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The Effect of a Training Program Based on the Health Belief Model on Elementary School Students’ Behaviors toward Preventing Playground Accidents: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JOURNAL OF BASIC AND CLINICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.30621/jbachs.1012817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Clark JE, Pate R, Rine RM, Christy J, Dalton P, Damiano DL, Daniels S, Holmes JM, Katzmarzyk PT, Magasi S, McCreery R, McIver K, Newell KM, Sanger T, Sugden D, Taveras E, Hirschfeld S. NCS Assessments of the Motor, Sensory, and Physical Health Domains. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:622542. [PMID: 34900852 PMCID: PMC8661476 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.622542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the National Children's Study (NCS) comprehensive and longitudinal assessment of the health status of the whole child, scientific teams were convened to recommend assessment measures for the NCS. This manuscript documents the work of three scientific teams who focused on the motor, sensory, or the physical health aspects of this assessment. Each domain team offered a value proposition for the importance of their domain to the health outcomes of the developing infant and child. Constructs within each domain were identified and measures of these constructs proposed. Where available extant assessments were identified. Those constructs that were in need of revised or new assessment instruments were identified and described. Recommendations also were made for the age when the assessments should take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E. Clark
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Russell Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | | | - Jennifer Christy
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Pamela Dalton
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Monell Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Diane L. Damiano
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stephen Daniels
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Holmes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Peter T. Katzmarzyk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Susan Magasi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ryan McCreery
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Kerry McIver
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Karl M. Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Terence Sanger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Neurology, and Biokinesiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David Sugden
- School of Education, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elsie Taveras
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School and Mass General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
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Albert AB, Wagner KE, Van Orman SE, Anders KM, Forken PJ, Blatt SD, Fremont WP, Faraone SV, Glatt SJ. Initial Responsiveness to Reward Attainment and Psychopathology in Children and Adults: An RDoC Study. Psychiatry Res 2020; 289:113021. [PMID: 32447091 PMCID: PMC7572668 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) established a dimensional framework for understanding psychiatric constructs. Initial Responsiveness to Reward Attainment (IRRA) was identified as a dimensional construct relevant to several psychiatric disorders. The current study aimed to (1) examine IRRA as a predictor of psychopathology and impairment in children and their parents, and (2) examine the potential effects of sex and ancestry on the relationship between IRRA and psychopathology. Participants included 1127 children ages 6 to 12, and 1018 of their parents. Parents and children completed self-report measures of IRRA. Psychopathology and impairment were measured using self-report for adults, and parent-report and semi-structured interview for children. In adults, IRRA was significantly, but modestly, related to adaptive functioning. In children, IRRA was significantly, but modestly, related to overall, school, spare time, home, and peer functioning. Findings suggest IRRA may be a helpful construct for understanding adaptive functioning in adults and children, however it may be less helpful for understanding specific dimensions of psychopathology. Additionally, ancestry should be taken into consideration when examining how IRRA relates to psychopathology and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery B. Albert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York – Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, U.S.A
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, 430 Huntington Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, U.S.A
| | - Kayla E. Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York – Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, U.S.A
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, 430 Huntington Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, U.S.A
| | - Sarah E. Van Orman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York – Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, U.S.A
| | - Kristin M. Anders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York – Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, U.S.A
| | - Patricia J. Forken
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York – Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, U.S.A
| | | | - Wanda P. Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York – Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, U.S.A
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York – Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, U.S.A
| | - Stephen J. Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York – Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, U.S.A
