1
|
Zhang J, Liu S, Zhu X, Chang Y, Wang C, Ma N, Wang J, Zhang X, Lyu J, Xie J. A Comprehensive Evaluation of Tomato Fruit Quality and Identification of Volatile Compounds. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2947. [PMID: 37631159 PMCID: PMC10457953 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) are the most valuable vegetable crop in the world. This study identified the morphological characteristics, vitamin content, etc., from 15 tomato varieties in total, that included five each from the three experimental types, during the commercial ripening period. The results showed that the hardness with peel and the moisture content of tasty tomatoes were 157.81% and 54.50%, and 3.16% and 1.90% lower than those of regular tomatoes and cherry tomatoes, respectively, while the soluble solids were 60.25% and 20.79% higher than those of the latter two types. In addition, the contents of vitamin C, lycopene, fructose, glucose, and total organic acids of tasty tomatoes were higher than those of regular tomatoes and cherry tomatoes. A total of 110 volatile compounds were detected in the 15 tomato varieties. The average volatile compound content of tasty tomatoes was 57.94% higher than that of regular tomatoes and 15.24% higher than that of cherry tomatoes. Twenty of the 34 characteristic tomato aroma components were identified in tasty tomatoes, with fruity and green being the main odor types. Ten characteristic aroma components in regular tomatoes were similar to those of tasty tomatoes; ten types of cherry tomatoes had floral and woody aromas as the main odor types. The flavor sensory score was significantly positively correlated with the content of soluble solids, fructose, glucose, citric acid, fumaric acid, and β-ionone (p < 0.01), and significantly negatively correlated with water content and firmness without peel. Regular, tasty, and cherry tomatoes were separated using principal component analysis, and the quality of tasty tomatoes was found to be better than cherry tomatoes, followed by regular tomatoes. These results provide valuable information for a comprehensive evaluation of fruit quality among tomato varieties to develop consumer guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Anning District, Yingmeng Village, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (N.M.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Sitian Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Anning District, Yingmeng Village, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (N.M.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiumei Zhu
- Gansu Inspection and Testing Center for Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Youlin Chang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Anning District, Yingmeng Village, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (N.M.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Anning District, Yingmeng Village, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (N.M.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Anning District, Yingmeng Village, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (N.M.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Junwen Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Anning District, Yingmeng Village, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (N.M.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Anning District, Yingmeng Village, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (N.M.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jian Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Anning District, Yingmeng Village, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (N.M.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Anning District, Yingmeng Village, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (C.W.); (N.M.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang C, Jiang H, Gao G, Yang F, Guan J, Qi H. CmMYB44 might interact with CmAPS2-2 to regulate starch metabolism in oriental melon fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:361-369. [PMID: 36739843 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sugar content is one of the determining factors for melon fruit maturity. Studies have shown that starch gradually degrades during fruit ripening, resulting in sugar accumulation. But the specific relationship between starch metabolism and sucrose accumulation was still unknown. Here, the starch and sugar contents, the activities of key enzymes and the expression patterns of genes related to starch-sucrose metabolism were determined in the fruit of high sugar and starch variety 'HS' and low sugar and starch variety 'LW'. It was found that starch accumulated during fruit development process, and then degraded at 30 days after anthesis (DAA), which was synchronized with sucrose accumulation in 'HS' fruit, while starch and sucrose contents were always at a lower level during 'LW' fruit maturation. Furthermore, starch metabolism-related enzymes (Adenine dinucleotide phosphate -glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), α-amylase (AMY), β-amylase (BMY)) and the key enzymes for sucrose accumulation (sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS)) were significantly increased at ripening stage of 'HS' fruit, and their activities were consistent with the expressions of CmAPS2-2, CmAMY2, CmBAM1, CmBAM9 and CmSPS1. However, the contents of starch and sucrose and the activities of AGPase and SPS in 'LW' fruit didn't change significantly. We discovered an R2R3-type MYB transcription factor, CmMYB44, screened from yeast one hybrid library, could directly bind to the promoter of CmAPS2-2 to inhibit its transcription. These results revealed that the targeted down-regulation of CmAPS2-2 by CmMYB44 might be involved in the starch accumulation process, which affect the flavor quality of oriental melon fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education of Ministry and Liaoning Province, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hongchao Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education of Ministry and Liaoning Province, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ge Gao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education of Ministry and Liaoning Province, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education of Ministry and Liaoning Province, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jingyue Guan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education of Ministry and Liaoning Province, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hongyan Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education of Ministry and Liaoning Province, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ke X, Yoshida H, Hikosaka S, Goto E. Photosynthetic photon flux density affects fruit biomass radiation-use efficiency of dwarf tomatoes under LED light at the reproductive growth stage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1076423. [PMID: 36923121 PMCID: PMC10009779 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1076423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the effects of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) on fruit biomass radiation-use efficiency (FBRUE) of the dwarf tomato cultivar 'Micro-Tom' and to determine the suitable PPFD for enhancing the FBRUE under LED light at the reproductive growth stage. We performed four PPFD treatments under white LED light: 200, 300, 500, and 700 μmol m-2 s-1. The results demonstrated that a higher PPFD led to higher fresh and dry weights of the plants and lowered specific leaf areas. FBRUE and radiation-use efficiency (RUE) were the highest under 300 μmol m-2 s-1. FBRUE decreased by 37.7% because RUE decreased by 25% and the fraction of dry mass portioned to fruits decreased by 16.9% when PPFD increased from 300 to 700 μmol m-2 s-1. Higher PPFD (500 and 700 μmol m-2 s-1) led to lower RUE owing to lower light absorptance, photosynthetic quantum yield, and photosynthetic capacity of the leaves. High source strength and low fruit sink strength at the late reproductive growth stage led to a low fraction of dry mass portioned to fruits. In conclusion, 300 µmol m-2 s-1 PPFD is recommended for 'Micro-Tom' cultivation to improve the FBRUE at the reproductive growth stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinglin Ke
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Hideo Yoshida
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Shoko Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Eiji Goto
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
- Plant Molecular Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ectopic Expression of Arabidopsis thaliana zDof1.3 in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) Is Associated with Improved Greenhouse Productivity and Enhanced Carbon and Nitrogen Use. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911229. [PMID: 36232530 PMCID: PMC9570051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A large collection of transgenic tomato lines, each ectopically expressing a different Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor, was screened for variants with alterations in leaf starch. Such lines may be affected in carbon partitioning, and in allocation to the sinks. We focused on ‘L4080’, which harbored an A. thaliana zDof (DNA-binding one zinc finger) isoform 1.3 (AtzDof1.3) gene, and which had a 2−4-fold higher starch-to-sucrose ratio in source leaves over the diel (p < 0.05). Our aim was to determine whether there were associated effects on productivity. L4080 plants were altered in nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) metabolism. The N-to-C ratio was higher in six-week-old L4080, and when treated with 1/10 N, L4080 growth was less inhibited compared to the wild-type and this was accompanied by faster root elongation (p < 0.05). The six-week-old L4080 acquired 42% more dry matter at 720 ppm CO2, compared to ambient CO2 (p < 0.05), while the wild-type (WT) remained unchanged. GC-MS-TOF data showed that L4080 source leaves were enriched in amino acids compared to the WT, and at 49 DPA, fruit had 25% greater mass, higher sucrose, and increased yield (25%; p < 0.05) compared to the WT. An Affymetrix cDNA array analysis suggested that only 0.39% of the 9000 cDNAs were altered by 1.5-fold (p < 0.01) in L4080 source leaves. 14C-labeling of fruit disks identified potential differences in 14-DPA fruit metabolism suggesting that post-transcriptional regulation was important. We conclude that AtzDof1.3 and the germplasm derived therefrom, should be investigated for their ‘climate-change adaptive’ potential.
