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Qin X, Xu J, An X, Yang J, Wang Y, Dou M, Wang M, Huang J, Fu Y. Insight of endophytic fungi promoting the growth and development of woody plants. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:78-99. [PMID: 36592988 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2129579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms play an important role in plant growth and development. In particular, endophytic fungi is one of the important kinds of microorganisms and has a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with host plants. Endophytic fungi have many substantial benefits to host plants, especially for woody plants, such as accelerating plant growth, enhancing stress resistance, promoting nutrient absorption, resisting pathogens and etc. However, the effects of endophytic fungi on the growth and development of woody plants have not been systematically summarized. In this review, the functions of endophytic fungi for the growth and development of woody plants have been mainly reviewed, including regulating plant growth (e.g., flowering, root elongation, etc.) by producing nutrients and plant hormones, and improving plant disease, insect resistance and heavy metal resistance by producing secondary metabolites. In addition, the diversity of endophytic fungi could improve the ability of woody plants to adapt to adverse environment. The components produced by endophytic fungi have excellent potential for the growth and development of woody plants. This review has systematically discussed the potential regulation mechanism of endophytic fungi regulating the growth and development of woody plants, it would be of great significance for the development and utilization of endophytic fungi resource from woody plants for the protection of forest resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xiaoli An
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Meijia Dou
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Minggang Wang
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yujie Fu
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
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Jhu MY, Sinha NR. Parasitic Plants: An Overview of Mechanisms by Which Plants Perceive and Respond to Parasites. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:433-455. [PMID: 35363532 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to most autotrophic plants, which produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide using photosynthesis, parasitic plants obtain water and nutrients by parasitizing host plants. Many important crop plants are infested by these heterotrophic plants, leading to severe agricultural loss and reduced food security. Understanding how host plants perceive and resist parasitic plants provides insight into underlying defense mechanisms and the potential for agricultural applications. In this review, we offer a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of host perception of parasitic plants and the pre-attachment and post-attachment defense responses mounted by the host. Since most current research overlooks the role of organ specificity in resistance responses, we also summarize the current understanding and cases of cross-organ parasitism, which indicates nonconventional haustorial connections on other host organs, for example, when stem parasitic plants form haustoria on their host roots. Understanding how different tissue types respond to parasitic plants could provide the potential for developing a universal resistance mechanism in crops against both root and stem parasitic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yao Jhu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Neelima R Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
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The microscopic mechanism between endophytic fungi and host plants: From recognition to building stable mutually beneficial relationships. Microbiol Res 2022; 261:127056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wen J, Lv J, Zhao K, Zhang X, Li Z, Zhang H, Huo J, Wan H, Wang Z, Zhu H, Deng M. Ethylene-Inducible AP2/ERF Transcription Factor Involved in the Capsaicinoid Biosynthesis in Capsicum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:832669. [PMID: 35310674 PMCID: PMC8928445 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.832669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is very important in the process of plant development and regulates the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites. In these regulatory mechanisms, transcription factors (TFs) that mediate ethylene signals play a very important role. Capsaicinoids (CAPs) are only synthesized and accumulated in Capsicum species, causing their fruit to have a special pungent taste, which can protect against attack from herbivores and pathogens. In this study, we identified the TF CcERF2, which is induced by ethylene, and demonstrated its regulatory effect on CAPs biosynthesis. Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that the expression patterns of CcERF2 and multiple genes associated with CAPs biosynthesis were basically the same. The spatiotemporal expression results showed CcERF2 was preferentially expressed in the placenta of the spicy fruit. Ethylene can induce the expression of CcERF2 and CAPs biosynthesis genes (CBGs). CcERF2 gene silencing and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and pyrazinamide (PZA) treatments caused a decrease in expression of CBGs and a sharp decrease in content of CAPs. The results indicated that CcERF2 was indeed involved in the regulation of structural genes of the CAPs biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfen Wen
- Faculty of Architecture and City Planning, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Junheng Lv
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Zuosen Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinlong Huo
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongjian Wan
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziran Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Haishan Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Minghua Deng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Minghua Deng, , orcid.org/0000-0001-8293-9035
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Elarabi NI, Abdelhadi AA, Sief-Eldein AGM, Ismail IA, Abdallah NA. Overexpression of chalcone isomerase A gene in Astragalus trigonus for stimulating apigenin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24176. [PMID: 34921216 PMCID: PMC8683443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Apigenin is one of the most studied flavonoids and is widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Apigenin exerts important antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor activities, and anti-inflammatory effects in neurological or cardiovascular disease. Chalcone isomerase A (chiA) is an important enzyme of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. In order to enhance the apigenin production, the petunia chi A gene was transformed for Astragalus trigonus. Bialaphos survived plants were screened by PCR, dot blot hybridization and RT-PCR analysis. Also, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, chitosan and yeast extract were tested to evaluate their capacity to work as elicitors for apigenin. Results showed that yeast extract was the best elicitor for induction of apigenin with an increase of 3.458 and 3.9 fold of the control for calli and cell suspension culture, respectively. Transformed cell suspension showed high apigenin content with a 20.17 fold increase compared to the control and 6.88 fold more than the yeast extract treatment. While, transformed T1 calli derived expressing chiA gene produced apigenin 4.2 fold more than the yeast extract treatment. It can be concluded that the highest accumulation of apigenin was obtained with chiA transgenic cell suspension system and it can be utilized to enhancement apigenin production in Astragalus trigonus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa I Elarabi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
- National Biotechnology Network of Expertise, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelhadi A Abdelhadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
- National Biotechnology Network of Expertise, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed G M Sief-Eldein
- Tissue Culture Unit, Ecology and Dry Land Agriculture Division, Desert Research Center (DRC), 11753 El-matarya, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ismail A Ismail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naglaa A Abdallah
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
- National Biotechnology Network of Expertise, Cairo, Egypt.