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Nguyen NH, Albert AB, Van Orman S, Forken P, Blatt SD, Fremont WP, Faraone SV, Glatt SJ. Effort valuation and psychopathology in children and adults. Psychol Med 2019; 49:2801-2807. [PMID: 30636648 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718003884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Research Domain Criteria initiative was launched by the US National Institute of Mental Health to establish a multi-level framework for understanding psychological constructs relevant to human psychiatric disorders, and identified 'effort valuation/willingness to work' as a clinically useful construct worthy of further study. This construct encompasses the processes by which the cost(s) of obtaining an outcome are calculated, and the tendency to overcome response costs to obtain a reinforcer. The current study aims to examine effort valuation as a correlate of psychopathology in children and adults, and the moderating effects of sex on this relationship. METHODS Participants were 1215 children aged 6-12 and their parents (n = 1044). All participants completed the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task as a measure of effort expenditure. Child psychopathology was measured via the Child Behavior Checklist, while adult psychopathology was measured via the Adult Self Report. Additionally, the Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescents and Injury Behavior Checklist were used to examine child social impairments/problem behaviors. RESULTS In children, significant interactions between reward sensitivity and sex were observed in association with anxiety and thought problems, specifically at low reward sensitivity levels. In adults, main effects of effort expenditure were seen in drug and alcohol abuse, where higher effort was associated with higher degrees of abuse. CONCLUSIONS These results establish effort valuation as a relevant psychological construct for understanding psychopathology, but with different profiles of associated psychopathology across sex in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Avery B Albert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Van Orman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Patricia Forken
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Steven D Blatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Wanda P Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Suffoletto B, Kristan J, Chung T, Jeong K, Fabio A, Monti P, Clark DB. An Interactive Text Message Intervention to Reduce Binge Drinking in Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial with 9-Month Outcomes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142877. [PMID: 26580802 PMCID: PMC4651466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking is associated with numerous negative consequences. The prevalence and intensity of binge drinking is highest among young adults. This randomized trial tested the efficacy of a 12-week interactive text message intervention to reduce binge drinking up to 6 months after intervention completion among young adults. METHODS AND FINDINGS Young adult participants (18-25 y; n = 765) drinking above the low-risk limits (AUDIT-C score >3/4 women/men), but not seeking alcohol treatment, were enrolled from 4 Emergency Departments (EDs) in Pittsburgh, PA. Participants were randomized to one of three conditions in a 2:1:1 allocation ratio: SMS Assessments + Feedback (SA+F), SMS Assessments (SA), or control. For 12 weeks, SA+F participants received texts each Thursday querying weekend drinking plans and prompting drinking limit goal commitment and each Sunday querying weekend drinking quantity. SA+F participants received tailored feedback based on their text responses. To contrast the effects of SA+F with self-monitoring, SA participants received texts on Sundays querying drinking quantity, but did not receive alcohol-specific feedback. The control arm received standard care. Follow-up outcome data collected through web-based surveys were provided by 78% of participants at 3- months, 63% at 6-months and 55% at 9-months. Multiple imputation-derived, intent-to-treat models were used for primary analysis. At 9-months, participants in the SA+F group reported greater reductions in the number of binge drinking days than participants in the control group (incident rate ratio [IRR] 0.69; 95% CI .59 to.79), lower binge drinking prevalence (odds ratio [OR] 0.52; 95% CI 0.26 to 0.98]), less drinks per drinking day (beta -.62; 95% CI -1.10 to -0.15) and lower alcohol-related injury prevalence (OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.88). Participants in the SA group did not reduce drinking or alcohol-related injury relative to controls. Findings were similar using complete case analyses. CONCLUSIONS An interactive text-message intervention was more effective than self-monitoring or controls in reducing alcohol consumption and alcohol-related injury prevalence up to 6 months after intervention completion. These findings, if replicated, suggest a scalable approach to help achieve sustained reductions in binge drinking and accompanying injuries among young adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01688245.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Suffoletto
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey Kristan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tammy Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kwonho Jeong
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony Fabio
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peter Monti
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Duncan B. Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Yıldırım Sarı H, Girli A, Ozturk Ozgonenel S, Rowley H. Determination of Injury Risks and Safety Measures Taken by Mothers of Children With an Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Nurs Knowl 2015; 27:95-103. [PMID: 25759189 DOI: 10.1111/2047-3095.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to determine the injury risk behaviors and home safety measures in children with an intellectual disability or autism spectrum disorder. METHOD The study sample included mothers of 100 children between the ages of 2 and 12 years. FINDINGS There was a significant difference between the home safety measures and the children's ages, the birth order of the children, and the mother's and father's ages. There was not a significant relationship between the children's ages, diagnosis, and Injury Behavior Checklist (IBC). There is a positive correlation between the total score of the Home Safety Measures Control List and IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Yıldırım Sarı
- Health Science Faculty, Nursing Department, Izmir Katip Celebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Alev Girli
- Education Faculty, Special Training Department, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
