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Jia K, Zhang Q, Xing Y, Yan J, Liu L, Nie K. A Development-Associated Decrease in Osmotic Potential Contributes to Fruit Ripening Initiation in Strawberry ( Fragaria ananassa). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1035. [PMID: 32754182 PMCID: PMC7365926 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fruit development and ripening are accompanied by a large increase in cellular soluble solid contents, which results in a significant decrease in osmotic potential (DOP). Here, we report that this development-associated DOP contributes to the initiation of ripening in strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch., Benihoppe) fruit. We show that fruit water potential significantly decreases at the onset of ripening as a result of the DOP. Further analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) indicated that the change in fruit water potential was likely caused by catabolism of large molecules in receptacle cells, and bioinformatic analysis identified a family of osmotin-like proteins (OLP) that have a potential role in osmolyte accommodation. The gene expression of more than half of the OLP members increased substantially at the onset of fruit ripening, and specifically responded to DOP treatment, consistent with a close relationship between DOP and fruit ripening. We report that the DOP induced either by mannitol or water loss, triggered fruit ripening, as indicated by the elevated expression of multiple ripening genes and diverse ripening-associated physiological parameters. Collectively, these results suggest that the DOP contributes to strawberry fruit ripening initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Jia
- College of International Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xing
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Yan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaqi Yan, ; Luo Liu, ; Kaili Nie,
| | - Luo Liu
- College of International Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaqi Yan, ; Luo Liu, ; Kaili Nie,
| | - Kaili Nie
- College of International Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaqi Yan, ; Luo Liu, ; Kaili Nie,
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2
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Baldazzi V, Valsesia P, Génard M, Bertin N. Organ-wide and ploidy-dependent regulation both contribute to cell-size determination: evidence from a computational model of tomato fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6215-6228. [PMID: 31504751 PMCID: PMC6859726 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of a new organ is the result of coordinated events of cell division and expansion, in strong interaction with each other. This study presents a dynamic model of tomato fruit development that includes cell division, endoreduplication, and expansion processes. The model is used to investigate the potential interactions among these developmental processes within the context of the neo-cellular theory. In particular, different control schemes (either cell-autonomous or organ-controlled) are tested and compared to experimental data from two contrasting genotypes. The model shows that a pure cell-autonomous control fails to reproduce the observed cell-size distribution, and that an organ-wide control is required in order to get realistic cell-size variations. The model also supports the role of endoreduplication as an important determinant of the final cell size and suggests that a direct effect of endoreduplication on cell expansion is needed in order to obtain a significant correlation between size and ploidy, as observed in real data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Baldazzi
- INRA, PSH, 228 route de l'Aerodrome, Avignon, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, INRA, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, BIOCORE, 2004 route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | | | - Michel Génard
- INRA, PSH, 228 route de l'Aerodrome, Avignon, France
| | - Nadia Bertin
- INRA, PSH, 228 route de l'Aerodrome, Avignon, France
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3
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Boyer JS. Enzyme-Less Growth in Chara and Terrestrial Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:866. [PMID: 27446106 PMCID: PMC4914548 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-less chemistry appears to control the growth rate of the green alga Chara corallina. The chemistry occurs in the wall where a calcium pectate cycle determines both the rate of wall enlargement and the rate of pectate deposition into the wall. The process is the first to indicate that a wall polymer can control how a plant cell enlarges after exocytosis releases the polymer to the wall. This raises the question of whether other species use a similar mechanism. Chara is one of the closest relatives of the progenitors of terrestrial plants and during the course of evolution, new wall features evolved while pectate remained one of the most conserved components. In addition, charophytes contain auxin which affects Chara in ways resembling its action in terrestrial plants. Therefore, this review considers whether more recently acquired wall features require different mechanisms to explain cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Boyer
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, ColumbiaMO, USA
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4
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Zhang S, van Duijn B. Cellular Auxin Transport in Algae. PLANTS 2014; 3:58-69. [PMID: 27135491 PMCID: PMC4844313 DOI: 10.3390/plants3010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin is one of the main directors of plant growth and development. In higher plants, auxin is generated in apical plant parts and transported from cell-to-cell in a polar fashion. Auxin is present in all plant phyla, and the existence of polar auxin transport (PAT) is well established in land plants. Algae are a group of relatively simple, autotrophic, photosynthetic organisms that share many features with land plants. In particular, Charophyceae (a taxon of green algae) are closest ancestors of land plants. In the study of auxin function, transport and its evolution, the algae form an interesting research target. Recently, proof for polar auxin transport in Chara species was published and auxin related research in algae gained more attention. In this review we discuss auxin transport in algae with respect to land plants and suggest directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyun Zhang
- Plant Biodynamics Laboratory, Biology Institute Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333, BE, The Netherlands.
| | - Bert van Duijn
- Plant Biodynamics Laboratory, Biology Institute Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333, BE, The Netherlands.
