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Mandal P, Bhattacharjee B, Sen S, Bhattacharya A, Saha SS, Chowdhury RR, Mondal NR, Chakrabarty B, Chatterjee T, Roy S, Sengupta S. Predominance of genomically defined A lineage of HPV16 over D lineage in Indian patients from eastern India with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix in association with distinct oncogenic phenotypes. Transl Oncol 2021; 15:101256. [PMID: 34717279 PMCID: PMC8564679 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The HPV16 lineage A viruses are predominantly associated with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the eastern region of India. Among lineage A viruses, the E5(Y44L, I65V), E6(L83V) and LCR: C7577T variants are associated with SCC. The risk alleles are distributed among 10 clades comprising of 64 HPV16 genomes. Low integration, high episomal copy numbers and high E7 mRNA expression in SCC contrasts lineage A viruses from lineage D.
Human papillomavirus type-16 (HPV16) is classified into lineages, A, B, C and D and 10 sub-lineages portraying variable infectivity, persistence, and cytological outcomes, however, with geographical variations. Our objective was to delineate the distinctive features of lineages among cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the eastern region of India. A total of 145 SCC cases and 24 non-malignant specimens, harboring episomal HPV16, were included. The presence of higher proportion of lineage A over D was observed among SCC cases (86.89% A1, 8.97% D1 and 4.14% D2), while only A1 sub-lineage viruses were found among control specimens. Among the A1 viruses, an association of variants in the E5 (Y44L, I65V), E6 (L83V) genes and LCR: C7577T with SCC, with combined Odd's ratio (95% CI) of 20.5(4.61–91.25) was observed. Network analyses revealed the presence of 10 clades of lineage A viruses comprising of 64 HPV16 genomes harboring the risk alleles. High episomal HPV16 DNA copy numbers (adjusted p-value= 0.0271) and E7 mRNA expression (p-value=0.000017) predominated in SCC with lineage A, over D. Our study highlights the distinctive modalities of oncogenicity among different HPV16 lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Mandal
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.: N.S.S., Kalyani, West Bengal 741251, India; Biomedical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Burdwan, West Bengal 713104, India
| | - Bornali Bhattacharjee
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.: N.S.S., Kalyani, West Bengal 741251, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Kolkata, Kolkata, India.
| | - Shrinka Sen
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.: N.S.S., Kalyani, West Bengal 741251, India; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Amrapali Bhattacharya
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.: N.S.S., Kalyani, West Bengal 741251, India; DBT-NIDAN Kendra on Rare Genetic Diseases, N. R. S. Medical College and Hospital, 138, A. J. C. Bose Road, Kolkata 700014, India
| | - Sweta Sharma Saha
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.: N.S.S., Kalyani, West Bengal 741251, India; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sharmila Sengupta
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.: N.S.S., Kalyani, West Bengal 741251, India.
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Virus-Host Protein-Protein Interactions between Human Papillomavirus 16 E6 A1 and D2/D3 Sub-Lineages: Variances and Similarities. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217980. [PMID: 33121134 PMCID: PMC7663357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk strains of human papillomavirus are causative agents for cervical and other mucosal cancers, with type 16 being the most frequent. Compared to the European Prototype (EP; A1), the Asian-American (AA; D2/D3) sub-lineage seems to have increased abilities to promote carcinogenesis. Here, we studied protein–protein interactions (PPIs) between host proteins and sub-lineages of the key transforming E6 protein. We transduced human keratinocyte with EP or AA E6 genes and co-immunoprecipitated E6 proteins along with interacting cellular proteins to detect virus–host binding partners. AAE6 and EPE6 may have unique PPIs with host cellular proteins, conferring gain or loss of function and resulting in varied abilities to promote carcinogenesis. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and stringent interactor selection criteria based on the number of peptides, we identified 25 candidates: 6 unique to AAE6 and EPE6, along with 13 E6 targets common to both. A novel approach based on pathway selection discovered 171 target proteins: 90 unique AAE6 and 61 unique EPE6 along with 20 common E6 targets. Interpretations were made using databases, such as UniProt, BioGRID, and Reactome. Detected E6 targets were differentially implicated in important hallmarks of cancer: deregulating Notch signaling, energetics and hypoxia, DNA replication and repair, and immune response.
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Jackson R, Eade S, Zehbe I. An epithelial organoid model with Langerhans cells for assessing virus-host interactions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180288. [PMID: 30955491 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) may lead to cancer in mucosal and skin tissue. Consequently, HPV must have developed strategies to escape host immune surveillance. Nevertheless, most HPV infections are cleared by the infected host. Our laboratory investigates Langerhans cells (LCs), acting at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. We hypothesize that this first line of defence is vital for potential HPV elimination. As an alternative to animal models, we use smaller-scale epithelial organoids grown from human primary keratinocytes derived from various anatomical sites. This approach is amenable to large sample sizes-an essential aspect for scientific rigour and statistical power. To evaluate LCs phenotypically and molecularly during the viral life cycle and onset of carcinogenesis, we have included an engineered myeloid cell line with the ability to acquire an LC phenotype. This model is accurately tailored for the crucial time-window of early virus elimination in a complex organism and will shed more light on our long-standing research question of how naturally occurring HPV variants influence disease development. It may also be applied to other microorganism-host interaction research or enquiries of epithelium immunobiology. Finally, our continuously updated pathogen-host analysis tool enables state-of-the-art bioinformatics analyses of next-generation sequencing data. This article is part of the theme issue 'Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jackson
- 1 Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute , 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario , Canada P7B 6V4.,2 Biotechnology Program, Lakehead University , 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario , Canada P7B 5E1
| | - Statton Eade
- 1 Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute , 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario , Canada P7B 6V4
| | - Ingeborg Zehbe
- 1 Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute , 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario , Canada P7B 6V4.,3 Department of Biology, Lakehead University , 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario , Canada P7B 5E1
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Méndez-Martínez R, Maldonado-Frías S, Vázquez-Vega S, Caro-Vega Y, Rendón-Maldonado JG, Guido-Jiménez M, Crabtree-Ramírez B, Sierra-Madero JG, García-Carrancá A. High prevalent human papillomavirus infections of the oral cavity of asymptomatic HIV-positive men. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:27. [PMID: 31924186 PMCID: PMC6954555 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Incidence of anal and oral infections with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is increasing, particularly among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive (HIV+) men. HPV type 16 has exhibited the highest incidence and only limited data is available on other prevalent types, variants of HPV16, as well as associated factors. We were interested in identifying prevalent HPV types, variants of type 16, as well as factors associated with HPV16 infections in the oral cavity of HIV+ men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods A cross-sectional study of oral cavity samples from HIV+ MSM, that in a previous study were identified as positive for HPV16 in the anal canal. Cells from the oral cavity (102 samples, paired with 102 from the anal canal of same patient) were used to extract DNA and detect HPV infections using INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra II, and PCR. From these, 80 samples (paired, 40 anal and 40 oral) were used to identify variants of type 16 by sequencing. Statistical differences were estimated by the X2 test, and p values equal to or less than 0.05 were considered significant. SPSS ver. Twenty-four statistical software (IBM Corp) was used. Results We found a high prevalence of High-Risk HPV (HR-HPV) and Low-Risk HPV (LR-HPV). Patients were positive in the oral cavity for HR types; 16, 39 and 18 (80.4, 61.8 and 52.9% respectively) and LR types 11 and 6 (53.9 and 34.3% respectively). Surprisingly, only European variants of type 16 were found in the oral cavity, although American Asian (22.5%) and African (2.5%) variants were identified in the anal canal. The analysis showed that CD4 counts could be the most important risk factor associated with HR-HPV infections in the oral cavity, anal canal or both anatomical regions. The risk of infection of the oral cavity with type 18 increased in men diagnosed with HIV for more than 6 years. Conclusions Prevalence of both HR and LR HPV’s in the oral cavity of Mexican HIV+ MSM is very high. The fact that only European variants of HPV16 were found in the oral cavity suggest a possible tropism not previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Méndez-Martínez
- División de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando #22, Tlalpan, 2do piso, Torre de Investigación Básica, 14080, CDMX, México City, Mexico.,Doctorado en Biotecnología & Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Silvia Maldonado-Frías
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Copilco Universidad, 04360 Ciudad de México, CDMX, México City, Mexico
| | - Salvador Vázquez-Vega
- Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica y en Servicios de Salud, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Doctores 330, Cuauhtemoc, 06720, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Yanink Caro-Vega
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán" (INCMNSZ), Secretaría de Salud, México City, Mexico
| | - José Guadalupe Rendón-Maldonado
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas- UAS, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Calz. de las Américas Norte 2771, Burócrata, 80030, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Miriam Guido-Jiménez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México & Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando #22, Tlalpan, 2do piso, Torre de Investigación Básica, 14080, CDMX, México City, Mexico
| | - Brenda Crabtree-Ramírez
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán" (INCMNSZ), Secretaría de Salud, México City, Mexico
| | - Juan G Sierra-Madero
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán" (INCMNSZ), Secretaría de Salud, México City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro García-Carrancá
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México & Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando #22, Tlalpan, 2do piso, Torre de Investigación Básica, 14080, CDMX, México City, Mexico.
