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Li X, Tao N, Xu B, Xu J, Yang Z, Jiang C, Zhou Y, Deng M, Lv J, Zhao K. Establishment and application of a root wounding-immersion method for efficient virus-induced gene silencing in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1336726. [PMID: 38708388 PMCID: PMC11066161 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1336726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has played an important role in research on reverse genetics in plants. Commonly used Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS inoculation methods include stem scratching, leaf infiltration, use of agrodrench, and air-brush spraying. In this study, we developed a root wounding-immersion method in which 1/3 of the plant root (length) was cut and immersed in a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)1:TRV2 mixed solution for 30 min. We optimized the procedure in Nicotiana benthamiana and successfully silenced N. benthamiana, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena), and Arabidopsis thaliana phytoene desaturase (PDS), and we observed the movement of green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the roots to the stem and leaves. The silencing rate of PDS in N. benthamiana and tomato was 95-100%. In addition, we successfully silenced two disease-resistance genes, SITL5 and SITL6, to decrease disease resistance in tomatoes (CLN2037E). The root wounding-immersion method can be used to inoculate large batches of plants in a short time and with high efficiency, and fresh bacterial infusions can be reused several times. The most important aspect of the root wounding-immersion method is its application to plant species susceptible to root inoculation, as well as its ability to inoculate seedlings from early growth stages. This method offers a means to conduct large-scale functional genome screening in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Na Tao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhengan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Caiqian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Minghua Deng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junheng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Shi M, Zhang S, Zheng Z, Maoz I, Zhang L, Kai G. Molecular regulation of the key specialized metabolism pathways in medicinal plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:510-531. [PMID: 38441295 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The basis of modern pharmacology is the human ability to exploit the production of specialized metabolites from medical plants, for example, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids. However, in most cases, the availability of these valuable compounds is limited by cellular or organelle barriers or spatio-temporal accumulation patterns within different plant tissues. Transcription factors (TFs) regulate biosynthesis of these specialized metabolites by tightly controlling the expression of biosynthetic genes. Cutting-edge technologies and/or combining multiple strategies and approaches have been applied to elucidate the role of TFs. In this review, we focus on recent progress in the transcription regulation mechanism of representative high-value products and describe the transcriptional regulatory network, and future perspectives are discussed, which will help develop high-yield plant resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Zizhen Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Itay Maoz
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon, LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Zhejiang Provincial Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
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Chang YL, Huang LM, Kuo XZ, Chen YY, Lin ST, Jeng MF, Yeh HH, Tsai WC, Chen HH. PbABCG1 and PbABCG2 transporters are required for the emission of floral monoterpenes in Phalaenopsis bellina. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:279-292. [PMID: 36738107 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial plants emit volatiles into the atmosphere to attract both pollinators and the enemies of herbivores, for defense. Phalaenopsis bellina is a scented orchid species in which the main scent components are monoterpenes, including linalool and geraniol, and their derivatives. Here, we investigated whether ABC transporters are involved in floral scent emission. We carried out whole-genome identification of ABC transporter-related genes using four floral transcriptomics libraries of P. bellina. We identified 86 ABC subfamily G genes related to terpenoid transport. After comparing the gene expression patterns of P. bellina with that of Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana, a scentless species, followed by gene-to-gene correlation analysis, PbABCG1 and PbABCG2 were selected. The temporal expression of both PbABCG1 and PbABCG2 was highly correlated with that of the key enzyme PbGDPS and the major transcription factor PbbHLH4 in monoterpene biosynthesis, with optimal expression on day 5 post-anthesis. Spatial gene expression analysis showed that PbABCG1 was highly expressed in sepals, whereas PbABCG2 was expressed in the lip. Subcellular localization with a GFP fusion protein revealed that both PbABCG1 and PbABCG2 are cytoplasmic membrane proteins. Co-downregulation of PbABCG1 and PbABCG2 using both double-strand RNA interference and tobacco rattle virus-based gene silencing led to a significant decrease in monoterpene emission, accompanied by an increase in the internal monoterpene pools. Furthermore, ectopic expression of PbABCG1 and PbABCG2 in an ABC16- mutant yeast strain rescued its tolerance to geraniol. Altogether, our results indicate that PbABCG1 and PbABCG2 play substantial roles in monoterpene transport/emission in P. bellina floral scent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lan Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Xuan-Zhou Kuo
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - You-Yi Chen
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Ting Lin
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fen Jeng
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