Collapse
|
5
|
Génard M, Lescourret F, Bertin N, Vercambre G. Resource Translocation Modelling Highlights Density-Dependence Effects in Fruit Production at Various Levels of Organisation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:931297. [PMID: 35873998 PMCID: PMC9305715 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.931297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The size of fruit cells, seeds and fruits depends on their number. Could this density-dependence effect result from sugar resource sharing and, if so, does it involve phloem sugar flow or the intensity of sugar unloading to the sink? A density-dependence model (DDM) describing these processes was designed and parameterised for six species at five levels of organisation: cells and seeds within fruits, fruits within clusters, fruits within plants and plants within plots. Sugar flow was driven by phloem conductance, determined by parameters α, governing the shape of its relationship to population size, and κ, its value for a population size of one. Sugar unloading followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with parameters Vm (maximal unloading rate) and Km (Michaelis constant). The DDM effectively reproduced the observed individual mass dynamics, the undercompensating density dependence observed in most species at all sub-plant levels and the undercompensating, exact and overcompensating density dependence observed at the plant level. Conductance (κ) was a scaling factor varying with the level of organisation. Vm was positively correlated with density dependence, and α was negatively correlated with density dependence only if the plant-within-plot level was not considered. Analysis of the model's behaviour indicates that density dependence of fruit growth could be a result of sugar sharing, and that both phloem sugar flow and sugar unloading contribute to these effects.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mauxion JP, Chevalier C, Gonzalez N. Complex cellular and molecular events determining fruit size. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:1023-1038. [PMID: 34158228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of plant organ-size determination represents an important challenge, especially because of the significant role of plants as food and renewable energy sources and the increasing need for plant-derived products. Most of the knowledge on the regulation of organ growth and the molecular network controlling cell division and cell expansion, the main drivers of growth, is derived from arabidopsis. The increasing use of crops such as tomato for research is now bringing essential information on the mechanisms underlying size control in agronomically important organs. This review describes our current knowledge, still very scarce, of the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing tomato fruit size and proposes future research to better understand the regulation of growth in this important crop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Mauxion
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, F33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christian Chevalier
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, F33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, F33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France. @inrae.fr
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen J, Beauvoit B, Génard M, Colombié S, Moing A, Vercambre G, Gomès E, Gibon Y, Dai Z. Modelling predicts tomatoes can be bigger and sweeter if biophysical factors and transmembrane transports are fine-tuned during fruit development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1489-1502. [PMID: 33550584 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The trade-off between yield and quality, a major problem for the production of fleshy fruits, involves fruit expansive growth and sugar metabolism. Here we developed an integrative model by coupling a biophysical model of fleshy fruit growth processes, including water and carbon fluxes and organ expansion, with an enzyme-based kinetic model of sugar metabolism to better understand the interactions between these two processes. The integrative model was initially tested on tomato fruit, a model system for fleshy fruit. The integrative model closely simulated the biomass and major carbon metabolites of tomato fruit developing under optimal or stress conditions. The model also performed robustly when simulating the fruit size and sugar concentrations of different tomato genotypes including wild species. The validated model was used to explore ways of uncoupling the size-sweetness trade-off in fruit. Model-based virtual experiments suggested that larger sweeter tomatoes could be obtained by simultaneously manipulating certain biophysical factors and transmembrane transports. The integrative fleshy fruit model provides a promising tool to facilitate the targeted bioengineering and breeding of tomatoes and other fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Chen
- INRAE, Bordeaux Science Agro, EGFV, UMR 1287, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Bertrand Beauvoit
- INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Michel Génard
- UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, INRAE, Avignon Cedex 9, F-84914, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Annick Moing
- INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Gilles Vercambre
- UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, INRAE, Avignon Cedex 9, F-84914, France
| | - Eric Gomès
- INRAE, Bordeaux Science Agro, EGFV, UMR 1287, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Zhanwu Dai
- INRAE, Bordeaux Science Agro, EGFV, UMR 1287, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Musseau C, Jorly J, Gadin S, Sørensen I, Deborde C, Bernillon S, Mauxion JP, Atienza I, Moing A, Lemaire-Chamley M, Rose JKC, Chevalier C, Rothan C, Fernandez-Lochu L, Gévaudant F. The Tomato Guanylate-Binding Protein SlGBP1 Enables Fruit Tissue Differentiation by Maintaining Endopolyploid Cells in a Non-Proliferative State. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3188-3205. [PMID: 32753430 PMCID: PMC7534463 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell fate maintenance is an integral part of plant cell differentiation and the production of functional cells, tissues, and organs. Fleshy fruit development is characterized by the accumulation of water and solutes in the enlarging cells of parenchymatous tissues. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), this process is associated with endoreduplication in mesocarp cells. The mechanisms that preserve this developmental program, once initiated, remain unknown. We show here that analysis of a previously identified tomato ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutant that exhibits abnormal mesocarp cell differentiation could help elucidate determinants of fruit cell fate maintenance. We identified and validated the causal locus through mapping-by-sequencing and gene editing, respectively, and performed metabolic, cellular, and transcriptomic analyses of the mutant phenotype. The data indicate that disruption of the SlGBP1 gene, encoding GUANYLATE BINDING PROTEIN1, induces early termination of endoreduplication followed by late divisions of polyploid mesocarp cells, which consequently acquire the characteristics of young proliferative cells. This study reveals a crucial role of plant GBPs in the control of cell cycle genes, and thus, in cell fate maintenance. We propose that SlGBP1 acts as an inhibitor of cell division, a function conserved with the human hGBP-1 protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constance Musseau
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Joana Jorly
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stéphanie Gadin
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Catherine Deborde
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- PMB-Metabolome, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2018, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- PMB-Metabolome, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2018, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Mauxion
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Isabelle Atienza
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Annick Moing
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- PMB-Metabolome, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2018, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Martine Lemaire-Chamley
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Christian Chevalier
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Lucie Fernandez-Lochu
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Frédéric Gévaudant
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Çolak NG, Eken NT, Ülger M, Frary A, Doğanlar S. Exploring wild alleles from Solanum pimpinellifolium with the potential to improve tomato flavor compounds. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 298:110567. [PMID: 32771168 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most consumers complain about the flavor of current tomato cultivars and many pay a premium for alternatives such as heirloom varieties. Breeding for fruit flavor is difficult because it is a quantitatively inherited trait influenced by taste, aroma and environmental factors. A lack of genetic diversity in modern tomato cultivars also necessitates exploration of new sources for flavor alleles. Wild tomato S. pimpinellifolium and inbred backcross lines were assessed for individual sugars and organic acids which are two of the main components of tomato flavor. S. pimpinellifolium was found to harbor alleles that could be used to increase glucose and fructose content and adjust acidity by altering malic and citric acid levels. Single nucleotide polymorphism markers were used to detect 14 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for sugars and 71 for organic acids. Confirmation was provided by comparing map locations with previously identified loci. Thus, seven (50 %) of the sugar QTLs and 22 (31 %) of the organic acids loci were supported by analyses in other tomato populations. Examination of the genomic sequence containing the QTLs allowed identification of potential candidate genes for several flavor components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nergiz Gürbüz Çolak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir 35433, Turkey.
