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Grau-Mercier L, Grandpierre RG, Alonso S, Savey A, Le Floch A, de Oliveira F, Masia T, Jory N, Coisy F, Claret PG. S100B serum level: A relevant biomarker for the management of non-traumatic headaches in emergency care? Am J Emerg Med 2023; 68:132-137. [PMID: 37001377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic of primary or secondary headaches in emergency units is mostly based on brain imaging, which is expensive and sometimes hardly accessible. An increase in serum S100B protein has already been found in several neurological conditions inducing brain damage. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic performance of S100B serum assay to distinguish primary and secondary headaches among patients with non-traumatic headaches in the emergency department. METHODS This was a phase 2, prospective, monocentric diagnostic study. Eighty-one adult patients with non-traumatic headaches in the emergency department were included. In addition to the usual management, a blood assay of the S100B protein was performed in the emergency department, as well as a brain MRI between 48 and 96 h if not performed during the initial management. The primary or secondary headache diagnosis was made at one month by an expert committee, blindly of the results of the S100B assay. The primary outcome was the blood assay of the S100B protein. RESULTS There was 63 patients for analysis in the primary headache group and 17 in the secondary headache group. The S100B protein assay was significantly higher in secondary headaches than primary headaches, with an AUC of the ROC curve of 0.67. The optimal threshold of 0.06 μg.L-1 allowed to obtain those diagnostic characteristics: sensitivity 75% [48; 93], specificity 62% [48; 74], PPV 35% [20; 54] and NPV 90% [76; 97]. The association between the S100B protein level and the onset of pain was significantly higher for patients with headaches <3 h. CONCLUSION The assay of the S100B protein could be useful in the management of this pathology in emergencies. Future studies taking into account dosing time and etiologies could be conducted in order to refine its use in practice.
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Zhang Z, Stolrow HG, Christensen BC, Salas LA. Down Syndrome Altered Cell Composition in Blood, Brain, and Buccal Swab Samples Profiled by DNA-Methylation-Based Cell-Type Deconvolution. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081168. [PMID: 37190077 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 that presents developmental dysfunction and intellectual disability. To better understand the cellular changes associated with DS, we investigated the cell composition in blood, brain, and buccal swab samples from DS patients and controls using DNA methylation-based cell-type deconvolution. We used genome-scale DNA methylation data from Illumina HumanMethylation450k and HumanMethylationEPIC arrays to profile cell composition and trace fetal lineage cells in blood samples (DS N = 46; control N = 1469), brain samples from various regions (DS N = 71; control N = 101), and buccal swab samples (DS N = 10; control N = 10). In early development, the number of cells from the fetal lineage in the blood is drastically lower in DS patients (Δ = 17.5%), indicating an epigenetically dysregulated maturation process for DS patients. Across sample types, we observed significant alterations in relative cell-type proportions for DS subjects compared with the controls. Cell-type proportion alterations were present in samples from early development and adulthood. Our findings provide insight into DS cellular biology and suggest potential cellular interventional targets for DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Hannah G Stolrow
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Brock C Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Lucas A Salas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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3
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Campbell NB, Patel Y, Moore TL, Medalla M, Zeldich E. Extracellular Vesicle Treatment Alleviates Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Pathology in Cortical Spheroid Model of Down Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3477. [PMID: 36834891 PMCID: PMC9960302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is manifested in a variety of anatomical and cellular abnormalities resulting in intellectual deficits and early onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with no effective treatments available to alleviate the pathologies associated with the disorder. The therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has emerged recently in relation to various neurological conditions. We have previously demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) in cellular and functional recovery in a rhesus monkey model of cortical injury. In the current study, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of MSC-EVs in a cortical spheroid (CS) model of DS generated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Compared to euploid controls, trisomic CS display smaller size, deficient neurogenesis, and AD-related pathological features, such as enhanced cell death and depositions of amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau). EV-treated trisomic CS demonstrated preserved size, partial rescue in the production of neurons, significantly decreased levels of Aβ and p-tau, and a reduction in the extent of cell death as compared to the untreated trisomic CS. Together, these results show the efficacy of EVs in mitigating DS and AD-related cellular phenotypes and pathological depositions in human CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Baker Campbell
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yesha Patel
- Commonwealth Honors College, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Tara L. Moore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ella Zeldich
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kelmendi FM, Morina AA, Mekaj AY, Dragusha S, Ahmeti F, Alimehmeti R, Morina Q, Berisha M, Krasniqi B, Kerolli B. Ability of S100B to predict post-concussion syndrome in paediatric patients who present to the emergency department with mild traumatic brain injury. Br J Neurosurg 2023; 37:53-58. [PMID: 33565911 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2021.1878487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among children who sustain mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), 10-30% develop a cluster of cognitive, physical, and emotional symptoms commonly referred to as post-concussion syndrome (PCS). Symptoms typically resolve within 7-10 days, but a minority of patients report symptoms that persist for months or even years. The aim of our study was to identify a neurobiochemical marker after mTBI that can predict the presence of post-concussion syndrome three months after head injury in paediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Children between 7 and 16 years of age who had head trauma and no other complaints were included. Three months after the initial visit, participants or parents/guardians were interviewed in person about the children's PCS symptoms using the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ). RESULTS The mean value of S100B protein in serum in 38 patients without signs of PCS was 0.266 μg L-1, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.221 - 0.310 μg L-1. Among the 22 patients with signs of PCS, the mean value of S100B protein in serum was 0.845 μg L-1, with a 95% CI of 0.745-0.945 μg L-1. Patients with signs of PCS had higher S100B protein levels than those without signs of PCS (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our prospective study showed that S100B protein is a useful neurobiomarker for detecting paediatric patients at risk for post-concussion syndrome. We found that the biomarker S100B correlated with the severity of traumatic brain injury (number of lesions on CT) and the presence of post-concussion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatos M Kelmendi
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Arsim A Morina
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Agon Y Mekaj
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Shefki Dragusha
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Feti Ahmeti
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Ridvan Alimehmeti
- Service of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center"Mother Teresa", Tirana, Albania
| | - Qamile Morina
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Murat Berisha
- Clinic of Paediatric Surgery, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Blerim Krasniqi
- College of Medical Science ''REZONANCA'' Gllokute Shelgjet" Veternik", Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Berat Kerolli
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
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Abstract
The establishment of a functioning neuronal network is a crucial step in neural development. During this process, neurons extend neurites—axons and dendrites—to meet other neurons and interconnect. Therefore, these neurites need to migrate, grow, branch and find the correct path to their target by processing sensory cues from their environment. These processes rely on many coupled biophysical effects including elasticity, viscosity, growth, active forces, chemical signaling, adhesion and cellular transport. Mathematical models offer a direct way to test hypotheses and understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for neuron development. Here, we critically review the main models of neurite growth and morphogenesis from a mathematical viewpoint. We present different models for growth, guidance and morphogenesis, with a particular emphasis on mechanics and mechanisms, and on simple mathematical models that can be partially treated analytically.