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Fan J, Huang J, Pu Y, Niu Y, Zhang M, Dai S, Huang H. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the formation mechanism of anemone-type flower in chrysanthemum. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:846. [PMID: 36544087 PMCID: PMC9773529 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ray and disc florets on the chrysanthemum capitulum are morphologically diverse and have remarkably abundant variant types, resulting in a rich variety of flower types. An anemone shape with pigmented and elongated disk florets is an important trait in flower shape breeding of chrysanthemums. The regulatory mechanism of their anemone-type disc floret formation was not clear, thus limiting the directional breeding of chrysanthemum flower types. In this study, we used morphological observation, transcriptomic analysis, and gene expression to investigate the morphogenetic processes and regulatory mechanisms of anemone-type chrysanthemum. RESULT Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation showed that morphological differences between non-anemone-type disc florets and anemone-type disc florets occurred mainly during the petal elongation period. The anemone-type disc florets elongated rapidly in the later stages of development. Longitudinal paraffin section analysis revealed that the anemone-type disc florets were formed by a great number of cells in the middle layer of the petals with vigorous division. We investigated the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using ray and disc florets of two chrysanthemum cultivars, 082 and 068, for RNA-Seq and their expression patterns of non-anemone-type and anemone-type disc florets. The result suggested that the CYCLOIDEA2 (CYC2s), MADS-box genes, and phytohormone signal-related genes appeared significantly different in both types of disc florets and might have important effects on the formation of anemone-type disc florets. In addition, it is noteworthy that the auxin and jasmonate signaling pathways might play a vital role in developing anemone-type disc florets. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, we propose a regulatory network for forming non-anemone-type and anemone-type disc florets. The results of this study lead the way to further clarify the mechanism of the anemone-type chrysanthemum formation and lay the foundation for the directive breeding of chrysanthemum petal types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Fan
- grid.66741.320000 0001 1456 856XBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Jialu Huang
- grid.66741.320000 0001 1456 856XBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ya Pu
- grid.66741.320000 0001 1456 856XBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yajing Niu
- National Bot Garden, Beijing, 100093 China
| | | | - Silan Dai
- grid.66741.320000 0001 1456 856XBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - He Huang
- grid.66741.320000 0001 1456 856XBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding By Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
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High-density genetic map and genome-wide association studies of aesthetic traits in Phalaenopsis orchids. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3346. [PMID: 35228611 PMCID: PMC8885740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phalaenopsis spp. represent the most popular orchids worldwide. Both P. equestris and P. aphrodite are the two important breeding parents with the whole genome sequence available. However, marker–trait association is rarely used for floral traits in Phalaenopsis breeding. Here, we analyzed markers associated with aesthetic traits of Phalaenopsis orchids by using genome-wide association study (GWAS) with the F1 population P. Intermedia of 117 progenies derived from the cross between P. aphrodite and P. equestris. A total of 113,517 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in P. Intermedia by using genotyping-by-sequencing with the combination of two different restriction enzyme pairs, Hinp1 I/Hae III and Apek I/Hae III. The size-related traits from flowers were negatively related to the color-related traits. The 1191 SNPs from Hinp1 I/ Hae III and 23 simple sequence repeats were used to establish a high-density genetic map of 19 homolog groups for P. equestris. In addition, 10 quantitative trait loci were highly associated with four color-related traits on chromosomes 2, 5 and 9. According to the sequence within the linkage disequilibrium regions, 35 candidate genes were identified and related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. In conclusion, we performed marker-assisted gene identification of aesthetic traits with GWAS in Phalaenopsis orchids.
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Zhou T, Dong L, Jiang T, Fan Z. Silencing Specific Genes in Plants Using Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) Vectors. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2400:149-161. [PMID: 34905199 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1835-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an efficient tool for functional genomics, VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing) has been widely used in reverse and forward genetics to identify genes involved in various biology processes in many plant species. Up to now, at least 50 VIGS vectors based on RNA viruses, DNA viruses or satellites have been developed for either dicots or monocots or both. Silencing specific genes using VIGS vector involves five major steps including, first, choosing an appropriate VIGS vector for the plant; second, selecting a fragment of targeted host gene; third, cloning the fragment into viral VIGS vector; forth, inoculating and infecting the appropriate plant; and fifth, quantifying silencing effects including recording silencing phenotypes and determining silencing efficiency of the target gene. In this chapter, we introduce these steps for VIGS assay in dicots and monocots, by taking a cucumber mosaic virus-based VIGS vector for Nicotiana benthamiana and maize plants as an example. Moreover, we list available VIGS vectors for monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Laihua Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Huang H, Kuo YW, Chuang YC, Yang YP, Huang LM, Jeng MF, Chen WH, Chen HH. Terpene Synthase-b and Terpene Synthase-e/f Genes Produce Monoterpenes for Phalaenopsis bellina Floral Scent. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:700958. [PMID: 34335666 PMCID: PMC8318001 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.700958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are the most species-rich plants and highly interactive with pollinators via visual or olfactory cues. Biosynthesis and emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere facilitate the olfactory cues and ensure successful pollination. Phalaenopsis bellina is a scented orchid with monoterpenes as major VOCs, comprising linalool, geraniol, and their derivatives. Comparative transcriptomics analysis identified four terpene synthase-b (TPS-b) genes and two TPS-e/f genes with differential gene expression between scented and scentless Phalaenopsis species. Here, we confirmed their differential expression between scented and scentless Phalaenopsis orchids and excluded one TPS-b candidate. We analyzed the temporal and spatial expression and functionally characterized these TPSs. Both TPS-b and TPS-e/f genes showed an increased expression on blooming day or 3 days post-anthesis (D + 3) before the optimal emission of floral scent on D + 5, with especially high expression of PbTPS5 and PbTPS10. The TPS-b genes are expressed exclusively in reproductive organs, whereas the TPS-e/f genes are expressed in both reproductive and vegetative organs. In planta functional characterization of both PbTPS5 and PbTPS10 in tobacco and scentless Phalaenopsis plants did not produce terpenoids. Further ectopic expression in scented Phalaenopsis cultivar P. I-Hsin Venus showed that linalool was the main product, with PbTPS10 displaying 3-fold higher activity than PbTPS5. On in vitro enzyme assay with purified recombinant TPS-b proteins ectopically expressed in Escherichia coli, geraniol was the product catalyzed by PbTPS5 and PbTPS9. PbTPS3 was a linalool/(β)-cis-ocimene synthase and PbTPS4 a linalool synthase. In conclusion, both TPS-b and TPS-e/f enzymes orchestrated floral monoterpene biosynthesis in P. bellina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Kuo