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Álvarez-Paredes L, Santibañez M, Galiana A, Rodríguez Díaz JC, Parás-Bravo P, Andrada-Becerra ME, Ruiz García MM, Rodríguez-Ingelmo JM, Portilla-Sogorb J, Paz-Zulueta M. Association of Human Papillomavirus Genotype 16 Viral Variant and Viral Load with Cervical High-grade Intraepithelial Lesions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:547-556. [PMID: 31208965 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus genotype 16 (HPV16) is by far the genotype most strongly associated with cervical cancer; viral variant and/or viral load of HPV16 could modulate this association. The objective was to determine the association between the viral variant and viral load of HPV16 and the presence of cervical high-grade lesions. This cross-sectional study included all women in whom HPV infection was found by cervical smear during routine gynecologic health checks. Women with single or multiple HPV16 infections (n = 176) were selected for viral variant and viral load analysis. Smear results were classified using the Bethesda system. HPV types were classified according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Odds ratios (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by logistic regression, adjusted for age, immigrant status, and coinfection with other high-risk genotypes. No statistically significant associations were found regarding the detected viral variants. A viral load above the median (>1,367.79 copies/cell) was associated with a significant risk of high-grade epithelial lesion or carcinoma, after adjusting for age, immigrant status, coinfections, and viral variant: (adjusted OR 7.89; 95% CI: 2.75-22.68). This relationship showed a statistically significant dose-response pattern after categorizing by viral load tertiles: adjusted OR for a viral load greater than the third tertile was 17.23 (95% CI: 4.20-70.65), with adjusted linear P trend = 0.001. In patients infected with HPV16, viral load is associated with high-grade intraepithelial lesions or cervical carcinoma. This could be useful as prognostic biomarker of neoplastic progression and as screening for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Santibañez
- Department of Nursing, Nursing Research Group-IDIVAL, University of Cantabria, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Antonio Galiana
- Department of Microbiology, University General Hospital of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Paula Parás-Bravo
- Department of Nursing, Nursing Research Group-IDIVAL, University of Cantabria, Cantabria, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - María Paz-Zulueta
- Department of Nursing, University of Cantabria, Cantabria, Spain. IDIVAL, GI Derecho Sanitario y Bioetica, GRIDES, Cantabria, Spain.
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Zhou Z, Yang H, Yang L, Yao Y, Dai S, Shi L, Li C, Yang L, Yan Z, Yao Y. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 gene variations associated with cervical cancer in a Han Chinese population. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 73:13-20. [PMID: 30981880 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is a high-risk HPV subtype and a potent carcinogen. The HPV16 E6 and E7 genes are considered oncogenes that play a core role in the development of cervical cancer. METHODS In the current study, we enrolled 97 HPV16-positive cervical cancer patients (case group) and 136 HPV16-positive asymptomatic individuals (control group) in a study to analyse the association between HPV16 E6 and E7 gene variations and cervical cancer. RESULTS Our results showed that three HPV16 sub-lineages (A1-A3, A4 and D3) were present; the distribution of these variants between the case and control group was not significantly different (P = 0.178). When the distribution of the HPV16 E6 and E7 gene variations was compared, the distribution of only A131C (R10R) in the E6 gene showed a different trend between the case and control groups and C749T (S63F) in the E7 gene was significantly different between the case and control groups (P = 0.071 and P = 4.861 × 10-10, respectively). Regarding the sub-lineages, no variations in the E6 gene were significantly different between the case and control group for the A4 (As) and A1-A3 (EUR) sub-lineages. However, the distribution of C749T (S63F) in the E7 gene was significantly different between the case and control groups for the A4 (As) and A1-A3 (EUR) sub-lineages (P = 1.815 × 10-8 and P = 0.008). In the current study, we found that the C749T (S63F) variation in the HPV16 E7 gene was associated with cervical cancer not only in the A4 (As) sub-lineage but also in the A1-A3 (EUR) sub-lineage. CONCLUSION Our study will provide a good reference for further functional studies of the relationship between cervical cancer carcinogenesis and the HPV16 E6 and E7 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Zhou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongying Yang
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Yueting Yao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuying Dai
- School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Li Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Chuanyin Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Longyu Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiling Yan
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, China.
| | - Yufeng Yao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, China.
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Corvalán AH, Ruedlinger J, de Mayo T, Polakovicova I, Gonzalez-Hormazabal P, Aguayo F. The Phylogeographic Diversity of EBV and Admixed Ancestry in the Americas⁻Another Model of Disrupted Human-Pathogen Co-Evolution. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020217. [PMID: 30769835 PMCID: PMC6406347 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an etiological agent for gastric cancer with significant worldwide variations. Molecular characterizations of EBV have shown phylogeographical variations among healthy populations and in EBV-associated diseases, particularly the cosegregated BamHI-I fragment and XhoI restriction site of exon 1 of the LMP-1 gene. In the Americas, both cosegregated variants are present in EBV carriers, which aligns with the history of Asian and European human migration to this continent. Furthermore, novel recombinant variants have been found, reflecting the genetic makeup of this continent. However, in the case of EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBV-associated GC), the cosegregated European BamHI-“i” fragment and XhoI restriction site strain prevails. Thus, we propose that a disrupted coevolution between viral phylogeographical strains and mixed human ancestry in the Americas might explain the high prevalence of this particular gastric cancer subtype. This cosegregated region contains two relevant transcripts for EBV-associated GC, the BARF-1 and miR-BARTs. Thus, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) or targeted sequencing of both transcripts may be required to clarify their role as a potential source of this disrupted coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro H Corvalán
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
| | - Jenny Ruedlinger
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
| | - Tomas de Mayo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Faculty of Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 7510041, Chile.
| | - Iva Polakovicova
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
| | - Patricio Gonzalez-Hormazabal
- Program of Human Genetics, Instituto Ciencias Biomedicas, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
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LeConte BA, Szaniszlo P, Fennewald SM, Lou DI, Qiu S, Chen NW, Lee JH, Resto VA. Differences in the viral genome between HPV-positive cervical and oropharyngeal cancer. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203403. [PMID: 30161236 PMCID: PMC6117069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States has steadily increased in the past decades and has now become the most frequently diagnosed HPV-associated cancer type, surpassing cervical cancer. Variations in the HPV genome correlate with tumorigenic risk, and the distribution of genetic variants is extensively studied in cervical cancer, but very little is known about new mutations or the distribution of HPV types and variants in oropharyngeal cancer. Here we present an archival tissue cohort study that compares genomic characteristics of HPV associated with cervical versus oropharyngeal tumors using DNA sequence analysis. We found HPV16 to be more prevalent in oropharyngeal samples than in cervical samples (91.2% versus 52.9%), while HPV18 (1.5% versus 18.2%) and HPV45 (0.7% versus 9.9%) were much less prevalent. Differences between cervix and oropharynx in HPV16 variants distribution were more subtle, but the combined European + Asian (EUR+AS) variant group was more prevalent (90.2% versus 71.4%), while the American Asian 1 + American Asian 2 (AA1+AA2) variant group was much less prevalent (4.4% versus 22.5%) in oropharyngeal cancers. HPV prevalence in oropharyngeal cancers showed an increasing trend from 60% in 2003 to 80% in 2016. We also identified over nine times more nonsynonymous mutations in the HPV E6 gene amplified from oropharyngeal samples, but for E7 the difference in mutation rates between the two anatomical locations was not significant. Overall, we showed that HPV genome in oropharyngeal cancer presents important differences when compared to cervical cancer and this may explain the distinct pathomechanisms and susceptibility to treatment of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A. LeConte
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter Szaniszlo
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Fennewald
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dianne I. Lou
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Suimin Qiu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nai-Wei Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John H. Lee
- Department of Adult Medical Affairs, Chan Soon-Shiong Institute of Molecular Medicine, Culver City, California, United States of America
| | - Vicente A. Resto
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Wang M, Ding X, Wen Q, Chen Z, Cao M, Jing Y, Zhang S. Genetic variability in E5, E6, E7 and L1 genes of human papillomavirus type 31. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5498-5507. [PMID: 29393441 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 31 is an important pathogenic subtype associated with cervical cancer. The aims of the present study were to analyze E5, E6, E7 and L1 gene mutations of HPV‑31 among females, and to elucidate the evolutionary associations between them. In total, 87 positive samples were collected. The E5, E6, E7 and L1 genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Subsequently, two phylogenetic trees were constructed from the nucleotide sequences of the E5, E6 and E7 and the L1 variants of HPV‑31. In total, 31 mutation sites of E5, E6 and E7 genes were identified, of which 16 were non‑synonymous. T4053A (F80I), C285T (H60Y), C520T (A138V) and A743G (K62E) were the most common non‑synonymous mutations. A total of 30 mutation sites of L1 genes were identified, of which four were non‑synonymous. The most common non‑synonymous mutations of L1 genes were A6350G (T29A) and C6372A (T36N). By phylogenetic analysis, A and C variants were most frequently detected, while B variants were less frequently detected in this population. The sequence variation data obtained in the present study provides a foundation for future research regarding HPV‑induced oncogenesis, and may prove valuable for developing diagnostic probes and in the design of HPV vaccines for targeted populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‑Resources and Eco‑Environment, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Shaohong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‑Resources and Eco‑Environment, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Mengting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‑Resources and Eco‑Environment, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Xianping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bio‑Resources and Eco‑Environment, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Bio‑Resources and Eco‑Environment, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Zuyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio‑Resources and Eco‑Environment, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Man Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bio‑Resources and Eco‑Environment, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yaling Jing
- Key Laboratory of Bio‑Resources and Eco‑Environment, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‑Resources and Eco‑Environment, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
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10
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Variation of HPV Subtypes with Focus on HPV-Infection and Cancer in the Head and Neck Region. Recent Results Cancer Res 2017; 206:113-122. [PMID: 27699533 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43580-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) comprises a heterogeneous group of double-strand DNA viruses with variable potential to infect human epithelial cells and trigger neoplastic transformation. Its 8 kb genome encodes proteins required for virus replication and self-organized formation of infectious particles but also for early proteins E6 and E7 able to trigger neoplastic transformation. E6 and E7 of high-risk (HR) HPV subtypes can bind to p53 or release E2F and abrogate replication control. Due to variable amino acid sequence (AAS) in the binding sites of E6 and E7 particular HR-HPV variants within subtypes are essentially heterogeneous in efficacy triggering neoplastic transformation and cancer development. This could explain differences in the clinical course of HPV-driven head and neck cancer.