| | - Neslihan Tek Eken
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir 35433, Turkey.
| | | | - Anne Frary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir 35433, Turkey.
| | - Sami Doğanlar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir 35433, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cakpo CB, Vercambre G, Baldazzi V, Roch L, Dai Z, Valsesia P, Memah MM, Colombié S, Moing A, Gibon Y, Génard M. Model-assisted comparison of sugar accumulation patterns in ten fleshy fruits highlights differences between herbaceous and woody species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:455-470. [PMID: 32333754 PMCID: PMC7424760 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sugar concentration is a key determinant of fruit quality. Soluble sugars and starch concentrations in fruits vary greatly from one species to another. The aim of this study was to investigate similarities and differences in sugar accumulation strategies across ten contrasting fruit species using a modelling approach. METHODS We developed a coarse-grained model of primary metabolism based on the description of the main metabolic and hydraulic processes (synthesis of compounds other than sugar and starch, synthesis and hydrolysis of starch, and water dilution) involved in the accumulation of soluble sugars during fruit development. KEY RESULTS Statistical analyses based on metabolic rates separated the species into six groups according to the rate of synthesis of compounds other than sugar and starch. Herbaceous species (cucumber, tomato, eggplant, pepper and strawberry) were characterized by a higher synthesis rate than woody species (apple, nectarine, clementine, grape and kiwifruit). Inspection of the dynamics of the processes involved in sugar accumulation revealed that net sugar importation, metabolism and dilution processes were remarkably synchronous in most herbaceous plants, whereas in kiwifruit, apple and nectarine, processes related to starch metabolism were temporally separated from other processes. Strawberry, clementine and grape showed a distinct dynamic compared with all other species. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results provide fresh insights into species-specific regulatory strategies and into the role of starch metabolism in the accumulation of soluble sugars in fleshy fruits. In particular, inter-specific differences in development period shape the co-ordination of metabolic processes and affect priorities for carbon allocation across species. The six metabolic groups identified by our analysis do not show a clear separation into climacteric and non-climacteric species, possibly suggesting that the metabolic processes related to sugar concentration are not greatly affected by ethylene-associated events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coffi Belmys Cakpo
- INRAE, UR1115, Unité Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon, France
| | - Gilles Vercambre
- INRAE, UR1115, Unité Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon, France
| | - Valentina Baldazzi
- INRAE, UR1115, Unité Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon, France
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inria, INRAE, Sorbonne Université, BIOCORE, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Léa Roch
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Zhanwu Dai
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pierre Valsesia
- INRAE, UR1115, Unité Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon, France
| | | | - Sophie Colombié
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Annick Moing
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome Facility– MetaboHUB, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Michel Génard
- INRAE, UR1115, Unité Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nardozza S, Boldingh HL, Wohlers MW, Gleave AP, Luo Z, Costa G, MacRae EA, Clearwater MJ, Richardson AC. Exogenous cytokinin application to Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa 'Hayward' fruit promotes fruit expansion through water uptake. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2017; 4:17043. [PMID: 28944065 PMCID: PMC5605667 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2017.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous application of a cytokinin-like compound forchlorfenuron (CPPU) can promote fruit growth, although often at the expense of dry matter (DM), an important indicator of fruit quality. Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa 'Hayward' fruit are very responsive to CPPU treatments, but the mechanism underlying the significant fruit weight increase and associated decrease in DM is unclear. In this study, we hypothesised that CPPU-enhanced growth increases fruit carbohydrate demand, but limited carbohydrate supply resulted in decreased fruit DM. During fruit development, CPPU effects on physical parameters, metabolites, osmotic pressure and transcriptional changes were assessed under conditions of both standard and a high carbohydrate supply. We showed that CPPU increased fruit fresh weight but the dramatic DM decrease was not carbohydrate limited. Enhanced glucose and fructose concentrations contributed to an increase in soluble carbohydrate osmotic pressure, which was correlated with increased water accumulation in CPPU-treated fruit and up-regulation of water channel aquaporin gene PIP2.4 at 49 days after anthesis. Transcipt analysis suggested that the molecular mechanism contributing to increased glucose and fructose concentrations was altered by carbohydrate supply. At standard carbohydrate supply, the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with reduced starch synthesis and increased starch degradation. When carbohydrate supply was high, the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with a general decrease in starch synthesis but up-regulation of vacuolar invertase and fructokinase genes. We conclude that CPPU affected fruit expansion by increasing the osmotically-driven water uptake and its effect was not carbohydrate supply-limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Nardozza
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen L Boldingh
- PFR, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Mark W Wohlers
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew P Gleave
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Guglielmo Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienzie Agrarie, Università di Bologna, Via Fanin 46, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Elspeth A MacRae
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Musseau C, Just D, Jorly J, Gévaudant F, Moing A, Chevalier C, Lemaire-Chamley M, Rothan C, Fernandez L. Identification of Two New Mechanisms That Regulate Fruit Growth by Cell Expansion in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:988. [PMID: 28659942 PMCID: PMC5467581 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Key mechanisms controlling fruit weight and shape at the levels of meristem, ovary or very young fruit have already been identified using natural tomato diversity. We reasoned that new developmental modules prominent at later stages of fruit growth could be discovered by using new genetic and phenotypic diversity generated by saturated mutagenesis. Twelve fruit weight and tissue morphology mutants likely affected in late fruit growth were selected among thousands of fruit size and shape EMS mutants available in our tomato EMS mutant collection. Their thorough characterization at organ, tissue and cellular levels revealed two major clusters controlling fruit growth and tissue morphogenesis either through (i) the growth of all fruit tissues through isotropic cell expansion or (ii) only the growth of the pericarp through anisotropic cell expansion. These likely correspond to new cell expansion modules controlling fruit growth and tissue morphogenesis in tomato. Our study therefore opens the way for the identification of new gene regulatory networks controlling tomato fruit growth and morphology.