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fen Jeng
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant and Microbial Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Shi G, Hao M, Tian B, Cao G, Wei F, Xie Z. A Methodological Advance of Tobacco Rattle Virus-Induced Gene Silencing for Functional Genomics in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:671091. [PMID: 34149770 PMCID: PMC8212136 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.671091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As a promising high-throughput reverse genetic tool in plants, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has already begun to fulfill some of this promise in diverse aspects. However, review of the technological advancements about widely used VIGS system, tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated gene silencing, needs timely updates. Hence, this article mainly reviews viral vector construction, inoculation method advances, important influential factors, and summarizes the recent applications in diverse plant species, thus providing a better understanding and advice for functional gene analysis related to crop improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongyao Shi
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Hao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baoming Tian
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gangqiang Cao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengqing Xie
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvements, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Shen Q, Chen Y, Sun J, Liu Q, Sun C. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of normal and peloric mutant flowers in Cymbidium goeringii Rchb.f identifies differentially expressed genes associated with floral development. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2123-2132. [PMID: 33630208 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cymbidium geringii has high ornamental and economic importance. Its traits, including flower shape, size, and color, are highly sought by orchid breeders. Gaining insights into the molecular basis of C. geringi flower development would accelerate genetic improvement of other orchids. Methods and Results: Here, C. goeringii RNA was purified from normal and peloric mutant flowers, and cDNA libraries constructed for Illumina sequencing. We generated 329,156,782 clean reads, integrated them, and then assembled into 236,811 unigenes averaging 595 bp long. A total of 11,992 differentially expressed genes s, of which 6119 were upregulated and 5873 downregulated, were uncovered in peloric mutant flower buds relative to normal flower buds. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment assessments posited that these differentially expressed genes are associated with "Photosynthesis", "Linoleic acid metabolism", as well as "Plant hormone signal transduction" cascades. The DEGs were designated to 12 remarkably enriched GO terms, and 16 cell wall associated GO terms. The expression level of 16 determined genes were verified using RT-qPCR. Conclusions: Our gene expression data may be used to study the regulatory mechanism of flower organ development in C. geringi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shen
- Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Junwei Sun
- College of Modern Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chongbo Sun
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Xiao Z, Xing M, Liu X, Fang Z, Yang L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhuang M, Lv H. An efficient virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system for functional genomics in Brassicas using a cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV)-based vector. PLANTA 2020; 252:42. [PMID: 32870402 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CaLCuV-based VIGS effectively works in cabbage and contributes to efficient functional genomics research in Brassica crop species. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), a posttranscriptional gene silencing method, is an effective technique for analysing the functions of genes in plants. However, no VIGS vectors have been available for Brassica oleracea until now. Here, tobacco rattle virus (TRV), pTYs and cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV) gene-silencing vectors (PCVA/PCVB) were chosen to improve the VIGS system in cabbage using the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene as an efficient visual indicator of VIGS. We successfully silenced the expression of PDS and observed photobleaching phenomena in cabbage in response to pTYs and CaLCuV, with the latter being more easy to operate and less expensive. The parameters potentially affecting the silencing efficiency of VIGS by CaLCuV in cabbage, including the targeting fragment strategy, inoculation method and incubation temperature, were then compared. The optimized CaLCuV-based VIGS system involves the following: an approximately 500 bp insert sequence, an Agrobacterium OD600 of 1.0, use of the vacuum osmosis method applied at the bud stage, and an incubation temperature of 22 °C. Using these parameters, we achieved a stable silencing efficiency of 65%. To further test the effectiveness of the system, we selected the Mg-chelatase H subunit (ChlH) gene in cabbage and knocked down its expression, and we observed yellow leaves, as expected. We successfully applied the CaLCuV-based VIGS system to two other representative Brassica crop species, B. rapa and B. nigra, and thus expanded the application scope of this system. Our VIGS system described here will contribute to efficient functional genomics research in Brassica crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Xiao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Miaomiao Xing
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Limei Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yangyong Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mu Zhuang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Honghao Lv
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 12# Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
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11
