. They are the principal vectors of two hemorrhagic disease viruses affecting both wild and domestic ruminants within the US: bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). BTV impacts the US agriculture sector through direct commodity loss and strict international livestock trade restrictions. Yet, despite posing a considerable threat to US livestock, Culicoides are understudied, and management strategies are lacking. Current control tools for Culicoides are limited to synthetic chemicals, predominantly pyrethroids. With limited products available for livestock producers, proper pesticide rotation is difficult. The present study investigates the efficacy of fluralaner, an isoxazoline insecticide, beyond its current labeled use as an ectoparasiticide in anticipation of adding a new class of pesticides into rotation for use against biting midges. METHODS The efficacy of fluralaner was evaluated by conducting contact, topical, and oral toxicity bioassays on adult female Culicoides sonorensis. Contact toxicity was assessed by using a modified WHO cone assay, which simulates exposure through landing on an insecticide-treated surface. A modified WHO topical toxicity assay, in which fluralaner dilutions were administered to the lateral thorax, was used to assess topical toxicity. For evaluation of oral toxicity, females were offered a blood meal spiked with fluralaner in an artificial membrane feeding system to simulate a systemic insecticide. RESULTS Contact exposure of fluralaner did not cause extensive or consistent mortality. Even the highest concentration tested (100 mg/ml) resulted in an average of only 24.3% mortality at 24 h, and mortality did not significantly differ between exposed and control midges at any concentration. One hundred percent mortality was consistently achieved at concentrations of 1 mg/ml when fluralaner was applied topically. The LC50 for topical exposure to fluralaner at 24 h was estimated to be 0.011 mg/ml. Oral exposure to fluralaner through ingestion of a spiked blood meal proved to be the most effective exposure method, significantly increasing mortality in a dose-dependent manner at 1 h post-exposure. The LC50 at 24 h following ingestion was 14.42 ng/ml. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that fluralaner is a viable candidate for use as an insecticide against adult biting midges if exposed orally, such as in a systemic given to livestock. As withdrawal period requirements for meat animals present unique yet definitive challenges, pharmacokinetic studies of isoxazoline drugs need to be pursued and finalized for livestock before fluralaner may be used as a management strategy in this manner. Alternatively, livestock not raised for consumption, such as hair sheep, would directly benefit from administering oral fluralaner as a component of a BTV disease management program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blythe E Lawson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Emily G McDermott
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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Chavan SN, Tumpa FH, Khokon MAR, Kyndt T. Potential of Exogenous Treatment with Dehydroascorbate to Control Root-knot Nematode Infection in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 16:29. [PMID: 37380881 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-023-00644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Induced resistance (IR) is a unique physiological state characterized by reduced plant susceptibility to (a)biotic stress. Our previous studies showed that exogenous foliar application of dehydroascorbate (DHA), the oxidized form of ascorbic acid, induces systemic resistance against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in rice. In the present study, the potential of DHA in protecting rice plants against M. graminicola was evaluated in lab, pot, and field studies. In an experiment where the interval between foliar treatment and inoculation was varied, 20 mM DHA was found to protect rice plants from M. graminicola for at least 14 days. Pot and field studies confirmed that 10 or 20 mM DHA are highly effective in reducing gall formation and led to a significant increase in rice seed yield. A half dose of DHA (10 mM) combined with another IR-stimulus - piperonylic acid (PA) 300 µM - was at par with DHA 20 mM, leading to reductions in gall formation of more than 80%. In in vitro bioassays, DHA was found to be highly nematicidal to the second-stage juveniles of M. graminicola, with more than 90% mortality within 3 h of exposure to 10 or 20 mM concentrations. While seed treatment had no effect, root drenching or root dipping was also effective in reducing rice susceptibility to M. graminicola, next to foliar treatment. As a dual-action compound with extended protection and ease of application, DHA has great potential for effective nematode management in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Namdeo Chavan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86 N1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, India
| | - Farzana Haque Tumpa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86 N1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Md Atiqur Rahman Khokon
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86 N1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
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Kont MD, Lambert B, Sanou A, Williams J, Ranson H, Foster GM, Lees RS, Churcher TS. Characterising the intensity of insecticide resistance: A novel framework for analysis of intensity bioassay data. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 4:100125. [PMID: 37456558 PMCID: PMC10338328 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is a growing problem that risks harming the progress made by vector control tools in reducing the malaria burden globally. New methods for quantifying the extent of resistance in wild populations are urgently needed to guide deployment of interventions to improve disease control. Intensity bioassays measure mosquito mortality at a range of insecticide doses and characterise phenotypic resistance in regions where resistance is already detected. These data are increasingly being collected but tend to exhibit high measurement error and there is a lack of formal guidelines on how they should be analysed or compared. This paper introduces a novel Bayesian framework for analysing intensity bioassay data, which uses a flexible statistical model able to capture a wide variety of relationships between mortality and insecticide dose. By accounting for background mortality of mosquitoes, our approach minimises the impact of this source of measurement noise resulting in more precise quantification of resistance. It outputs a range of metrics for describing the intensity and variability in resistance within the sample and quantifies the level of measurement error in the assay. The functionality is illustrated with data from laboratory-reared mosquitoes to show how the lethal dose varies within and between different strains. The framework can also be used to formally test hypotheses by explicitly considering the high heterogeneity seen in these types of data in field samples. Here we show that the intensity of resistance (as measured by the median lethal dose (LC50) of insecticide) increases over 7 years in mosquitoes from one village in Burkina Faso but remains constant in another. This work showcases the benefits of statistically rigorous analysis of insecticide bioassay data and highlights the additional information available from this and other dose-response data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara D. Kont
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Ben Lambert
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QJ, UK
| | - Antoine Sanou
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jessica Williams
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Geraldine M. Foster
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Rosemary S. Lees
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Thomas S. Churcher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
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Alomar AA, Alto BW, Walker ED. Spinosyns Delivered in Sugar Meals to Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): Acute Toxicity and Subacute Effects on Survival, Fecundity, and Fertility. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:623-630. [PMID: 34994376 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sugar is an essential source of nutrition for adult mosquitoes to acquire energy. Toxic sugar bait (TSB) provides a promising method for mosquito control by incorporating toxins into artificial sources of sugar (i.e., toxic baits) presented to wild populations. Spinosyns comprise a family of bacterial secondary metabolites with a unique mode of action against the insect nervous system, an appealing environmental safety profile, and potential for incorporation into sugar baits. This research evaluated acute and subacute effects of spinosad (spinosyns A and D) and spinetoram (spinosyns J and L) in sugar meals on survival, fecundity, and fertility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Acute toxicity of spinosyns doubled from 24 to 48 h of assessment, revealing a relatively slow and cumulative action of the formulated spinosyns. Median lethal concentrations at 48 h were lower for spinetoram than for spinosad, lower for Ae. albopictus than Ae. aegypti, and lower for males than females. When exposed to subacute LC50 concentrations of spinosad and spinetoram for 24 h, survival of males and females of both species was diminished compared with controls, fecundity of females was increased, but fertility as measured by hatch rate of eggs was decreased. The formulations may have increased the nutritive value of the sugar meals thereby boosting fecundity, while toxifying embryos, reducing fertility. The inclusion of subacute effects of spinosyns allows assessment of the broader consequences of TSB for adult mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Alomar
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Barry W Alto
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
| | - Edward D Walker
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Machtinger ET, Poh KC. Special Collection: Protocols in Medical and Veterinary Entomology. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:1. [PMID: 33135744 PMCID: PMC7604813 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika T Machtinger
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Karen C Poh
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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