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Norins LC. Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease: Same infectious cause, same preventive? Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Brodtmann A, Huq A. The Dose Makes the Poison. Neurol Genet 2021; 7:e610. [PMID: 34514124 PMCID: PMC8428014 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Brodtmann
- From the The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.B.), University of Melbourne; and Genomic Medicine (A.H.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aamira Huq
- From the The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.B.), University of Melbourne; and Genomic Medicine (A.H.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Ageing and Olfactory Dysfunction in Trisomy 21: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070952. [PMID: 34356186 PMCID: PMC8305843 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The olfactory system is particularly vulnerable in an ageing brain, both anatomically and functionally, and these brain changes are more pronounced among individuals with trisomy 21. Furthermore, the age of the system starts to deteriorate, and the mechanism involved is unclear in an individual with trisomy 21. Therefore, the present review aims to summarise the available information related to this topic and to suggest questions still unanswered which can be a subject of further research. Methods: A systematic literature search of trisomy 21 and olfactory dysfunction was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus electronic database following PRISMA guidelines. References and citations were checked in the Google Scholar database. Reports were extracted for information on demographics and psychophysical evaluation. Then, the reports were systematically reviewed based on the effects of ageing on the three olfactory domains: threshold, discrimination, and identification. Results: Participants with trisomy 21 show an early onset of olfactory impairment, and the age effect of the olfactory deficit is fully expressed at age > 30 years old. The three olfactory domains, threshold, discrimination, and identification, are suggested to be impaired in trisomy 21 participants with age > 30 years old. Conclusions: Olfactory dysfunction in an individual with trisomy 21 commences at a relatively young age and affects the three olfactory domains. A challenge for the future is to quantitatively establish the olfactory function of an individual with trisomy 21 at all ages with more detailed measurements to further understand the pathophysiology of this brain deterioration.
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Rösner P, Berger J, Tarasova D, Birkner J, Kaiser H, Diefenbacher A, Sappok T. Assessment of dementia in a clinical sample of persons with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2021; 34:1618-1629. [PMID: 34196460 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of age-associated disorders has become increasingly important. METHODS In a clinical setting, people with intellectual disability with and without dementia were assessed retrospectively using the Neuropsychological Test Battery (NTB) and the Dementia Questionnaire for People with Learning Disabilities (DLD) at two different times to analyse neuropsychological changes and diagnostic validity. One group (n = 44) was assessed with both instruments, while the DLD was applied in 71 patients. RESULTS In the NTB (n = 44), only patients with dementia (n = 26) showed a decline in the NTB total score and three subscales. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed a diagnostic sensitivity of .67, a specificity of .81, and an area under the curve (AUC) of .767. In the DLD group (n = 71), only those with dementia displayed a decrease in the cognitive and social scale; diagnostic sensitivity and specificity values were low (.61/.63) and the AUC was .704. CONCLUSIONS Neuropsychological assessment was sensitive to detect cognitive changes over time. Sensitivity values of both instruments suggest a reassessment at a later time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Rösner
- Berlin Center for Mental Health in Developmental Disabilities, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | - Justus Berger
- Berlin Center for Mental Health in Developmental Disabilities, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daria Tarasova
- Berlin Center for Mental Health in Developmental Disabilities, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joana Birkner
- Berlin Center for Mental Health in Developmental Disabilities, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heika Kaiser
- Berlin Center for Mental Health in Developmental Disabilities, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Diefenbacher
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Sappok
- Berlin Center for Mental Health in Developmental Disabilities, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
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Nigam N, Singh P, Raizada N, Singh B, Tripathi S, Agrawal M, Gupta H, Singh S, Fatima G, Nigam S, Saxena S. Altered pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory plasma cytokines levels in children with Down's syndrome: A meta-analysis. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:3568-3574. [PMID: 34934648 PMCID: PMC8653489 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_364_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Pinto B, Morelli G, Rastogi M, Savardi A, Fumagalli A, Petretto A, Bartolucci M, Varea E, Catelani T, Contestabile A, Perlini LE, Cancedda L. Rescuing Over-activated Microglia Restores Cognitive Performance in Juvenile Animals of the Dp(16) Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. Neuron 2020; 108:887-904.e12. [PMID: 33027640 PMCID: PMC7736620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are brain-resident immune cells and regulate mechanisms essential for cognitive functions. Down syndrome (DS), the most frequent cause of genetic intellectual disability, is caused by a supernumerary chromosome 21, containing also genes related to the immune system. In the hippocampus of the Dp(16) mouse model of DS and DS individuals, we found activated microglia, as assessed by their morphology; activation markers; and, for DS mice, electrophysiological profile. Accordingly, we found increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and altered interferon signaling in Dp(16) hippocampi. DS mice also showed decreased spine density and activity of hippocampal neurons and hippocampus-dependent cognitive behavioral deficits. Depletion of defective microglia or treatment with a commonly used anti-inflammatory drug rescued the neuronal spine and activity impairments and cognitive deficits in juvenile Dp(16) mice. Our results suggest an involvement of microglia in Dp(16)-mouse cognitive deficits and identify a new potential therapeutic approach for cognitive disabilities in DS individuals. DS mice display microglia alterations and cognitive impairment Depletion of microglia rescues cognitive impairment in DS mice Acetaminophen treatment rescues microglia and cognitive impairments in DS mice Brain samples of DS people recapitulate microglia alterations observed in DS mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pinto
- BIO@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Morelli
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Mohit Rastogi
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Savardi
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Amos Fumagalli
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Petretto
- Core Facilities - Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Bartolucci
- Core Facilities - Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emilio Varea
- Cellular Biology Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tiziano Catelani
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Contestabile
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Laura E Perlini
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Cancedda
- Brain Development and Disease Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Rome, Italy.
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Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Gensous N, Bacalini MG, Conte M, Salvioli S. Accelerated bio-cognitive aging in Down syndrome: State of the art and possible deceleration strategies. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12903. [PMID: 30768754 PMCID: PMC6516152 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) has been proposed by George Martin as a segmental progeroid syndrome since 1978. In fact, DS persons suffer from several age‐associated disorders much earlier than euploid persons. Furthermore, a series of recent studies have found that DS persons display elevated levels of age biomarkers, thus supporting the notion that DS is a progeroid trait. Nowadays, due to the progressive advancements in social inclusion processes and medical assistance, DS persons live much longer than in the past; therefore, the early‐onset health problems of these persons are becoming an urgent and largely unmet social and medical burden. In particular, the most important ailment of DS persons is the accelerated cognitive decline that starts when they reach about 40 years of age. This decline can be at least in part counteracted by multi‐systemic approaches including early‐onset cognitive training, physical activity, and psychosocial assistance. However, no pharmacological treatment is approved to counteract this decline. According to the most advanced conceptualization of Geroscience, tackling the molecular mechanisms underpinning the aging process should be a smart/feasible strategy to combat and/or delay the great majority of age‐related diseases, including cognitive decline. We think that a debate is needed urgently on if (and how) this strategy could be integrated in protocols to face DS‐associated dementia and overall unhealthy aging. In particular we propose that, on the basis of data obtained in different clinical settings, metformin is a promising candidate that could be exploited to counteract cognitive decline in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna Bologna Italy
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES) University of Bologna Bologna Italy
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Applied Biomedical Research Center (CRBA) S. Orsola‐Malpighi Polyclinic Bologna Italy
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Noémie Gensous
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES) University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | | | - Maria Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES) University of Bologna Bologna Italy
- Interdepartmental Center “L. Galvani” (CIG) University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES) University of Bologna Bologna Italy
- Interdepartmental Center “L. Galvani” (CIG) University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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13
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Illouz T, Madar R, Biragyn A, Okun E. Restoring microglial and astroglial homeostasis using DNA immunization in a Down Syndrome mouse model. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 75:163-180. [PMID: 30389461 PMCID: PMC6358279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS), the most common cause of genetic intellectual disability, is characterized by over-expression of the APP and DYRK1A genes, located on the triplicated chromosome 21. This chromosomal abnormality leads to a cognitive decline mediated by Amyloid-β (Aβ) overproduction and tau hyper-phosphorylation as early as the age of 40. In this study, we used the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS to evaluate the beneficial effect of a DNA vaccination against the Aβ1-11 fragment, in ameliorating Aβ-related neuropathology and rescue of cognitive and behavioral abilities. Anti-Aβ1-11 vaccination induced antibody production and facilitated clearance of soluble oligomers and small extracellular inclusions of Aβ from the hippocampus and cortex of Ts65Dn mice. This was correlated with reduced neurodegeneration and restoration of the homeostatic phenotype of microglial and astroglial cells. Vaccinated Ts65Dn mice performed better in spatial-learning tasks, exhibited reduced motor hyperactivity typical for this strain, and restored short-term memory abilities. Our findings support the hypothesis that DS individuals may benefit from active immunotherapy against Aβ from a young age by slowing the progression of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Illouz