- Fytagoras, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333, BE, The Netherlands.
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5
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Pietruszka M. Pressure-induced cell wall instability and growth oscillations in pollen tubes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75803. [PMID: 24260097 PMCID: PMC3833986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the seed plants, the pollen tube is a cellular extension that serves as a conduit through which male gametes are transported to complete fertilization of the egg cell. It consists of a single elongated cell which exhibits characteristic oscillations in growth rate until it finally bursts, completing its function. The mechanism behind the periodic character of the growth has not been fully understood. In this paper we show that the mechanism of pressure--induced symmetry frustration occurring in the wall at the transition-perimeter between the cylindrical and approximately hemispherical parts of the growing pollen tube, together with the addition of cell wall material, is sufficient to release and sustain mechanical self-oscillations and cell extension. At the transition zone, where symmetry frustration occurs and one cannot distinguish either of the involved symmetries, a kind of 'superposition state' appears where either single or both symmetry(ies) can be realized by the system. We anticipate that testifiable predictions made by the model (f is proportional to √P) may deliver, after calibration, a new tool to estimate turgor pressure P from oscillation frequency f of the periodically growing cell. Since the mechanical principles apply to all turgor regulated walled cells including those of plant, fungal and bacterial origin, the relevance of this work is not limited to the case of the pollen tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Pietruszka
- Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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6
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Barbacci A, Lahaye M, Magnenet V. Another brick in the cell wall: biosynthesis dependent growth model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74400. [PMID: 24066142 PMCID: PMC3774806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansive growth of plant cell is conditioned by the cell wall ability to extend irreversibly. This process is possible if (i) a tensile stress is developed in the cell wall due to the coupling effect between turgor pressure and the modulation of its mechanical properties through enzymatic and physicochemical reactions and if (ii) new cell wall elements can be synthesized and assembled to the existing wall. In other words, expansive growth is the result of coupling effects between mechanical, thermal and chemical energy. To have a better understanding of this process, models must describe the interplay between physical or mechanical variable with biological events. In this paper we propose a general unified and theoretical framework to model growth in function of energy forms and their coupling. This framework is based on irreversible thermodynamics. It is then applied to model growth of the internodal cell of Chara corallina modulated by changes in pressure and temperature. The results describe accurately cell growth in term of length increment but also in term of cell pectate biosynthesis and incorporation to the expanding wall. Moreover, the classical growth model based on Lockhart's equation such as the one proposed by Ortega, appears as a particular and restrictive case of the more general growth equation developed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelin Barbacci
- Biopolymers Interactions Assembly UR 1268 (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nantes, France
- * E-mail: (AB); (VM)
| | - Marc Lahaye
- Biopolymers Interactions Assembly UR 1268 (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Magnenet
- Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingnieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), Université de Strasbourg, UMR CNRS 7357, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail: (AB); (VM)
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7
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Hepler PK, Rounds CM, Winship LJ. Control of cell wall extensibility during pollen tube growth. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:998-1017. [PMID: 23770837 PMCID: PMC4043104 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we address the question of how the tip-growing pollen tube achieves its rapid rate of elongation while maintaining an intact cell wall. Although turgor is essential for growth to occur, the local expansion rate is controlled by local changes in the viscosity of the apical wall. We focus on several different structures and underlying processes that are thought to be major participants including exocytosis, the organization and activity of the actin cytoskeleton, calcium and proton physiology, and cellular energetics. We think that the actin cytoskeleton, in particular the apical cortical actin fringe, directs the flow of vesicles to the apical domain, where they fuse with the plasma membrane and contribute their contents to the expanding cell wall. While pH gradients, as generated by a proton-ATPase located on the plasma membrane along the side of the clear zone, may regulate rapid actin turnover and new polymerization in the fringe, the tip-focused calcium gradient biases secretion towards the polar axis. The recent data showing that exocytosis of new wall material precedes and predicts the process of cell elongation provide support for the idea that the intussusception of newly secreted pectin contributes to decreases in apical wall viscosity and to cell expansion. Other prime factors will be the localization and activity of the enzyme pectin methyl-esterase, and the chelation of calcium by pectic acids. Finally, we acknowledge a role for reactive oxygen species in the control of wall viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Hepler