Collapse
|
13
|
Guillon F, Moïse A, Quemener B, Bouchet B, Devaux MF, Alvarado C, Lahaye M. Remodeling of pectin and hemicelluloses in tomato pericarp during fruit growth. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 257:48-62. [PMID: 28224918 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tomato fruit texture depends on histology and cell wall architecture, both under genetic and developmental controls. If ripening related cell wall modifications have been well documented with regard to softening, little is known about cell wall construction during early fruit development. Identification of key events and their kinetics with regard to tissue architecture and cell wall development can provide new insights on early phases of texture elaboration. In this study, changes in pectin and hemicellulose chemical characteristics and location were investigated in the pericarp tissue of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon var Levovil) at four stages of development (7, 14 and 21day after anthesis (DPA) and mature green stages). Analysis of cell wall composition and polysaccharide structure revealed that both are continuously modified during fruit development. At early stages, the relative high rhamnose content in cell walls indicates a high synthesis of rhamnogalacturonan I next to homogalacturonan. Fine tuning of rhamnogalacturonan I side chains appears to occur from the cell expansion phase until prior to the mature green stage. Cell wall polysaccharide remodelling also concerns xyloglucans and (galacto)glucomannans, the major hemicelluloses in tomato cell walls. In situ localization of cell wall polysaccharides in pericarp tissue revealed non-ramified RG-I rich pectin and XyG at cellular junctions and in the middle lamella of young fruit. Blocks of non-methyl esterified homogalacturonan are detected as soon as 14 DPA in the mesocarp and remained restricted to cell corner and middle lamella whatever the stages. These results point to new questions about the role of pectin RGI and XyG in cell adhesion and its maintenance during cell expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Guillon
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Adeline Moïse
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Quemener
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Brigitte Bouchet
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Devaux
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Camille Alvarado
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions et Assemblages, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Renaudin JP, Deluche C, Cheniclet C, Chevalier C, Frangne N. Cell layer-specific patterns of cell division and cell expansion during fruit set and fruit growth in tomato pericarp. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1613-1623. [PMID: 28369617 PMCID: PMC5444452 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, the ovary wall resumes growth after pollination through a balanced combination of cell division and cell expansion. The quantitative pattern of these events remains poorly known in fleshy fruits such as tomato (Solanum spp.), in which dramatic growth of the pericarp occurs together with endoreduplication. Here, this pattern is reported at the level of each of the cell layers or groups of cell layers composing the pericarp, except for vascular bundles. Overall, cell division and cell expansion occurred at similar rates for 9 days post anthesis (DPA), with very specific patterns according to the layers. Subsequently, only cell expansion continued for up to 3-4 more weeks. New cell layers in the pericarp originated from periclinal cell divisions in the two sub-epidermal cell layers. The shortest doubling times for cell number and for cell volume were both detected early, at 4 DPA, in epicarp and mesocarp respectively, and were both found to be close to 14 h. Endoreduplication started before anthesis in pericarp and was stimulated at fruit set. It is proposed that cell division, endoreduplication, and cell expansion are triggered simultaneously in specific cell layers by the same signals issuing from pollination and fertilization, which contribute to the fastest relative fruit growth early after fruit set.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Renaudin
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA National Institute for Agronomic Research, University of Bordeaux, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Cynthia Deluche
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA National Institute for Agronomic Research, University of Bordeaux, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Cheniclet
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA National Institute for Agronomic Research, University of Bordeaux, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
- UMS 3420, Bordeaux Imaging Center, CNRS, US4, INSERM, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Christian Chevalier
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA National Institute for Agronomic Research, University of Bordeaux, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Frangne
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA National Institute for Agronomic Research, University of Bordeaux, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guo J, Cao K, Li Y, Yao JL, Deng C, Wang Q, Zhu G, Fang W, Chen C, Wang X, Guan L, Ding T, Wang L. Comparative Transcriptome and Microscopy Analyses Provide Insights into Flat Shape Formation in Peach ( Prunus persica). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2215. [PMID: 29354151 PMCID: PMC5758543 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fruit shape is an important external characteristic that consumers use to select preferred fruit cultivars. In peach, the flat fruit cultivars have become more and more popular worldwide. Genetic markers closely linking to the flat fruit trait have been identified and are useful for marker-assisted breeding. However, the cellular and genetic mechanisms underpinning flat fruit formation are still poorly understood. In this study, we have revealed the differences in fruit cell number, cell size, and in gene expression pattern between the traditional round fruit and modern flat fruit cultivars. Flat peach cultivars possessed significantly lower number of cells in the vertical axis because cell division in the vertical direction stopped early in the flat fruit cultivars at 15 DAFB (day after full bloom) than in round fruit cultivars at 35 DAFB. This resulted in the reduction in vertical development in the flat fruit. Significant linear relationship was observed between fruit vertical diameter and cell number in vertical axis for the four examined peach cultivars (R2 = 0.9964) at maturation stage, and was also observed between fruit vertical diameter and fruit weight (R2 = 0.9605), which indicated that cell number in vertical direction contributed to the flat shape formation. Furthermore, in RNA-seq analysis, 4165 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected by comparing RNA-seq data between flat and round peach cultivars at different fruit development stages. In contrast to previous studies, we discovered 28 candidate genes potentially responsible for the flat shape formation, including 19 located in the mapping site and 9 downstream genes. Our study indicates that flat and round fruit shape in peach is primarily determined by the regulation of cell production in the vertical direction during early fruit development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gengrui Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weichao Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changwen Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liping Guan
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tiyu Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lirong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lirong Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Characterization of Starch Degradation Related Genes in Postharvest Kiwifruit. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122112. [PMID: 27983700 PMCID: PMC5187912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is one of the most important storage carbohydrates in plants. Kiwifruit typically accumulate large amounts of starch during development. The fruit retain starch until commercial maturity, and its postharvest degradation is essential for consumer acceptance. The activity of genes related to starch degradation has, however, rarely been investigated. Based on the kiwifruit genome sequence and previously reported starch degradation-related genes, 17 novel genes were isolated and the relationship between their expression and starch degradation was examined using two sets of materials: ethylene-treated (100 µL/L, 20 °C; ETH) vs. control (20 °C; CK) and controlled atmosphere stored (CA, 5% CO2 + 2% O2, 0 °C) vs. normal atmosphere in cold storage (NA, 0 °C). Physiological analysis indicated that ETH accelerated starch degradation and increased soluble solids content (SSC) and soluble sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), while CA inhibited starch reduction compared with NA. Using these materials, expression patterns of 24 genes that may contribute to starch degradation (seven previously reported and 17 newly isolated) were analyzed. Among the 24 genes, AdAMY1, AdAGL3 and AdBAM3.1/3L/9 were significantly induced by ETH and positively correlated with starch degradation. Furthermore, these five genes were also inhibited by CA, conforming the likely involvement of these genes in starch degradation. Thus, the present study has identified the genes with potential for involvement in starch degradation in postharvest kiwifruit, which will be useful for understanding the regulation of kiwifruit starch content and metabolism.