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Ravit Madar
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, NIA, NIH, MD 21224, USA
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
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14
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Moore SW. Advances in understanding the association between Down syndrome and Hirschsprung disease (DS-HSCR). Pediatr Surg Int 2018; 34:1127-1137. [PMID: 30218169 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-018-4344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical association between Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and aganglionosis (Hirschsprung disease; DS-HSCR) is well-established, being of the order of 5% and remains the most common congenital association with Hirschsprung disease. However, little consensus exists as to the possible etiologic and genetic factors influencing this association. Recent research has identified a number of levels at which development of the enteric nervous system is potentially affected in Trisomy 21. These include a decreased central pool of available neuroblasts for migration into the enteric nervous system, abnormal neuroblast type, poor synaptic nerve function and early germline gene-related influences on the migrating neuroblasts due to genetic mutations of a number of important developmental genes, and possible somatic mutations resulting from alterations in the local tissue microenvironment. In this paper, we review available evidence for this association. In addition, we provide evidence of both germline and somatic gene mutations suggesting causation. Although the picture is complex, recent associations between specific RET proto-oncogene variations have been shown to be significant in Down syndrome patients with Hirschsprung disease, as they probably interfere with vital RET functions in the development of the autonomic and enteric nervous systems, increasing the risk of disturbed normal function. In addition, we explore potential role of other facilitatory influence of other susceptibility genes as well as potential other chromosome 21 gene actions and the microenvironment on the Down syndrome gastro-intestinal tract. The various ways in which trisomy of chromosome influences the enteric nervous system are becoming clearer. The sum of these effects influences the outcome of surgery in Down syndrome patients with Hirschsprung Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Moore
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 241, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Bletsch A, Mann C, Andrews DS, Daly E, Tan GMY, Murphy DGM, Ecker C. Down syndrome is accompanied by significantly reduced cortical grey-white matter tissue contrast. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:4043-4054. [PMID: 29885016 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased cortical thickness (CT) has been reported in Down syndrome (DS) during childhood and adolescence, but it remains unclear, which components of the neural architecture underpin these increases and if CT remains altered in adults. Among other factors, differences in CT measures could be driven by reduced tissue contrast between grey and white matter (GWC), which has been reported in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Using structural magnetic resonance imaging, we therefore examined differences in CT and GWC in 26 adults with DS, and 23 controls, to (1) examine between-group differences in CT in adulthood, (2) establish whether DS is associated with significant reductions in GWC, and (3) determine the influence of GWC variability on between-group differences in CT. As hypothesized, we observed that DS was accompanied by wide-spread increases in CT, and significantly reduced GWC in several large clusters distributed across the cortex. Out of all vertices with a significant between-group difference in CT, 38.50% also displayed a significant reduction in GWC. This percentage of overlap was also statistically significant and extremely unlikely to be obtained by chance (p = .0002). Differences in GWC thus seem to explain some, although not all, of the differences in CT observed in DS. In addition, our study is the first to extend previous in vivo reports of altered CT in DS during childhood and adolescence to older adults, implying that the regional pattern of neuroanatomical differences associated with DS remains stable across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Bletsch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Caroline Mann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Derek S Andrews
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Daly
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giles M Y Tan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Ecker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom
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Serum S100B Levels Can Predict Computed Tomography Findings in Paediatric Patients with Mild Head Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6954045. [PMID: 29850551 PMCID: PMC5937551 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6954045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are very common in paediatric populations, in which they are also a leading cause of death. Computed tomography (CT) overuse in these populations results in ionization radiation exposure, which can lead to lethal malignancies. The aims of this study were to investigate the accuracy of serum S100B levels with respect to the detection of cranial injury in children with mild TBI and to determine whether decisions regarding the performance of CT can be made based on biomarker levels alone. Materials and Methods This was a single-center prospective cohort study that was carried out from December 2016 to December 2017. A total of 80 children with mild TBI who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The patients were between 2 and 16 years of age. We determined S100B protein levels and performed head CTs in all the patients. Results Patients with cranial injury, as detected by CT, had higher S100B protein levels than those without cranial injury (p < 0.0001). We found that patients with cranial injury (head CT+) had higher mean S100B protein levels (0.527 μg L−1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.447–0.607 μg L−1) than did patients without cranial injury (head CT−) (0.145 μg L−1, 95% CI 0.138–0.152 μg L−1). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis clearly showed that S100B protein levels differed between patients with and without cranial injury at 3 hours after TBI (AUC = 0.893, 95% CI 0.786–0.987, p = 0.0001). Conclusion Serum S100B levels cannot replace clinical examinations or CT as tools for identifying paediatric patients with mild head injury; however, serum S100B levels can be used to identify low-risk patients to prevent such patients from being exposed to radiation unnecessarily.
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Stachowicz K. The role of DSCAM in the regulation of synaptic plasticity: possible involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2018. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2018-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Aloui M, Nasri K, Jemaa NB, Sahraoui M, Masmoudi A, Zghal D, Chelli D, Chaâbouni H, Hamida AMB, Siala Gaigi S, Marrakchi R. Fetopathological examination for the fetuses with Down syndrome in Tunisia: Epidemiological study and associated malformations. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:1200-1206. [PMID: 28736088 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For Down syndrome (DS), traditional epidemiological studies to determine the prevalence, cause, and clinical significance of the syndrome have been conducted over the last 100 years. In Tunisia, the current work is the first in-depth study in epidemiology of DS from fetopathological data. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this epidemiological study was to determine the impact of some feto-maternal characteristics in occurrence of DS and to search the frequency of associated congenital malformations with this syndrome. METHODS Our retrospective study was realized for 144 fetuses with DS among 9321 autopsied fetuses in embryo-fetopathological service between 1994 and 2011. RESULTS In our study, the majority of mothers (72.91%) were 35 years and older, with a statistically significant difference (p<10-6, OR=16.7, CI=8.7-32.4). The abnormalities of extremities (31%) were the most common fetal abnormalities followed by facial (23.51%) and digestive abnormalities (19.63%). CONCLUSION One of the main conclusions of this research is that the most common risk factor for DS is maternal age. On the other hand, the type and the frequency of associated congenital anomalies with DS are still controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Aloui
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia; UR 06/SP14 Troubles du développement embryo-fœtal et placentaire, Service d'embryo-fœtopathologie, Centre de Maternité et de Néonatologie de Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Kaouther Nasri
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia; UR 06/SP14 Troubles du développement embryo-fœtal et placentaire, Service d'embryo-fœtopathologie, Centre de Maternité et de Néonatologie de Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Ben Jemaa
- UR 06/SP14 Troubles du développement embryo-fœtal et placentaire, Service d'embryo-fœtopathologie, Centre de Maternité et de Néonatologie de Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia; Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Sahraoui
- UR 06/SP14 Troubles du développement embryo-fœtal et placentaire, Service d'embryo-fœtopathologie, Centre de Maternité et de Néonatologie de Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aida Masmoudi
- UR 06/SP14 Troubles du développement embryo-fœtal et placentaire, Service d'embryo-fœtopathologie, Centre de Maternité et de Néonatologie de Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia; Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Dorra Zghal
- Service de Gynécologie obstétrique C, Centre de Maternité et de Néonatologie de Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Dalenda Chelli
- Service de Gynécologie obstétrique A, Centre de Maternité et de Néonatologie de Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Habiba Chaâbouni
- Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdel Majid Ben Hamida
- Service de Médecine Préventive, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Soumeya Siala Gaigi
- UR 06/SP14 Troubles du développement embryo-fœtal et placentaire, Service d'embryo-fœtopathologie, Centre de Maternité et de Néonatologie de Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia; Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raja Marrakchi
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Immunologie et Pathologie Humaine, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisia
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Tomita K. Visual characteristics of children with Down syndrome. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2017; 61:271-279. [PMID: 28176021 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-017-0500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze long-term visual development in children with Down syndrome who received early ophthalmological intervention. METHODS A total of 125 children with Down syndrome who were examined before 6 years of age and followed up for more than 5 years were selected. Visual development, refraction, visual acuity testing, and the prescription of spectacles were examined retrospectively. RESULTS Mean visual acuity by age was as follows: 2 years, 1.13 ± 0.23 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR); 5 years, 0.55 ± 0.25 logMAR; 8 years, 0.27 ± 0.19 logMAR; 11 years, 0.17 ± 0.16 logMAR; and 14 years, 0.10 ± 0.15 logMAR. In 32 children (25.6%), visual acuity reached 0.0 logMAR or better. Hyperopia of +2D or more was observed in 132 eyes (52.8%), and astigmatism of 2D or more was observed in 153 eyes (61.2%). Subjective testing was difficult in many children prior to 4.5 years of age, and grating acuity testing was necessary. Spectacles were prescribed at a mean age of 3.5 ± 1.6 years in 120 children (96.0%). The average duration until the spectacles were worn constantly was 9.0 ± 9.3 months. CONCLUSION Early ophthalmological intervention and longitudinal care is important for children with Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Tomita
- Heiwa Eye Clinic, 1-7-7 Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 170-0014, Japan.