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Modesto I, Sterck L, Arbona V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Carrasquinho I, Van de Peer Y, Miguel CM. Insights Into the Mechanisms Implicated in Pinus pinaster Resistance to Pinewood Nematode. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:690857. [PMID: 34178007 PMCID: PMC8222992 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.690857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the plant-parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has become a severe environmental problem in the Iberian Peninsula with devastating effects in Pinus pinaster forests. Despite the high levels of this species' susceptibility, previous studies reported heritable resistance in P. pinaster trees. Understanding the basis of this resistance can be of extreme relevance for future programs aiming at reducing the disease impact on P. pinaster forests. In this study, we highlighted the mechanisms possibly involved in P. pinaster resistance to PWD, by comparing the transcriptional changes between resistant and susceptible plants after infection. Our analysis revealed a higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in resistant plants (1,916) when compared with susceptible plants (1,226). Resistance to PWN is mediated by the induction of the jasmonic acid (JA) defense pathway, secondary metabolism pathways, lignin synthesis, oxidative stress response genes, and resistance genes. Quantification of the acetyl bromide-soluble lignin confirmed a significant increase of cell wall lignification of stem tissues around the inoculation zone in resistant plants. In addition to less lignified cell walls, susceptibility to the pine wood nematode seems associated with the activation of the salicylic acid (SA) defense pathway at 72 hpi, as revealed by the higher SA levels in the tissues of susceptible plants. Cell wall reinforcement and hormone signaling mechanisms seem therefore essential for a resistance response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Modesto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia e Tecnologia Experimental, Oeiras, Portugal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Sterck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Isabel Carrasquinho
- Instituto Nacional Investigaciao Agraria e Veterinaria, Oeiras, Portugal
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Célia M. Miguel
- Instituto de Biologia e Tecnologia Experimental, Oeiras, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Balestrini R, Brunetti C, Cammareri M, Caretto S, Cavallaro V, Cominelli E, De Palma M, Docimo T, Giovinazzo G, Grandillo S, Locatelli F, Lumini E, Paolo D, Patanè C, Sparvoli F, Tucci M, Zampieri E. Strategies to Modulate Specialized Metabolism in Mediterranean Crops: From Molecular Aspects to Field. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062887. [PMID: 33809189 PMCID: PMC7999214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites (SMs) play an important role in the interaction with the environment and are part of the plant defense response. These natural products are volatile, semi-volatile and non-volatile compounds produced from common building blocks deriving from primary metabolic pathways and rapidly evolved to allow a better adaptation of plants to environmental cues. Specialized metabolites include terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, glucosinolates, tannins, resins, etc. that can be used as phytochemicals, food additives, flavoring agents and pharmaceutical compounds. This review will be focused on Mediterranean crop plants as a source of SMs, with a special attention on the strategies that can be used to modulate their production, including abiotic stresses, interaction with beneficial soil microorganisms and novel genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25 and Strada delle Cacce 73, 10125 and 10135 Torino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (E.L.); (E.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-01165-02927
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25 and Strada delle Cacce 73, 10125 and 10135 Torino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (E.L.); (E.Z.)
| | - Maria Cammareri
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Sofia Caretto
- CNR-Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Valeria Cavallaro
- CNR-Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (V.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Eleonora Cominelli
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (F.L.); (D.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Monica De Palma
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Teresa Docimo
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Giovanna Giovinazzo
- CNR-Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Silvana Grandillo
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Franca Locatelli
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (F.L.); (D.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Erica Lumini
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25 and Strada delle Cacce 73, 10125 and 10135 Torino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (E.L.); (E.Z.)
| | - Dario Paolo
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (F.L.); (D.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Cristina Patanè
- CNR-Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (V.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Francesca Sparvoli
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (F.L.); (D.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Marina Tucci
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Elisa Zampieri
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25 and Strada delle Cacce 73, 10125 and 10135 Torino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (E.L.); (E.Z.)
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Rodrigues-Corrêa KCDS, Honda MDH, Borthakur D, Fett-Neto AG. Mimosine accumulation in Leucaena leucocephala in response to stress signaling molecules and acute UV exposure. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:432-440. [PMID: 30482504 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mimosine is a non-protein amino acid of Fabaceae, such as Leucaena spp. and Mimosa spp. Several relevant biological activities have been described for this molecule, including cell cycle blocker, anticancer, antifungal, antimicrobial, herbivore deterrent and allelopathic activities, raising increased economic interest in its production. In addition, information on mimosine dynamics in planta remains limited. In order to address this topic and propose strategies to increase mimosine production aiming at economic uses, the effects of several stress-related elicitors of secondary metabolism and UV acute exposure were examined on mimosine accumulation in growth room-cultivated seedlings of Leucaena leucocephala spp. glabrata. Mimosine concentration was not significantly affected by 10 ppm salicylic acid (SA) treatment, but increased in roots and shoots of seedlings treated with 84 ppm jasmonic acid (JA) and 10 ppm Ethephon (an ethylene-releasing compound), and in shoots treated with UV-C radiation. Quantification of mimosine amidohydrolase (mimosinase) gene expression showed that ethephon yielded variable effect over time, whereas JA and UV-C did not show significant impact. Considering the strong induction of mimosine accumulation by acute UV-C exposure, additional in situ ROS localization, as well as in vitro antioxidant assays were performed, suggesting that, akin to several secondary metabolites, mimosine may be involved in general oxidative stress modulation, acting as a hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion quencher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Cristine da Silva Rodrigues-Corrêa