Collapse
|
17
|
Dai Z, Wu H, Baldazzi V, van Leeuwen C, Bertin N, Gautier H, Wu B, Duchêne E, Gomès E, Delrot S, Lescourret F, Génard M. Inter-Species Comparative Analysis of Components of Soluble Sugar Concentration in Fleshy Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:649. [PMID: 27242850 PMCID: PMC4872523 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The soluble sugar concentration of fleshy fruit is a key determinant of fleshy fruit quality. It affects directly the sweetness of fresh fruits and indirectly the properties of processed products (e.g., alcohol content in wine). Despite considerable divergence among species, soluble sugar accumulation in a fruit results from the complex interplay of three main processes, namely sugar import, sugar metabolism, and water dilution. Therefore, inter-species comparison would help to identify common and/or species-specific modes of regulation in sugar accumulation. For this purpose, a process-based mathematical framework was used to compare soluble sugar accumulation in three fruits: grape, tomato, and peach. Representative datasets covering the time course of sugar accumulation during fruit development were collected. They encompassed 104 combinations of species (3), genotypes (30), and growing conditions (19 years and 16 nutrient and environmental treatments). At maturity, grape showed the highest soluble sugar concentrations (16.5-26.3 g/100 g FW), followed by peach (2.2 to 20 g/100 g FW) and tomato (1.4 to 5 g/100 g FW). Main processes determining soluble sugar concentration were decomposed into sugar importation, metabolism, and water dilution with the process-based analysis. Different regulation modes of soluble sugar concentration were then identified, showing either import-based, dilution-based, or import and dilution dual-based. Firstly, the higher soluble sugar concentration in grape than in tomato is a result of higher sugar importation. Secondly, the higher soluble sugar concentration in grape than in peach is due to a lower water dilution. The third mode of regulation is more complicated than the first two, with differences both in sugar importation and water dilution (grape vs. cherry tomato; cherry tomato vs. peach; peach vs. tomato). On the other hand, carbon utilization for synthesis of non-soluble sugar compounds (namely metabolism) was conserved among the three fruit species. These distinct modes appear to be quite species-specific, but the intensity of the effect may significantly vary depending on the genotype and management practices. These results provide novel insights into the drivers of differences in soluble sugar concentration among fleshy fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwu Dai
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de BordeauxVillenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Huan Wu
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de BordeauxVillenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | | | - Nadia Bertin
- INRA, UR1115, Plantes et Systèmes de Culture HorticolesAvignon, France
| | - Hélène Gautier
- INRA, UR1115, Plantes et Systèmes de Culture HorticolesAvignon, France
| | - Benhong Wu
- Institute of Botany – Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | | | - Eric Gomès
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de BordeauxVillenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Serge Delrot
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de BordeauxVillenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Michel Génard
- INRA, UR1115, Plantes et Systèmes de Culture HorticolesAvignon, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dai Z, Wu H, Baldazzi V, van Leeuwen C, Bertin N, Gautier H, Wu B, Duchêne E, Gomès E, Delrot S, Lescourret F, Génard M. Inter-Species Comparative Analysis of Components of Soluble Sugar Concentration in Fleshy Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 27242850 DOI: 10.3389/fcls.2016.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The soluble sugar concentration of fleshy fruit is a key determinant of fleshy fruit quality. It affects directly the sweetness of fresh fruits and indirectly the properties of processed products (e.g., alcohol content in wine). Despite considerable divergence among species, soluble sugar accumulation in a fruit results from the complex interplay of three main processes, namely sugar import, sugar metabolism, and water dilution. Therefore, inter-species comparison would help to identify common and/or species-specific modes of regulation in sugar accumulation. For this purpose, a process-based mathematical framework was used to compare soluble sugar accumulation in three fruits: grape, tomato, and peach. Representative datasets covering the time course of sugar accumulation during fruit development were collected. They encompassed 104 combinations of species (3), genotypes (30), and growing conditions (19 years and 16 nutrient and environmental treatments). At maturity, grape showed the highest soluble sugar concentrations (16.5-26.3 g/100 g FW), followed by peach (2.2 to 20 g/100 g FW) and tomato (1.4 to 5 g/100 g FW). Main processes determining soluble sugar concentration were decomposed into sugar importation, metabolism, and water dilution with the process-based analysis. Different regulation modes of soluble sugar concentration were then identified, showing either import-based, dilution-based, or import and dilution dual-based. Firstly, the higher soluble sugar concentration in grape than in tomato is a result of higher sugar importation. Secondly, the higher soluble sugar concentration in grape than in peach is due to a lower water dilution. The third mode of regulation is more complicated than the first two, with differences both in sugar importation and water dilution (grape vs. cherry tomato; cherry tomato vs. peach; peach vs. tomato). On the other hand, carbon utilization for synthesis of non-soluble sugar compounds (namely metabolism) was conserved among the three fruit species. These distinct modes appear to be quite species-specific, but the intensity of the effect may significantly vary depending on the genotype and management practices. These results provide novel insights into the drivers of differences in soluble sugar concentration among fleshy fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwu Dai
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Huan Wu
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | | | - Nadia Bertin
- INRA, UR1115, Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles Avignon, France
| | - Hélène Gautier
- INRA, UR1115, Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles Avignon, France
| | - Benhong Wu
- Institute of Botany - Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | | | - Eric Gomès
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Serge Delrot
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Michel Génard
- INRA, UR1115, Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles Avignon, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Grandillo S, Cammareri M. Molecular Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci in Tomato. COMPENDIUM OF PLANT GENOMES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-53389-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
20
|
Okello RCO, Heuvelink E, de Visser PHB, Struik PC, Marcelis LFM. What drives fruit growth? FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:817-827. [PMID: 32480724 DOI: 10.1071/fp15060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell division, endoreduplication (an increase in nuclear DNA content without cell division) and cell expansion are important processes for growth. It is debatable whether organ growth is driven by all three cellular processes. Alternatively, all could be part of a dominant extracellular growth regulatory mechanism. Cell level processes have been studied extensively and a positive correlation between cell number and fruit size is commonly reported, although few positive correlations between cell size or ploidy level and fruit size have been found. Here, we discuss cell-level growth dynamics in fruits and ask what drives fruit growth and during which development stages. We argue that (1) the widely accepted positive correlation between cell number and fruit size does not imply a causal relationship; (2) fruit growth is regulated by both cell autonomous and noncell autonomous mechanisms as well as a global coordinator, the target of rapamycin; and (3) increases in fruit size follow the neocellular theory of growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C O Okello
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ep Heuvelink
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter H B de Visser
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 644, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Struik
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo F M Marcelis
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Okello RCO, Heuvelink E, de Visser PHB, Lammers M, de Maagd RA, Marcelis LFM, Struik PC. Fruit illumination stimulates cell division but has no detectable effect on fruit size in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 154:114-127. [PMID: 25220433 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Light affects plant growth through assimilate availability and signals regulating development. The effects of light on growth of tomato fruit were studied using cuvettes with light-emitting diodes providing white, red or blue light to individual tomato trusses for different periods during daytime. Hypotheses tested were as follows: (1) light-grown fruits have stronger assimilate sinks than dark-grown fruits, and (2) responses depend on light treatment provided, and fruit development stage. Seven light treatments [dark, 12-h white, 24-h white, 24-h red and 24-h blue light, dark in the first 24 days after anthesis (DAA) followed by 24-h white light until breaker stage, and its reverse] were applied. Observations were made between anthesis and breaker stage at fruit, cell and gene levels. Fruit size and carbohydrate content did not respond to light treatments while cell division was strongly stimulated at the expense of cell expansion by light. The effects of light on cell number and volume were independent of the combination of light color and intensity. Increased cell division and decreased cell volume when fruits were grown in the presence of light were not clearly corroborated by the expression pattern of promoters and inhibitors of cell division and expansion analyzed in this study, implying a strong effect of posttranscriptional regulation. Results suggest the existence of a complex homeostatic regulatory system for fruit growth in which reduced cell division is compensated by enhanced cell expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C O Okello
- Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research center, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research center, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Okello RCO, de Visser PHB, Heuvelink E, Lammers M, de Maagd RA, Struik PC, Marcelis LFM. A multilevel analysis of fruit growth of two tomato cultivars in response to fruit temperature. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:403-418. [PMID: 24957883 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fruit phenotype is a resultant of inherent genetic potential in interaction with impact of environment experienced during crop and fruit growth. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic and physiological basis for the difference in fruit size between a small ('Brioso') and intermediate ('Cappricia') sized tomato cultivar exposed to different fruit temperatures. It was hypothesized that fruit heating enhances expression of cell cycle and expansion genes, rates of carbon import, cell division and expansion, and shortens growth duration, whereas increase in cell number intensifies competition for assimilates among cells. Unlike previous studies in which whole-plant and fruit responses cannot be separated, we investigated the temperature response by varying fruit temperature using climate-controlled cuvettes, while keeping plant temperature the same. Fruit phenotype was assessed at different levels of aggregation (whole fruit, cell and gene) between anthesis and breaker stage. We showed that: (1) final fruit fresh weight was larger in 'Cappricia' owing to more and larger pericarp cells, (2) heated fruits were smaller because their mesocarp cells were smaller than those of control fruits and (3) no significant differences in pericarp carbohydrate concentration were detected between heated and control fruits nor between cultivars at breaker stage. At the gene level, expression of cell division promoters (CDKB2, CycA1 and E2Fe-like) was higher while that of the inhibitory fw2.2 was lower in 'Cappricia'. Fruit heating increased expression of fw2.2 and three cell division promoters (CDKB1, CDKB2 and CycA1). Expression of cell expansion genes did not corroborate cell size observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C O Okello
- Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen UR, PO Box 644, 6700 AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Horticultural Supply Chains Group, Wageningen UR, PO Box 630, 6700 AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen UR, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bauchet G, Munos S, Sauvage C, Bonnet J, Grivet L, Causse M. Genes involved in floral meristem in tomato exhibit drastically reduced genetic diversity and signature of selection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:279. [PMID: 25325924 PMCID: PMC4210547 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestication and selection of crops have notably reshaped fruit morphology. With its large phenotypic diversity, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) illustrates this evolutive trend. Genes involved in flower meristem development are known to regulate also fruit morphology. To decipher the genetic variation underlying tomato fruit morphology, we assessed the nucleotide diversity and selection footprints of candidate genes involved in flower and fruit development and performed genome-wide association studies. RESULTS Thirty candidate genes were selected according to their similarity with genes involved in meristem development or their known causal function in Arabidopsis thaliana. In tomato, these genes and flanking regions were sequenced in a core collection of 96 accessions (including cultivated, cherry-type and wild relative accessions) maximizing the molecular diversity, using the Roche 454 technology. A total amount of 17 Mb was sequenced allowing the discovery of 6,106 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The annotation of the 30 gene regions identified 231 exons carrying 517 SNPs. Subsequently, the nucleotide diversity (π) and the neutral evolution of each region were compared against genome-wide values within the collection, using a SNP array carrying 7,667 SNPs mainly distributed in coding sequences.About half of the genes revealed footprints of selection and polymorphisms putatively involved in fruit size variation by showing negative Tajima's D and nucleotide diversity reduction in cultivated tomato compared to its wild relative. Among the candidates, FW2.2 and BAM1 sequences revealed selection footprints within their promoter regions suggesting their potential involvement in their regulation. Two associations co-localized with previously identified loci: LC (locule number) and Ovate (fruit shape). CONCLUSION Compared to whole genome genotypic data, a drastic reduction of nucleotide diversity was shown for several candidate genes. Strong selection patterns were identified in 15 candidates highlighting the critical role of meristem maintenance genes as well as the impact of domestication on candidates. The study highlighted a set of polymorphisms putatively important in the evolution of these genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bauchet
- />INRA, UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GAFL), 67 Allée des Chênes Domaine Saint Maurice – CS60094, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
- />Syngenta Seeds, 12 chemin de l’Hobit, 31790 Saint Sauveur, France
| | - Stéphane Munos
- />INRA, UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GAFL), 67 Allée des Chênes Domaine Saint Maurice – CS60094, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
- />Present address: INRA, UMR CNRS-INRA 441-2594, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge – Auzeville - CS 52627, 31326 Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Christopher Sauvage
- />INRA, UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GAFL), 67 Allée des Chênes Domaine Saint Maurice – CS60094, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Julien Bonnet
- />Syngenta Seeds, 12 chemin de l’Hobit, 31790 Saint Sauveur, France
| | - Laurent Grivet
- />Syngenta Seeds, 12 chemin de l’Hobit, 31790 Saint Sauveur, France
| | - Mathilde Causse
- />INRA, UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GAFL), 67 Allée des Chênes Domaine Saint Maurice – CS60094, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fanciullino AL, Bidel LPR, Urban L. Carotenoid responses to environmental stimuli: integrating redox and carbon controls into a fruit model. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:273-89. [PMID: 23777240 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids play an important role in plant adaptation to fluctuating environments as well as in the human diet by contributing to the prevention of chronic diseases. Insights have been gained recently into the way individual factors, genetic, environmental or developmental, control the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway at the molecular level. The identification of the rate-limiting steps of carotenogenesis has paved the way for programmes of breeding, and metabolic engineering, aimed at increasing the concentration of carotenoids in different crop species. However, the complexity that arises from the interactions between the different factors as well as from the coordination between organs remains poorly understood. This review focuses on recent advances in carotenoid responses to environmental stimuli and discusses how the interactions between the modulation factors and between organs affect carotenoid build-up. We develop the idea that reactive oxygen species/redox status and sugars/carbon status can be considered as integrated factors that account for most effects of the major environmental factors influencing carotenoid biosynthesis. The discussion highlights the concept of carotenoids or carotenoid-derivatives as stress signals that may be involved in feedback controls. We propose a conceptual model of the effects of environmental and developmental factors on carotenoid build-up in fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Fanciullino
- UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, INRA, Avignon, Cedex, 9, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kromdijk J, Bertin N, Heuvelink E, Molenaar J, de Visser PHB, Marcelis LFM, Struik PC. Crop management impacts the efficiency of quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection and use: case study of fruit load×QTL interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:11-22. [PMID: 24227339 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mapping studies using populations with introgressed marker-defined genomic regions are continuously increasing knowledge about quantitative trait loci (QTL) that correlate with variation in important crop traits. This knowledge is useful for plant breeding, although combining desired traits in one genotype might be complicated by the mode of inheritance and co-localization of QTL with antagonistic effects, and by physiological trade-offs, and feed-back or feed-forward mechanisms. Therefore, integrating advances at the genetic level with insight into influences of environment and crop management on crop performance remains difficult. Whereas mapping studies can pinpoint correlations between QTL and phenotypic traits for specific conditions, ignoring or overlooking the importance of environment or crop management can jeopardize the relevance of such assessments. Here, we focus on fruit load (a measure determining competition among fruits on one plant) and its strong modulation of QTL effects on fruit size and composition. Following an integral approach, we show which fruit traits are affected by fruit load, to which underlying processes these traits can be linked, and which processes at lower and higher integration levels are affected by fruit load (and subsequently influence fruit traits). This opinion paper (i) argues that a mechanistic framework to interpret interactions between fruit load and QTL effects is needed, (ii) pleads for consideration of the context of agronomic management when detecting QTL, (iii) makes a case for incorporating interacting factors in the experimental set-up of QTL mapping studies, and (iv) provides recommendations to improve efficiency in QTL detection and use, with particular focus on model-based marker-assisted breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kromdijk