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20
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Ma K, Li F, Yu Y, Li H. Screening of potential biomarkers for prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2016; 37:435-440. [PMID: 28019128 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2016.1250730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to identify key genes located on chromosome 21 as potential biomarkers for prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21 (Ts21). The microarray data of GSE48051, including 10 cultivated amniocyte samples with Ts21 and 9 controls with normal euploid constitution, was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in cultivated amniocyte samples with Ts21 compared to normal controls were screened using limma package. Then, we performed GO enrichment analysis using DAVID and chromosomal location of DEGs based on the information of the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) Genome Browser Database. Finally, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was performed using STRING. Total 155 DEGs in cultivated amniocyte samples with Ts21 were identified, including 89 up- and 66 down-regulated DEGs. The over-represented GO terms of DEGs were mainly related with apoptosis, programmed cell death and cell death. In total, 13 DEGs were located on chromosome 21, thereinto, only 6 DEGs were included into the PPI network, including superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase (GART), downstream neighbour of SON (DONSON), ATP synthase, H + transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, O subunit (ATP5O), chromatin assembly factor 1, subunit B (p60) (CHAF1B) and proteasome (prosome, macropain) assembly chaperone 1 (PSMG1). Our results suggest that SOD1, GART, DONSON, ATP5O, CHAF1B and PSMG1 may play important roles in the pathogenesis of Down syndrome and may serve as potential biomarkers for prenatal diagnosis of Ts21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- a Department of Pediatric Emergency , First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Feng Li
- a Department of Pediatric Emergency , First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Yang Yu
- b Department of Clinical Laboratory , Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Haibo Li
- a Department of Pediatric Emergency , First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
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21
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Killer-specific secretory (Ksp37) gene expression in subjects with Down's syndrome. Neurol Sci 2016; 37:793-5. [PMID: 27032399 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-016-2554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome is characterized by dysmorphic features, mental retardation and problems of immune deficiency. Chronic infection by Epstein-Barr virus is frequently present in subjects with Down syndrome. Ksp37 gene is commonly expressed by NK, CD8(+) T, γδ T and CD4(+) T cells; these data suggest that Ksp37 have cytotoxic properties. An increase of Ksp37 protein serum levels it has been showed during the acute phase of Epstein-Barr virus. In this study, we evaluated the expression of Ksp37 mRNA, in fibroblasts and leukocytes of DS subjects and in normal subjects with realtime reverse transcription-PCR. This analysis shows that in fibroblasts and leukocytes of Down syndrome subjects the KSP37 gene expression was increased compared with control subjects. The results of this study suggest that the expression of Ksp37 gene might be associated with increased susceptibility of individuals with Down syndrome to EBV infections and autoimmune problems.
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22
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Karmiloff-Smith A, Al-Janabi T, D'Souza H, Groet J, Massand E, Mok K, Startin C, Fisher E, Hardy J, Nizetic D, Tybulewicz V, Strydom A. The importance of understanding individual differences in Down syndrome. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27019699 PMCID: PMC4806704 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7506.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we first present a summary of the general assumptions about Down syndrome (DS) still to be found in the literature. We go on to show how new research has modified these assumptions, pointing to a wide range of individual differences at every level of description. We argue that, in the context of significant increases in DS life expectancy, a focus on individual differences in trisomy 21 at all levels—genetic, cellular, neural, cognitive, behavioral, and environmental—constitutes one of the best approaches for understanding genotype/phenotype relations in DS and for exploring risk and protective factors for Alzheimer’s disease in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Karmiloff-Smith
- Centre for Brain & Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London, London, WC1E 7HX, UK; The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK
| | - Tamara Al-Janabi
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Hana D'Souza
- Centre for Brain & Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London, London, WC1E 7HX, UK; The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK
| | - Jurgen Groet
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK; The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Esha Massand
- Centre for Brain & Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London, London, WC1E 7HX, UK; The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK
| | - Kin Mok
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK; Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Carla Startin
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Elizabeth Fisher
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Hardy
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Dean Nizetic
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK; The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Biopolis, 138673, Singapore
| | - Victor Tybulewicz
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, NW7 1AA, UK; Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Andre Strydom
- The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), University College London, London, UK; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, W1T 7NF, UK
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Warren M, Kaul A, Bove KE. Calretinin-Immunoreactive Hypoinnervation in Down Syndrome (DS): Report of an Infant with Very Short-Segment Hirschsprung Disease and Comparison to Biopsy Findings in 20 Normal Infants and 11 Infants with DS and Chronic Constipation. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2016; 19:87-93. [PMID: 26230373 DOI: 10.2350/15-01-1602-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In Down syndrome (DS) constipation is common, and the incidence of Hirschsprung disease (HD) is 1-2%. Rectal suction biopsies (RSBs) in DS may show discordant features; calretinin immunoreactivity (CRir) often helps resolve discrepancies. We report a case of unequivocal very short-segment HD (vsHD) in an infant with DS who had aganglionosis with abnormal acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity in 3 RSBs. The CRir patterns were scanty positive rather than the expected absent CRir innervation in the lamina propria (LP). The resection specimen was grossly typical for short-segment HD, with a 5.5-cm, narrow but normally ganglionated segment proximal to the verified very short distal anganglionic zone. Unequivocal calretinin hypoinnervation was limited to the distal 2 cm, substantiating the warning of Kapur that small numbers of CRir nerves in the LP do not exclude a diagnosis of vsHD. We evaluated RSBs from 11 DS and 20 randomly selected normal infants <6 months of age with chronic constipation. The normal infants had abundant mucosal calretinin innervation and AChE histochemistry. We observed variable CRir hypoinnervation in RSBs in DS infants (including 6/7 with "normal" original diagnosis and 1/4 with HD). Our findings caution against overdependence on "normal" calretinin immunohistochemistry and suggest that AChE may be more reliable than CRir in the context of DS. An unknown number of patients with DS may have enteric nervous system disorders functionally similar to HD, which are possibly related to abnormal or imbalanced autonomic innervation, of which distal calretinin hypoinnervation is one manifestation, despite the presence of ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Warren
- 1 Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ajay Kaul
- 2 Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kevin E Bove
- 1 Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Imamoglu N, Eroz R, Canatan H, Demirtas H, Saatci Ç. Nuclear AgNOR protein enhancement in nucleoplasms of peripheral blood lymphocytes of babies/children with down syndrome. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:133-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nalan Imamoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Science, Faculty of Pharmacy; Erciyes University; Kayseri 38039 Turkey
| | - Recep Eroz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine; Duzce University; Duzce Turkey
| | - Halit Canatan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Erciyes University; Kayseri 38039 Turkey
| | - Halil Demirtas
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Erciyes University; Kayseri 38039 Turkey
| | - Çetin Saatci
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine; Erciyes University; Kayseri 38039 Turkey
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Cerebrovascular contributions to aging and Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:909-14. [PMID: 26593849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a common cause of intellectual disability and is also associated with early age of onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Due to an extra copy of chromosome 21, most adults over 40years old with DS have beta-amyloid plaques as a result of overexpression of the amyloid precursor protein. Cerebrovascular pathology may also be a significant contributor to neuropathology observed in the brains of adults with DS. This review describes the features of cardiovascular dysfunction and cerebrovascular pathology in DS that may be modifiable risk factors and thus targets for interventions. We will describe cerebrovascular pathology, the role of co-morbidities, imaging studies indicating vascular pathology and the possible consequences. It is clear that our understanding of aging and AD in people with DS will benefit from further studies to determine the role that cerebrovascular dysfunction contributes to cognitive health. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia edited by M. Paul Murphy, Roderick A. Corriveau and Donna M. Wilcock.