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11
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Ragin C, Liu JC, Jones G, Shoyele O, Sowunmi B, Kennett R, Groen HJM, Gibbs D, Blackman E, Esan M, Brandwein MS, Devarajan K, Bussu F, Chernock R, Chien CY, Cohen MA, Samir EM, Mikio S, D'Souza G, Funchain P, Eng C, Gollin SM, Hong A, Jung YS, Krüger M, Lewis J, Morbini P, Landolfo S, Rittà M, Straetmans J, Szarka K, Tachezy R, Worden FP, Nelson D, Gathere S, Taioli E. Prevalence of HPV Infection in Racial-Ethnic Subgroups of Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Carcinogenesis 2016; 38:218-229. [PMID: 28025390 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The landscape of HPV infection in racial/ethnic subgroups of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients has not been evaluated carefully. In this study, a meta-analysis examined the prevalence of HPV in HNC patients of African ancestry. Additionally, a pooled analysis of subject-level data was also performed to investigate HPV prevalence and patterns of p16 (CDNK2A) expression amongst different racial groups. Eighteen publications (N = 798 Black HNC patients) were examined in the meta-analysis, and the pooled analysis included 29 datasets comprised of 3,129 HNC patients of diverse racial/ethnic background. The meta-analysis revealed that the prevalence of HPV16 was higher among Blacks with oropharyngeal cancer than Blacks with non-oropharyngeal cancer. However, there was great heterogeneity observed among studies (Q test P<0.0001). In the pooled analysis, after adjusting for each study, year of diagnosis, age, gender and smoking status, the prevalence of HPV16/18 in oropharyngeal cancer patients was highest in Whites (61.1%), followed by 58.0% in Blacks and 25.2% in Asians (P<0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference in HPV16/18 prevalence in non-oropharyngeal cancer by race (P=0.682). With regard to the pattern of HPV16/18 status and p16 expression, White patients had the highest proportion of HPV16/18+/p16+ oropharyngeal cancer (52.3%), while Asians and Blacks had significantly lower proportions (23.0% and 22.6%, respectively) [P <0.0001]. Our findings suggest that the pattern of HPV16/18 status and p16 expression in oropharyngeal cancer appears to differ by race and this may contribute to survival disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ragin
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Temple University, College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Temple University; and Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gieira Jones
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Temple University, College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olubunmi Shoyele
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western Connecticut Health Network, Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT, USA
| | - Bukola Sowunmi
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Kennett
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harry J M Groen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Temple University, College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Denise Gibbs
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Blackman
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Temple University, College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Esan
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Margaret S Brandwein
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, SUNY at the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Karthik Devarajan
- Department of Biostatistics, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Francesco Bussu
- Institute of Otolaryngology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Rebecca Chernock
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chih-Yen Chien
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Marc A Cohen
- Department of Surgery, Head and Neck Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - El-Mofty Samir
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suzuki Mikio
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Gypsyamber D'Souza
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pauline Funchain
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Susanne M Gollin
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Angela Hong
- Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuh-S Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Maximilian Krüger
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - James Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Patrizia Morbini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Pathology, University of Pavia, and à IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Santo Landolfo
- Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Rittà
- Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jos Straetmans
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, GROW Institute, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Krisztina Szarka
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ruth Tachezy
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion National Reference Laboratory for Papillomaviruses, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Francis P Worden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Deborah Nelson
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Temple University, College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samuel Gathere
- Non Communicable Diseases Research Programme, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emanuela Taioli
- Departments of Population Health Science and Policy, of Thoracic Surgery, and Institute For Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Jackson R, Rosa BA, Lameiras S, Cuninghame S, Bernard J, Floriano WB, Lambert PF, Nicolas A, Zehbe I. Functional variants of human papillomavirus type 16 demonstrate host genome integration and transcriptional alterations corresponding to their unique cancer epidemiology. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:851. [PMID: 27806689 PMCID: PMC5094076 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a worldwide burden as they are a widespread group of tumour viruses in humans. Having a tropism for mucosal tissues, high-risk HPVs are detected in nearly all cervical cancers. HPV16 is the most common high-risk type but not all women infected with high-risk HPV develop a malignant tumour. Likely relevant, HPV genomes are polymorphic and some HPV16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are under evolutionary constraint instigating variable oncogenicity and immunogenicity in the infected host. RESULTS To investigate the tumourigenicity of two common HPV16 variants, we used our recently developed, three-dimensional organotypic model reminiscent of the natural HPV infectious cycle and conducted various "omics" and bioinformatics approaches. Based on epidemiological studies we chose to examine the HPV16 Asian-American (AA) and HPV16 European Prototype (EP) variants. They differ by three non-synonymous SNPs in the transforming and virus-encoded E6 oncogene where AAE6 is classified as a high- and EPE6 as a low-risk variant. Remarkably, the high-risk AAE6 variant genome integrated into the host DNA, while the low-risk EPE6 variant genome remained episomal as evidenced by highly sensitive Capt-HPV sequencing. RNA-seq experiments showed that the truncated form of AAE6, integrated in chromosome 5q32, produced a local gene over-expression and a large variety of viral-human fusion transcripts, including long distance spliced transcripts. In addition, differential enrichment of host cell pathways was observed between both HPV16 E6 variant-containing epithelia. Finally, in the high-risk variant, we detected a molecular signature of host chromosomal instability, a common property of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS We show how naturally occurring SNPs in the HPV16 E6 oncogene cause significant changes in the outcome of HPV infections and subsequent viral and host transcriptome alterations prone to drive carcinogenesis. Host genome instability is closely linked to viral integration into the host genome of HPV-infected cells, which is a key phenomenon for malignant cellular transformation and the reason for uncontrolled E6 oncogene expression. In particular, the finding of variant-specific integration potential represents a new paradigm in HPV variant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jackson
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Biotechnology Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce A Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sonia Lameiras
- NGS platform, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex, France
| | - Sean Cuninghame
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josee Bernard
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wely B Floriano
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alain Nicolas
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3244, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Ingeborg Zehbe
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. .,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
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13
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Betiol JC, Sichero L, Costa HODO, de Matos LL, Andreoli MA, Ferreira S, Faraj SF, de Mello ES, Sobrinho JS, Brandão LG, Cernea CR, Kulcsar MA, Pinto FR, Gonçalves AJ, Menezes MB, Silva L, Rossi LM, Nunes RAL, Termini L, Villa LL. Prevalence of human papillomavirus types and variants and p16(INK4a) expression in head and neck squamous cells carcinomas in São Paulo, Brazil. Infect Agent Cancer 2016; 11:20. [PMID: 27148398 PMCID: PMC4855326 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-016-0067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) diverges geographically. The reliability of using p16INK4a expression as a marker of viral infection is controversial in HNSCC. We evaluated HPV types and HPV-16 variants prevalence, and p16INK4a expression in HNSCC specimens provided by two different Institutions in São Paulo. Methods HPV DNA from formalin-fixed specimens was accessed by Inno-LiPA, HPV-16 variants by PCR-sequencing, and p16INK4a protein levels by immunohistochemistry. Results Overall, HPV DNA was detected among 19.4 % of the specimens (36/186). Viral prevalence was higher in the oral cavity (25.0 %, 23/92) then in other anatomical sites (oropharynx 14,3 %, larynx 13.7 %) when samples from both Institutions were analyzed together. HPV prevalence was also higher in the oral cavity when samples from both Institutions were analyzed separately. HPV-16 was the most prevalent type identified in 69.5 % of the HPV positive smaples and specimens were assigned into Asian-American (57.2 %) or European (42.8 %) phylogenetic branches. High expression of p16INK4a was more common among HPV positive tumors. Conclusion Our results support a role for HPV-16 in a subset of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Betiol
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center of Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Sichero
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center of Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Center of Translational Oncology - ICESP, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, 8 andar, 01246-000, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | | | - Leandro L de Matos
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Andreoli
- HPV Institute, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, School of Medicine (FCMSCSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvaneide Ferreira
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center of Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sheila F Faraj
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute of São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evandro S de Mello
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute of São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João S Sobrinho
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center of Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lenine G Brandão
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio R Cernea
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco A Kulcsar
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio R Pinto
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Gonçalves
- Department of Surgery, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, School of Medicine (FCMSCSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B Menezes
- Department of Surgery, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, School of Medicine (FCMSCSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Silva
- Department of Otolaringology, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, School of Medicine (FCMSCSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lia M Rossi
- Department of Otolaringology, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, School of Medicine (FCMSCSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafaella A Lima Nunes
- HPV Institute, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, School of Medicine (FCMSCSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara Termini
- HPV Institute, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, School of Medicine (FCMSCSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luisa L Villa
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center of Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,HPV Institute, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, School of Medicine (FCMSCSP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Radiology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Harari A, Chen Z, Rodríguez AC, Hildesheim A, Porras C, Herrero R, Wacholder S, Panagiotou OA, Befano B, Burk RD, Schiffman M. Cross-protection of the Bivalent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Against Variants of Genetically Related High-Risk HPV Infections. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:939-47. [PMID: 26518044 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Results from the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial (CVT) demonstrated partial cross-protection by the bivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which targets HPV-16 and HPV-18, against HPV-31, -33, and -45 infection and an increased incidence of HPV-51 infection. METHODS A study nested within the CVT intention-to-treat cohort was designed to assess high-risk HPV variant lineage-specific vaccine efficacy (VE). The 2 main end points were (1) long-term incident infections persisting for ≥2 years and/or progression to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (ie, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 [CIN 2/3]) and (2) incident transient infections lasting for <2 years. For efficiency, incident infections due to HPV-16, -18, -31, -33, -35, -45, and -51 resulting in persistent infection and/or CIN 2/3 were matched (ratio, 1:2) to the more-frequent transient viral infections, by HPV type. Variant lineages were determined by sequencing the upstream regulatory region and/or E6 region. RESULTS VEs against persistent or transient infections with HPV-16, -18, -33, -35, -45, and -51 did not differ significantly by variant lineage. As the possible exception, VEs against persistent infection and/or CIN 2/3 due to HPV-31 A/B and HPV-31C variants were -7.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], -33.9% to 0%) and 86.4% (95% CI, 65.1%-97.1%), respectively (P = .02 for test of equal VE). No difference in VE was observed by variant among transient HPV-31 infections (P = .68). CONCLUSIONS Overall, sequence variation at the variant level does not appear to explain partial cross-protection by the bivalent HPV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Allan Hildesheim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville
| | - Carolina Porras
- Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Rolando Herrero
- Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Sholom Wacholder
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville
| | - Orestis A Panagiotou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville
| | - Brian Befano
- Information Management Services, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Robert D Burk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Department of Pediatrics Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Mark Schiffman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville
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15
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Togtema M, Jackson R, Richard C, Niccoli S, Zehbe I. The human papillomavirus 16 European-T350G E6 variant can immortalize but not transform keratinocytes in the absence of E7. Virology 2015; 485:274-82. [PMID: 26318249 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 is commonly implicated in HPV-related cancers. However, only a small number of infected individuals progress to this stage. Epidemiological evidence demonstrated that oncogenic risk is population-specific and variations within the viral oncogene, E6, have been suggested to play a role in these findings. Of focus in this study is the European-T350G variant, which is characterized by an L>V amino acid substitution at residue 83 of the prototype E6 protein. To elucidate the functional effects of this polymorphism, we followed keratinocytes transduced with E-T350G E6 for over 60 passages and compared them to keratinocytes transduced, in parallel, with prototype or Asian-American (Q14H/L83V/H78Y) E6. We found that although E-T350G E6 immortalized transduced keratinocytes in the absence of E7, these cells were not fully transformed. We also found that E-T350G down-regulated E-cadherin compared to the other variants, providing a possible link between its population-based oncogenicity and host genetic variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Togtema
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Biotechnology Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Jackson
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Biotechnology Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Richard
- Regional Cancer Care, Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Niccoli
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Ingeborg Zehbe
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada.