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Li Y, Liu Y, Qi F, Deng C, Lu C, Huang H, Dai S. Establishment of virus-induced gene silencing system and functional analysis of ScbHLH17 in Senecio cruentus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 147:272-279. [PMID: 31891861 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a technology for rapid gene functional analysis that depends on the degradation of viral RNA and is part of the natural defense mechanism in plants. Senecio cruentus is an important Compositae ornamental species that is plentiful and available in a variety of colors and has a typical blue variety that is rare in Compositae. These advantages make it a good material for studying the anthocyanin biosynthesis and blue flower formation mechanism. With the development of gene sequencing technology, the functions of many candidate genes that may be involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in S. cruentus need to be identified. However, a stable and rapid genetic transformation system of S. cruentus is still lacking. Here, we screened two cultivars, 'Venezia' and 'Jseter', selected ScPDS and ScANS as test genes, and investigated the effect of developmental periods, bacterial cell concentrations and infection methods on gene silencing efficiency. The results showed that the silencing efficiency of S. cruentus leaves was low (13%), and it was less affected by the parameters. However, the transcription factor gene ScbHLH17 was still silenced by VIGS, which resulted in the loss of anthocyanin accumulation in leaves, and the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway (ABP) structural genes, including ScCHI, ScDFR3 and ScANS, were decreased significantly. The result proved that ScbHLH17 was an important transcription factor that regulated flower color formation in S. cruentus. In addition, ScANS-silencing phenotypes were observed in S. cruentus capitulum by vacuum-infiltrating S1 stage buds for 10 min after scape injection. In general, the present study provided an important technical support for the study of anthocyanin metabolism pathways in S. cruentus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urbanand Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urbanand Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fangting Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urbanand Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengyan Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urbanand Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chenfei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urbanand Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - He Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urbanand Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory of Urbanand Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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12
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Lai PH, Huang LM, Pan ZJ, Jane WN, Chung MC, Chen WH, Chen HH. PeERF1, a SHINE-Like Transcription Factor, Is Involved in Nanoridge Development on Lip Epidermis of Phalaenopsis Flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1709. [PMID: 32082333 PMCID: PMC7002429 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phalaenopsis orchids have a spectacular floral morphology with a highly evolved lip that offers a landing platform for pollinators. The typical morphological orchid lip features are essential for the special pollination mechanism of Phalaenopsis flowers. Previously, we found that in the lip, a member of the AP2/EREBP protein family was highly expressed. Here, we further confirmed its high expression and characterized its function during lip development. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AP2/EREBP belongs to the Va2 subgroup of ERF transcription factors. We named it PeERF1. We found that PeERF1 was only expressed at stage 5, as flowers opened. This coincided with both thickening of the cuticle and development of nanoridges. We performed knockdown expression of PeERF1 using CymMV-based virus-induced gene silencing in either the AP2 conserved domain, producing PeERF1_AP2-silenced plants, or the SHN specific domain, producing PeERF1_SHN-silenced plants. Using cryo-SEM, we found that the number of nanoridges was reduced only in the PeERF1_AP2-silenced group. This change was found on both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the central lip lobe. Expression of PeERF1 was reduced significantly in PeERF1_AP2-silenced plants. In cutin biosynthesis genes, expression of both PeCYP86A2 and PeDCR was significantly decreased in both groups. The expression of PeCYP77A4 was reduced significantly only in the PeERF1_AP2-silenced plants. Although PeGPAT expression was reduced in both silenced plants, but to a lesser degree. The expression of PeERF1 was significantly reduced in the petal-like lip of a big-lip variant. PeCYP77A4 and PeGPAT in the lip were also reduced, but PeDCR was not. Furthermore, heterologous overexpression of PeERF1 in the genus Arabidopsis produced leaves that were shiny on the adaxial surface. Taken together, our results show that in Phalaenopsis orchids PeERF1 plays an important role in formation of nanoridges during lip epidermis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Han Lai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zhao-Jun Pan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wann-Neng Jane
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chu Chung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Kant R, Dasgupta I. Gene silencing approaches through virus-based vectors: speeding up functional genomics in monocots. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:3-18. [PMID: 30850930 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The design and use of existing VIGS vectors for revealing monocot gene functions are described and potential new vectors are discussed, which may expand their repertoire. Virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a method of transient gene silencing in plants, triggered by the use of modified viral vectors. VIGS has found widespread use in deciphering the functions of plant genes, mainly for dicots. In the last decade, however, its use in monocots has increased noticeably, involving not only previously described viruses for monocots, but also those described for dicots. Additional viruses have been modified for VIGS to bring a larger collection of monocots under the ambit of this method. For monocots, new methods of inoculation have been tried to obtain increased silencing efficiency. The issue of insert stability and duration of silencing have also been addressed by various research groups. VIGS has been used to unravel the functions of a fairly large collection of monocot genes. This review summarizes the above developments, bringing out some of the gaps in our understanding and identifies directions to develop this technology further in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kant
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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14