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), P.O. Box CP 15005, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Michael D H Honda
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Dulal Borthakur
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), P.O. Box CP 15005, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Liu JP, Hu J, Liu YH, Yang CP, Zhuang YF, Guo XL, Li YJ, Zhang L. Transcriptome analysis of Hevea brasiliensis in response to exogenous methyl jasmonate provides novel insights into regulation of jasmonate-elicited rubber biosynthesis. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 24:349-358. [PMID: 29692543 PMCID: PMC5911270 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The phytohomorne methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is known to trigger extensive reprogramming of gene expression leading to transcriptional activation of many secondary metabolic pathways. However, natural rubber is a commercially important secondary metabolite and little is known about the genetic and genomic basis of jasmonate-elicited rubber biosynthesis in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of H. brasiliensis bark treated with 1 g lanolin paste containing 0.02% w/w MeJA for 24 h (M2) and 0.04% w/w MeJA for 24 h (M4) was performed. A total of 2950 and 2850 differentially expressed genes in M2 and M4 compared with control (C) were respectively detected. Key genes involved in 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate, rubber biosynthesis, glycolysis and carbon fixation (Calvin cycle) pathway were found to be up-regulated by MeJA treatment. Particularly, the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-metylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in MVA pathway was down-regulated by MeJA treatment, but the expression of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) and cis-prenyltransferase (CPT, or rubber transferase) in rubber biosynthesis pathway were up-regulated by MeJA treatment. Up-regulation of critical genes in JA biosynthesis in response to MeJA treatment exhibited the self-activation of JA biosynthesis. In addition, up-regulated genes of great regulatory importance in cross-talk between JA and other hormone signaling, and of transcriptional regulation were identified. The increased expression levels of FPS and CPT in rubber biosynthesis pathway possibly resulted in an increased latex production in rubber tree treated with MeJA. The present results provide insights into the mechanism by which MeJA activates the rubber biosynthesis and the transcriptome data can also serve as the foundation for future research into the molecular basis for MeJA regulation of other cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Tropical Agriculture and Forestry Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan Province China
| | - Jin Hu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Tropical Agriculture and Forestry Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan Province China
| | - Yan-Hui Liu
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Cui-Ping Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Tropical Agriculture and Forestry Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan Province China
| | - Yu-Fen Zhuang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Tropical Agriculture and Forestry Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan Province China
| | - Xiu-Li Guo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Tropical Agriculture and Forestry Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan Province China
| | - Yi-Jian Li
- Service Center of Science and Technology, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan Province China
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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Li J, Liu S, Wang J, Li J, Li J, Gao W. Gene expression of glycyrrhizin acid and accumulation of endogenous signaling molecule inGlycyrrhiza uralensisFisch adventitious roots afterSaccharomyces cerevisiaeandMeyerozyma guilliermondiiapplications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 64:700-711. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Shujie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
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11
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Wang J, Li J, Li J, Li J, Liu S, Gao W. LSP1, a responsive protein from Meyerozyma guilliermondii, elicits defence response and improves glycyrrhizic acid biosynthesis in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch adventitious roots. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3510-3519. [PMID: 28105652 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This research explored the effects of protein and polysaccharide in Meyerozyma guilliermondii on active compounds in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch adventitious roots. In this study, a responsive protein LSP1 was purified from the Meyerozyma guilliermondii since the excellent induction. The contents of total flavonoids (3.46 mg · g-1 ), glycyrrhizic acid (0.41 mg · g-1 ), glycyrrhetinic acid (0.41 mg · g-1 ), and polysaccharide (94.49 mg · g-1 ) in adventitious root peaked at LSP1 group, which were 1.6, 3.4, 2.4, 2.0-fold that of control, respectively. Besides, the responsive protein LSP1 significantly activated the defense signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinases and extremely up-regulated the expression of defense-related genes and functional genes involved in glycyrrhizic acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianli Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinxin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shujie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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12
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Zhai X, Jia M, Chen L, Zheng CJ, Rahman K, Han T, Qin LP. The regulatory mechanism of fungal elicitor-induced secondary metabolite biosynthesis in medical plants. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:238-261. [PMID: 27936989 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1201041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of external stress stimuli trigger plant cells to undergo complex network of reactions that ultimately lead to the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. Accumulation of such metabolites often occurs in plants subjected to stresses including various elicitors or signal molecules. Throughout evolution, endophytic fungi, an important constituent in the environment of medicinal plants, have known to form long-term stable and mutually beneficial symbiosis with medicinal plants. The endophytic fungal elicitor can rapidly and specifically induce the expression of specific genes in medicinal plants which can result in the activation of a series of specific secondary metabolic pathways resulting in the significant accumulation of active ingredients. Here we summarize the progress made on the mechanisms of fungal elicitor including elicitor signal recognition, signal transduction, gene expression and activation of the key enzymes and its application. This review provides guidance on studies which may be conducted to promote the efficient synthesis and accumulation of active ingredients by the endogenous fungal elicitor in medicinal plant cells, and provides new ideas and methods of studying the regulation of secondary metabolism in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhai
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Min Jia
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Ling Chen
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Cheng-Jian Zheng
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- b Department of Physiological Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Ting Han
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Lu-Ping Qin