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16
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Xi LF, Schiffman M, Koutsky LA, Hughes JP, Winer RL, Mao C, Hulbert A, Lee SK, Shen Z, Kiviat NB. Lineages of oncogenic human papillomavirus types other than type 16 and 18 and risk for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju270. [PMID: 25217779 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on clinical outcomes of infection with variants of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types other than HPV16 and HPV18 are rare. We investigated intratypic variations in non-HPV16/18 oncogenic types and their corresponding relationships with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2-3 (CIN2/3). METHODS Study subjects were women who were positive for one or more of 11 non-HPV16/18 oncogenic types. Subjects were followed every six months for two years for detection of HPV and cervical lesions. Variant lineages were defined by sequencing the 3' part of the long control region and the entire E6/E7 region of HPV genome. Lineage-associated risk of CIN2/3 was assessed using logistic regression with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS A total of 4591 type-specific HPV infections among 2667 women were included in the analysis. The increase in risk of CIN2/3 was statistically significant for women with HPV31 A or B compared with C variants, HPV33 A1 compared with B variants, HPV45 A3 or B2 compared with B1 variants, HPV56 B compared with A2 variants, and HPV58 A1 or A3 compared with C variants. For these five types, the adjusted odds ratio associated with CIN2/3 was 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5 to 2.6) for infections with single-type high-risk (HR) variants, 1.7 (95% CI = 1.0 to 2.7) for infections with two or more types but only one HR variant, and 5.3 (95% CI = 3.1 to 8.4) for infections with HR variants of two or more types as compared with those with single-type non-HR variants. The likelihood of CIN2/3 was similar for women with HPV16 infection and for those with HPV58 A1 variant infection. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that for a given HPV type, intratypic nucleotide changes may alter phenotypic traits that affect the probability of neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Fu Xi
- Department of Pathology (LFX, AH, ZS, NBK) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CM), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (LFX, LAK, RLW, SKL) and Department of Biostatistics (JPH), School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MS), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Mark Schiffman
- Department of Pathology (LFX, AH, ZS, NBK) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CM), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (LFX, LAK, RLW, SKL) and Department of Biostatistics (JPH), School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MS), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laura A Koutsky
- Department of Pathology (LFX, AH, ZS, NBK) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CM), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (LFX, LAK, RLW, SKL) and Department of Biostatistics (JPH), School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MS), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - James P Hughes
- Department of Pathology (LFX, AH, ZS, NBK) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CM), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (LFX, LAK, RLW, SKL) and Department of Biostatistics (JPH), School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MS), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rachel L Winer
- Department of Pathology (LFX, AH, ZS, NBK) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CM), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (LFX, LAK, RLW, SKL) and Department of Biostatistics (JPH), School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MS), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Constance Mao
- Department of Pathology (LFX, AH, ZS, NBK) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CM), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (LFX, LAK, RLW, SKL) and Department of Biostatistics (JPH), School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MS), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ayaka Hulbert
- Department of Pathology (LFX, AH, ZS, NBK) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CM), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (LFX, LAK, RLW, SKL) and Department of Biostatistics (JPH), School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MS), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shu-Kuang Lee
- Department of Pathology (LFX, AH, ZS, NBK) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CM), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (LFX, LAK, RLW, SKL) and Department of Biostatistics (JPH), School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MS), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zhenping Shen
- Department of Pathology (LFX, AH, ZS, NBK) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CM), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (LFX, LAK, RLW, SKL) and Department of Biostatistics (JPH), School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MS), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nancy B Kiviat
- Department of Pathology (LFX, AH, ZS, NBK) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CM), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (LFX, LAK, RLW, SKL) and Department of Biostatistics (JPH), School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MS), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Kodaman N, Sobota RS, Mera R, Schneider BG, Williams SM. Disrupted human-pathogen co-evolution: a model for disease. Front Genet 2014; 5:290. [PMID: 25202324 PMCID: PMC4142859 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major goal in infectious disease research is to identify the human and pathogenic genetic variants that explain differences in microbial pathogenesis. However, neither pathogenic strain nor human genetic variation in isolation has proven adequate to explain the heterogeneity of disease pathology. We suggest that disrupted co-evolution between a pathogen and its human host can explain variation in disease outcomes, and that genome-by-genome interactions should therefore be incorporated into genetic models of disease caused by infectious agents. Genetic epidemiological studies that fail to take both the pathogen and host into account can lead to false and misleading conclusions about disease etiology. We discuss our model in the context of three pathogens, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human papillomavirus, and generalize the conditions under which it may be applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Kodaman
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College Hanover, NH, USA ; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rafal S Sobota
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College Hanover, NH, USA ; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robertino Mera
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Barbara G Schneider
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Scott M Williams
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College Hanover, NH, USA
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18
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Yang L, Yang H, Wu K, Shi X, Ma S, Sun Q. Prevalence of HPV and variation of HPV 16/HPV 18 E6/E7 genes in cervical cancer in women in South West China. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1926-36. [PMID: 25111286 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College; Kunming China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Kunming China
| | - Hongying Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Provincial Tumor Hospital); Kunming China
| | - Kun Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University; Kunming China
| | - Xinan Shi
- Southwest Guizhou Vocational and Technical College for Nationalities; Xingyi China
| | - Shaohui Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College; Kunming China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Kunming China
| | - Qiangming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College; Kunming China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Kunming China
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19
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Jackson R, Togtema M, Lambert PF, Zehbe I. Tumourigenesis driven by the human papillomavirus type 16 Asian-American e6 variant in a three-dimensional keratinocyte model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101540. [PMID: 24983759 PMCID: PMC4077794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with a transforming human papillomavirus (HPV) such as type 16 (of species Alphapapillomavirus 9) causes ano-genital and oral tumours via viral persistence in human squamous cell epithelia. Epidemiological studies showed that the naturally occurring HPV16 Asian-American (AA) variant (sublineage D2/D3) is found more often than the European Prototype (EP) (sublineage A1) in high-grade cervical neoplasia and tumours compared to non-cancer controls. Just three amino acid changes within the early gene, E6, of HPV16 AA have been linked to this augmented tumourigenicity. The AAE6 variant's greater immortalizing and transforming potential over EPE6 has recently been confirmed in retrovirally-transduced keratinocytes expressing the E6 gene only. However, the tumourigenic role of the full-length viral genome of HPV16 has not yet been addressed with regard to these E6 variants. To investigate this process in the context of these two HPV16 E6 genotypes, an organotypic tissue culture model was used to simulate the HPV infectious life cycle. The AAE6 variant demonstrated an enhanced ability over EPE6 to drive the viral life cycle toward tumourigenesis, as evidenced phenotypically—by a more severe grade of epithelial dysplasia with higher proliferation and deregulated differentiation, and molecularly—by high viral oncogene E6 and E7 expression, but lack of productive viral life cycle markers. In contrast, EPE6 had low E6 and E7 but high E1∧E4 expression, indicative of a productive life cycle. We suggest increased viral integration into the host genome for AAE6 as one possible mechanism for these observed differences from EPE6. Additionally, we found downstream effects on immortalization and host innate immune evasion. This study highlights how minor genomic variations in transforming viruses can have a significant affect on their tumourigenic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jackson
- Probe Development & Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Togtema
- Probe Development & Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ingeborg Zehbe
- Probe Development & Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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20
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Marongiu L, Godi A, Parry JV, Beddows S. Human papillomavirus type 16 long control region and E6 variants stratified by cervical disease stage. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 26:8-13. [PMID: 24823962 PMCID: PMC4150919 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We sequenced HPV16 LCR–E6 variants in cervical disease samples from England. 98% of variants were of the EUR lineage. Site-specific entropy identified several variable sites in the LCR and E6. No single or combination of sites were associated with disease, including E6 T350G.
Objective Certain intra-type variants of HPV16 have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of developing high grade cervical disease, but their potential association is confounded by apparent geographic and phylogenetic lineage dependency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between HPV16 sequence variants and cervical disease stage in monospecific infection samples from a single lineage (European, EUR) in England. Methods One hundred and twelve women singly infected with HPV16 and displaying normal and abnormal cytology grades were selected. An 1187 bp fragment encompassing the entire LCR and a portion of the E6 open reading frame was sequenced to identify intra-type variants. Intra-type diversity was estimated using Shannon entropy. Results Almost all samples (110/112; 98%) were assigned to the EUR lineage, one sample was classified as European-Asian (EAS) and another African (Afr1a). The mean pairwise distance of the EUR sequences in this study was low (0.29%; 95%CI 0.13–0.45%) but there were nevertheless several sites in the LCR (n = 5) and E6 (n = 2) that exhibited a high degree of entropy. None of these sites, however, including the T350G non-synonymous (L83V) substitution in E6, alone or in combination, were found to be associated with cervical disease stage. Conclusions Despite using single infection samples and samples from a single variant lineage, intra-type variants of HPV16 were not differentially associated with cervical disease. Monitoring intra-lineage, site-specific variants, such as T350G, is unlikely to be of diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Marongiu
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Anna Godi
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - John V Parry
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Simon Beddows
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London, UK.