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Karazsia BT, Brown Kirschman KJ. Evidence-based assessment of childhood injuries and physical risk-taking behaviors. J Pediatr Psychol 2013; 38:829-45. [PMID: 23818679 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jst044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To offer a critical evidence-based review and summary of assessment methods of childhood injuries and physical risk-taking behaviors. METHODS A literature review was conducted to identify methodologies for assessing injury events and physical risk-taking behaviors. Methodologies reviewed included self- or parent-report scales, behavioral observations, and participant event monitoring. We classified methodologies according to published criteria of "well-established," "approaching well-established," or "promising." RESULTS 7 methodologies were classified as "well-established", 9 were classified as "approaching well-established", and 8 were classified as "promising." CONCLUSIONS Several approaches to assessing injuries or physical risk-taking behaviors have strong psychometric properties. Opportunities for further psychometric validation of techniques are noted. It is hoped that this review inspires researchers throughout the fields of pediatric and clinical child psychology to adopt assessments of injury and physical risk-taking in their ongoing research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T Karazsia
- Department of Psychology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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Caregiver perspectives on unintentional injury risk in children with an autism spectrum disorder. J Pediatr Nurs 2012; 27:632-41. [PMID: 23101727 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Unintentional injury risk research for children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is currently limited. This article presents findings from a two-phase investigation of caregiver perspectives regarding unintentional injury risk in children with an ASD. Results indicate that children with an ASD exhibit elevated rates of risk-taking behaviors compared with peers, which increases the likelihood of more frequent and severe injuries. In addition, although ASD symptom severity positively correlated with risk-taking behavior and frequency of injury, children with an ASD were rarely rated as high risks for injury by caregivers. Implications are discussed in the context of pediatric health service provision.
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Karazsia BT, Guilfoyle SM, Wildman BG. The mediating role of hyperactivity and inattention on sex differences in paediatric injury risk. Child Care Health Dev 2012; 38:358-65. [PMID: 21623871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive research suggests that risk of injury is higher among young boys versus young girls. The present study examined a mediational model to identify mechanisms that may explain differences in injury risk. METHODS Reports of child behaviour and two indices of injury risk among 114 children in early childhood were obtained from parents in community-based paediatric medical centres. RESULTS Regression analyses and post-hoc examination of indirect effects supported a mediation model in which the relationship between child sex and child injury risk was explained by hyperactivity and inattention. CONCLUSIONS Interventions that promote child well-being by targeting constellations of externalizing behaviour problems may simultaneously decrease paediatric injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Karazsia
- Department of Psychology, The College of Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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Harvey K, Kramlich D, Chapman J, Parker J, Blades E. Exploring and evaluating five paediatric falls assessment instruments and injury risk indicators: an ambispective study in a tertiary care setting. J Nurs Manag 2011; 18:531-41. [PMID: 20636501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate currently available paediatric falls assessments instruments and to build a predictive fall model while also evaluating injury risk as a predictor of fall likelihood within the paediatric inpatient population. BACKGROUND There is lack of paediatric-specific fall assessment instruments and little information on the exploration of injury risk as related to falls in hospitalized children. METHOD An ambispective, matched case-control design conducted in a sample of 100 inpatient paediatric patients. Results Two out of five instruments performed well to classify children at risk of falls. Longer length of stay, bleeding cautions/blood disorders and temperament/behaviour issues were significant predictors of fall likelihood. Cognitive impairment or neurological disease was not related to an increased likelihood of fall or injury risk for this sample. CONCLUSIONS More research is required to institute and standardize paediatric fall and injury risk assessments for everyday use. The explicit approach of using predictive modelling is critical in creating a universal, baseline reference for the most reliable and valid measure of assessment in children. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT Findings of the present study increase awareness of nursing managers and leaders as to the necessity for fall and injury risk assessment as a safety and quality measure for inpatient paediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Harvey
- Center for Nursing Research and Quality Outcomes, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME 04102, USA.
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Granié MA. Gender stereotype conformity and age as determinants of preschoolers' injury-risk behaviors. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2010; 42:726-733. [PMID: 20159100 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Unintentional injuries continue to be a serious public-health problem for children and are higher for boys than for girls, from infancy through adulthood. Literature on differential socialization concerning risky behaviors and gender stereotypes suggests that sex differences in unintentional injuries could be explained by children's differential feedback to social pressure, leading to behaviors which conform to masculine and feminine stereotypes. We made the prediction that boys' and girls' conformity with masculine stereotypes influences injury-risk behaviors among preschoolers. Masculinity score, femininity score, and injury-risk behaviors of 170 3-6-year old children (89 boys and 81 girls) were measured indirectly on two scales filled out by their parents. Results show that boys' and girls' injury-risk behaviors are predicted by masculine stereotype conformity and that girls' masculine behaviors decline with increasing age. These results underline the impact of gender-roles - and of the differential socialization associated with those roles - on sex differences in children's risky behaviors as early as the preschool period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Axelle Granié
- French National Institute for Transportation and Safety Research, Department of Accident Mechanism Analysis, Chemin de Croix Blanche, 13300 Salon de Provence, France.