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
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13
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Fang R, Wu F, Zou A, Zhu Y, Zhao H, Zhao H, Liao Y, Tang RJ, Yang T, Pang Y, Wang X, Yang R, Qi J, Lu G, Yang Y. Transgenic analysis reveals LeACS-1 as a positive regulator of ethylene-induced shikonin biosynthesis in Lithospermum erythrorhizon hairy roots. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:345-58. [PMID: 26780904 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone ethylene (ET) is a crucial signaling molecule that induces the biosynthesis of shikonin and its derivatives in Lithospermum erythrorhizon shoot cultures. However, the molecular mechanism and the positive regulators involved in this physiological process are largely unknown. In this study, the function of LeACS-1, a key gene encoding the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase for ET biosynthesis in L. erythrorhizon hairy roots, was characterized by using overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi) strategies. The results showed that overexpression of LeACS-1 significantly increased endogenous ET concentration and shikonin production, consistent with the up-regulated genes involved in ET biosynthesis and transduction, as well as the genes related to shikonin biosynthesis. Conversely, RNAi of LeACS-1 effectively decreased endogenous ET concentration and shikonin production and down-regulated the expression level of above genes. Correlation analysis showed a significant positive linear relationship between ET concentration and shikonin production. All these results suggest that LeACS-1 acts as a positive regulator of ethylene-induced shikonin biosynthesis in L. erythrorhizon hairy roots. Our work not only gives new insights into the understanding of the relationship between ET and shikonin biosynthesis, but also provides an efficient genetic engineering target gene for secondary metabolite production in non-model plant L. erythrorhizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Fengyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Ailan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yonghui Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Ren-Jie Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tongyi Yang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Rongwu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jinliang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Guihua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Yonghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Li J, Wang J, Li J, Li J, Liu S, Gao W. Protein elicitor isolated from Escherichia coli induced bioactive compound biosynthesis as well as gene expression in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch adventitious roots. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16903a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the ability of three rhizobacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Penicillium fellutanum and Escherichia coli) to trigger metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
| | - Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Jing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Jinxin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Shujie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
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15
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Yuan J, Sun K, Deng-Wang MY, Dai CC. The Mechanism of Ethylene Signaling Induced by Endophytic Fungus Gilmaniella sp. AL12 Mediating Sesquiterpenoids Biosynthesis in Atractylodes lancea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:361. [PMID: 27047528 PMCID: PMC4804159 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene, the first known gaseous phytohormone, is involved in plant growth, development as well as responses to environmental signals. However, limited information is available on the role of ethylene in endophytic fungi induced secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Atractylodes lancea is a traditional Chinese herb, and its quality depends on the main active compounds sesquiterpenoids. This work showed that the endophytic fungus Gilmaniella sp. AL12 induced ethylene production in Atractylodes lancea. Pre-treatment of plantlets with ethylene inhibiter aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) suppressed endophytic fungi induced accumulation of ethylene and sesquiterpenoids. Plantlets were further treated with AOA, salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC), jasmonic acid inhibitor ibuprofen (IBU), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenger catalase (CAT), nitric oxide (NO)-specific scavenger 2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (cPTIO). With endophytic fungi inoculation, IBU or PAC did not inhibit ethylene production, and JA and SA generation were suppressed by AOA, showing that ethylene may act as an upstream signal of JA and SA pathway. With endophytic fungi inoculation, CAT or cPTIO suppressed ethylene production, and H2O2 or NO generation was not affected by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), showing that ethylene may act as a downstream signal of H2O2 and NO pathway. Then, plantlets were treated with ethylene donor ACC, JA, SA, H2O2, NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Exogenous ACC could trigger JA and SA generation, whereas exogenous JA or SA did not affect ethylene production, and the induced sesquiterpenoids accumulation triggered by ACC was partly suppressed by IBU and PAC, showing that ethylene acted as an upstream signal of JA and SA pathway. Exogenous ACC did not affect H2O2 or NO generation, whereas exogenous H2O2 and SNP induced ethylene production, and the induced sesquiterpenoids accumulation triggered by SNP or H2O2 was partly suppressed by ACC, showing that ethylene acted as a downstream signal of NO and H2O2 pathway. Taken together, this study demonstrated that ethylene is an upstream signal of JA and SA, and a downstream signal of NO and H2O2 signaling pathways, and acts as an important signal mediating sesquiterpenoids biosynthesis of Atractylodes lancea induced by the endophytic fungus.
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Dar TA, Uddin M, Khan MMA, Hakeem K, Jaleel H. Jasmonates counter plant stress: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 115:49-57. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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17
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Singh B, Sharma RA. Plant terpenes: defense responses, phylogenetic analysis, regulation and clinical applications. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:129-151. [PMID: 28324581 PMCID: PMC4362742 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products and many interesting products are extensively applied in the industrial sector as flavors, fragrances, spices and are also used in perfumery and cosmetics. Many terpenoids have biological activities and also used for medical purposes. In higher plants, the conventional acetate-mevalonic acid pathway operates mainly in the cytosol and mitochondria and synthesizes sterols, sesquiterpenes and ubiquinones mainly. In the plastid, the non-mevalonic acid pathway takes place and synthesizes hemi-, mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes along with carotenoids and phytol tail of chlorophyll. In this review paper, recent developments in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, indepth description of terpene synthases and their phylogenetic analysis, regulation of terpene biosynthesis as well as updates of terpenes which have entered in the clinical studies are reviewed thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Singh
- AIB, Amity University Rajasthan, NH-11C, Kant Kalwar, Jaipur, 303 002, India.
