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Chen HY, Yu SL, Ho BC, Su KY, Hsu YC, Chang CS, Li YC, Yang SY, Hsu PY, Ho H, Chang YH, Chen CY, Yang HI, Hsu CP, Yang TY, Chen KC, Hsu KH, Tseng JS, Hsia JY, Chuang CY, Yuan S, Lee MH, Liu CH, Wu GI, Hsiung CA, Chen YM, Wang CL, Huang MS, Yu CJ, Chen KY, Tsai YH, Su WC, Chen HW, Chen JJW, Chen CJ, Chang GC, Yang PC, Li KC. R331W Missense Mutation of Oncogene YAP1 Is a Germline Risk Allele for Lung Adenocarcinoma With Medical Actionability. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:2303-10. [PMID: 26056182 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.59.3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Adenocarcinoma is the most dominant type of lung cancer in never-smoker patients. The risk alleles from genome-wide association studies have small odds ratios and unclear biologic roles. Here we have taken an approach featuring suitable medical actionability to identify alleles with low population frequency but high disease-causing potential. PATIENTS AND METHODS Whole-genome sequencing was performed for a family with an unusually high density of lung adenocarcinoma with available DNA from the affected mother, four affected daughters, and one nonaffected son. Candidate risk alleles were confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy. Validation was conducted in an external cohort of 1,135 participants without cancer and 1,312 patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Family follow-ups were performed by genotyping the relatives of the original proband and the relatives of the identified risk-allele carriers. Low-dose computed tomography scans of the chest were evaluated for lung abnormalities. RESULTS YAP1 R331W missense mutation from the original family was identified and validated in the external controls and the cohort with lung adenocarcinoma. The YAP1 mutant-allele carrier frequency was 1.1% in patients with lung adenocarcinoma compared with 0.18% in controls (P = .0095), yielding an odds ratio (adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status) of 5.9. Among the relatives, YAP1-mutant carriers have overwhelmingly higher frequencies of developing lung adenocarcinoma or ground-glass opacity lung lesions than those who do not carry the mutation (10:0 v 1:7; P < .001). YAP1 mutation was shown to increase the colony formation ability and invasion potential of lung cancer cells. CONCLUSION These results implicated YAP1 R331W as an allele predisposed for lung adenocarcinoma with high familial penetrance. Low-dose computed tomography scans may be recommended to this subpopulation, which is at high risk for lung cancer, for personalized prevention and health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Yu Chen
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sung-Liang Yu
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bing-Ching Ho
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kang-Yi Su
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chi-Sheng Chang
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yu-Cheng Li
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shi-Yi Yang
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Pin-Yen Hsu
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hao Ho
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ya-Hsuan Chang
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chih-Yi Chen
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chung-Ping Hsu
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Tsung-Ying Yang
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kun-Chieh Chen
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Hsu
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jeng-Sen Tseng
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jiun-Yi Hsia
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Cheng-Yen Chuang
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shinsheng Yuan
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chia-Hsin Liu
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Guan-I Wu
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chao A Hsiung
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yuh-Min Chen
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chih-Liang Wang
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chong-Jen Yu
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kuan-Yu Chen
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ying-Huang Tsai
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Wu-Chou Su
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Huei-Wen Chen
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jeremy J W Chen
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gee-Chen Chang
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ker-Chau Li
- Hsuan-Yu Chen, Yi-Chiung Hsu, Chi-Sheng Chang, Yu-Cheng Li, Hao Ho, Ya-Hsuan Chang, Shinsheng Yuan, Chia-Hsin Liu, Guan-I Wu, and Ker-Chau Li, Institute of Statistical Science, and Shi-Yi Yang, Hwai-I Yang, and Chien-Jen Chen, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica; Hsuan-Yu Chen, Sung-Liang Yu, Bing-Ching Ho, Kang-Yi Su, and Pin-Yen Hsu, College of Medicine; Hsuan-Yu Chen, College of Life Science; Sung-Liang Yu, Kang-Yi Su, and Pan-Chyr Yang, Center of Genomic Medicine; Huei-Wen Chen, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University; Sung-Liang Yu, Chong-Jen Yu, Kuan-Yu Chen, and Pan-Chyr Yang, National Taiwan University Hospital; Yuh-Min Chen, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, and Gee-Chen Chang, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Mei-Hsuan Lee, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Chih-Yi Chen, Chung Shan Medical University; Chung-Ping Hsu, Tsung-Ying Yang, Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Cheng-Yen Chuang, and Gee-Chen Chang, Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Kun-Chieh Chen, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Jeremy J.W. Chen, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University; Gee-Chen Chang, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung; Chao A. Hsiung, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Chih-Liang Wang, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan; Ying-Huang Tsai, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi; Ming-Shyan Huang, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung; Wu-Chou Su, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and Ker-Chau Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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48