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Berry JW, Schwebel DC. Configural approaches to temperament assessment: implications for predicting risk of unintentional injury in children. J Pers 2009; 77:1381-409. [PMID: 19686452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study used two configural approaches to understand how temperament factors (surgency/extraversion, negative affect, and effortful control) might predict child injury risk. In the first approach, clustering procedures were applied to trait dimensions to identify discrete personality prototypes. In the second approach, two- and three-way trait interactions were considered dimensionally in regression models predicting injury outcomes. Injury risk was assessed through four measures: lifetime prevalence of injuries requiring professional medical attention, scores on the Injury Behavior Checklist, and frequency and severity of injuries reported in a 2-week injury diary. In the prototype analysis, three temperament clusters were obtained, which resembled resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled types found in previous research. Undercontrolled children had greater risk of injury than children in the other groups. In the dimensional interaction analyses, an interaction between surgency/extraversion and negative affect tended to predict injury, especially when children lacked capacity for effortful control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Berry
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294-2041, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk taking is a significant health-compromising behavior among children that often is portrayed unrealistically in the media as consequence-free. Physical risk taking can lead to injury, and injury is a leading cause of hospitalization and death during childhood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a 4-week program for school-age children in reducing risk-taking behaviors and increasing safety behaviors. METHODS A two-group, experimental, repeated-measures design was used to compare 122 White and Latino children randomly assigned to an intervention group or a wait-list group at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months after intervention. Children received a behaviorally based intervention delivered in four 2-hour segments conducted over consecutive weeks. The thematic concept of each week (choices, media, personal risk taking, and peer group risk taking) moved from the general to the specific, focusing on knowledge and awareness, the acquisition of new skills and behaviors, and the supportive practice and application of skills. RESULTS Participants increased their safety behaviors (p = .006), but risk-taking behaviors remained unchanged. Families in the intervention group increased their consistent use of media rules (p = .022), but decreases in media alternatives suggest difficulty in taking up other habits and activities. Coping effectiveness was predictive of safety behaviors (p = .005) at 6 months, and coping effectiveness plus television watching was predictive of risk taking (p = .03). CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study suggest that interventions that influence children's media experiences help enhance safety behaviors and that strategies to aid parents in finding media alternatives are relevant to explore.
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Brenner RA, Taneja GS, Haynie DL, Trumble AC, Qian C, Klinger RM, Klebanoff MA. Association between swimming lessons and drowning in childhood: a case-control study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 163:203-10. [PMID: 19255386 DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2008.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the association between swimming lessons and the risk of drowning among children aged 1 to 19 years. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Cases were identified from medical examiners'/coroners' offices between mid-2003 and mid-2005. Jurisdictions included the states of Maryland and North Carolina, 14 districts (33 counties) in Florida, 3 counties in California, 1 county in Texas, and 1 county in New York. PARTICIPANTS Cases were children and adolescents aged 1 to 19 years who died of unintentional drowning. Interviews were conducted with 88 families of children who drowned and 213 matched controls. Main Exposure Swimming lessons. Main Outcome Measure Death due to unintentional drowning. Drownings that were intentional, of undetermined intent, or that occurred under conditions in which swimming ability was unlikely to impact risk (eg, in ice water or bathtubs) were excluded. RESULTS Of the 61 cases in the 1- to 4-year age group, 2 (3%) had participated in formal swimming lessons vs 35 of 134 matched controls (26%) (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01-0.97). Among the 27 cases aged 5 to 19 years, 7 (27%) had ever taken formal swimming lessons vs 42 of 79 matched controls (53%) (adjusted OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.09-1.51). In adjusted analyses, there was no statistically significant association between informal instruction and drowning risk. CONCLUSIONS Participation in formal swimming lessons was associated with an 88% reduction in the risk of drowning in the 1- to 4-year-old children, although our estimates were imprecise and 95% CIs included risk reductions ranging from 3% to 99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Brenner