| | - Ram A Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302 055, India
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18
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Pramoolkit P, Lertpanyasampatha M, Viboonjun U, Kongsawadworakul P, Chrestin H, Narangajavana J. Involvement of ethylene-responsive microRNAs and their targets in increased latex yield in the rubber tree in response to ethylene treatment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 84:203-212. [PMID: 25289520 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The rubber tree is an economically important plant that produces natural rubber for various industrial uses. The application of ethylene contributes to increased latex production in rubber trees; however, the molecular biology behind the effects of ethylene on latex yield remains to be elucidated. Recently, the intersection between microRNA (miRNA) regulation and phytohormone responses has been revealed. Insight into the regulation of miRNAs and their target genes should help to determine the functional importance of miRNAs as well as the role of miRNAs in signaling under ethylene stimulation in the rubber tree. In this study, hbr-miR159 and hbr-miR166 were down-regulated in bark under ethylene treatment. The ethylene also down-regulated ATHB15-like (Class III Homeodomain Leucine Zipper, HD-ZIP III) which have been extensively implicated in the regulation of primary and secondary vascular tissue pattern formation. The strong negative-regulation of ARF6/ARF8 caused by hbr-miR167 involved in an attenuation of vascular development and may gradually lead to bark dryness syndrome in the long term ethylene treatment. The negative correlation of hbr-miR172 and its target REF3 in the inner soft bark under ethylene treatment results in dramatic increases in latex yield in the ethylene-sensitive clone of the rubber tree. The overall results suggested that the differential expression of HD-ZIP III, miR167/ARF6, ARF8, and miR172/REF3 and related genes may play possible roles in the response to ethylene treatment, resulting in longer latex flow and increased latex yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porawee Pramoolkit
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Unchera Viboonjun
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Rubber Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Panida Kongsawadworakul
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Rubber Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Hervé Chrestin
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Jarunya Narangajavana
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Rubber Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thailand.
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19
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Goddard R, Peraldi A, Ridout C, Nicholson P. Enhanced disease resistance caused by BRI1 mutation is conserved between Brachypodium distachyon and barley (Hordeum vulgare). MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:1095-106. [PMID: 24964059 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-14-0069-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of brassinosteroid (BR)-insensitive 1 (BRI1) mutation, the main receptor of BR in both Brachypodium distachyon and barley, on disease resistance against a range of fungal pathogens of cereals exhibiting different trophic lifestyles. Results presented here show that i) disruption of BRI1 has pleiotropic effects on disease resistance in addition to affecting plant development. BR signaling functions antagonistically with mechanisms of disease resistance that are effective against a broad range of cereal pathogens. ii) Disruption of BRI1 results in increased disease resistance against necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens that exhibit only a marginal asymptomatic phase but has no effect on biotrophic pathogens or those with a prolonged asymptomatic phase, and iii) disruption of BRI1 has a similar effect on disease resistance in B. distachyon and barley, indicating that defense mechanisms are conserved between these species. This work presents the first evidence for conservation of disease resistance mechanisms between the model species B. distachyon and the cereal crop barley and validates B. distachyon for undertaking model-to-crop translation studies of disease resistance.
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20
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Host–Pathogen Interaction, Plant Diseases, Disease Management Strategies, and Future Challenges. Fungal Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1188-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Majumdar S, Garai S, Jha S. Use of the cryptogein gene to stimulate the accumulation of Bacopa saponins in transgenic Bacopa monnieri plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1899-1909. [PMID: 22733208 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic transformation of the Indian medicinal plant, Bacopa monnieri, using a gene encoding cryptogein, a proteinaceous elicitor, via Ri and Ti plasmids, were established and induced bioproduction of bacopa saponins in crypt-transgenic plants were obtained. Transformed roots obtained with A. rhizogenes strain LBA 9402 crypt on selection medium containing kanamycin (100 mg l(-1)) dedifferentiated forming callus and redifferentiated to roots which, spontaneously showed shoot bud induction. Ri crypt-transformed plants thus obtained showed integration and expression of rol genes as well as crypt gene. Ti crypt-transformed B. monnieri plants were established following transformation with disarmed A. tumefaciens strain harboring crypt. Transgenic plants showed significant enhancement in growth and bacopa saponin content. Bacopasaponin D (1.4-1.69 %) was maximally enhanced in transgenic plants containing crypt. In comparison to Ri-transformed plants, Ri crypt-transformed plants showed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced accumulation of bacoside A(3), bacopasaponin D, bacopaside II, bacopaside III and bacopaside V. Produced transgenic lines can be used for further research on elicitation in crypt-transgenic plants as well as for large scale production of saponins. Key message The cryptogein gene, which encodes a proteinaceous elicitor is associated with increase in secondary metabolite accumulation-either alone or in addition to the increases associated with transformation by A. rhizogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Majumdar
- Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
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22
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Grantz DA, Vu HB. Root and shoot gas exchange respond additively to moderate ozone and methyl jasmonate without induction of ethylene: ethylene is induced at higher O3 concentrations. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:4303-4313. [PMID: 22563119 PMCID: PMC3398457 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The available literature is conflicting on the potential protection of plants against ozone (O(3)) injury by exogenous jasmonates, including methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Protective antagonistic interactions of O(3) and MeJA have been observed in some systems and purely additive effects in others. Here it is shown that chronic exposure to low to moderate O(3) concentrations (4-114 ppb; 12 h mean) and to MeJA induced additive reductions in carbon assimilation (A (n)) and root respiration (R (r)), and in calculated whole plant carbon balance. Neither this chronic O(3) regime nor MeJA induced emission of ethylene (ET) from the youngest fully expanded leaves. ET emission was induced by acute 3 h pulse exposure to much higher O(3) concentrations (685 ppb). ET emission was further enhanced in plants treated with MeJA. Responses of growth, allocation, photosynthesis, and respiration to moderate O(3) concentrations and to MeJA appear to be independent and additive, and not associated with emission of ET. These results suggest that responses of Pima cotton to environmentally relevant O(3) are not mediated by signalling pathways associated with ET and MeJA, though these pathways are inducible in this species and exhibit a synergistic O(3)×MeJA interaction at very high O(3) concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Grantz
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA and Kearney Agricultural Center, 9240 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648, USA.