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Terao A, Hyodo H, Satoh S, Iwai H. Changes in the distribution of cell wall polysaccharides in early fruit pericarp and ovule, from fruit set to early fruit development, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2013; 126:719-728. [PMID: 23455617 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-013-0555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During fruit development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), cell proliferation and rapid cell expansion occur after pollination. Cell wall synthesis, alteration, and degradation play important roles during early fruit formation, but cell wall composition and the extent of cell wall synthesis/degradation are poorly understood. In this study, we used immunolocalization with a range of specific monoclonal antibodies to examine the changes in cell wall composition during early fruit development in tomato. In exploring early fruit development, the -1 day post-anthesis (DPA) ovary and fruits at 1, 3, and 5 DPA were sampled. Paraffin sections were prepared for staining and immunolabeling. The 5 DPA fruit showed rapid growth in size and an increase in both methyl-esterified pectin and de-methyl-esterified pectin content in the pericarp, suggesting rapid synthesis and de-methyl esterification of pectin during this growth period. Labeling of pectic arabinan with LM6 antibody and galactan with LM5 antibody revealed abundant amounts of both, with unique distribution patterns in the ovule and premature pericarp. These results suggest the presence of rapid pectin metabolism during the early stages of fruit development and indicate a unique distribution of pectic galactan and arabinan within the ovule, where they may be involved in embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Terao
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Devoghalaere F, Doucen T, Guitton B, Keeling J, Payne W, Ling TJ, Ross JJ, Hallett IC, Gunaseelan K, Dayatilake GA, Diak R, Breen KC, Tustin DS, Costes E, Chagné D, Schaffer RJ, David KM. A genomics approach to understanding the role of auxin in apple (Malus x domestica) fruit size control. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:7. [PMID: 22243694 PMCID: PMC3398290 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auxin is an important phytohormone for fleshy fruit development, having been shown to be involved in the initial signal for fertilisation, fruit size through the control of cell division and cell expansion, and ripening related events. There is considerable knowledge of auxin-related genes, mostly from work in model species. With the apple genome now available, it is possible to carry out genomics studies on auxin-related genes to identify genes that may play roles in specific stages of apple fruit development. RESULTS High amounts of auxin in the seed compared with the fruit cortex were observed in 'Royal Gala' apples, with amounts increasing through fruit development. Injection of exogenous auxin into developing apples at the start of cell expansion caused an increase in cell size. An expression analysis screen of auxin-related genes involved in auxin reception, homeostasis, and transcriptional regulation showed complex patterns of expression in each class of gene. Two mapping populations were phenotyped for fruit size over multiple seasons, and multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were observed. One QTL mapped to a region containing an Auxin Response Factor (ARF106). This gene is expressed during cell division and cell expansion stages, consistent with a potential role in the control of fruit size. CONCLUSIONS The application of exogenous auxin to apples increased cell expansion, suggesting that endogenous auxin concentrations are at least one of the limiting factors controlling fruit size. The expression analysis of ARF106 linked to a strong QTL for fruit weight suggests that the auxin signal regulating fruit size could partially be modulated through the function of this gene. One class of gene (GH3) removes free auxin by conjugation to amino acids. The lower expression of these GH3 genes during rapid fruit expansion is consistent with the apple maximising auxin concentrations at this point.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Devoghalaere
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Doucen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Baptiste Guitton
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- INRA, UMR AGAP, Equipe Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, Avenue Agropolis - TA-A-108/03, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 01, France
| | - Jeannette Keeling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Wendy Payne
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Toby John Ling
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - John James Ross
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Ian Charles Hallett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kularajathevan Gunaseelan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - GA Dayatilake
- PFR, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North 4157, New Zealand
| | - Robert Diak
- PFR, Old Mill Road, RD3, Motueka 7198, New Zealand
| | - Ken C Breen
- PFR, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North 4157, New Zealand
| | | | - Evelyne Costes
- INRA, UMR AGAP, Equipe Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, Avenue Agropolis - TA-A-108/03, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 01, France
| | - David Chagné
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Robert James Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Karine Myriam David
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Richardson AC, Boldingh HL, McAtee PA, Gunaseelan K, Luo Z, Atkinson RG, David KM, Burdon JN, Schaffer RJ. Fruit development of the diploid kiwifruit, Actinidia chinensis 'Hort16A'. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:182. [PMID: 22204446 PMCID: PMC3261216 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the advent of high throughput genomic tools, it is now possible to undertake detailed molecular studies of individual species outside traditional model organisms. Combined with a good understanding of physiological processes, these tools allow researchers to explore natural diversity, giving a better understanding of biological mechanisms. Here a detailed study of fruit development from anthesis through to fruit senescence is presented for a non-model organism, kiwifruit, Actinidia chinensis ('Hort16A'). RESULTS Consistent with previous studies, it was found that many aspects of fruit morphology, growth and development are similar to those of the model fruit tomato, except for a striking difference in fruit ripening progression. The early stages of fruit ripening occur as the fruit is still growing, and many ripening events are not associated with autocatalytic ethylene production (historically associated with respiratory climacteric). Autocatalytic ethylene is produced late in the ripening process as the fruit begins to senesce. CONCLUSION By aligning A. chinensis fruit development to a phenological scale, this study provides a reference framework for subsequent physiological and genomic studies, and will allow cross comparison across fruit species, leading to a greater understanding of the diversity of fruits found across the plant kingdom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette C Richardson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), PO Box 23, Kerikeri, 0245, New Zealand
| | | | - Peter A McAtee
- PFR Mount Albert Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- The University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Private Bag 92019 Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Zhiwei Luo
- PFR Mount Albert Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- PFR Mount Albert Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Karine M David
- The University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Private Bag 92019 Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jeremy N Burdon
- PFR Mount Albert Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Schaffer
- PFR Mount Albert Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- The University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Private Bag 92019 Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
DiLeo MV, Strahan GD, den Bakker M, Hoekenga OA. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) applied to the tomato fruit metabolome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26683. [PMID: 22039529 PMCID: PMC3198806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in "omics" technologies have revolutionized the collection of biological data. A matching revolution in our understanding of biological systems, however, will only be realized when similar advances are made in informatic analysis of the resulting "big data." Here, we compare the capabilities of three conventional and novel statistical approaches to summarize and decipher the tomato metabolome. METHODOLOGY Principal component analysis (PCA), batch learning self-organizing maps (BL-SOM) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were applied to a multivariate NMR dataset collected from developmentally staged tomato fruits belonging to several genotypes. While PCA and BL-SOM are appropriate and commonly used methods, WGCNA holds several advantages in the analysis of highly multivariate, complex data. CONCLUSIONS PCA separated the two major genetic backgrounds (AC and NC), but provided little further information. Both BL-SOM and WGCNA clustered metabolites by expression, but WGCNA additionally defined "modules" of co-expressed metabolites explicitly and provided additional network statistics that described the systems properties of the tomato metabolic network. Our first application of WGCNA to tomato metabolomics data identified three major modules of metabolites that were associated with ripening-related traits and genetic background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V. DiLeo
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Gary D. Strahan
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Meghan den Bakker
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Owen A. Hoekenga