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Mello MJ, Nirenberg TD, Longabaugh R, Woolard R, Minugh A, Becker B, Baird J, Stein L. Emergency department brief motivational interventions for alcohol with motor vehicle crash patients. Ann Emerg Med 2006; 45:620-5. [PMID: 15940095 PMCID: PMC2754120 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE This study compares the effect of a brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster given to emergency department (ED) patients with subcritical injuries from a motor vehicle crash with the effect of brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster in patients treated for non-motor vehicle crash-related injuries. METHODS A randomized controlled trial (n=539) was conducted at an urban Level I trauma center of brief intervention (1 ED session of brief intervention), brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster (1 ED session plus booster session), or standard care for injured ED patients with an alcohol use problem who were being discharged home. At 12 months, alcohol-related negative consequences and injuries were measured. We performed a secondary analysis comparing motor vehicle crash-injured patients and non-motor vehicle crash-injured patients in the study sample. RESULTS Subcritically injured ED patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol use who received brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster had fewer alcohol-related negative consequences and alcohol-related injuries than those receiving brief intervention or standard care at 12-month follow-up (previously reported). A secondary analysis of this result showed that motor vehicle crash patients (n=133) given brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster (n=34) had fewer alcohol-related injuries than those receiving standard care (n=46; P =.001). Moreover, there were no significant differences in alcohol-related injuries among the non-motor vehicle crash-injured patients who received brief intervention or standard care. CONCLUSION Brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster is a useful intervention for subcritically injured ED patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol use. Its effects may be moderated by the cause of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mello
- Prevention Center at Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Pickett W, Garner MJ, Boyce WF, King MA. Gradients in risk for youth injury associated with multiple-risk behaviours: a study of 11,329 Canadian adolescents. Soc Sci Med 2002; 55:1055-68. [PMID: 12220089 DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study used the Canadian version of the World Health Organization-Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (WHO-HBSC) Survey to examine the role of multiple risk behaviours and other social factors in the etiology of medically attended youth injury. 11,329 Canadians aged 11-15 years completed the 1997-1998 WHO-HBSC, of which 4152 (36.7%) reported at least one medically attended injury. Multiple logistic regression analyses failed to identify an expected association between lower socio-economic status and risk for injury. Strong gradients in risk for injury were observed according to the numbers of multiple risk behaviours reported. Youth reporting the largest number (7) of risk behaviours experienced injury rates that were 4.11 times (95% CI: 3.04-5.55) higher than those reporting no high risk behaviours (adjusted odds ratios for 0-7 reported behaviours: 1.00, 1.13, 1.49, 1.79, 2.28, 2.54, 2.62, 4.11; p(trend) < 0.001). Similar gradients in risk were observed within subgroups of young people defined by grade, sex, and socio-economic level, and within restricted analyses of various injury types (recreational, sports, home, school injuries). The gradients were especially pronounced for severe injury types and among those reporting multiple injuries. The analyses suggest that multiple risk behaviours may play an important role in the social etiology of youth injury, but these same analyses provide little evidence for a socio-economic risk gradient. The findings in turn have implications for preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Pickett
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston General Hospital, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to examine risk taking and daring behavior in preschool-age Hispanic children. The study sought to describe aspects of children's personality, behavior, and culture that may inform us of their propensity to take risks that lead to injuries. METHOD Forty-five children (4 to 5 years of age) and their parents, drawn from a primary care practice, participated in the study. Instruments completed by the families included the Acculturation Scale. Child Shyness Report, Injury Report, and the Injury Behavior Checklist. Children were interviewed about risk taking and daring behavior using a projective technique (Child Sensation Seeking Profile). RESULTS These children, irrespective of gender and socioeconomic status, reported similar rates of daring and risk taking behavior. Injury behaviors were not predicted by personality profiles of shyness or the child's self-report of risk taking and daring behavior. Actual injuries increased with higher levels of acculturation, but children's injury behaviors reported by parents were low in comparison with other populations. Discrepancies were observed between parental perception and report of children's injury behavior and children's expressed preferences in some domains of daring and risky behavior. DISCUSSION Primary care providers must consider ethnic differences in rates and causes of injury when developing interventions and injury prevention programs. PNPs can use these findings to better meet the health promotion goals of Healthy Children 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Kennedy
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0606, USA
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DiLillo D, Potts R, Himes S. Predictors of children's risk appraisals. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0193-3973(99)80048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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