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The effects of host defence elicitors on betacyanin accumulation in Amaranthus mangostanus seedlings. Food Chem 2012; 134:1715-8. [PMID: 23442611 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of elicitors associated with host defence on betacyanin accumulation in Amaranthus mangostanus seedlings was investigated. Under the conditions of the experiments, betacyanin accumulation was generally enhanced by light. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment increased betacyanin synthesis in a concentration-dependent response. Seedlings treated with ethylene as 5mM Ethephon also had elevated levels of betacyanin. In contrast, salicylic acid (SA) and H(2)O(2) treatments had no influence on betacyanin contents in light or dark. Combined MeJA with Ethephon or H(2)O(2) had an additive effect on betacyanin accumulation in dark-grown seedlings. However, a decline was recorded in light-grown seedlings. Moreover, an antagonistic effect on betacyanin synthesis was found when MeJA and SA were added simultaneously. Our results indicate that betacyanin content in A. mangostanus seedlings can be upregulated by MeJA and ethylene. Both additive and antagonistic effects in regulating betacyanin synthesis in A. mangostanus seedlings were observed between MeJA and other elicitors.
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Pateraki I, Kanellis AK. Stress and developmental responses of terpenoid biosynthetic genes in Cistus creticus subsp. creticus. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:629-41. [PMID: 20364257 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants, and specially species adapted in non-friendly environments, produce secondary metabolites that help them to cope with biotic or abiotic stresses. These metabolites could be of great pharmaceutical interest because several of those show cytotoxic, antibacterial or antioxidant activities. Leaves' trichomes of Cistus creticus ssp. creticus, a Mediterranean xerophytic shrub, excrete a resin rich in several labdane-type diterpenes with verified in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic and cytostatic activity against human cancer cell lines. Bearing in mind the properties and possible future exploitation of these natural products, it seemed interesting to study their biosynthesis and its regulation, initially at the molecular level. For this purpose, genes encoding enzymes participating in the early steps of the terpenoids biosynthetic pathways were isolated and their gene expression patterns were investigated in different organs and in response to various stresses and defence signals. The genes studied were the CcHMGR from the mevalonate pathway, CcDXS and CcDXR from the methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway and the two geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases (CcGGDPS1 and 2) previously characterized from this species. The present work indicates that the leaf trichomes are very active biosynthetically as far as it concerns terpenoids biosynthesis, and the terpenoid production from this tissue seems to be transcriptionally regulated. Moreover, the CcHMGR and CcDXS genes (the rate-limiting steps of the isoprenoids' pathways) showed an increase during mechanical wounding and application of defence signals (like meJA and SA), which is possible to reflect an increased need of the plant tissues for the corresponding metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pateraki
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Ferrari S. Biological elicitors of plant secondary metabolites: mode of action and use in the production of nutraceutics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 698:152-66. [PMID: 21520710 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many secondary metabolites of interest for human health and nutrition are produced by plants when they are under attack of microbial pathogens or insects. Treatment with elicitors derived from phytopathogens can be an effective strategy to increase the yield of specific metabolites obtained from plant cell cultures. Understanding how plant cells perceive microbial elicitors and how this perception leads to the accumulation of secondary metabolites, may help us improve the production of nutraceutics in terms of quantity and of quality of the compounds. The knowledge gathered in the past decades on elicitor perception and transduction is now being combined to high-throughput methodologies, such as transcriptomics and metabolomics, to engineer plant cells that produce compounds of interest at industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ferrari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy.
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Ankala A, Luthe DS, Williams WP, Wilkinson JR. Integration of ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling pathways in the expression of maize defense protein Mir1-CP. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:1555-1564. [PMID: 19888821 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-12-1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In plants, ethylene and jasmonate control the defense responses to multiple stressors, including insect predation. Among the defense proteins known to be regulated by ethylene is maize insect resistance 1-cysteine protease (Mir1-CP). This protein is constitutively expressed in the insect-resistant maize (Zea mays) genotype Mp708; however, its abundance significantly increases during fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) herbivory. Within 1 h of herbivory by fall armyworm, Mir1-CP accumulates at the feeding site and continues to increase in abundance until 24 h without any increase in its transcript (mir1) levels. To resolve this discrepancy and elucidate the role of ethylene and jasmonate in the signaling of Mir1-CP expression, the effects of phytohormone biosynthesis and perception inhibitors on Mir1-CP expression were tested. Immunoblot analysis of Mir1-CP accumulation and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction examination of mir1 levels in these treated plants demonstrate that Mir1-CP accumulation is regulated by both transcript abundance and protein expression levels. The results also suggest that jasmonate functions upstream of ethylene in the Mir1-CP expression pathway, allowing for both low-level constitutive expression and a two-stage defensive response, an immediate response involving Mir1-CP accumulation and a delayed response inducing mir1 transcript expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ankala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississipi State, MS 39762, USA
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Lippert DN, Ralph SG, Phillips M, White R, Smith D, Hardie D, Gershenzon J, Ritland K, Borchers CH, Bohlmann J. Quantitative iTRAQ proteome and comparative transcriptome analysis of elicitor-induced Norway spruce (Picea abies) cells reveals elements of calcium signaling in the early conifer defense response. Proteomics 2009; 9:350-67. [PMID: 19105170 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived conifer trees depend on both constitutive and induced defenses for resistance against a myriad of potential pathogens and herbivores. In species of spruce (Picea spp.), several of the late events of pathogen-, insect-, or elicitor-induced defense responses have previously been characterized at the anatomical, biochemical, transcriptome, and proteome levels in stems and needles. However, accurately measuring the early events of induced cellular responses in a conifer is technically challenging due to limitations in the precise timing of induction and tissue sampling from intact trees following insect or fungal treatment. In the present study, we used the advantages of Norway spruce (Picea abies) cell suspensions combined with chitosan elicitation to investigate the early proteome response in a conifer. A combination of iTRAQ labeling and a new design of iterative sample analysis employing data-dependent exclusion lists were used for proteome analysis. This approach improved the coverage of the spruce proteome beyond that achieved in any prior study in a conifer system. Comparison of elicitor-induced proteome and transcriptome responses in Norway spruce cells consistently identified features associated with calcium-mediated signaling and response to oxidative stress that have not previously been observed in the response of intact trees to fungal attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin N Lippert