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Hsu CC, Lai PH, Chen TC, Tsai WC, Hsu JL, Hsiao YY, Wu WL, Tsai CH, Chen WH, Chen HH. PePIF1, a P-lineage of PIF-like transposable element identified in protocorm-like bodies of Phalaenopsis orchids. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:25. [PMID: 30626325 PMCID: PMC6327408 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orchids produce a colorless protocorm by symbiosis with fungi upon seed germination. For mass production of orchids, the prevailing approaches are both generation of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) from callus and multiplication of adventitious buds on inflorescence. However, somaclonal variations occur during micropropagation. RESULTS We isolated the two most expressed transposable elements belonging to P Instability Factor (PIF)-like transposons. Among them, a potential autonomous element was identified by similarity analysis against the whole-genome sequence of Phalaenopsis equestris and named PePIF1. It contains a 19-bp terminal inverted repeat flanked by a 3-bp target site duplication and two coding regions encoding ORF1- and transposase-like proteins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PePIF1 belongs to a new P-lineage of PIF. Furthermore, two distinct families, PePIF1a and PePIF1b, with 29 and 37 putative autonomous elements, respectively, were isolated, along with more than 3000 non-autonomous and miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE)-like elements. Among them, 828 PePIF1-related elements were inserted in 771 predicted genes. Intriguingly, PePIF1 was transposed in the somaclonal variants of Phalaenopsis cultivars, as revealed by transposon display, and the newly inserted genes were identified and sequenced. CONCLUSION A PIF-like element, PePIF1, was identified in the Phalaenopsis genome and actively transposed during micropropagation. With the identification of PePIF1, we have more understanding of the Phalaenopsis genome structure and somaclonal variations during micropropagation for use in orchid breeding and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Han Lai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Chih Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Lin Hsu
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Luan Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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15
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Teo ZWN, Zhou W, Shen L. Dissecting the Function of MADS-Box Transcription Factors in Orchid Reproductive Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1474. [PMID: 31803211 PMCID: PMC6872546 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The orchid family (Orchidaceae) represents the second largest angiosperm family, having over 900 genera and 27,000 species in almost all over the world. Orchids have evolved a myriad of intriguing ways in order to survive extreme weather conditions, acquire nutrients, and attract pollinators for reproduction. The family of MADS-box transcriptional factors have been shown to be involved in the control of many developmental processes and responses to environmental stresses in eukaryotes. Several findings in different orchid species have elucidated that MADS-box genes play critical roles in the orchid growth and development. An in-depth understanding of their ecological adaptation will help to generate more interest among breeders and produce novel varieties for the floriculture industry. In this review, we summarize recent findings of MADS-box transcription factors in regulating various growth and developmental processes in orchids, in particular, the floral transition and floral patterning. We further discuss the prospects for the future directions in light of new genome resources and gene editing technologies that could be applied in orchid research and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wei Norman Teo
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhou
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisha Shen
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Lisha Shen,
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16
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Chuang YC, Hung YC, Tsai WC, Chen WH, Chen HH. PbbHLH4 regulates floral monoterpene biosynthesis in Phalaenopsis orchids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4363-4377. [PMID: 29982590 PMCID: PMC6093345 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Floral scent is an important factor in attracting pollinators and repelling florivores. In Phalaenopsis bellina (Orchidaceae), the major floral scent components are monoterpenoids. Previously, we determined that expression of GERANYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (PbGDPS) is highly correlated with monoterpene biosynthesis in Phalaenosis orchids. Here, we found that both cis- and trans-regulation were present on the GDPS promoters, with trans-regulation playing a key role. To investigate the regulation of biosynthesis of floral scent, we compared the transcriptomic data of two Phalaenopsis orchids with contrasting scent phenotypes. Eight transcription factors (TFs) that exhibited sequential elevation in abundance through floral development in P. bellina were identified, and their transcript levels were higher in the scented orchid than the scentless one. Five of these TFs transactivated several structural genes involved in monoterpene biosynthesis including PbbHLH4, PbbHLH6, PbbZIP4, PbERF1, and PbNAC1. Ectopic transient expression of each of these TFs in scentless orchids resulted in stimulation of terpenoid biosynthesis. PbbHLH4 most profoundly induced monoterpene biosynthesis, with a 950-fold increase of monoterpenoid production in the scentless orchid. In conclusion, we determined that biosynthesis of orchid floral monoterpenes was sequentially regulated, with PbbHLH4 playing a crucial role for monoterpene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chu Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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17
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Chuang YC, Hung YC, Tsai WC, Chen WH, Chen HH. PbbHLH4 regulates floral monoterpene biosynthesis in Phalaenopsis orchids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018. [PMID: 29982590 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kt056q7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Floral scent is an important factor in attracting pollinators and repelling florivores. In Phalaenopsis bellina (Orchidaceae), the major floral scent components are monoterpenoids. Previously, we determined that expression of GERANYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (PbGDPS) is highly correlated with monoterpene biosynthesis in Phalaenosis orchids. Here, we found that both cis- and trans-regulation were present on the GDPS promoters, with trans-regulation playing a key role. To investigate the regulation of biosynthesis of floral scent, we compared the transcriptomic data of two Phalaenopsis orchids with contrasting scent phenotypes. Eight transcription factors (TFs) that exhibited sequential elevation in abundance through floral development in P. bellina were identified, and their transcript levels were higher in the scented orchid than the scentless one. Five of these TFs transactivated several structural genes involved in monoterpene biosynthesis including PbbHLH4, PbbHLH6, PbbZIP4, PbERF1, and PbNAC1. Ectopic transient expression of each of these TFs in scentless orchids resulted in stimulation of terpenoid biosynthesis. PbbHLH4 most profoundly induced monoterpene biosynthesis, with a 950-fold increase of monoterpenoid production in the scentless orchid. In conclusion, we determined that biosynthesis of orchid floral monoterpenes was sequentially regulated, with PbbHLH4 playing a crucial role for monoterpene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chu Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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18
