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Hayashi Y, Lee-Okada HC, Nakamura E, Tada N, Yokomizo T, Fujiwara Y, Ichi I. Ablation of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) exacerbates hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol accumulation in polyunsaturated fatty acid-depleted mice. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1920-1932. [PMID: 34008174 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is known to induce hepatic steatosis. However, it is not clearly understood which type of PUFA is responsible for the worsening of steatosis. This study observed a marked accumulation of hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol in fatty acid desaturase 2 knockout (FADS2-/- ) mice lacking both C18 and ≥ C20 PUFAs that were fed a PUFA-depleted diet. Hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation was associated with enhanced sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1-dependent lipogenesis and decreased triacylglycerol secretion into the plasma via very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Furthermore, upregulation of cholesterol synthesis contributed to increased hepatic cholesterol content in FADS2-/- mice. These results suggest that ≥ C20 PUFAs synthesized by FADS2 are important in regulating hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol accumulation during PUFA deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Hayashi
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Lee-Okada
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genome Research, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tada
- Laboratory of Genome Research, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujiwara
- Institute for Human Life Innovation, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan.,Natural Science Division, Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Ichi
- Institute for Human Life Innovation, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan.,Natural Science Division, Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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Hayashi Y, Yokomizo Y, Fujiwara Y, Ichi I. The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency on allergic response in ovalbumin-immunized mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 164:102231. [PMID: 33373962 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are present in biological membranes and influence membrane fluidity and immune responses. PUFAs such as 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 cannot be synthesized de novo in mammals and are thus called essential fatty acids (EFAs). In addition, PUFAs can be converted to very long-chain PUFAs (VLC-PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, in the body. Although avoiding allergens is an effective strategy for food-allergy patients, the dietary exclusion of several allergens reportedly induces deficiencies in essential nutrients such as PUFAs. In this study, we investigated whether an EFA-deficient (EFAD) diet influenced allergic symptoms in ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized mice. Unexpectedly, no exacerbation of immune responses after OVA-sensitization was observed in mice fed an EFAD diet, and no differences in serum PUFA levels between OVA-immunized and non-immunized mice fed the EFAD diet were detected. However, levels of VLC-PUFAs in the small intestine increased after OVA-sensitization and did not decrease during EFAD diet administration, showing that small intestinal VLC-PUFAs levels were strongly preserved in the food-allergy model mice. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms by which small intestinal VLC-PUFAs are retained in food-allergy model mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Hayashi
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Yokomizo
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujiwara
- Institute for Human Life Innovation, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan; Natural Science Division, Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Ichi
- Institute for Human Life Innovation, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan; Natural Science Division, Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Ichi I, Kono N, Arita Y, Haga S, Arisawa K, Yamano M, Nagase M, Fujiwara Y, Arai H. Identification of genes and pathways involved in the synthesis of Mead acid (20:3n-9), an indicator of essential fatty acid deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:204-13. [PMID: 24184513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (Mead acid, 20:3n-9) is synthesized from oleic acid during a state of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). Mead acid is thought to be produced by the same enzymes that synthesize arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, but the genes and the pathways involved in the conversion of oleic acid to Mead acid have not been fully elucidated. The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cultured cells are generally very low compared to those in mammalian tissues. In this study, we found that cultured cells, such as NIH3T3 and Hepa1-6 cells, have significant levels of Mead acid, indicating that cells in culture are in an EFAD state under normal culture conditions. We then examined the effect of siRNA-mediated knockdown of fatty acid desaturases and elongases on the level of Mead acid, and found that knockdown of Elovl5, Fads1, or Fads2 decreased the level of Mead acid. This and the measured levels of possible intermediate products for the synthesis of Mead acid such as 18:2n-9, 20:1n-9 and 20:2n-9 in the knocked down cells indicate two pathways for the synthesis of Mead acid: pathway 1) 18:1n-9→(Fads2)→18:2n-9→(Elovl5)→20:2n-9→(Fads1)→20:3n-9 and pathway 2) 18:1n-9→(Elovl5)→20:1n-9→(Fads2)→20:2n-9→(Fads1)→20:3n-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo Ichi