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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8
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Pietruszka M, Lipowczan M, Geitmann A. Persistent symmetry frustration in pollen tubes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48087. [PMID: 23144847 PMCID: PMC3489839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen tubes are extremely rapidly growing plant cells whose morphogenesis is determined by spatial gradients in the biochemical composition of the cell wall. We investigate the hypothesis (MP) that the distribution of the local mechanical properties of the wall, corresponding to the change of the radial symmetry along the axial direction, may lead to growth oscillations in pollen tubes. We claim that the experimentally observed oscillations originate from the symmetry change at the transition zone, where both intervening symmetries (cylindrical and spherical) meet. The characteristic oscillations between resonating symmetries at a given (constant) turgor pressure and a gradient of wall material constants may be identified with the observed growth-cycles in pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Pietruszka
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
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9
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Proseus TE, Boyer JS. Pectate chemistry links cell expansion to wall deposition in Chara corallina. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1490-2. [PMID: 22918500 PMCID: PMC3548876 DOI: 10.4161/psb.21777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Pectate (polygalacturonic acid) acts as a chelator to bind calcium and form cross-links that hold adjacent pectate polymers and thus plant cell walls together. When under tension from turgor pressure in the cell, the cross-links appear to distort and weaken. New pectate supplied by the cytoplasm is undistorted and removes wall calcium preferentially from the weakened bonds, loosening the wall and accelerating cell expansion. The new pectate now containing the removed calcium can bind to the wall, strengthening it and linking expansion to wall deposition. But new calcium needs to be added as well to replenish the calcium lost from the vacated wall pectate. A recent report demonstrated that growth was disrupted if new calcium was unavailable. The present addendum highlights this conclusion by reviewing an experiment from before the chelation chemistry was understood. Using cell wall labeling, a direct link appeared between wall expansion and wall deposition. Together, these experiments support the concept that newly supplied pectate has growth activity on its way to deposition in the wall. Growth rate is thus controlled by signals affecting the rate of pectate release. After release, the coordination of expansion and deposition arises naturally from chelation chemistry when polymers are under tension from turgor pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Proseus
- College of Earth, Ocean and Environment (formerly Marine Studies); University of Delaware; Lewes, DE USA
| | - John S. Boyer
- College of Earth, Ocean and Environment (formerly Marine Studies); University of Delaware; Lewes, DE USA
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10
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Domozych DS. The quest for four-dimensional imaging in plant cell biology: it's just a matter of time. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:461-74. [PMID: 22628381 PMCID: PMC3394652 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of plant cell dynamics over time, or four-dimensional imaging (4-DI), represents a major goal of plant science. The ability to resolve structures in the third dimension within the cell or tissue during developmental events or in response to environmental or experimental stresses (i.e. 4-DI) is critical to our understanding of gene expression, post-expression modulations of macromolecules and sub-cellular system interactions. SCOPE Microscopy-based technologies have been profoundly integral to this type of investigation, and new and refined microscopy technologies now allow for the visualization of cell dynamics with unprecedented resolution, contrast and experimental versatility. However, certain realities of light and electron microscopy, choice of specimen and specimen preparation techniques limit the scope of readily attaining 4-DI. Today, the plant microscopist must use a combinatorial strategy whereby multiple microscopy-based investigations are used. Modern fluorescence, confocal laser scanning, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy provide effective conduits for synthesizing data detailing live cell dynamics and highly resolved snapshots of specific cell structures that will ultimately lead to 4-DI. This review provides a synopsis of such technologies available.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
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11