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Chuang YC, Hung YC, Hsu CY, Yeh CM, Mitsuda N, Ohme-Takagi M, Tsai WC, Chen WH, Chen HH. A Dual Repeat Cis-Element Determines Expression of GERANYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE for Monoterpene Production in Phalaenopsis Orchids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:765. [PMID: 29922327 PMCID: PMC5996158 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phalaenopsis bellina is a scented orchid emitting large amount of monoterpenes. GERANYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (PbGDPS) is the key enzyme for monoterpene biosynthesis, and shows concomitant expression with the emission of monoterpenes during flower development in P. bellina. Here, we identified a dual repeat cis-element in the GDPS promoter that is critical for monoterpene biosynthesis in Phalaenopsis orchids. A strong correlation between the dual repeat and the monoterpene production was revealed by examination of the GDPS promoter fragments over 12 Phalaenopsis species. Serial-deletion of the 2-kb GDPS promoter fragments demonstrated that the integrity of the dual repeat was crucial for its promoter activities. By screening the Arabidopsis transcription factors (TFs) cDNA library using yeast one-hybrid assay, AtbZIP18, a member of group I of bZIP TFs, was identified to be able to bind the dual repeat. We then identified PbbZIP4 in the transcriptome of P. bellina, showing 83% identity in the DNA binding region with that of AtbZIP18, and the expression level of PbbZIP4 was higher in the scented orchids. In addition, PbbZIP4 transactivated the GDPS promoter fragment containing the dual repeat in dual luciferase assay. Furthermore, transient ectopic expression of PbbZIP4 induced a 10-fold production of monoterpenoids in the scentless orchid. In conclusion, these results indicate that the dual repeat is a real TF-bound cis-element significant for GDPS gene expression, and thus subsequent monoterpene biosynthesis in the scented Phalaenopsis orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chu Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Ming Yeh
- Division of Strategic Research and Development, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Division of Strategic Research and Development, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Hong-Hwa Chen,
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19
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Tsai WC, Dievart A, Hsu CC, Hsiao YY, Chiou SY, Huang H, Chen HH. Post genomics era for orchid research. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2017; 58:61. [PMID: 29234904 PMCID: PMC5727007 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-017-0213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Among 300,000 species in angiosperms, Orchidaceae containing 30,000 species is one of the largest families. Almost every habitats on earth have orchid plants successfully colonized, and it indicates that orchids are among the plants with significant ecological and evolutionary importance. So far, four orchid genomes have been sequenced, including Phalaenopsis equestris, Dendrobium catenatum, Dendrobium officinale, and Apostaceae shengen. Here, we review the current progress and the direction of orchid research in the post genomics era. These include the orchid genome evolution, genome mapping (genome-wide association analysis, genetic map, physical map), comparative genomics (especially receptor-like kinase and terpene synthase), secondary metabolomics, and genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Anne Dievart
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, TA A 108/03, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier, France
- Present Address: School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Life Sciences Building, Room 3-117, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yi Chiou
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Hsin Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
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20
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Berger BA, Ricigliano VA, Savriama Y, Lim A, Thompson V, Howarth DG. Geometric morphometrics reveals shifts in flower shape symmetry and size following gene knockdown of CYCLOIDEA and ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:205. [PMID: 29149840 PMCID: PMC5693587 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While floral symmetry has traditionally been assessed qualitatively, recent advances in geometric morphometrics have opened up new avenues to specifically quantify flower shape and size using robust multivariate statistical methods. In this study, we examine, for the first time, the ability of geometric morphometrics to detect morphological differences in floral dorsoventral asymmetry following virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Using Fedia graciliflora Fisch. & Meyer (Valerianaceae) as a model, corolla shape of untreated flowers was compared using canonical variate analysis to knockdown phenotypes of CYCLOIDEA2A (FgCYC2A), ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE (FgANS), and empty vector controls. RESULTS Untreated flowers and all VIGS treatments were morphologically distinct from each other, suggesting that VIGS may cause subtle shifts in floral shape. Knockdowns of FgCYC2A were the most dramatic, affecting the position of dorsal petals in relation to lateral petals, thereby resulting in more actinomorphic-like flowers. Additionally, FgANS knockdowns developed larger flowers with wider corolla tube openings. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a method to quantify the role that specific genes play in the developmental pathway affecting the dorsoventral axis of symmetry in zygomorphic flowers. Additionally, they suggest that ANS may have an unintended effect on floral size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A. Berger
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439 USA
| | | | - Yoland Savriama
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439 USA
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aedric Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439 USA
| | - Veronica Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439 USA
| | - Dianella G. Howarth
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439 USA
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21