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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Beerthuis RK, Nugteren DH, Pabon HJJ, van Dorp DA. Biologically active prostaglandins from some new odd-numbered essential fatty acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19680870414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Paoletti R, Galli C. Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on the central nervous system in the growing rat. In: lipids, malnutrition & the developing brain. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008:121-40. [PMID: 5212091 DOI: 10.1002/9780470719862.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Werner A, Havinga R, Kuipers F, Verkade HJ. Treatment of EFA deficiency with dietary triglycerides or phospholipids in a murine model of extrahepatic cholestasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 286:G822-32. [PMID: 14670824 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00425.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency during cholestasis is mainly due to malabsorption of dietary EFA (23). Theoretically, dietary phospholipids (PL) may have a higher bioavailability than dietary triglycerides (TG) during cholestasis. We developed murine models for EFA deficiency (EFAD) with and without extrahepatic cholestasis and compared the efficacy of oral supplementation of EFA as PL or as TG. EFAD was induced in mice by feeding a high-fat EFAD diet. After 3 wk on this diet, bile duct ligation was performed in a subgroup of mice to establish extrahepatic cholestasis. Cholestatic and noncholestatic EFAD mice continued on the EFAD diet (controls) or were supplemented for 3 wk with EFA-rich TG or EFA-rich PL. Fatty acid composition was determined in plasma, erythrocytes, liver, and brain. After 4 wk of EFAD diet, induction of EFAD was confirmed by a sixfold increased triene-to-tetraene ratio (T/T ratio) in erythrocytes of noncholestatic and cholestatic mice (P < 0.001). EFA-rich TG and EFA-rich PL were equally effective in preventing further increase of the erythrocyte T/T ratio, which was observed in cholestatic and noncholestatic nonsupplemented mice (12- and 16-fold the initial value, respectively). In cholestatic mice, EFA-rich PL was superior to EFA-rich TG in decreasing T/T ratios of liver TG and PL (each P < 0.05) and in increasing brain PL concentrations of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid (each P < 0.05). We conclude that oral EFA supplementation in the form of PL is more effective than in the form of TG in increasing LCPUFA concentrations in liver and brain of cholestatic EFAD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniek Werner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Pediatric Research Laboratory, CMC IV Rm. Y2115, P. O. Box 30 001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The term 'essential fatty acid' is ambiguous and inappropriately inclusive or exclusive of many polyunsaturated fatty acids. When applied most rigidly to linoleate and alpha-linolenate, this term excludes the now well accepted but conditional dietary need for two long chain polyunsaturates (arachidonate and docosahexaenoate) during infancy. In addition, because of the concomitant absence of dietary alpha-linolenate, essential fatty acid deficiency is a seriously flawed model that has probably led to significantly overestimating linoleate requirements. Linoleate and alpha-linolenate are more rapidly beta-oxidized and less easily replaced in tissue lipids than the common 'non-essential' fatty acids (palmitate, stearate, oleate). Carbon from linoleate and alpha-linolenate is recycled into palmitate and cholesterol in amounts frequently exceeding that used to make long chain polyunsaturates. These observations represent several problems with the concept of 'essential fatty acid', a term that connotes a more protected and important fatty acid than those which can be made endogenously. The metabolism of essential and non-essential fatty acids is clearly much more interconnected than previously understood. Replacing the term 'essential fatty acid' by existing but less biased terminology, i.e. polyunsaturates, omega3 or omega6 polyunsaturates, or naming the individual fatty acid(s) in question, would improve clarity and would potentially promote broader exploration of the functional and health attributes of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Cunnane
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, M5S 3E2, Toronto, Canada.