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21
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Chang YJ, Chen HC, Pan MH, Lee BH, You SL, Lin CY, Chou YC, Hsieh CY, Cheng YJ, Liaw KL, Hsing AW, Schiffman M, Chen CJ. Intratypic variants of human papillomavirus type 16 and risk of cervical neoplasia in Taiwan. J Med Virol 2014; 85:1567-76. [PMID: 23852681 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The associations between variants of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and risk of cervical neoplasia have been reported, but nucleotide variations of HPV 16 in Asian populations and their association with cervical neoplasia have not been evaluated extensively. During 1991-1992, 11,923 women from seven townships in Taiwan were enrolled. The HPV DNA in cervical cells was detected and genotyped using EasyChip HPV blot. Nucleotide variations in the long control region (LCR), E6, and E7 genes were determined using DNA sequencing for 170 HPV 16-positive cervical samples. The Asian variant was the most prevalent variant (81.8%) of HPV 16 in Taiwan, and was also associated with increased prevalence of histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse, showing an age-adjusted odds ratio (exact confidence limits) of 10.70 (1.62-451.05; P = 0.0049) compared to the HPV 16 European variant. Similar significant associations with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse were also observed for distinct nucleotide substitutions, including T178A/G, A647G, A7730C/G, T7781C, G7842A, and C24T/G. These results demonstrate that non-European variants (non-E) of HPV 16, predominantly Asian variants, are associated with increased risk for severe cervical neoplasia, compared with European variants. Molecular mechanisms accounting for varied cervical neoplasia risk among different HPV 16 variants warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ju Chang
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Wang X, Li Y, Ni T, Xie X, Zhu J, Zheng ZM. Genome sequencing accuracy by RCA-seq versus long PCR template cloning and sequencing in identification of human papillomavirus type 58. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:5. [PMID: 24410913 PMCID: PMC3903022 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome variations in human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are common and have been widely investigated in the past two decades. HPV genotyping depends on the finding of the viral genome variations in the L1 ORF. Other parts of the viral genome variations have also been implicated as a possible genetic factor in viral pathogenesis and/or oncogenicity. Results In this study, the HPV58 genome in cervical lesions was completely sequenced both by rolling-circle amplification of total cell DNA and deep sequencing (RCA-seq) and by long PCR template cloning and sequencing. By comparison of three HPV58 genome sequences decoded from three clinical samples to reference HPV-58, we demonstrated that RCA-seq is much more accurate than long-PCR template cloning and sequencing in decoding HPV58 genome. Three HPV58 genomes decoded by RCA-seq displayed a total of 52 nucleotide substitutions from reference HPV58, which could be verified by long PCR template cloning and sequencing. However, the long PCR template cloning and sequencing led to additional nucleotide substitutions, insertions, and deletions from an authentic HPV58 genome in a clinical sample, which vary from one cloned sequence to another. Because the inherited error-prone nature of Tgo DNA polymerase used in preparation of the long PCR templates of HPV58 genome from the clinical samples, the measurable error rate in incorporation of nucleotide into an elongating DNA template was about 0.149% ±0.038% in our studies. Conclusions Since PCR template cloning and sequencing is widely used in identification of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), our data indicate that a serious caution should be taken in finding of true SNPs in various genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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23
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Geraets DT, van Doorn LJ, Kleter B, Colau B, Harper DM, Quint WGV. Long-term follow-up of HPV16-positive women: persistence of the same genetic variant and low prevalence of variant co-infections. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80382. [PMID: 24244682 PMCID: PMC3823622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HPV16 variants correlate with geographic origin and ethnicity. The association between infection with a specific variant and the cervical disease risk remains unclear. We studied the prevalence, persistence and association with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) of different HPV16 variants, using cervical swabs and whole tissue sections (WTS) of biopsies from 548 women in the placebo group of a HPV16/18 vaccine trial. In HPV16-positive samples, HPV16 variants were identified by a reverse hybridization assay (RHA). Laser-capture micro-dissection (LCM) was performed for localized detection of HPV. HPV16 variants were determined in 47 women. Frequency of mixed HPV16 variant infections was lower (8.5%) than for multiple HPV genotypes (39.1%). Among 35 women having consecutive HPV16 variant-positive swabs, 32 (91.4%) had the same variant while in three (8.6%) women a change in variant(s) was observed. HPV16-positive WTS were obtained from 12 women having consecutive HPV16 variant-positive swabs. The same variant was present in WTS of 10 women, while two were negative. WTS of five women were histologically normal. A single HPV16 variant was detected in four women having CIN1-3, while additional HPV genotypes were found in three other women having CIN2 and CIN3. In the WTS of one woman with mixed genotypes, the HPV16 variant was assigned to a CIN2 lesion by LCM. HPV16 variant infections can be effectively studied in cervical swabs and tissue specimens by the HPV16 variant RHA. Multiple HPV16 variants in one woman are rare. The HPV16 genotype consistently detected in follow-up samples usually involves a persistent infection with the same variant.
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24
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Svahn MF, Faber MT, Christensen J, Norrild B, Kjaer SK. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in epithelial ovarian cancer tissue. A meta-analysis of observational studies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 93:6-19. [PMID: 24033121 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer is controversial, and conflicting results have been published. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of HPV in epithelial ovarian cancer tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS Observational studies published until 4 March 2013 were identified in PubMed and Embase. We adhered to MOOSE guidelines and included 22 studies (case-control, cross-sectional studies). A pooled estimate of the HPV prevalence with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated based on a random effect model. In a meta-regression analysis we examined the contribution of different factors to heterogeneity. Furthermore, publication bias was evaluated. RESULTS The pooled HPV prevalence in ovarian cancer tissue was 15.5%, but wide variation was found (0-66.7%). After stratification by geographical region, publication year, tissue type and method of HPV detection, we found that the prevalence of HPV varied most markedly by geographical area, the prevalence being 45.6% (95% CI, 31.0-60.3) in Asia, 18.5% (95% CI, 8.5-28.6) in Eastern Europe, 1.1% (95% CI, -1.6 to 3.8) in Western Europe and zero in North America. A meta-regression analysis revealed that the difference between geographical regions could not be explained by HPV detection method or type of tissue. CONCLUSIONS Great geographical variation exists in HPV prevalence in ovarian cancer tissue, which is not explained by different HPV detection methods. The results suggest that HPV is unlikely to play an important role in Western European and American women, but cannot reject a role of HPV in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene F Svahn
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Gáll T, Kis A, Tatár TZ, Kardos G, Gergely L, Szarka K. Genomic differences in the background of different severity in juvenile-onset respiratory papillomatoses associated with human papillomavirus type 11. Med Microbiol Immunol 2013; 202:353-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-013-0297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pientong C, Wongwarissara P, Ekalaksananan T, Swangphon P, Kleebkaow P, Kongyingyoes B, Siriaunkgul S, Tungsinmunkong K, Suthipintawong C. Association of human papillomavirus type 16 long control region mutation and cervical cancer. Virol J 2013; 10:30. [PMID: 23343096 PMCID: PMC3599568 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The variation of human papillomavirus (HPV) genes or HPV variants demonstrates different risks of cervical cancer. Mutation in the long control region (LCR) at YY1-motifs is one of the mechanisms for enhancing viral oncogene expression during the course of cancer cell progression. In Thai women, cervical cancers are almost always associated with HPV16 variant sub-lineage Asian (HPV16As); however, the mechanism involved remains elusive. The aim of this study was to understand further the oncogenic potential of HPV16As. METHODS A total of 82 HPV16-positive specimens from Thai women were selected from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cervical tissues, and the full length E6 gene of each specimen was amplified and sequenced. LCRs of the HPV16As-positive cases were amplified and sequenced to analyze their polymorphisms. Transcriptional activities of the HPV16As LCRs were then compared with sub-lineage European (EUR), sub-lineage Asian-American 1 (AA1) and HPV16 prototype by insertion of the LCRs into the pGL3-Basic vector. RESULTS The HPV16 DNA sequences were classified as HPV16 prototype (18.3%), Asian (As, 61%), Asian American-1 (AA1, 8.5%), European (EUR, 7.3%), Asian African-2 (AFR2, 3.7%) and Java-135C (J135C, 1.2%). The prevalence of HPV16As was 30% in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), while that in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and squamous cell cervical carcinoma (SCC) were 63.9% and 66.7%, respectively, which demonstrates a significant association of HPV16As with the disease severity. LCR polymorphisms from 43 HPV16As positive cases were analyzed by PCR-sequencing. Thirty-eight nucleotide variation positions spanned nucleotide positions 7157-82. Ten new mutations found in the HPV16As LCRs were located predominantly at the enhancer and proximal to the 3'-end of the early promoter. The LCRs of the common HPV16As, EUR and AA1 showed 5, 13 and 23-fold higher activity than the HPV16 prototype LCR, while those of the new nucleotide variations of As showed 19 (As-sv1) and 30 (As-sv14) -fold higher activity than the HPV16 prototype. CONCLUSIONS HPV16As DNA sequence variation, especially at the proximal to early promoter in the LCR, enhances transcriptional activity. This could be one of the possible mechanisms for HPV16As-associated cervical cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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27
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Burroni E, Bisanzi S, Sani C, Puliti D, Carozzi F. Codon 72 polymorphism of p53 and HPV type 16 E6 variants as risk factors for patients with squamous epithelial lesion of the uterine cervix. J Med Virol 2012; 85:83-90. [PMID: 23124863 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Arg/Arg genotype versus Arg/Pro or Pro/Pro at codon 72 of the p53 gene in association with human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E6 variants has been implicated as a risk marker in cervical neoplasia. However, research on this topic has produced controversial results. The association of p53 codon 72 polymorphism alone and in combination with specific HPV 16 E6 variants with risk of developing squamous intraepithelial cervical lesion has been investigated in low and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and in HPV-negative controls from an Italian population. The data obtained showed statistically significant different distribution of p53 genotypes between healthy controls and precursor lesions, with the p53 arginine homozygous increased in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The T350G HPV 16 variant was the most frequent variant observed in the analyzed group of Italian women, showing a slight decreasing with the severity of the lesion. At the same time, the number of the prototype T350 slightly increased with the severity of the cytological lesions. In conclusion, p53 arginine homozygous was found to be increased in high-grade lesions, supporting the results of previous investigations indicating that HPV-positive patients with p53 Arg/Arg have an increased risk of developing pre-cancerous lesions. In addition, T350G HPV 16 variant was over-represented in p53 Arg homozygous women with cervical lesions. When p53 genotype and HPV 16 variants are considered together, no difference emerges between cases and controls so is not possible to assess that the oncogenic effect of HPV 16 T350G variant may be influenced by the p53 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Burroni
- Unit of Analytical and Biomolecular Cytology, ISPO, Florence, Italy.