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Jang S. Functional Characterization of PhapLEAFY, a FLORICAULA/LEAFY Ortholog in Phalaenopsis aphrodite. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:2234-47. [PMID: 26493518 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific transcription factor LEAFY (LFY) is considered to be a master regulator of flower development in the model plant, Arabidopsis. This protein plays a dual role in plant growth, integrating signals from the floral inductive pathways and acting as a floral meristem identity gene by activating genes for floral organ development. Although LFY occupies an important position in flower development, the functional divergence of LFY homologs has been demonstrated in several plants including monocots and gymnosperms. In particular, the functional roles of LFY genes from orchid species such as Phalaenopsis that contain unique floral morphologies with distinct expression patterns of floral organ identity genes remain elusive. Here, PhapLFY, an ortholog of Arabidopsis LFY from Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana, a Taiwanese native monopodial orchid, was isolated and characterized through analyses of expression and protein activity. PhapLFY transcripts accumulated in the floral primordia of developing inflorescences, and the PhapLFY protein had transcriptional autoactivation activity forming as a homodimer. Furthermore, PhapLFY rescues the aberrant floral phenotypes of Arabidopsis lfy mutants. Overexpression of PhapLFY alone or together with PhapFT1, a P. aphrodite subsp. formosana homolog of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in rice, caused precocious heading. Consistently, a higher Chl content in the sepals and morphological changes in epidermal cells were observed in the floral organs of PhapLFY knock-down orchids generated by virus-induced gene silencing. Taken together, these results suggest that PhapLFY is functionally distinct from RICE FLORICAULA/LEAFY (RFL) but similar to Arabidopsis LFY based on phenotypes of our transgenic Arabidopsis and rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghoe Jang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan (BCST), No. 59, Siraya Blvd, Xinshi Dist., Tainan 74145/Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan Institute of Tropical Plant Science, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, East Dist., Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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22
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Jang S, Choi SC, Li HY, An G, Schmelzer E. Functional Characterization of Phalaenopsis aphrodite Flowering Genes PaFT1 and PaFD. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134987. [PMID: 26317412 PMCID: PMC4552788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that the key flowering regulators encoded by Phalaenopsis aphrodite FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (PaFT1) and PaFD share high sequence homologies to these from long-day flowering Arabidopsis and short-day flowering rice. Interestingly, PaFT1 is specifically up-regulated during flowering inductive cooling treatment but is not subjected to control by photoperiod in P. aphrodite. Phloem or shoot apex-specific expression of PaFT1 restores the late flowering of Arabidopsis ft mutants. Moreover, PaFT1 can suppress the delayed flowering caused by SHORT VEGATATIVE PHASE (SVP) overexpression as well as an active FRIGIDA (FRI) allele, indicating the functional conservation of flowering regulatory circuit in different plant species. PaFT1 promoter:GUS in Arabidopsis showed similar staining pattern to that of Arabidopsis FT in the leaves and guard cells but different in the shoot apex. A genomic clone or heat shock-inducible expression of PaFT1 is sufficient to the partial complementation of the ft mutants. Remarkably, ectopic PaFT1 expression also triggers precocious heading in rice. To further demonstrate the functional conservation of the flowering regulators, we show that PaFD, a bZIP transcription factor involved in flowering promotion, interacts with PaFT1, and PaFD partially complemented Arabidopsis fd mutants. Transgenic rice expressing PaFD also flowered early with increased expression of rice homologues of APETALA1 (AP1). Consistently, PaFT1 knock-down Phalaenopsis plants generated by virus-induced gene silencing exhibit delayed spiking. These studies suggest functional conservation of FT and FD genes, which may have evolved and integrated into distinct regulatory circuits in monopodial orchids, Arabidopsis and rice that promote flowering under their own inductive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghoe Jang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County, 741, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Sang-Chul Choi
- Crop Biotechnology Center, Kyunghee University, Yongin, 446–701, Korea
| | - Hsing-Yi Li
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan County, 741, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Gynheung An
- Crop Biotechnology Center, Kyunghee University, Yongin, 446–701, Korea
| | - Elmon Schmelzer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant breeding research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
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23
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Lau SE, Schwarzacher T, Othman RY, Harikrishna JA. dsRNA silencing of an R2R3-MYB transcription factor affects flower cell shape in a Dendrobium hybrid. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:194. [PMID: 26260631 PMCID: PMC4542095 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The R2R3-MYB genes regulate pigmentation and morphogenesis of flowers, including flower and cell shape, and therefore have importance in the development of new varieties of orchids. However, new variety development is limited by the long breeding time required in orchids. In this study, we identified a cDNA, DhMYB1, that is expressed during flower development in a hybrid orchid, Dendrobium hybrida (Dendrobium bobby messina X Dendrobium chao phraya) then used the direct application of dsRNA to observe the effect of gene silencing on flower phenotype and floral epidermal cell shape. RESULTS Flower bud development in the Dendrobium hybrid was characterised into seven stages and the time of meiosis was determined as between stages 3 to 5 when the bud is approximately half of the mature size. Scanning electron microscopy characterisation of adaxial epidermal cells of the flower perianth, showed that the petals and sepals each are divided into two distinct domains based on cell shape and size, while the labellum comprises seven domains. Thirty-two partial cDNA fragments representing R2R3-MYB gene sequences were isolated from D. hybrida. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that nine of the translated sequences were clustered with MYB sequences that are known to be involved in cell shape development and from these, DhMYB1 was selected for full length cDNA cloning and functional study. Direct application of a 430 bp dsRNA from the 3' region of DhMYB1 to emerging orchid flower buds reduced expression of DhMYB1 RNA compared with untreated control. Scanning electron microscopy of adaxial epidermal cells within domain one of the labellum of flowers treated with DhMYB1 dsRNA showed flattened epidermal cells whilst those of control flowers were conical. CONCLUSIONS DhMYB1 is expressed throughout flower bud development and is involved in the development of the conical cell shape of the epidermal cells of the Dendrobium hybrida flower labellum. The direct application of dsRNA changed the phenotype of floral cells, thus, this technique may have application in floriculture biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ee Lau
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Trude Schwarzacher
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
| | - Rofina Yasmin Othman
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Jennifer Ann Harikrishna
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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24