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26
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Khocht A, Albandar JM. Aggressive forms of periodontitis secondary to systemic disorders. Periodontol 2000 2015; 65:134-48. [PMID: 24738590 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A number of systemic disorders increase a patient's susceptibility to destructive periodontitis and have impacts on periodontal disease progression and severity. The underlying factors are usually genetic and are mainly related to alterations in the immune response and in certain endocrine functions, leading to various syndromes in which periodontitis and/or early tooth loss are secondary manifestations. Neutrophils are important immune defense cells that play a significant role in controlling the spread of microbial plaque infections in the dentogingival region. This review focuses on a selected group of systemic disorders that are associated with alterations in either neutrophil counts (quantitative disorders) or function (qualitative disorders), and defects in the mineralization of bone and dental tissues. In most of these diseases controlling the periodontal disease progression is very challenging. Proper diagnosis is a prerequisite for proper management of the periodontal problem. Future advances in research, including gene targeting and the resolution of enzyme deficiencies, may bring about remedies of the underlying systemic disorders and may significantly improve the outcome of periodontal treatment in these patients.
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Manzano S, Holzinger IB, Kellenberger CJ, Lacroix L, Klima-Lange D, Hersberger M, La Scala G, Altermatt S, Staubli G. Diagnostic performance of S100B protein serum measurement in detecting intracranial injury in children with mild head trauma. Emerg Med J 2015; 33:42-6. [PMID: 26283067 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2014-204513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the accuracy of S100B serum level to detect intracranial injury in children with mild traumatic brain injury. METHODS A multicenter prospective cohort study was carried out in the paediatric emergency departments of three tertiary hospitals in Switzerland between January 2009 and December 2011. Participants included children aged <16 years with a mild traumatic brain injury (GCS ≥13) for whom a head CT was requested by the attending physician. Venous blood was obtained within 6 h of the trauma in all children for S100B measurement before a head CT was performed. As the S100B value was not available during the acute care period, the patient's management was not altered. The main measures were protein S100B value and the CT result. RESULTS 20/73 (27.4%) included children had an intracranial injury detected on CT. S100B receiver operating characteristics area under the curve was 0.73 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.86). With a 0.14 µg/L cut-off point, S100B reached an excellent sensitivity of 95% (95% CI 77% to 100%) and 100% (95% CI 81% to 100%) in all children and in children aged >2 years, respectively. The specificity, however, was 34% (95% CI 27% to 36%) and 37% (95% CI 30% to 37%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS S100B has an excellent sensitivity but poor specificity. It is therefore an accurate tool to help rule out an intracranial injury but cannot be used as the sole marker owing to its specificity. Used with clinical decision rules, S100B may help to reduce the number of unnecessary CT scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Manzano
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Laurence Lacroix
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Klima-Lange
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ostschweizer Children's Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio La Scala
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Altermatt
- Pediatric Surgery Department, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georg Staubli
- Pediatric Emergency Department, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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Down syndrome individuals with Alzheimer's disease have a distinct neuroinflammatory phenotype compared to sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2468-74. [PMID: 26103884 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability and is primarily caused by the triplication of chromosome 21. The overexpression of amyloid precursor protein gene may be sufficient to drive Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology that is observed in virtually all individuals with DS by the age of 40 years. There is relatively little information about inflammation in the DS brain and how the genetics of DS may alter inflammatory responses and modify the course of AD pathogenesis in this disorder. Using the macrophage classification system of M1, M2a, M2b, and M2c inflammatory phenotypes, we have shown that the early stages of AD are associated with a bias toward an M1 or M2a phenotype. In later stages of AD, markers of M1, M2a and M2c are elevated. We now report the inflammatory phenotype in a DS autopsy series to compare this with the progression in sporadic AD. Tissue from young DS cases (under 40 years of age, pre-AD) show a bias toward M1 and M2b states with little M2a or M2c observed. Older DS cases (over 40 with AD pathology) show a distinct bias toward an M2b phenotype. Importantly, this is distinct from sporadic AD where the M2b phenotype has been rarely, if ever observed in postmortem studies. Stimulated by immune complex activation of microglial cells and toll-like receptor activation, the M2b phenotype represents a unique neuroinflammatory state in diseased brain and may have significant implications for therapeutic intervention for persons with DS.
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Fujiwara S, Hoshikawa S, Ueno T, Hirata M, Saito T, Ikeda T, Kawaguchi H, Nakamura K, Tanaka S, Ogata T. SOX10 transactivates S100B to suppress Schwann cell proliferation and to promote myelination. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115400. [PMID: 25536222 PMCID: PMC4275212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells are an important cell source for regenerative therapy for neural disorders. We investigated the role of the transcription factor sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 10 (SOX10) in the proliferation and myelination of Schwann cells. SOX10 is predominantly expressed in rat sciatic nerve-derived Schwann cells and is induced shortly after birth. Among transcription factors known to be important for the differentiation of Schwann cells, SOX10 potently transactivates the S100B promoter. In cultures of Schwann cells, overexpressing SOX10 dramatically induces S100B expression, while knocking down SOX10 with shRNA suppresses S100B expression. Here, we identify three core response elements of SOX10 in the S100B promoter and intron 1 with a putative SOX motif. Knockdown of either SOX10 or S100B enhances the proliferation of Schwann cells. In addition, using dissociated cultures of dorsal root ganglia, we demonstrate that suppressing S100B with shRNA impairs myelination of Schwann cells. These results suggest that the SOX10-S100B signaling axis critically regulates Schwann cell proliferation and myelination, and therefore is a putative therapeutic target for neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Fujiwara
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Hoshikawa
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ueno
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirata
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ikeda
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozo Nakamura
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Ogata
- Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Afanador L, Roltsch EA, Holcomb L, Campbell KS, Keeling DA, Zhang Y, Zimmer DB. The Ca2+ sensor S100A1 modulates neuroinflammation, histopathology and Akt activity in the PSAPP Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Cell Calcium 2014; 56:68-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Changes in cerebral oxygen saturation correlate with S100B in infants undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15:219-28. [PMID: 24366505 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relationship of cerebral saturation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy with serum biomarker of brain injury S100B was investigated in infants undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Single-center children's hospital. PATIENTS Forty infants between 1 and 12 months old weighing greater than or equal to 4 kg with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were enrolled. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Serum S100B was measured at eight time points over 72 hours using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Physiologic data including arterial, cerebral, and somatic regional oxygen saturations measured by near-infrared spectroscopy were synchronously recorded at 1-minute intervals from anesthesia induction through 72 postoperative hours. The arterial-cerebral oxygen saturation difference was calculated as the difference between arterial saturation and cerebral regional saturation. Thirty-eight patients, 5.4 ± 2.5 months old, were included in the analysis; two were excluded due to the use of postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Seventeen patients (44.7%) had preoperative cyanosis. S100B increased during cardiopulmonary bypass in all patients, from a median preoperative baseline of mean ± SE: 0.055 ± 0.038 to a peak of 0.610 ± 0.038 ng/mL, p less than 0.0001. Patients without preoperative cyanosis had a higher S100B peak at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass. Although the absolute cerebral regional saturation on cardiopulmonary bypass was not associated with S100B elevation, patients who had arterial-cerebral oxygen saturation difference greater than 50 at any time during cardiopulmonary bypass had a higher S100B peak (mean ± SE: 1.053 ± 0.080 vs 0.504 ± 0.039 ng/mL; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS A wide cerebral arteriovenous difference measured by near-infrared spectroscopy during cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with increased serum S100B in the perioperative period and may be a modifiable risk factor for neurological injury.