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Baumert J, Huang J, McKnight B, Sabater-Lleal M, Steri M, Chu AY, Trompet S, Lopez LM, Fornage M, Teumer A, Tang W, Rudnicka AR, Mälarstig A, Hottenga JJ, Kavousi M, Lahti J, Tanaka T, Hayward C, Huffman JE, Morange PE, Rose LM, Basu S, Rumley A, Stott DJ, Buckley BM, de Craen AJM, Sanna S, Masala M, Biffar R, Homuth G, Silveira A, Sennblad B, Goel A, Watkins H, Müller-Nurasyid M, Rückerl R, Taylor K, Chen MH, de Geus EJC, Hofman A, Witteman JCM, de Maat MPM, Palotie A, Davies G, Siscovick DS, Kolcic I, Wild SH, Song J, McArdle WL, Ford I, Sattar N, Schlessinger D, Grotevendt A, Franzosi MG, Illig T, Waldenberger M, Lumley T, Tofler GH, Willemsen G, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Räikkönen K, Chasman DI, Folsom AR, Lowe GD, Westendorp RGJ, Slagboom PE, Cucca F, Wallaschofski H, Strawbridge RJ, Seedorf U, Koenig W, Bis JC, Mukamal KJ, van Dongen J, Widen E, Franco OH, Starr JM, Liu K, Ferrucci L, Polasek O, Wilson JF, Oudot-Mellakh T, Campbell H, Navarro P, Bandinelli S, Eriksson J, Boomsma DI, Dehghan A, Clarke R, Hamsten A, Boerwinkle E, Jukema JW, Naitza S, Ridker PM, Völzke H, Deary IJ, Reiner AP, Trégouët DA, O'Donnell CJ, Strachan DP, Peters A, Smith NL. No evidence for genome-wide interactions on plasma fibrinogen by smoking, alcohol consumption and body mass index: results from meta-analyses of 80,607 subjects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111156. [PMID: 25551457 PMCID: PMC4281156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma fibrinogen is an acute phase protein playing an important role in the blood coagulation cascade having strong associations with smoking, alcohol consumption and body mass index (BMI). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a variety of gene regions associated with elevated plasma fibrinogen concentrations. However, little is yet known about how associations between environmental factors and fibrinogen might be modified by genetic variation. Therefore, we conducted large-scale meta-analyses of genome-wide interaction studies to identify possible interactions of genetic variants and smoking status, alcohol consumption or BMI on fibrinogen concentration. The present study included 80,607 subjects of European ancestry from 22 studies. Genome-wide interaction analyses were performed separately in each study for about 2.6 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the 22 autosomal chromosomes. For each SNP and risk factor, we performed a linear regression under an additive genetic model including an interaction term between SNP and risk factor. Interaction estimates were meta-analysed using a fixed-effects model. No genome-wide significant interaction with smoking status, alcohol consumption or BMI was observed in the meta-analyses. The most suggestive interaction was found for smoking and rs10519203, located in the LOC123688 region on chromosome 15, with a p value of 6.2×10−8. This large genome-wide interaction study including 80,607 participants found no strong evidence of interaction between genetic variants and smoking status, alcohol consumption or BMI on fibrinogen concentrations. Further studies are needed to yield deeper insight in the interplay between environmental factors and gene variants on the regulation of fibrinogen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Baumert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jie Huang
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Division of Intramural Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lorna M. Lopez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Weihong Tang
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alicja R. Rudnicka
- Division of Population Health Sciences & Education, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Mälarstig
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University & EMGO+ institute, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Saonli Basu
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ann Rumley
- Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Masala
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Dental Materials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Angela Silveira
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Insitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anuj Goel
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Regina Rückerl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Kent Taylor
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ming-Huei Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Haematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline C. M. Witteman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David S. Siscovick
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jaejoon Song
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Schlessinger
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anne Grotevendt
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maria Grazia Franzosi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lumley
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University & EMGO+ institute, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aaron R. Folsom
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gordon D. Lowe
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rudi G. J. Westendorp
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P. Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Udo Seedorf
- Leibniz-Institut für Arterioskleroseforschung an der Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J. Mukamal
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University & EMGO+ institute, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar H. Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kiang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James F. Wilson
- Department of Public Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Tiphaine Oudot-Mellakh
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Harry Campbell
- Department of Public Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Johan Eriksson
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University & EMGO+ institute, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Silvia Naitza
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P. Reiner
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David-Alexandre Trégouët
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Christopher J. O'Donnell
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Division of Intramural Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences & Education, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (A. Peters); (NLS)
| | - Nicholas L. Smith
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research & Information Center, Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (A. Peters); (NLS)
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