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28
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Chansaenroj J, Theamboonlers A, Junyangdikul P, Swangvaree S, Karalak A, Poovorawan Y. Whole genome analysis of human papillomavirus type 16 multiple infection in cervical cancer patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:599-606. [PMID: 22524831 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.2.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the whole genome of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) from cervical cancer specimens with multiple infections in comparison with single infection samples as the oncogenic potential of the virus may differ. Cervical carcinoma specimens positive for HPV16 by PCR and INNO-LiPA were randomly selected for whole genome characterization. Two HPV16 single infection and six HPV16 multiple infection specimens were subjected to whole genome analysis by using conserved primers and subsequent sequencing. All HPV16 whole genomes from single infection samples clustered in the European (E) lineage while all multiple infection specimens belonged to the non-European lineage. The variations in nucleotide sequences in E6, E7, E2, L1 and Long control region (LCR) were evaluated. In the E6 region, amino acid changes at L83V were related to increased cancer progression. An amino acid variation N29S within the E7 oncoprotein significantly associated with severity of lesion was also discovered. In all three domains of the E2 gene non synonymous mutations were found. The L1 region showed various mutations which may be related to conformation changes of viral epitopes. Some transcription factor binding sites in the LCR region correlated to virulence were shown on GRE/1, TEF- 1, YY14 and Oct-1. HPV16 European variant prone to single infection may harbor a major variation at L83V which significantly increases the risk for developing cervical carcinoma. HPV16 non-European variants prone to multiple infections may require many polymorphisms to enhance the risk of cervical cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jira Chansaenroj
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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29
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The Asian-American E6 variant protein of human papillomavirus 16 alone is sufficient to promote immortalization, transformation, and migration of primary human foreskin keratinocytes. J Virol 2012; 86:12384-96. [PMID: 22951839 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01512-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined how well the human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 oncogene can function in the absence of the E7 oncogene during the carcinogenic process in human keratinocytes using a common HPV variant strongly associated with cervical cancer: the Asian-American E6 variant (AAE6). This E6 variant is 20 times more frequently detected in cervical cancer than the prototype European E6 variant, as evidenced by independent epidemiological data. Using cell culture and cell-based functional assays, we assessed how this variant can perform crucial carcinogenesis steps compared to the prototype E6 variant. The ability to immortalize and transform primary human foreskin keratinocytes (PHFKs) to acquire resilient phenotypes and the ability to promote cell migration were evaluated. The immortalization capability was assayed based on population doublings, number of passages, surpassing mortality stages 1 and 2, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression, and the ability to overcome G(1) arrest via p53 degradation. Transformation and migration efficiency were analyzed using a combination of functional cell-based assays. We observed that either AAE6 or prototype E6 proteins alone were sufficient to immortalize PHFKs, although AAE6 was more potent in doing so. The AAE6 variant protein alone pushed PHFKs through transformation and significantly increased their migration ability over that of the E6 prototype. Our findings are in line with epidemiological data that the AA variant of HPV16 confers an increased risk over the European prototype for cervical cancer, as evidenced by a superior immortalization, transformation, and metastatic potential.
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Fragoso-Ontiveros V, María Alvarez-García R, Contreras-Paredes A, Vaca-Paniagua F, Alonso Herrera L, López-Camarillo C, Jacobo-Herrera N, Lizano-Soberón M, Pérez-Plasencia C. Gene expression profiles induced by E6 from non-European HPV18 variants reveals a differential activation on cellular processes driving to carcinogenesis. Virology 2012; 432:81-90. [PMID: 22743128 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer in developed countries remains as a major concern on public health policies due to incidence and mortality rates. Persistent infection with high risk human papillomavirus is a necessary etiological agent in the progression to invasive cervical carcinoma. A proposed hypothesis is the association between more aggressive HPV variants and the risk to develop cervical cancer. In order to have a global perspective in terms of cellular transcripts and molecular pathways affected by HPV18 E6 intratype variants; we conducted a genome wide analysis of gene expression. Our results show that E6 derived from non-European variants are able to up-regulate cellular transcripts associated to the hallmarks of cancer; such as cell cycle, migration, Wnt pathway and mTor signaling. Moreover, we were able to show that HPV18 E6 from African variant had a major effect on cellular processes such as cell cycle and migration as confirmed by functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Fragoso-Ontiveros
- Laboratorio de Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Av. San Fernando 22, Col. Sección XVI, CP 14080 Tlalpan, DF, Mexico.
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Cornet I, Gheit T, Franceschi S, Vignat J, Burk RD, Sylla BS, Tommasino M, Clifford GM. Human papillomavirus type 16 genetic variants: phylogeny and classification based on E6 and LCR. J Virol 2012; 86:6855-61. [PMID: 22491459 PMCID: PMC3393538 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00483-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring genetic variants of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) are common and have previously been classified into 4 major lineages; European-Asian (EAS), including the sublineages European (EUR) and Asian (As), African 1 (AFR1), African 2 (AFR2), and North-American/Asian-American (NA/AA). We aimed to improve the classification of HPV16 variant lineages by using a large resource of HPV16-positive cervical samples collected from geographically diverse populations in studies on HPV and/or cervical cancer undertaken by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In total, we sequenced the entire E6 genes and long control regions (LCRs) of 953 HPV16 isolates from 27 different countries worldwide. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed previously described variant lineages and subclassifications. We characterized two new sublineages within each of the lineages AFR1 and AFR2 that are robustly classified using E6 and/or the LCR. We could differentiate previously identified AA1, AA2, and NA sublineages, although they could not be distinguished by E6 alone, requiring the LCR for correct phylogenetic classification. We thus provide a classification system for HPV16 genomes based on 13 and 32 phylogenetically distinguishing positions in E6 and the LCR, respectively, that distinguish nine HPV16 variant sublineages (EUR, As, AFR1a, AFR1b, AFR2a, AFR2b, NA, AA1, and AA2). Ninety-seven percent of all 953 samples fitted this classification perfectly. Other positions were frequently polymorphic within one or more lineages but did not define phylogenetic subgroups. Such a standardized classification of HPV16 variants is important for future epidemiological and biological studies of the carcinogenic potential of HPV16 variant lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Cornet
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Tarik Gheit
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jerome Vignat
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Robert D. Burk
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Xi LF, Schiffman M, Koutsky LA, Hulbert A, Lee SK, Defilippis V, Shen Z, Kiviat NB. Association of human papillomavirus type 31 variants with risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2-3. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2300-7. [PMID: 22396129 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although the lineages of human papillomavirus type 31 (HPV31) variants are recognized, their clinical relevance is unknown. The purpose of our study was to examine risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Grades 2-3 (CIN2/3) by HPV31 variants. Study subjects were women who participated in the atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion Triage Study and who had HPV31 infections detected at one or more visits. They were followed semi-annually over 2 years for detection of HPV DNA and cervical lesion. HPV31 isolates were characterized by DNA sequencing and assigned into 1 of 3 variant lineages. CIN2/3 was histologically confirmed in 127 (27.0%) of the 470 HPV31-positive women, 83 diagnosed at the first HPV31-positive visit and 44 thereafter. The odds ratio for the association of 2-year cumulative risk of CIN2/3 was 1.7 (95% CI: 1.0-2.9) for infections with A variants and 2.2 (95% CI: 1.2-3.9) for infections with B variants as compared to those with C variants. Among women without CIN2/3 at the first HPV31-positive visit, the risk of subsequent CIN2/3 was 2.2-fold greater for those with A variants (95% CI: 1.0-4.8) and 2.0-fold greater for those with B variants (95% CI: 0.9-4.9) as compared to those with C variants. Similar associations were observed when CIN3 was used as the endpoint. The findings from our study help to tag HPV31 variants that differ in risk of CIN2/3 and to explain in part why some HPV31 infections regress spontaneously and others lead to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Fu Xi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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New variants of E6 and E7 oncogenes of human papillomavirus type 31 identified in Northeastern Brazil. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 123:284-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shang Q, Wang Y, Fang Y, Wei L, Chen S, Sun Y, Li B, Zhang F, Gu H. Human papillomavirus type 16 variant analysis of E6, E7, and L1 [corrected] genes and long control region in [corrected] cervical carcinomas in patients in northeast China. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:2656-63. [PMID: 21593270 PMCID: PMC3147813 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02203-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) plays a cardinal role in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. HPV 16 has intratypic variants which show different geographical distributions and different oncogenic potentials. To analyze the presence of sequence variations of HPV 16 variants in northeast China, 71 cervical carcinomas were identified by HPV typing. HPV 16-positive specimens were analyzed by PCR-directed sequencing in the E6, E7, and L1 genes and the LCR (long control region). The variation data were compared with those of neighboring districts. In this hospital-based study, HPV 16 was the most common type (73.24%). In HPV 16-positive specimens, 67.31% belonged to the European (E) lineage, while 32.69% were Asian (As) variants. The Asian-American (AA), African-1 (Af-1), African-2 (Af-2), and northern American (NA) lineages were not detected. The most frequently observed variation sites were T178G (32.69%) in E6; A647G (34.62%), G666A (38.46%), and T846C (32.69%) in E7; C6826T (36.17%) and G7060A (61.70%) in L1; and G7521A (98.08%) in the LCR. The most prevalent amino acid variations were D25E in E6 and N29S in E7. In addition, 28 novel variations of HPV 16 were reported. Some covariations between different genes were obtained. In this study, HPV 16 variants belonged to the European lineage and the Asian lineage. Compared with neighboring districts, the distribution of HPV 16 variants in northeast China had a typical pattern. As the first report on HPV 16 variants in northeast China, it should be helpful for designing a HPV vaccine and HPV vaccination program in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Shang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Heilongjiang Province, Pathogenic-Biological Key Laboratory, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Heilongjiang Province, Pathogenic-Biological Key Laboratory, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Heilongjiang Province, Pathogenic-Biological Key Laboratory, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanlan Wei
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Heilongjiang Province, Pathogenic-Biological Key Laboratory, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijia Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Heilongjiang Province, Pathogenic-Biological Key Laboratory, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, and Bio-pharmacological Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengmin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Heilongjiang Province, Pathogenic-Biological Key Laboratory, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxi Gu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Heilongjiang Province, Pathogenic-Biological Key Laboratory, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
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Huertas-Salgado A, Martín-Gámez DC, Moreno P, Murillo R, Bravo MM, Villa L, Molano M. E6 molecular variants of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16: an updated and unified criterion for clustering and nomenclature. Virology 2010; 410:201-15. [PMID: 21130481 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reports on taxonomic identification of E6/HPV 16 variants, don't have a worldwide, updated and unified criterion for clustering and nomenclature. Our aim was to update the existing criterion and propose a new one for clustering and nomenclature for E6/HPV 16 molecular variants based on the descriptive and comparative analyses of nucleotide sequences. A systematic search of the publications between 1991 and 2010 was carried out in PUBMED and manually. 240 E6/HPV 16 variants were identified. 157 were classified as European (E), 24 as Asian (As), 14 as Asian American (AA), 11 as North American 1 (NA 1), 19 as African 1 (Af 1) and 15 as African 2 (Af 2). Three classes were determined for the E, 3 each for the As, Af 2 and AA branches, 4 classes for the NA 1 and 6 for the Af 1 branch. This study reports our results and proposes an updated criterion for clustering and nomenclature that will be useful for E6 variant identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Huertas-Salgado
- Grupo investigación en Biología del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Calle 1 # 9 - 85, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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Vrtačnik Bokal E, Kocjan BJ, Poljak M, Bogovac Ž, Jančar N. Genomic variants of human papillomavirus genotypes 16, 18, and 33 in women with cervical cancer in Slovenia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2010; 36:1204-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Hu Y, Zhu YY, Zhang SH, Zhu H, Shuai CX. Human papillomavirus type 16 e6 gene variations in young Chinese women with cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Reprod Sci 2010; 18:406-12. [PMID: 21071728 DOI: 10.1177/1933719110387830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E6 gene mutation is considered an important genetic change in cervical lesion progression. To explore the possible association of specific HPV16 E6 sequence variations with the development of invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in young women, we examined the distribution of HPV16 E6 variants in a Chinese cervical SCC population and analyzed the difference between younger patients (≤35 years, n = 50) and older ones (>35ys, n = 71). Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced by Sanger fluorescent dye dideoxy-termination method. Analysis revealed that the most frequently found variation in this Chinese population was the EV (As) lineage (65.45%). In addition, the EV (As) lineage seems more common and uniform in younger patients than other lineages, and it may be associated with early age at diagnosis of cervical SCC in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
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Lizano M, Berumen J, García-Carrancá A. HPV-related carcinogenesis: basic concepts, viral types and variants. Arch Med Res 2010; 40:428-34. [PMID: 19853182 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) constitutes a diverse group of small DNA virus, some extensively studied during the last three decades due to their carcinogenic potential. Persistence of viral infections and uncontrolled expression of E6 and E7 viral oncogenes are critical events in transformation. A surprisingly large number of different HPV types have been identified and classified (>100) and it has been anticipated that almost 200 may exist. HPV types are thought to have originated very early during human evolution and are now defined by their L1 genomic sequence, differing by >10% among them. Importantly, viral types are cell-type specific and usually produce different kinds of lesions, benign or malignant. In addition, these types have co-evolved with their hosts and have generated what we call now intratype variants. Variants of HPV types are found associated with the ethnicity of the populations and have been grouped geographically. It is believed that HPV intratype variants may differ in biological behavior. Recognition of the crucial role that some specific HPV types play in cervical cancer development is highly important for their prevention and implementation of public health strategies to control cervical cancer, still the leading cause of death among cancer patients in many developing nations. Here we review basic concepts of HPV-induced carcinogenesis and molecular differences found among HPV types and intratype variants and discuss their clinical and functional implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Cáncer, Investigación Biomédica en División de Investigación Basica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, SSA, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
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39
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The immortalizing and transforming ability of two common human papillomavirus 16 E6 variants with different prevalences in cervical cancer. Oncogene 2010; 29:3435-45. [PMID: 20383192 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), especially type 16 has been undeniably linked to cervical cancer. The Asian-American (AA) variant of HPV16 is more common in the Americas than the prototype in cervical cancer. The different prevalence is based on three amino acid changes within the E6 protein denoted Q14H/H78Y/L83V. To investigate the mechanism(s) behind this observation, both E6 proteins, in the presence of E7, were evaluated for their ability to extend the life span of and transform primary human foreskin keratinocytes (PHFKs). Long-term cell culture studies resulted in death at passage 9 of vector-transduced PHFKs (negative control), but survival of both E6 PHFKs to passage 65 (and beyond). Compared with E6/E7 PHFKs, AA/E7 PHFKs were significantly faster dividing, developed larger cells in monolayer cultures, showed double the epithelial thickness and expressed cytokeratin 10 when grown as organotypic raft cultures. Telomerase activation and p53 inactivation, two hallmarks of immortalization, were not significantly different between the two populations. Both were resistant to anoikis at later passages, but only AA/E7 PHFKs acquired the capacity for in vitro transformation. Proteomic analysis revealed markedly different protein patterns between E6/E7 and AA/E7, particularly with respect to key cellular metabolic enzymes. Our results provide new insights into the reasons underlying the greater prevalence of the AA variant in cervical cancer as evidenced by characteristics associated with higher oncogenic potential.
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40
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HPV genotyping and HPV16 variant analysis in glandular and squamous neoplastic lesions of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117:297-301. [PMID: 20207397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to compare the distribution of HPV genotypes and HPV16 variants in glandular and squamous cervical neoplasia. METHODS Cases of endocervical adenocarcinoma in-situ (AIS, n=33) invasive adenocarcinoma (ADCA, n=55), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia-3 (CIN3, n=130) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, n=60) were collected at the New York Hospital and tested for HPV using SPF(10)PCR-LIPA(25) (version 1) assays and for HPV16 variants using a multiplex PCR and reverse hybridization assay. RESULTS There was a difference between the spectrum of HPV genotypes detected in glandular and squamous neoplasia: 13 different HPV genotypes were detected in CIN3 as single infections and 11 in SCC, while only 4 single genotypes were detected in AIS and 3 in ADCA. The most common single HPV types in CIN3 were HPV16, 31, and 52 (56.9%, 10%, 8.4%, respectively). In SCC the most common were HPV16, 18 and 31 (70%, 6.5%, 4.9%). In AIS, HPV16, 18, 45 and 35 accounted for 69.7%, 27.2%, 3%, 3% of cases. The three single types in ADCA were HPV16 (43.6%), HPV18 (41.8%) and HPV45 (10.9%). European variants of HPV16 were the most common in CIN3 (83.8%), SCC (71.4%) and AIS (73.9%). In ADCA the Asian American (AA) variant was the most common (41.7%) followed by European variants (33.3%). AA variant was also detected in 17.4%, 4.1%, and 2.4% of HPV16 positive AIS, CIN3 and SCC, respectively. CONCLUSION Asian American variant of HPV16, HPV18 and HPV45 are preferentially associated with cervical adenocarcinoma as compared to squamous cell carcinoma.