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Houel C, Bounon R, Chaïb J, Guichard C, Péros JP, Bacilieri R, Dereeper A, Canaguier A, Lacombe T, N'Diaye A, Le Paslier MC, Vernerey MS, Coriton O, Brunel D, This P, Torregrosa L, Adam-Blondon AF. Patterns of sequence polymorphism in the fleshless berry locus in cultivated and wild Vitis vinifera accessions. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:284. [PMID: 21176183 PMCID: PMC3022909 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike in tomato, little is known about the genetic and molecular control of fleshy fruit development of perennial fruit trees like grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Here we present the study of the sequence polymorphism in a 1 Mb grapevine genome region at the top of chromosome 18 carrying the fleshless berry mutation (flb) in order, first to identify SNP markers closely linked to the gene and second to search for possible signatures of domestication. RESULTS In total, 62 regions (17 SSR, 3 SNP, 1 CAPS and 41 re-sequenced gene fragments) were scanned for polymorphism along a 3.4 Mb interval (85,127-3,506,060 bp) at the top of the chromosome 18, in both V. vinifera cv. Chardonnay and a genotype carrying the flb mutation, V. vinifera cv. Ugni Blanc mutant. A nearly complete homozygosity in Ugni Blanc (wild and mutant forms) and an expected high level of heterozygosity in Chardonnay were revealed. Experiments using qPCR and BAC FISH confirmed the observed homozygosity. Under the assumption that flb could be one of the genes involved into the domestication syndrome of grapevine, we sequenced 69 gene fragments, spread over the flb region, representing 48,874 bp in a highly diverse set of cultivated and wild V. vinifera genotypes, to identify possible signatures of domestication in the cultivated V. vinifera compartment. We identified eight gene fragments presenting a significant deviation from neutrality of the Tajima's D parameter in the cultivated pool. One of these also showed higher nucleotide diversity in the wild compartments than in the cultivated compartments. In addition, SNPs significantly associated to berry weight variation were identified in the flb region. CONCLUSIONS We observed the occurrence of a large homozygous region in a non-repetitive region of the grapevine otherwise highly-heterozygous genome and propose a hypothesis for its formation. We demonstrated the feasibility to apply BAC FISH on the very small grapevine chromosomes and provided a specific probe for the identification of chromosome 18 on a cytogenetic map. We evidenced genes showing putative signatures of selection and SNPs significantly associated with berry weight variation in the flb region. In addition, we provided to the community 554 SNPs at the top of chromosome 18 for the development of a genotyping chip for future fine mapping of the flb gene in a F2 population when available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cléa Houel
- Unité mixte de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), INRA UEVE ERL CNRS, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91 057 Evry cedex, France
| | - Rémi Bounon
- Unité mixte de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), INRA UEVE ERL CNRS, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91 057 Evry cedex, France
- Unité INRA Etude du Polymorphisme des Végétaux (EPGV), 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91 057 Evry cedex, France
| | - Jamila Chaïb
- CSIRO Plant Industry, PO BOX 350, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia
| | - Cécile Guichard
- Unité mixte de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), INRA UEVE ERL CNRS, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91 057 Evry cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Péros
- Unité mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées (DiaPC), INRA SupAgro, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34 060 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Roberto Bacilieri
- Unité mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées (DiaPC), INRA SupAgro, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34 060 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Alexis Dereeper
- Unité mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées (DiaPC), INRA SupAgro, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34 060 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Aurélie Canaguier
- Unité mixte de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), INRA UEVE ERL CNRS, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91 057 Evry cedex, France
| | - Thierry Lacombe
- Unité mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées (DiaPC), INRA SupAgro, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34 060 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Amidou N'Diaye
- Unité mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées (DiaPC), INRA SupAgro, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34 060 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | | | - Marie-Stéphanie Vernerey
- Unité mixte de Recherche Amélioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales (APBV), INRA Agrocampus Rennes, Plate-forme cytologique moléculaire, 35 653 Le Rheu Cedex, France
- Unité mixte de Recherche Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plantes-Agents Pathogènes (BGPI), INRA SupAgro CIRAD, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34 060 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Coriton
- Unité mixte de Recherche Amélioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales (APBV), INRA Agrocampus Rennes, Plate-forme cytologique moléculaire, 35 653 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Brunel
- Unité INRA Etude du Polymorphisme des Végétaux (EPGV), 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91 057 Evry cedex, France
| | - Patrice This
- Unité mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées (DiaPC), INRA SupAgro, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34 060 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Torregrosa
- Unité mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées (DiaPC), INRA SupAgro, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34 060 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Françoise Adam-Blondon
- Unité mixte de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), INRA UEVE ERL CNRS, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91 057 Evry cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Steinhauser MC, Steinhauser D, Koehl K, Carrari F, Gibon Y, Fernie AR, Stitt M. Enzyme activity profiles during fruit development in tomato cultivars and Solanum pennellii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:80-98. [PMID: 20335402 PMCID: PMC2862428 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.154336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes interact to generate metabolic networks. The activities of more than 22 enzymes from central metabolism were profiled during the development of fruit of the modern tomato cultivar Solanum lycopersicum 'M82' and its wild relative Solanum pennellii (LA0716). In S. pennellii, the mature fruit remains green and contains lower sugar and higher organic acid levels. These genotypes are the parents of a widely used near introgression line population. Enzymes were also profiled in a second cultivar, S. lycopersicum 'Moneymaker', for which data sets for the developmental changes of metabolites and transcripts are available. Whereas most enzyme activities declined during fruit development in the modern S. lycopersicum cultivars, they remained high or even increased in S. pennellii, especially enzymes required for organic acid synthesis. The enzyme profiles were sufficiently characteristic to allow stages of development and cultivars and the wild species to be distinguished by principal component analysis and clustering. Many enzymes showed coordinated changes during fruit development of a given genotype. Comparison of the correlation matrices revealed a large overlap between the two modern cultivars and considerable overlap with S. pennellii, indicating that despite the very different development responses, some basic modules are retained. Comparison of enzyme activity, metabolite profiles, and transcript profiles in S. lycopersicum 'Moneymaker' revealed remarkably little connectivity between the developmental changes of transcripts and enzymes and even less between enzymes and metabolites. We discuss the concept that the metabolite profile is an emergent property that is generated by complex network interactions.
Collapse
|
32
|
Nardozza S, Hallett IC, McCartney R, Richardson AC, MacRae EA, Costa G, Clearwater MJ. Is fruit anatomy involved in variation in fruit starch concentration between Actinidia deliciosa genotypes? FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2010; 38:63-74. [PMID: 32480863 DOI: 10.1071/fp10158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of anatomical traits in carbohydrate accumulation was investigated in fruit of Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson (kiwifruit) var. deliciosa by comparing high and low dry matter (DM) accumulating genotypes. DM was shown previously to be correlated with starch concentration in these fruit. Volume proportions of the three fruit tissues (outer pericarp, inner pericarp and central core) did not vary significantly between genotypes or contribute to variation in total fruit DM. The outer pericarp of the kiwifruit berry contains both small and large cells: the size of these cells was not correlated with final fruit size. In high DM genotypes, the relative volume of outer pericarp tissue occupied by small cells (50%) was significantly greater than that in low DM genotypes (43%). Small cells have a higher starch concentration than large cells: the larger proportion of small cells in the outer pericarp of fruit from high DM genotypes accounted for approximately +25% of the measured differences in fruit starch concentration between high and low DM genotypes. We conclude that, although anatomical traits contribute to variation in fruit starch concentration between kiwifruit genotypes, differences in starch content per small cell are important and worthy of further investigation. This is the first time anatomical investigations have been used to examine differences in fruit carbohydrate accumulation in kiwifruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Nardozza
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian C Hallett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rosannah McCartney
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Te Puke Research Centre, 412 No. 1 Road, Road 2, Te Puke, New Zealand
| | - Annette C Richardson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Kerikeri Research Centre, Private Bag 23, Kerikeri, New Zealand
| | - Elspeth A MacRae
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Guglielmo Costa
- Dipartimento di Colture Arboree, Università di Bologna, Via Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael J Clearwater
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Te Puke Research Centre, 412 No. 1 Road, Road 2, Te Puke, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|