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Patel A, Rees SD, Kelly MA, Bain SC, Barnett AH, Prasher A, Arshad H, Prasher VP. Genetic variants conferring susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease in the general population; do they also predispose to dementia in Down's syndrome. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:42. [PMID: 24438528 PMCID: PMC3929558 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Down’s syndrome (DS) is caused by either complete or partial triplication of chromosome 21, affecting approximately 1/1000 live births, and it is widely accepted that individuals with DS are more likely to develop dementia of Alzheimer’s disease (DAD) compared with the general population. Recent collaborative genome-wide association studies of large case control data sets of individuals with and without Alzhemier’s disease (AD) have revealed new risk variants for dementia, as well as confirming previously identified risk variants. In this study, nine AD-derived SNPs, near or within the CR1 (rs3818361), BIN1 (rs744373), CD2AP (rs9349407), EPHA1 (rs11767557), CLU (rs1532278), MS4A6A/4A (rs610932), PICALM (rs561655), ABCA7 (rs3764650) and CD33 (rs3865444) genes were genotyped in 295 individuals with DS. Results There were no significant associations between these nine GWAS-derived SNPs and DAD in British Caucasian individuals with DS. Interestingly the CR1 rs3818361 variant appeared to be associated with mortality in our cohort, particularly in the subjects without dementia. To our knowledge, this is the first time that this variant has been implicated as a determinant of mortality and the finding warrants further investigation in other cohorts with DS. Conclusions This study shows negative associations of nine AD-derived SNPs with DAD in DS. This may be due to the modest size of our cohort, which may indicate that our study is insufficiently powered to pick up such associations. We cannot conclusively exclude a role for these SNPs in DAD in DS. Clearly, efforts to investigate genetic variants with small effects on disease risk require a much larger cohort of individuals with DS. In fact, we hypothesize that a sample size of 4465 individuals with DS would be needed to determine the role in DAD in DS of the nine AD-derived SNPs investigated in this study. We therefore recommend that all national and international clinics with access to individuals with DS should contribute DNA samples to form DS consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Patel
- Department of Biomolecular and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.
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Abu-Amero KK, Kondkar AA, Al Otaibi A, Alorainy IA, Khan AO, Hellani AM, Oystreck DT, Bosley TM. Partial duplication of chromosome 19 associated with syndromic duane retraction syndrome. Ophthalmic Genet 2013; 36:14-20. [PMID: 23952617 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2013.827218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate possible monogenic and chromosomal anomalies in a patient with unilateral Duane retraction syndrome, modest dysmorphism, cerebral white matter abnormalities, and normal cognitive function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Performing high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) and sequencing of HOXA1, KIF21A, SALL4, and CHN1 genes. RESULTS The proband had unilateral Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) type III on the right with low-set ears, prominent forehead, clinodactyly, and a history of frequent infections during early childhood. Motor development and cognitive function were normal. Parents were not related, and no other family member was similarly affected. MRI revealed multiple small areas of high signal on T2 weighted images in cerebral white matter oriented along white matter tracts. Sequencing of HOXA1, KIF21A, SALL4, and CHN1 did not reveal any mutation(s). Array CGH showed a 95 Kb de novo duplication on chromosome 19q13.4 encompassing four killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes. Conclusions. KIR genes have not previously been linked to a developmental syndrome, although they are known to be expressed in the human brain and brainstem and to be associated with certain infections and autoimmune diseases, including some affecting the nervous system. DRS and brain neuroimaging abnormalities may imply a central and peripheral oligodendrocyte abnormality related in some fashion to an immunomodulatory disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled K Abu-Amero
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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Wilcock DM, Griffin WST. Down's syndrome, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer neuropathogenesis. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:84. [PMID: 23866266 PMCID: PMC3750399 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the result of triplication of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) and is the prevailing cause of mental retardation. In addition to the mental deficiencies and physical anomalies noted at birth, triplication of chromosome 21 gene products results in the neuropathological and cognitive changes of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mapping of the gene that encodes the precursor protein (APP) of the β-amyloid (Aβ) present in the Aβ plaques in both AD and DS to chromosome 21 was strong evidence that this chromosome 21 gene product was a principal neuropathogenic culprit in AD as well as DS. The discovery of neuroinflammatory changes, including dramatic proliferation of activated glia overexpressing a chromosome 2 gene product--the pluripotent immune cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1)--and a chromosome 21 gene product--S100B--in the brains of fetuses, neonates, and children with DS opened the possibility that early events in Alzheimer pathogenesis were driven by cytokines. The specific chromosome 21 gene products and the complexity of the mechanisms they engender that give rise to the neuroinflammatory responses noted in fetal development of the DS brain and their potential as accelerators of Alzheimer neuropathogenesis in DS are topics of this review, particularly as they relate to development and propagation of neuroinflammation, the consequences of which are recognized clinically and neuropathologically as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Wilcock
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - W Sue T Griffin
- Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 629 Jack Stephens Dr., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- The Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Central Arkansas HealthCare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Moore SW. Chromosomal and related Mendelian syndromes associated with Hirschsprung's disease. Pediatr Surg Int 2012; 28:1045-58. [PMID: 23001136 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-012-3175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a fairly frequent cause of intestinal obstruction in children. It is characterized as a sex-linked heterogonous disorder with variable severity and incomplete penetrance giving rise to a variable pattern of inheritance. Although Hirschsprung's disease occurs as an isolated phenotype in at least 70% of cases, it is not infrequently associated with a number of congenital abnormalities and associated syndromes, demonstrating a spectrum of congenital anomalies. Certain of these syndromic phenotypes have been linked to distinct genetic sites, indicating underlying genetic associations of the disease and probable gene-gene interaction, in its pathogenesis. These associations with HSCR include Down's syndrome and other chromosomal anomalies, Waardenburg syndrome and other Dominant sensorineural deafness, the Congenital Central Hypoventilation and Mowat-Wilson and other brain-related syndromes, as well as the MEN2 and other tumour associations. A number of other autosomal recessive syndromes include the Shah-Waardenburg, the Bardet-Biedl and Cartilage-hair hypoplasia, Goldberg-Shprintzen syndromes and other syndromes related to cholesterol and fat metabolism among others. The genetics of Hirschsprung's disease are highly complex with the majority of known genetic sites relating to the main susceptibility pathways (RET an EDNRB). Non-syndromic non-familial, short-segment HSCR appears to represent a non-Mendelian condition with variable expression and sex-dependent penetrance. Syndromic and familial forms, on the other hand, have complex patterns of inheritance and being reported as autosomal dominant, recessive and polygenic patterns of inheritance. The phenotypic variability and incomplete penetrance observed in Hirschsprung's disease could also be explained by the involvement of modifier genes, especially in its syndromic forms. In this review, we look at the chromosomal and Mendelian associations and their underlying signalling pathways, to obtain a better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in developing aganglionosis of the distal bowel.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Moore
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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36
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Abu-Amero KK, Kondkar AA, Salih MAM, Alorainy IA, Khan AO, Oystreck DT, Bosley TM. Partial chromosome 7 duplication with a phenotype mimicking the HOXA1 spectrum disorder. Ophthalmic Genet 2012; 34:90-6. [DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2012.718850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kitazawa M, Medeiros R, Laferla FM. Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer disease: developing a better model as a tool for therapeutic interventions. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:1131-47. [PMID: 22288400 DOI: 10.2174/138161212799315786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia among elderly. Currently, no effective treatment is available for AD. Analysis of transgenic mouse models of AD has facilitated our understanding of disease mechanisms and provided valuable tools for evaluating potential therapeutic strategies. In this review, we will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of current mouse models of AD and the contribution towards understanding the pathological mechanisms and developing effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kitazawa