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Hsu CC, Chen YY, Tsai WC, Chen WH, Chen HH. Three R2R3-MYB transcription factors regulate distinct floral pigmentation patterning in Phalaenopsis spp. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:175-91. [PMID: 25739699 PMCID: PMC4424010 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.254599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae are well known for their fascinating floral morphologic features, specialized pollination, and distinctive ecological strategies. With their long-lasting flowers of various colors and pigmentation patterning, Phalaenopsis spp. have become important ornamental plants worldwide. In this study, we identified three R2R3-MYB transcription factors PeMYB2, PeMYB11, and PeMYB12. Their expression profiles were concomitant with red color formation in Phalaenopsis spp. flowers. Transient assay of overexpression of three PeMYBs verified that PeMYB2 resulted in anthocyanin accumulation, and these PeMYBs could activate the expression of three downstream structural genes Phalaenopsis spp. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase5, Phalaenopsis spp. Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase1, and Phalaenopsis spp. Anthocyanidin synthase3. In addition, these three PeMYBs participated in the distinct pigmentation patterning in a single flower, which was revealed by virus-induced gene silencing. In the sepals/petals, silencing of PeMYB2, PeMYB11, and PeMYB12 resulted in the loss of the full-red pigmentation, red spots, and venation patterns, respectively. Moreover, different pigmentation patterning was regulated by PeMYBs in the sepals/petals and lip. PeMYB11 was responsive to the red spots in the callus of the lip, and PeMYB12 participated in the full pigmentation in the central lobe of the lip. The differential pigmentation patterning was validated by RNA in situ hybridization. Additional assessment was performed in six Phalaenopsis spp. cultivars with different color patterns. The combined expression of these three PeMYBs in different ratios leads to a wealth of complicated floral pigmentation patterning in Phalaenopsis spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences (C.-C.H., Y.-Y.C., H.-H.C.),Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences (W.-C.T.), andOrchid Research and Development Center (W.-C.T., W.-H.C., H.-H.C.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - You-Yi Chen
- Department of Life Sciences (C.-C.H., Y.-Y.C., H.-H.C.),Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences (W.-C.T.), andOrchid Research and Development Center (W.-C.T., W.-H.C., H.-H.C.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences (C.-C.H., Y.-Y.C., H.-H.C.),Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences (W.-C.T.), andOrchid Research and Development Center (W.-C.T., W.-H.C., H.-H.C.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Department of Life Sciences (C.-C.H., Y.-Y.C., H.-H.C.),Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences (W.-C.T.), andOrchid Research and Development Center (W.-C.T., W.-H.C., H.-H.C.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences (C.-C.H., Y.-Y.C., H.-H.C.),Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences (W.-C.T.), andOrchid Research and Development Center (W.-C.T., W.-H.C., H.-H.C.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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25
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Pan ZJ, Chen YY, Du JS, Chen YY, Chung MC, Tsai WC, Wang CN, Chen HH. Flower development of Phalaenopsis orchid involves functionally divergent SEPALLATA-like genes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1024-1042. [PMID: 24571782 PMCID: PMC4288972 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Phalaenopsis orchid produces complex flowers that are commercially valuable, which has promoted the study of its flower development. E-class MADS-box genes, SEPALLATA (SEP), combined with B-, C- and D-class MADS-box genes, are involved in various aspects of plant development, such as floral meristem determination, organ identity, fruit maturation, seed formation and plant architecture. Four SEP-like genes were cloned from Phalaenopsis orchid, and the duplicated PeSEPs were grouped into PeSEP1/3 and PeSEP2/4. All PeSEPs were expressed in all floral organs. PeSEP2 expression was detectable in vegetative tissues. The study of protein-protein interactions suggested that PeSEPs may form higher order complexes with the B-, C-, D-class and AGAMOUS LIKE6-related MADS-box proteins to determine floral organ identity. The tepal became a leaf-like organ when PeSEP3 was silenced by virus-induced silencing, with alterations in epidermis identity and contents of anthocyanin and chlorophyll. Silencing of PeSEP2 had minor effects on the floral phenotype. Silencing of the E-class genes PeSEP2 and PeSEP3 resulted in the downregulation of B-class PeMADS2-6 genes, which indicates an association of PeSEP functions and B-class gene expression. These findings reveal the important roles of PeSEP in Phalaenopsis floral organ formation throughout the developmental process by the formation of various multiple protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Jun Pan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - You-Yi Chen
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Syun Du
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yu Chen
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chu Chung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia SinicaTaipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Neng Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, 701, Taiwan
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26
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Moyle LC, Jewell CP, Kostyun JL. Fertile approaches to dissecting mechanisms of premating and postmating prezygotic reproductive isolation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 18:16-23. [PMID: 24457825 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In sexually reproducing organisms, speciation involves the evolution of mechanisms that confer reproductive isolation between diverging lineages. Here we discuss recent research on the molecular basis of traits that mediate these barriers during premating and postmating, prezygotic stages of reproduction. In some cases, the specific loci underlying the expression of reproductive barriers are known, most notably when premating isolation is due to flower color or scent differences, and when postmating isolation is due to divergent gamete signaling. In addition, emerging work in molecular biology and genomics is revealing the mechanistic basis of prezygotic reproductive traits within species, and therefore establishing clear candidates for future work examining their potential role in reproductive isolation between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie C Moyle
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Cathleen P Jewell
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jamie L Kostyun
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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27
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Hsieh MH, Pan ZJ, Yeh HH, Chen HH. Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in Phalaenopsis Orchids. Bio Protoc 2014. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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