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Proseus TE, Boyer JS. Calcium deprivation disrupts enlargement of Chara corallina cells: further evidence for the calcium pectate cycle. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3953-8. [PMID: 22442410 PMCID: PMC3388837 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a normal constituent of cell walls of green plants. When supplied externally to live cells or walls isolated from the large-celled green alga Chara corallina, pectin removes calcium from load-bearing cross-links in the wall, loosening the structure and allowing it to deform more rapidly under the action of turgor pressure. New Ca(2+) enters the vacated positions in the wall and the externally supplied pectin binds to the wall, depositing new wall material that strengthens the wall. A calcium pectate cycle has been proposed for these sub-reactions. In the present work, the cycle was tested in C. corallina by depriving the wall of external Ca(2+) while allowing the cycle to run. The prediction is that growth would eventually be disrupted by a lack of adequate deposition of new wall. The test involved adding pectate or the calcium chelator EGTA to the Ca(2+)-containing culture medium to bind the calcium while the cycle ran in live cells. After growth accelerated, turgor and growth eventually decreased, followed by an abrupt turgor loss and growth cessation. The same experiment with isolated walls suggested the walls of live cells became unable to support the plasma membrane. If instead the pectate or EGTA was replaced with fresh Ca(2+)-containing culture medium during the initial acceleration in live cells, growth was not disrupted and returned to the original rates. The operation of the cycle was thus confirmed, providing further evidence that growth rates and wall biosynthesis are controlled by these sub-reactions in plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John S. Boyer
- College of Earth, Ocean and Environment (formerly Marine Studies), University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA
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12
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McKenna ST, Kunkel JG, Bosch M, Rounds CM, Vidali L, Winship LJ, Hepler PK. Exocytosis precedes and predicts the increase in growth in oscillating pollen tubes. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:3026-40. [PMID: 19861555 PMCID: PMC2782290 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.069260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We examined exocytosis during oscillatory growth in lily (Lilium formosanum and Lilium longiflorum) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pollen tubes using three markers: (1) changes in cell wall thickness by Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC), (2) changes in apical cell wall fluorescence in cells stained with propidium iodide (PI), and (3) changes in apical wall fluorescence in cells expressing tobacco pectin methyl esterase fused to green fluorescent protein (PME-GFP). Using PI fluorescence, we quantified oscillatory changes in the amount of wall material from both lily and tobacco pollen tubes. Measurement of wall thickness by DIC was only possible with lily due to limitations of microscope resolution. PME-GFP, a direct marker for exocytosis, only provides information in tobacco because its expression in lily causes growth inhibition and cell death. We show that exocytosis in pollen tubes oscillates and leads the increase in growth rate; the mean phase difference between exocytosis and growth is -98 degrees +/- 3 degrees in lily and -124 degrees +/- 4 degrees in tobacco. Statistical analyses reveal that the anticipatory increase in wall material predicts, to a high degree, the rate and extent of the subsequent growth surge. Exocytosis emerges as a prime candidate for the initiation and regulation of oscillatory pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph G. Kunkel
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Caleb M. Rounds
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
| | | | - Peter K. Hepler
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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13
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Boyer JS. Cell wall biosynthesis and the molecular mechanism of plant enlargement. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2009; 36:383-394. [PMID: 32688655 DOI: 10.1071/fp09048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently discovered reactions allow the green alga Chara corallina (Klien ex. Willd., em. R.D.W.) to grow well without the benefit of xyloglucan or rhamnogalactan II in its cell wall. Growth rates are controlled by polygalacturonic acid (pectate) bound with calcium in the primary wall, and the reactions remove calcium from these bonds when new pectate is supplied. The removal appears to occur preferentially in bonds distorted by wall tension produced by the turgor pressure (P). The loss of calcium accelerates irreversible wall extension if P is above a critical level. The new pectate (now calcium pectate) then binds to the wall and decelerates wall extension, depositing new wall material on and within the old wall. Together, these reactions create a non-enzymatic but stoichiometric link between wall growth and wall deposition. In green plants, pectate is one of the most conserved components of the primary wall, and it is therefore proposed that the acceleration-deceleration-wall deposition reactions are of wide occurrence likely to underlie growth in virtually all green plants. C. corallina is one of the closest relatives of the progenitors of terrestrial plants, and this review focuses on the pectate reactions and how they may fit existing theories of plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Boyer
- College of Marine and Earth Studies and College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA. Email
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14