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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Xu B, Hsu PK, Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA. MicroRNA dysregulation in neuropsychiatric disorders and cognitive dysfunction. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:291-301. [PMID: 22406400 PMCID: PMC3329786 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA), a class of non-coding RNAs, are emerging as important modulators of neuronal development, structure and function. A connection has been established between abnormalities in miRNA expression and miRNA-mediated gene regulation and psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders as well as cognitive dysfunction. Establishment of this connection has been driven by progress in elucidating the genetic etiology of these phenotypes and has provided a context to interpret additional supporting evidence accumulating from parallel expression profiling studies in brains and peripheral blood of patients. Here we review relevant evidence that supports this connection and explore possible mechanisms that underlie the contribution of individual miRNAs and miRNA-related pathways to the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of these complex clinical phenotypes. The existing evidence provides useful hypotheses for further investigation as well as important clues for identifying novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Pei-Ken Hsu
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Joseph A. Gogos
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY
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von Bernhardi R, Eugenín J. Alzheimer's disease: redox dysregulation as a common denominator for diverse pathogenic mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:974-1031. [PMID: 22122400 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and a progressive neurodegeneration that appears to result from multiple pathogenic mechanisms (including protein misfolding/aggregation, involved in both amyloid β-dependent senile plaques and tau-dependent neurofibrillary tangles), metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction, excitoxicity, calcium handling impairment, glial cell dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, which could be secondary to several of the other pathophysiological mechanisms, appears to be a major determinant of the pathogenesis and progression of AD. The identification of oxidized proteins common for mild cognitive impairment and AD suggests that key oxidation pathways are triggered early and are involved in the initial progression of the neurodegenerative process. Abundant data support that oxidative stress, also considered as a main factor for aging, the major risk factor for AD, can be a common key element capable of articulating the divergent nature of the proposed pathogenic factors. Pathogenic mechanisms influence each other at different levels. Evidence suggests that it will be difficult to define a single-target therapy resulting in the arrest of progression or the improvement of AD deterioration. Since oxidative stress is present from early stages of disease, it appears as one of the main targets to be included in a clinical trial. Exploring the articulation of AD pathogenic mechanisms by oxidative stress will provide clues for better understanding the pathogenesis and progression of this dementing disorder and for the development of effective therapies to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommy von Bernhardi
- Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Down Syndrome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 724:291-9. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0653-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pyroglutamate-Aβ 3 and 11 colocalize in amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease cerebral cortex with pyroglutamate-Aβ 11 forming the central core. Neurosci Lett 2011; 505:109-12. [PMID: 22001577 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
N-terminal truncated amyloid beta (Aβ) derivatives, especially the forms having pyroglutamate at the 3 position (AβpE3) or at the 11 position (AβpE11) have become the topic of considerable study. AβpE3 is known to make up a substantial portion of the Aβ species in senile plaques while AβpE11 has received less attention. We have generated very specific polyclonal antibodies against both species. Each antibody recognizes only the antigen against which it was generated on Western blots and neither recognizes full length Aβ. Both anti-AβpE3 and anti-AβpE11 stain senile plaques specifically in Alzheimer's disease cerebral cortex and colocalize with Aβ, as shown by confocal microscopy. In a majority of plaques examined, AβpE11 was observed to be the dominant form in the innermost core. These data suggest that AβpE11 may serve as a generating site for senile plaque formation.
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Bianchi R, Kastrisianaki E, Giambanco I, Donato R. S100B protein stimulates microglia migration via RAGE-dependent up-regulation of chemokine expression and release. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:7214-26. [PMID: 21209080 PMCID: PMC3044978 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.169342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ca(2+)-binding protein of the EF-hand type, S100B, is abundantly expressed in and secreted by astrocytes, and release of S100B from damaged astrocytes occurs during the course of acute and chronic brain disorders. Thus, the concept has emerged that S100B might act an unconventional cytokine or a damage-associated molecular pattern protein playing a role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders and inflammatory brain diseases. S100B proinflammatory effects require relatively high concentrations of the protein, whereas at physiological concentrations S100B exerts trophic effects on neurons. Most if not all of the extracellular (trophic and toxic) effects of S100B in the brain are mediated by the engagement of RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products). We show here that high S100B stimulates murine microglia migration in Boyden chambers via RAGE-dependent activation of Src kinase, Ras, PI3K, MEK/ERK1/2, RhoA/ROCK, Rac1/JNK/AP-1, Rac1/NF-κB, and, to a lesser extent, p38 MAPK. Recruitment of the adaptor protein, diaphanous-1, a member of the formin protein family, is also required for S100B/RAGE-induced migration of microglia. The S100B/RAGE-dependent activation of diaphanous-1/Rac1/JNK/AP-1, Ras/Rac1/NF-κB and Src/Ras/PI3K/RhoA/diaphanous-1 results in the up-regulation of expression of the chemokines, CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL12, whose release and activity are required for S100B to stimulate microglia migration. Lastly, RAGE engagement by S100B in microglia results in up-regulation of the chemokine receptors, CCR1 and CCR5. These results suggests that S100B might participate in the pathophysiology of brain inflammatory disorders via RAGE-dependent regulation of several inflammation-related events including activation and migration of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bianchi
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Section of Anatomy, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Eirini Kastrisianaki
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Section of Anatomy, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ileana Giambanco
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Section of Anatomy, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosario Donato
- From the Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Section of Anatomy, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
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Macchini F, Leva E, Torricelli M, Valadè A. Treating acid reflux disease in patients with Down syndrome: pharmacological and physiological approaches. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2011; 4:19-22. [PMID: 21694868 PMCID: PMC3108678 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s15872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is often accompanied by gastrointestinal disease, occurring mainly in early infancy and frequently requiring therapy. Among motility disorders, the most frequent is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which may often be misdiagnosed because of its atypical manifestations. Early diagnosis of esophageal functional disorders is essential to prevent respiratory problems, growth retardation in children, weight loss in adults, and to establish the correct type of surgery if needed. Furthermore, the involvement of the enteric nervous system in the pathophysiology of GERD in DS is not yet completely understood but seems supported by much evidence. In fact DS is often associated with motor disorders and this evidence must be considered in the choice of therapy: in particular all options available to improve motility seem to be effective in these patients. The effectiveness of therapy is strictly related to the rate of mental impairment, so that modulating therapy is essential, especially in view of the severity of the neurological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Macchini