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Zuna RE, Moore WE, Shanesmith RP, Dunn ST, Wang SS, Schiffman M, Blakey GL, Teel T. Association of HPV16 E6 variants with diagnostic severity in cervical cytology samples of 354 women in a US population. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2609-13. [PMID: 19569178 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that DNA sequence variants of HPV16 contribute to differences in the behavior of individual cervical lesions. To address this question, we have analyzed the association of HPV16 variants with diagnostic severity in 354 HPV16-positive Oklahoman women. HPV16 variant status was determined by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the E6 open reading frame. European sequences were identified in 86% of samples and 14% were non-European. Of the 51 non-European cases, 61% were Asian-American, 23% African and 16% were Native American variants. European prototype and related variants were present in comparable numbers (43% each) but the relative proportion of each differed with diagnostic category. In general, the proportion of European variants and non-European variants increased with diagnostic severity while the European prototype decreased. When adjusted for age and race (white, black or Hispanic), the increased risk for carcinoma/severe dysplasia for non-European variants was statistically significant with an odds ratio of 3.8 (1.3-10.7). However, the analogous comparison for the European variants, although also showing increased association with carcinoma/severe dysplasia, did not reach statistical significance (OR = 1.6 (95% CI 0.7-3.6). Overall, HPV16 European sequences (both prototype and related variants), were predominant in Oklahoman women including those with cancers. This suggests that while there appear to be differences among the HPV16-variant categories in risk for progression to invasive cancer, all variant categories are associated with the development of invasive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary E Zuna
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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42
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Cento V, Ciccozzi M, Ronga L, Perno CF, Ciotti M. Genetic diversity of human papillomavirus type 16 E6, E7, and L1 genes in Italian women with different grades of cervical lesions. J Med Virol 2009; 81:1627-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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43
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Pillai MR, Hariharan R, Babu JM, Lakshmi S, Chiplunkar SV, Patkar M, Tongaonkar H, Dinshaw K, Jayshree RS, Reddy BKM, Siddiqui M, Roychoudury S, Saha B, Abraham P, Gnanamony M, Peedicayil A, Subhashini J, Ram TS, Dey B, Sharma C, Jain SK, Singh N. Molecular variants of HPV-16 associated with cervical cancer in Indian population. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:91-103. [PMID: 19358280 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus is a causative factor in the etiology of cervical cancer with HPV16 being the most prevalent genotype associated with it. Intratype variations in oncogenic E6/E7 and capsid L1 proteins of HPV 16 besides being of phylogenetic importance, are associated with risk of viral persistence and progression. The objective of this multicentric study was to identify HPV-16 E6, E7 and L1 variants prevalent in India and their possible biological effects. Squamous cell cervical cancer biopsies were collected from 6 centres in India and examined for the presence of HPV 16. Variants of HPV-16 were characterized by full length sequence analysis of L1, E6 and E7 genes in 412 samples. Similar distribution of the variants was seen from the different centres/regions, with the European variant E350G being the most prevalent (58%), followed by American Asian variant (11.4%). Fifty six changes were seen in E6 region, 31 being nonsynonymous. The most frequent being L83V (72.3%), Q14H (13.1%) and H78Y (12.1%). Twenty-nine alterations were seen in E7 region, with 12 being nonsynonymous. The most frequent being F57V (9%). L1 region showed 204 changes, of which 67 were nonsynonymous. The most frequent being 448insS (100%), and 465delD (100%), H228D (94%), T292A (85%). The identified variants some new and some already reported can disrupt pentamer formation, transcriptional regulation of the virus, L1 protein interface interaction, B and T cell epitopes, p53 degradation, and thus their distribution is important for development of HPV diagnostics, vaccine, and for therapeutic purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Pillai
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Lurchachaiwong W, Junyangdikul P, Payungporn S, Chansaenroj J, Sampathanukul P, Tresukosol D, Termrungruanglert W, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. Entire genome characterization of human papillomavirus type 16 from infected Thai women with different cytological findings. Virus Genes 2009; 39:30-8. [PMID: 19412733 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-009-0363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Global prevalence of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) exceeds that of other types. This project has been aimed at attaining basic molecular knowledge of HPV16 by sequencing the whole genome of HPV16 isolated from Thai women at various clinical stages of disease progression. Our group analyzed seven samples of HPV16 in infected women ranging from normal to cervical cancer and discovered two critical non-synonymous changes within the coding region converting the E2-219P prototype to E2-219T in cervical cancer and the L2-269S prototype to L2-269D in CIN III, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the whole genome with special emphasis on the genes E2, E6, L1, and L2 showed the Thai samples to be more closely related to the European than the non-European strains. The vaccine strain's L1 polypeptides showed close relationship to our samples. The results provide basic data for future research on cervical cancer pathogenesis and representative data of HPV16 genome in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woradee Lurchachaiwong
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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45
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Raiol T, Wyant PS, de Amorim RMS, Cerqueira DM, Milanezi NVG, Brígido MDM, Sichero L, Martins CRF. Genetic variability and phylogeny of the high-risk HPV-31, -33, -35, -52, and -58 in central Brazil. J Med Virol 2009; 81:685-92. [PMID: 19235839 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than 100 HPV types have been described, 13 of which are classified as high-risk due to their association with the development of cervical cancer. The intratype genomic diversity of HPV-16 and -18 has been studied extensively, while little data have been generated for other less common high-risk types. The present study explores the nucleotide variability and phylogeny of the high-risk HPV-31, -33, -35, -52, and -58, in samples from Central Brazil. For this purpose, the LCR and the E6 and L1 genes were sequenced. Several variants of these HPV types were detected, some of which have been detected in other parts of the world. Furthermore, new variants of all types examined were characterized in a total of 13 new variants. Based on the E6 and L1 sequences, variants were described comprising conservative and non-conservative amino acid changes. For phylogenetic tree construction, samples characterized in this study were compared to others described and submitted to GenBank previously. The phylogenetic analysis of HPV-31, -33, -35, and -58 isolates did not reveal ethnic or geographical clustering as observed previously for HPV-16 and -18. HPV-35 analysis showed a dichotomic branching characteristic of viral subtypes. Interestingly, four clusters relative to the analysis of HPV-52 isolates were identified, two of which could be classified as Asian and European branches. The genomic characterization of HPV variants is crucial for understanding the intrinsic geographical relatedness and biological differences of these viruses and contributes further to studies on their infectivity and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainá Raiol
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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Chopjitt P, Ekalaksananan T, Pientong C, Kongyingyoes B, Kleebkaow P, Charoensri N. Prevalence of human papillomavirus type 16 and its variants in abnormal squamous cervical cells in Northeast Thailand. Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13:212-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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López-Revilla R, Pineda MA, Ortiz-Valdez J, Sánchez-Garza M, Riego L. Human papillomavirus type 16 variants in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinoma in San Luis Potosí City, Mexico. Infect Agent Cancer 2009; 4:3. [PMID: 19216802 PMCID: PMC2653482 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In San Luis Potosí City cervical infection by human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) associated to dysplastic lesions is more prevalent in younger women. In this work HPV16 subtypes and variants associated to low-grade intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and invasive cervical cancer (ICC) of 38 women residing in San Luis Potosí City were identified by comparing their E6 open reading frame sequences. Results Three European (E) variants (E-P, n = 27; E-T350G, n = 7; E-C188G, n = 2) and one AA-a variant (n = 2) were identified among the 38 HPV16 sequences analyzed. E-P variant sequences contained 23 single nucleotide changes, two of which (A334G, A404T) had not been described before and allowed the phylogenetic separation from the other variants. E-P A334G sequences were the most prevalent (22 cases, 57.9%), followed by the E-P Ref prototype (8 cases, 21.1%) and E-P A404T (1 case, 2.6%) sequences. The HSIL + ICC fraction was 0.21 for the E-P A334G variants and 0.00 for the E-P Ref variants. Conclusion We conclude that in the women included in this study the HPV16 E subtype is 19 times more frequent than the AA subtype; that the circulating E variants are E-P (71.1%) > E-T350G (18.4%) > E-C188G (5.3%); that 71.0% of the E-P sequences carry the A334G single nucleotide change and appear to correspond to a HPV16 variant characteristic of San Luis Potosi City more oncogenic than the E-P Ref prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén López-Revilla
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, 78216 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
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Blakaj DM, Fernandez-Fuentes N, Chen Z, Hegde R, Fiser A, Burk RD, Brenowitz M. Evolutionary and biophysical relationships among the papillomavirus E2 proteins. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2009; 14:900-17. [PMID: 19273107 DOI: 10.2741/3285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) may result in clinical conditions ranging from benign warts to invasive cancer. The HPV E2 protein represses oncoprotein transcription and is required for viral replication. HPV E2 binds to palindromic DNA sequences of highly conserved four base pair sequences flanking an identical length variable 'spacer'. E2 proteins directly contact the conserved but not the spacer DNA. Variation in naturally occurring spacer sequences results in differential protein affinity that is dependent on their sensitivity to the spacer DNA's unique conformational and/or dynamic properties. This article explores the biophysical character of this core viral protein with the goal of identifying characteristics that associated with risk of virally caused malignancy. The amino acid sequence, 3d structure and electrostatic features of the E2 protein DNA binding domain are highly conserved; specific interactions with DNA binding sites have also been conserved. In contrast, the E2 protein's transactivation domain does not have extensive surfaces of highly conserved residues. Rather, regions of high conservation are localized to small surface patches. Implications to cancer biology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dukagjin M Blakaj
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine,1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx NY 10461, USA
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Almonte M, Albero G, Molano M, Carcamo C, García PJ, Pérez G. Risk factors for human papillomavirus exposure and co-factors for cervical cancer in Latin America and the Caribbean. Vaccine 2008; 26 Suppl 11:L16-36. [PMID: 18945400 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cervical cancer in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is among the highest in the world. Because there are major demographic shifts happening in LAC countries (population growth, urbanization and ageing) cervical cancer incidence and mortality will likely continue to be a significant public health problem. Overall human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence in the LAC general population has been found to be 2-fold higher than the average worldwide prevalence. The large HPV and cancer burden may be explained by the highly prevalent HPV variants of HPV types -16 and 18, which have an increased oncogenic potential. Given the major mode of transmission of genital HPV is sexual, certain, patterns of sexual behaviour (early age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners and sexual behaviour of the partner) are associated with an increased risk of HPV genital acquisition. Although HPV infection is necessary for carcinogenesis, certain co-factors (high parity, long term use of oral contraceptives, smoking and co-infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)) help in the progression from infection to cancer. Many studies that have contributed to this evidence have been carried out in LAC and are reviewed and summarised in this article. Since HPV vaccines will likely take years to implement, and many more years to show impact on disease, cervical cancer screening programmes remain as the key intervention to control disease in LAC in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Almonte
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Zehbe I, Richard C, DeCarlo CA, Shai A, Lambert PF, Lichtig H, Tommasino M, Sherman L. Human papillomavirus 16 E6 variants differ in their dysregulation of human keratinocyte differentiation and apoptosis. Virology 2008; 383:69-77. [PMID: 18986660 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
L83V-related variants of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E6, exemplified by the Asian-American variant Q14H/H78Y/L83V, were shown to be more prevalent than E6 prototype in progressing lesions and cervical cancer. We evaluated functions relevant to carcinogenesis for the E6 variants L83V, R10/L83V and Q14H/H78Y/L83V as well as the prototype in a model of human normal immortalized keratinocytes (NIKS). All E6 expressing NIKS equally abrogated growth arrest and DNA damage responses. Organotypic cultures derived from these keratinocytes demonstrated hyperplasia and aberrantly expressed keratin 5 in the suprabasal compartment. In contrast, differentiation and induction of apoptosis varied. The E6 variant rafts expressed keratin 10 in nearly all suprabasal cells while the prototype raft showed keratin 10 staining in a subset of suprabasal cells only. In addition, E6 variant NIKS expressing R10G/L83V and Q14H/H78Y/L83V were more prone to undergo cell-detachment-induced apoptosis (anoikis) than NIKS expressing E6 prototype. The combined differentiation and apoptosis pattern of high-risk E6 variants, especially of Q14H/H78Y/L83V, may reflect a phenotype beneficial to carcinogenesis and viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Zehbe
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, Regional Cancer Care, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B 6V4.
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