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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28
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Wu SJ, Qi JL, Zhang WJ, Liu SH, Xiao FH, Zhang MS, Xu GH, Zhao WG, Shi MW, Pang YJ, Shen HG, Yang YH. Nitric oxide regulates shikonin formation in suspension-cultured Onosma paniculatum cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:118-28. [PMID: 19022805 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Endogenously occurring nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the regulation of shikonin formation in Onosma paniculatum cells. NO generated after cells were inoculated into shikonin production medium reached the highest level after 2 d of culture, which was 16 times that at the beginning of the experiment, and maintained a high level for 6 d. A nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), and a nitrate reductase (NR) inhibitor, sodium azide (SoA), consistent with their inhibition of NO biosynthesis, decreased shikonin formation significantly. This reduction could be alleviated or even abolished by exogenous NO supplied by sodium nitroprusside (SNP), suggesting that the inhibition of NO biosynthesis resulted in decreased shikonin formation. However, when endogenous NO biosynthesis was up-regulated by the elicitor from Rhizoctonia cerealis, shikonin production was enhanced further, showing a dependence on the elicitor-induced NO burst. Real-time PCR analysis showed that NO could significantly up-regulate the expression of PAL, PGT and HMGR, which encode key enzymes involved in shikonin biosynthesis. These results demonstrated that NO plays a critical role in shikonin formation in O. paniculatum cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jing Wu
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
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Almagro L, Gómez Ros LV, Belchi-Navarro S, Bru R, Ros Barceló A, Pedreño MA. Class III peroxidases in plant defence reactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:377-90. [PMID: 19073963 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
When plants are attacked by pathogens, they defend themselves with an arsenal of defence mechanisms, both passive and active. The active defence responses, which require de novo protein synthesis, are regulated through a complex and interconnected network of signalling pathways that mainly involve three molecules, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET), and which results in the synthesis of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Microbe or elicitor-induced signal transduction pathways lead to (i) the reinforcement of cell walls and lignification, (ii) the production of antimicrobial metabolites (phytoalexins), and (iii) the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Among the proteins induced during the host plant defence, class III plant peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.7; hydrogen donor: H(2)O(2) oxidoreductase, Prxs) are well known. They belong to a large multigene family, and participate in a broad range of physiological processes, such as lignin and suberin formation, cross-linking of cell wall components, and synthesis of phytoalexins, or participate in the metabolism of ROS and RNS, both switching on the hypersensitive response (HR), a form of programmed host cell death at the infection site associated with limited pathogen development. The present review focuses on these plant defence reactions in which Prxs are directly or indirectly involved, and ends with the signalling pathways, which regulate Prx gene expression during plant defence. How they are integrated within the complex network of defence responses of any host plant cell will be the cornerstone of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Almagro
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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30
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Stockman G, Boland R. Integration of Plasma Membrane and Nuclear Signaling in Elicitor Regulation of Plant Secondary Metabolism. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800300803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant kingdom represents a valuable source of natural products of commercial interest. These compounds, named secondary metabolites, are not essential for the survival of plants, but confer them some advantages that allow adaptation to changes in their environment. Nevertheless, yields of secondary metabolites are low for commercial purposes, so it has become important to design strategies for increasing their production. Plants manage to adapt to physical changes in their environment, defending themselves against pathogen attack or herbivore wounding. Such aggressive stimuli, also known as elicitors, initiate signaling metabolic cascades that induce accumulation of certain secondary metabolites. Progress has been recently achieved in the understanding of signaling events originating from elicitation and related transcriptional regulation. These advances will allow maneuvering expression of key enzymes implicated in biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites, thereby enhancing their accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Stockman
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires 8000, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Boland
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires 8000, Argentina
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Phillips MA, Walter MH, Ralph SG, Dabrowska P, Luck K, Urós EM, Boland W, Strack D, Rodríguez-Concepción M, Bohlmann J, Gershenzon J. Functional identification and differential expression of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase in induced terpenoid resin formation of Norway spruce (Picea abies). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 65:243-57. [PMID: 17687625 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Conifers produce terpenoid-based oleoresins as constitutive and inducible defenses against herbivores and pathogens. Much information is available about the genes and enzymes of the late steps of oleoresin terpenoid biosynthesis in conifers, but almost nothing is known about the early steps which proceed via the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. Here we report the cDNA cloning and functional identification of three Norway spruce (Picea abies) genes encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), which catalyzes the first step of the MEP pathway, and their differential expression in the stems of young saplings. Among them are representatives of both types of plant DXS genes. A single type I DXS gene is constitutively expressed in bark tissue and not affected by wounding or fungal application. In contrast, two distinct type II DXS genes, PaDXS2A and PaDXS2B, showed increased transcript abundance after these treatments as did two other genes of the MEP pathway tested, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) and 4-hydroxyl 3-methylbutenyl diphosphate reductase (HDR). We also measured gene expression in a Norway spruce cell suspension culture system that, like intact trees, accumulates monoterpenes after treatment with methyl jasmonate. These cell cultures were characterized by an up-regulation of monoterpene synthase gene transcripts and enzyme activity after elicitor treatment, as well as induced formation of octadecanoids, including jasmonic acid and 12-oxophytodienoic acid. Among the Type II DXS genes in cell cultures, PaDXS2A was induced by treatment with chitosan, methyl salicylate, and Ceratocystis polonica (a bark beetle-associated, blue-staining fungal pathogen of Norway spruce). However, PaDXS2B was induced by treatment with methyl jasmonate and chitosan, but was not affected by methyl salicylate or C. polonica. Our results suggest distinct functions of the three DXS genes in primary and defensive terpenoid metabolism in Norway spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Phillips
- Max Planck Institut für Chemische Okologie, Abteilung Biochemie, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany.