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Intestinal absorption of essential fatty acids under physiological and essential fatty acid-deficient conditions. J Lipid Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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STEIN O, STEIN Y. METABOLISM IN VITRO OF PALMITIC AND LINOLEIC ACID IN THE HEART AND DIAPHRAGM OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID-DEFICIENT RATS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 84:621-35. [PMID: 14266247 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6542(64)90022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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HOLMAN RT, HOFSTETTER HH. THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF THE LIPIDS FROM BOVINE AND PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE TISSUES. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1996; 42:540-4. [PMID: 14300210 DOI: 10.1007/bf02540098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Høy CE, Hølmer G, Kaur N, Byrjalsen I, Kirstein D. Acyl group distributions in tissue lipids of rats fed evening primrose oil (λ-linolenic plus linoleic acid) or soybean oil (α-linolenic plus linoleic acid). Lipids 1983; 18:760-71. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02534633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/1983] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Milillo P, Burdino E, Danni O, Mina S, Ugazio G. Mechanism of protection against carbon tetrachloride toxicity. II. Lethality in rats fed a polyunsaturated fatty acid deficient diet. Drug Chem Toxicol 1982; 5:125-41. [PMID: 6813095 DOI: 10.3109/01480548209017774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A PUFA-deficient diet causes deficiency symptoms and alters the fatty acid pattern in liver microsomal lipids. However, CCl4 lethality and sleeping time remain unchanged while the hepatic level of cytochrome P450 is only slightly lowered by the dietary regimen. In accordance, the amplitude of double bond shifting in microsomal lipids is far from being depressed in animals deprived of the peroxidative substrate. In fact, the experimental treatment does not impair intestinal absorption, liver uptake and metabolism of CCl4 given orally. Finally, both in vitro and in vivo peroxidative challenge of arachidonic acid content in hepatic microsomes causes comparable alterations of this parameter, whatever the initial fatty acid pattern following the dietary regimen. These findings provide evidence excluding an influence of the fatty acid composition of the diet on the severity of damages due to halogen-alkane exposure.
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Mahfouz MM, Johnson S, Holman RT. The effect of isomeric trans-18:1 acids on the desaturation of palmitic, linoleic and eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acids by rat liver microsomes. Lipids 1980; 15:100-7. [PMID: 7374357 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of the positional isomers of trans-18:1 acids on the desaturation of palmitic acid to palmitoleic (delta 9-desaturase), linoleic to gamma-linolenic (delta 6-desaturase) and eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic to arachidonic acid (delta 5-desaturase) were investigated. These trans-18:1 acids were found to be inhibitory for the microsomal delta 6-, delta 9- and delta 5-desaturases of rat liver. The position of the double bond in the trans-18:1 acids seems to be important in determining the degree of inhibition. At inhibitor/substrate ratio of 3:1, the delta 6-desaturase was most strongly inhibited by trans-delta 3, -delta 4, -delta 7 and -delta 15-18:1 isomers, whereas the delta 9-desaturase was most strongly inhibited by trans-delta3, -delta 5, -delta 7, -delta 10, -delta 12, -delta 13 and -delta 16 isomers. At inhibitor/substrate ratio of 6:1, the delta 5-desaturase was most strongly inhibited by delta 3-, delta 9-, delta 13- and delta 15-isomers. When 18:0 was added to the incubations of 16:0, 18:2 and 20:3 at the same I/S ratios used for the trans-18:1 acids, weak inhibition for delta 9- desaturase and no inhibition for delta 5- and delta 6-desaturases was observed.
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Coniglio JG, Whorton AR, Beckman JK. Essential fatty acids in testes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1977; 83:575-89. [PMID: 920484 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3276-3_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Takatori T, Phillips F, Privett OS. Effects of dietary saturated and trans fatty acids on cholesteryl ester synthesis and hydrolysis in the testes of rats. Lipids 1976; 11:357-63. [PMID: 5644 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies were made of the enzymic synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters in rat testes. Weanling rats were fed for 14 weeks diets containing 5% by wt of hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO), a concentrate of ethyl elaidate and linolelaidate (TRANS), devoid of essential fatty acids (EFA), or safflower oil (SAFF). Cholesterol esterifying activity was localized in the soluble fraction, and cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity was distributed in both particulate and soluble fractions obtained from tissue homogenates. The optimum pH was 6.0 for esterification and 6.9-7.0 for hydrolysis. Neither esterifying nor hydrolytic activity was affected by freezing and thawing, but both reactions were inhibited by heat or sonication. The animals of both the HCO and TRANS groups had developed an EFA deficiency before they were sacrificed. The EFA deficiency produced upon feeding the HCO diet had no apparent effect on the synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters in rat testes. The TRANS diet influenced the development of the testes as judged by their size, and cholesterol esterifying and cholesteryl ester hydrolyzing activities were suppressed in the testes of the animals of this group. A major difference in the effects of the HCO and TRANS diets on the lipids of the tests was the relatively minor amount of eicosatrienoic acid (20:3) and the elevated level of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5) in the cholesteryl esters of the testicular lipids of the TRANS group.