- Pediatric Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Zhang L, Liu W, Alizadeh D, Zhao D, Farrukh O, Lin J, Badie SA, Badie B. S100B attenuates microglia activation in gliomas: possible role of STAT3 pathway. Glia 2010; 59:486-98. [PMID: 21264954 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant infiltration into tumors, the effector function of macrophages (MPs) and microglia (MG) appears to be suppressed in gliomas. Although STAT3 pathway is thought to play a role in this process, the exact mechanism by which gliomas induce STAT3 activation in MPs and MG is not known. Because activation of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) can induce STAT3, and because gliomas express high levels of S100B, a RAGE ligand, we hypothesized that MP/MG STAT3 activity may be modulated through S100B-RAGE interaction. Exposure of N9 MG and bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMM) to GL261 glioma condition medium (GCM) and low (nM) levels of S100B increased RAGE expression, induced STAT3 and suppressed MG function in vitro. Furthermore, neutralization of S100B in GCM, partially reversed IL-1β suppression in BMM, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of GCM to be in part due to S100B. Finally, blockage of S100B-RAGE interaction inhibited STAT3 activation in N9 MG and in glioma MG/MP in vivo. These findings suggest that the RAGE pathway may play an important role in STAT3 induction in glioma-associated MG/MPs, and that this process may be mediated through S100B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leying Zhang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
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Lintas C, Sacco R, Persico AM. Genome-wide expression studies in autism spectrum disorder, Rett syndrome, and Down syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 45:57-68. [PMID: 21130877 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Though different in their aetiology, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Rett syndrome (RTT) and Down syndrome (DS) are three neurodevelopmental disorders sharing significant clinical and neuropathological overlaps. Genome-wide expression studies are reviewed and available datasets from post-mortem brains reanalyzed to identify genes and gene pathways dysregulated in all three disorders. Our results surprisingly converge upon immune, and not neurodevelopmental genes, as the most consistently shared abnormality in genome-wide expression patterns. A dysregulated immune response, accompanied by enhanced oxidative stress and abnormal mitochondrial metabolism seemingly represents the common molecular underpinning of these neurodevelopmental disorders. This conclusion may be important for the definition of pharmacological therapies able to ameliorate clinical symptoms across these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Lintas
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
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Tubaro C, Arcuri C, Giambanco I, Donato R. S100B in myoblasts regulates the transition from activation to quiescence and from quiescence to activation and reduces apoptosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:1092-104. [PMID: 21130124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
S100B protein activates IKKβ/NF-κB within myoblasts, thereby inhibiting the expression of MyoD and the MyoD-downstream effectors, myogenin and p21(WAF1), and myoblast differentiation. Herein we show that myoblasts downregulate S100B expression once transferred from proliferation medium to differentiation medium via a p38 MAPK-driven transcriptional mechanism as well as a post-translational, proteasome-dependent mechanism, and that myoblasts that have not been committed to differentiation resume expressing S100B once transferred back to proliferation medium. Likewise, myoblasts downregulate S100B expression once transferred to quiescence medium, and interference with S100B downregulation as obtained by stable overexpression of the protein results in reduced acquisition of quiescence and a faster proliferation upon transfer of the cells from quiescence medium to proliferation medium, compared to controls. These latter effects are dependent on S100B-induced activation of JNK. Moreover, S100B reduces myoblast apoptosis in an MEK-ERK1/2, Akt, JNK, and NF-κB-dependent manner. However, myogenin(+) myoblasts (i.e., myocytes) and myotubes abundantly express S100B likely induced by myogenin. Our results suggest that (1) a timely repression of S100B expression is required for efficient myogenic differentiation; (2) S100B plays an important role in the expansion of the activated (i.e., proliferating) myoblast population; (3) under conditions associated with enhanced expression of S100B, the transition from proliferation to quiescence and from quiescence to proliferation might be altered; and (4) S100B exerts different regulatory effects in myoblasts and myocytes/myotubes/myofibers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tubaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences and Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, University of Perugia, Via del Glochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
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Matsumoto L, Takuma H, Tamaoka A, Kurisaki H, Date H, Tsuji S, Iwata A. CpG demethylation enhances alpha-synuclein expression and affects the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15522. [PMID: 21124796 PMCID: PMC2991358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene expression is an important factor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Gene multiplication can cause inherited PD, and promoter polymorphisms that increase SNCA expression are associated with sporadic PD. CpG methylation in the promoter region may also influence SNCA expression. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By using cultured cells, we identified a region of the SNCA CpG island in which the methylation status altered along with increased SNCA expression. Postmortem brain analysis revealed regional non-specific methylation differences in this CpG region in the anterior cingulate and putamen among controls and PD; however, in the substantia nigra of PD, methylation was significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This CpG region may function as an intronic regulatory element for SNCA gene. Our findings suggest that a novel epigenetic regulatory mechanism controlling SNCA expression influences PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumine Matsumoto
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Roltsch E, Holcomb L, Young KA, Marks A, Zimmer DB. PSAPP mice exhibit regionally selective reductions in gliosis and plaque deposition in response to S100B ablation. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:78. [PMID: 21080947 PMCID: PMC2996465 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have reported that increased expression of S100B, an intracellular Ca2+ receptor protein and secreted neuropeptide, exacerbates Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, the ability of S100B inhibitors to prevent/reverse AD histopathology remains controversial. This study examines the effect of S100B ablation on in vivo plaque load, gliosis and dystrophic neurons. METHODS Because S100B-specific inhibitors are not available, genetic ablation was used to inhibit S100B function in the PSAPP AD mouse model. The PSAPP/S100B-/- line was generated by crossing PSAPP double transgenic males with S100B-/- females and maintained as PSAPP/S100B+/- crosses. Congo red staining was used to quantify plaque load, plaque number and plaque size in 6 month old PSAPP and PSAPP/S100B-/- littermates. The microglial marker Iba1 and astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were used to quantify gliosis. Dystrophic neurons were detected with the phospho-tau antibody AT8. S100B immunohistochemistry was used to assess the spatial distribution of S100B in the PSAPP line. RESULTS PSAPP/S100B-/- mice exhibited a regionally selective decrease in cortical but not hippocampal plaque load when compared to PSAPP littermates. This regionally selective reduction in plaque load was accompanied by decreases in plaque number, GFAP-positive astrocytes, Iba1-positive microglia and phospho-tau positive dystrophic neurons. These effects were not attributable to regional variability in the distribution of S100B. Hippocampal and cortical S100B immunoreactivity in PSAPP mice was associated with plaques and co-localized with astrocytes and microglia. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data support S100B inhibition as a novel strategy for reducing cortical plaque load, gliosis and neuronal dysfunction in AD and suggest that both extracellular as well as intracellular S100B contribute to AD histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Roltsch
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Sorci G, Bianchi R, Riuzzi F, Tubaro C, Arcuri C, Giambanco I, Donato R. S100B Protein, A Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Protein in the Brain and Heart, and Beyond. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2010; 2010:656481. [PMID: 20827421 PMCID: PMC2933911 DOI: 10.1155/2010/656481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
S100B belongs to a multigenic family of Ca(2+)-binding proteins of the EF-hand type and is expressed in high abundance in the brain. S100B interacts with target proteins within cells thereby altering their functions once secreted/released with the multiligand receptor RAGE. As an intracellular regulator, S100B affects protein phosphorylation, energy metabolism, the dynamics of cytoskeleton constituents (and hence, of cell shape and migration), Ca(2+) homeostasis, and cell proliferation and differentiation. As an extracellular signal, at low, physiological concentrations, S100B protects neurons against apoptosis, stimulates neurite outgrowth and astrocyte proliferation, and negatively regulates astrocytic and microglial responses to neurotoxic agents, while at high doses S100B causes neuronal death and exhibits properties of a damage-associated molecular pattern protein. S100B also exerts effects outside the brain; as an intracellular regulator, S100B inhibits the postinfarction hypertrophic response in cardiomyocytes, while as an extracellular signal, (high) S100B causes cardiomyocyte death, activates endothelial cells, and stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Sorci
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Bianchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Riuzzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Tubaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cataldo Arcuri
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ileana Giambanco
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
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