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Zhao J, Fujita K, Sakai K. Reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and their interactions play different roles in Cupressus lusitanica cell death and phytoalexin biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 175:215-229. [PMID: 17587371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Beta-thujaplicin Is a natural troponoid with strong antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer activities. Beta-thujaplicin production in yeast elicitor-treated Cupressus lusitanica cell culture and its relationships with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production and hypersensitive cell death were investigated. Superoxide anion radical (O2*-) induced cell death and inhibited beta-thujaplicin accumulation, whereas hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced beta-thujaplicin accumulation but did not significantly affect cell death. Both elicitor and O2*- induced programmed cell death, which can be blocked by protease inhibitors, protein kinase inhibitors, and Ca2+ chelators. Elicitor-induced NO generation was nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent. Inhibition of NO generation by NOS inhibitors and NO scavenger partly blocked the elicitor-induced beta-thujaplicin accumulation and cell death, and NO donors strongly induced cell death. Interaction among NO, H2O2, and O2*- shows that NO production and H2O2 production are interdependent, but NO and O2*- accumulation were negatively related because of coconsumption of NO and O2*-. NO- and O2*- -induced cell death required each other, and both were required for elicitor-induced cell death. A direct interaction between NO and O2*- was implicated in the production of a potent oxidant peroxynitrite, which might mediate the elicitor-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Laboratory of Forest Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Koki Fujita
- Laboratory of Forest Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kokki Sakai
- Laboratory of Forest Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Zhao J, Matsunaga Y, Fujita K, Sakai K. Signal transduction and metabolic flux of β-thujaplicin and monoterpene biosynthesis in elicited Cupressus lusitanica cell cultures. Metab Eng 2006; 8:14-29. [PMID: 16242983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
beta-Thujaplicin is an antimicrobial tropolone derived from geranyl pyrophosphate(GPP) and monoterpene intermediate. Yeast elicitor-treated Cupressus lusitanica cell cultures accumulate high levels of beta-thujaplicin at early stages and other monoterpenes at later stages post-elicitation. The different regulation of beta-thujaplicin and monoterpene biosynthesis and signal transduction directing metabolic flux to beta-thujaplicin firstly and then shifting metabolic flow from beta-thujaplicin to other monoterpene biosynthesis were investigated. The earlier rapid induction of beta-thujaplicin accumulation and a later stimulation of monoterpene biosynthesis by yeast elicitor are in well agreement with elicitor-induced changes in activity of three monoterpene biosynthetic enzymes including isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, GPP synthase, and monoterpene synthase. Yeast elicitor induces an earlier and stronger beta-thujaplicin production and monoterpene biosynthetic enzyme activity than methyl jasmonate (MeJA) does. Profiling all monoterpenes produced by C. lusitanica cell cultures under different conditions reveals that beta-thujaplicin biosynthesis parallels with other monoterpenes and competes for common precursor pools. Yet beta-thujaplicin is produced pre-dominantly at early stage of elicitation whereas other monoterpenes are mainly accumulated at late stage while beta-thujaplicin is metabolized. It is suggested that yeast elicitor-treated C. lusitanica cells preferentially accumulate beta-thujaplicin as a primary defense and other monoterpenes as a secondary defense. Inhibitor treatments suggest that immediate production of beta-thujaplicin post-elicitation largely depends on pre-existing enzymes and translation of pre-existing transcripts as well as recruitment of precursor pools from both the cytosol and plastids. The later beta-thujaplicin and other monoterpene accumulation strictly depends on active transcription and translation. Induction of beta-thujaplicin production and activation of monoterpene biosynthetic enzymes by elicitor involves similar signaling pathways, which may activate early beta-thujaplicin production and later monoterpene biosynthesis and induce a metabolic flux shift from beta-thujaplicin to monoterpene accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Laboratory of Forest Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Zhao J, Davis LC, Verpoorte R. Elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv 2005; 23:283-333. [PMID: 15848039 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 866] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2004] [Revised: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites are unique sources for pharmaceuticals, food additives, flavors, and other industrial materials. Accumulation of such metabolites often occurs in plants subjected to stresses including various elicitors or signal molecules. Understanding signal transduction paths underlying elicitor-induced production of secondary metabolites is important for optimizing their commercial production. This paper summarizes progress made on several aspects of elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites, including: elicitor signal perception by various receptors of plants; avirulence determinants and corresponding plant R proteins; heterotrimeric and small GTP binding proteins; ion fluxes, especially Ca2+ influx, and Ca2+ signaling; medium alkalinization and cytoplasmic acidification; oxidative burst and reactive oxygen species; inositol trisphosphates and cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP); salicylic acid and nitric oxide; jasmonate, ethylene, and abscisic acid signaling; oxylipin signals such as allene oxide synthase-dependent jasmonate and hydroperoxide lyase-dependent C12 and C6 volatiles; as well as other lipid messengers such as lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, and diacylglycerol. All these signal components are employed directly or indirectly by elicitors for induction of plant secondary metabolite accumulation. Cross-talk between different signaling pathways is very common in plant defense response, thus the cross-talk amongst these signaling pathways, such as elicitor and jasmonate, jasmonate and ethylene, and each of these with reactive oxygen species, is discussed separately. This review also highlights the integration of multiple signaling pathways into or by transcription factors, as well as the linkage of the above signal components in elicitor signaling network through protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Some perspectives on elicitor signal transduction and plant secondary metabolism at the transcriptome and metabolome levels are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Zhao J, Fujita K, Sakai K. Oxidative stress in plant cell culture: A role in production of β-thujaplicin byCupresssus lusitanica suspension culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 90:621-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.20465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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