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22
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Berberian PA, Ziboh VA, Hsia SL. Prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis: changes in rabbit aorta and skin during experimental atherogenesis. J Lipid Res 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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23
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Galli C, Trzeciak HI, Paoletti R. Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on myelin and various subcellular structures in rat brain. J Neurochem 1972; 19:1863-7. [PMID: 5047850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1972.tb01475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Lang K, Reimold WV. [Influence of red-perch oil and coconut fat on tissue lipids and their fatty acid composition in the testis of the rat]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ERNAHRUNGSWISSENSCHAFT 1971; 10:343-50. [PMID: 5161173 DOI: 10.1007/bf02026811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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25
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Galli C, Trzeciak HI, Paoletti R. Effects of dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of brain ethanolamine phosphoglyceride: Reciprocal replacement of n−6 and n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(71)90233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Galli C, White HB, Paoletti R. Lipid alterations and their reversion in the central nervous system of growing rats deficient in essential fatty acids. Lipids 1971; 6:378-87. [PMID: 5117249 DOI: 10.1007/bf02531374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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White HB, Galli C, Paoletti R. Brain recovery from essential fatty acid deficiency in developing rats. J Neurochem 1971; 18:869-82. [PMID: 5567907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb12017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Galli C, White HB, Paoletti R. Brain lipid modifications induced by essential fatty acid deficiency in growing male and female rats. J Neurochem 1970; 17:347-55. [PMID: 5494064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1970.tb02221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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31
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Goswami A, Williams WL. Effect of hypophysectomy and replacement therapy on fatty acid metabolism in the rat testis. Biochem J 1967; 105:537-43. [PMID: 5583996 PMCID: PMC1198342 DOI: 10.1042/bj1050537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
1. The influence of pituitary gonadotrophins and of testosterone on the conversion of linoleic acid into other polyunsaturated fatty acids by rat testicular tissue was studied. 2. In immature hypophysectomized rats, follicle-stimulating hormone caused a threefold increase in the incorporation of radioactivity from [1-(14)C]linoleic acid into testicular lipids; the distribution of (14)C in the polyunsaturated fatty acids, however, was not significantly affected. 3. In mature hypophysectomized rats, the hormonal treatments had less pronounced effects on (14)C incorporation into testicular lipids, but caused a significant increase in the percentage of (14)C incorporated into polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-6 series, luteinizing hormone and testosterone having the more pronounced influences. 4. A time-course study of the appearance of radioactivity in the ejaculated spermatozoa of rabbits, after they had been given a tracer dose of [1-(14)C]linoleic acid, indicated that incorporation of radioactivity into spermatozoa occurred during all stages of spermatogenesis.
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Bizzi A, Veneroni E, Garattini S, Puglisi L, Paoletti R. Hypersensitivity olipid mobilizing agents in essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1967; 2:48-52. [PMID: 4296636 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(67)90022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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33
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Sólyom A, Mühlbachova E, Puglisi L. Incorporation of [14C6]glucose and [9,10-3H]palmitic acid in vitro into lipids of adipose tissue from essential fatty acid-deficient rats. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 137:427-34. [PMID: 6069204 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(67)90124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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34
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Endogenous lipid composition of the intestinal lymph of rats raised on fat-free, lard, or corn oil diets. J Lipid Res 1965. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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35
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Privett OS, Blank ML. Studies on the metabolism of linoelaidic acid in the essential fatty acid-deficient rat. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1964. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02667022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. S. Privett
- ; The Hormel Institute; University of Minnesota; Austin Minnesota
| | - M. L. Blank
- ; The Hormel Institute; University of Minnesota; Austin Minnesota
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36
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Blank M, Privett O. Studies on the metabolism of cis,trans isomers of methyl linoleate and linolenate. J Lipid Res 1963. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)40292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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37
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FISHER H, FEIGENBAUM AS, WEISS HS. Requirement of Essential Fatty Acids and Avian Atherosclerosis. Nature 1961; 192:1310-1. [PMID: 13893249 DOI: 10.1038/1921310a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Kirschman JC, Coniglio JG. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in tissues of growing male and female rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 1961. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(61)90266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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39
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Kummerow
- ; Department of Food Technology; University of Illinois; Urbana Illinois
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