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Proseus TE, Boyer JS. Calcium pectate chemistry causes growth to be stored in Chara corallina: a test of the pectate cycle. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:1147-55. [PMID: 18507807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Calcium pectate chemistry was reported to control the growth rate of cells of Chara corallina, and required turgor pressure (P) to do so. Accordingly, this chemistry should account for other aspects of growth, particularly the ability of plants to compensate for brief exposure to low P, that is, to 'store' growth. Live Chara cells or isolated walls were attached to a pressure probe, and P was varied. Low P caused growth to be inhibited in live cells, but when P returned to normal (0.5 MPa), a flush of growth completely compensated for that lost at low P for as long as 23-53 min. This growth storage was absent in isolated walls, mature cells and live cells exposed to cold, indicating that the cytoplasm delivered a metabolically derived growth factor needing P for its action. Because the cytoplasm delivered pectate needing P for its action, pectate was supplied to isolated walls at low P as though the cytoplasm had done so. Growth was stored while otherwise none occurred. It was concluded that a P-dependent cycle of calcium pectate chemistry not only controlled growth rate and new wall deposition, but also accounted for stored growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Proseus
- College of Marine and Earth Studies, and College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Road, Lewes, DE 19958, USA
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15
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Wei C, Lintilhac PM. Loss of stability: a new look at the physics of cell wall behavior during plant cell growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 145:763-72. [PMID: 17905864 PMCID: PMC2048773 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.101964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this article we investigate aspects of turgor-driven plant cell growth within the framework of a model derived from the Eulerian concept of instability. In particular we explore the relationship between cell geometry and cell turgor pressure by extending loss of stability theory to encompass cylindrical cells. Beginning with an analysis of the three-dimensional stress and strain of a cylindrical pressure vessel, we demonstrate that loss of stability is the inevitable result of gradually increasing internal pressure in a cylindrical cell. The turgor pressure predictions based on this model differ from the more traditional viscoelastic or creep-based models in that they incorporate both cell geometry and wall mechanical properties in a single term. To confirm our predicted working turgor pressures, we obtained wall dimensions, elastic moduli, and turgor pressures of sequential internodal cells of intact Chara corallina plants by direct measurement. The results show that turgor pressure predictions based on loss of stability theory fall within the expected physiological range of turgor pressures for this plant. We also studied the effect of varying wall Poisson's ratio nu on extension growth in living cells, showing that while increasing elastic modulus has an understandably negative effect on wall expansion, increasing Poisson's ratio would be expected to accelerate wall expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Wei
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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16
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Kutschera U, Niklas KJ. The epidermal-growth-control theory of stem elongation: an old and a new perspective. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:1395-409. [PMID: 17905474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The botanist G. Kraus postulated in 1867 that the peripheral cell layers determine the rate of organ elongation based on the observation that the separated outer and inner tissues of growing stems spontaneously change their lengths upon isolation from each other. Here, we summarize the modern version of this classical concept, the "epidermal-growth-control" or "tensile skin" theory of stem elongation. First, we present newly acquired data from sunflower hypocotyls, which demonstrate that the expansion of the isolated inner tissues is not an experimental artefact, as recently claimed, but rather the result of metabolism-independent cell elongation caused by the removal of the growth-controlling peripheral walls. Second, we present data showing that auxin-induced elongation of excised stem segments is attributable to the loosening of the thick epidermal walls, which provides additional evidence for the "epidermal-growth-control concept". Third, we show that the cuticle of aerial organs can be thin and mechanically weak in seedlings raised at high humidity, but thick and mechanically important for organs growing under relatively dry air conditions. Finally, we present a modified model of the "tensile skin-theory" that draws attention to the mechanical and physiological roles of (a) the thickened, helicoidal outer cell walls, (b) the mechanical constraint of a cuticle, and (c) the interactions among outer and inner cell layers as growth is coordinated by hormonal signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kutschera
- Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, D-34109 Kassel, Germany.
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Zonia L, Munnik T. Life under pressure: hydrostatic pressure in cell growth and function. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2007; 12:90-7. [PMID: 17293155 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
H(2)O is one of the most essential molecules for cellular life. Cell volume, osmolality and hydrostatic pressure are tightly controlled by multiple signaling cascades and they drive crucial cellular functions ranging from exocytosis and growth to apoptosis. Ion fluxes and cell shape restructuring induce asymmetries in osmotic potential across the plasma membrane and lead to localized hydrodynamic flow. Cells have evolved fascinating strategies to harness the potential of hydrodynamic flow to perform crucial functions. Plants exploit hydrodynamics to drive processes including gas exchange, leaf positioning, nutrient acquisition and growth. This paradigm is extended by recent work that reveals an important role for hydrodynamics in pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zonia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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