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Asad MAU, Yan Z, Zhou L, Guan X, Cheng F. How abiotic stresses trigger sugar signaling to modulate leaf senescence? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108650. [PMID: 38653095 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Plants have evolved the adaptive capacity to mitigate the negative effect of external adversities at chemical, molecular, cellular, and physiological levels. This capacity is conferred by triggering the coordinated action of internal regulatory factors, in which sugars play an essential role in the regulating chloroplast degradation and leaf senescence under various stresses. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the senescent-associated changes in carbohydrate metabolism and its relation to chlorophyl degradation, oxidative damage, photosynthesis inhibition, programmed cell death (PCD), and sink-source relation as affected by abiotic stresses. The action of sugar signaling in regulating the initiation and progression of leaf senescence under abiotic stresses involves interactions with various plant hormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, and protein kinases. This discussion aims to elucidate the complex regulatory network and molecular mechanisms that underline sugar-induced leaf senescence in response to various abiotic stresses. The imperative role of sugar signaling in regulating plant stress responses potentially enables the production of crop plants with modified sugar metabolism. This, in turn, may facilitate the engineering of plants with improved stress responses, optimal life span and higher yield achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhmmad Asad Ullah Asad
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhang Yan
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lujian Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xianyue Guan
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fangmin Cheng
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre for Modern Crop Production Co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Saeid Nia M, Scholz L, Garibay-Hernández A, Mock HP, Repnik U, Selinski J, Krupinska K, Bilger W. How do barley plants with impaired photosynthetic light acclimation survive under high-light stress? PLANTA 2023; 258:71. [PMID: 37632541 PMCID: PMC10460368 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION WHIRLY1 deficient barley plants surviving growth at high irradiance displayed increased non-radiative energy dissipation, enhanced contents of zeaxanthin and the flavonoid lutonarin, but no changes in α-tocopherol nor glutathione. Plants are able to acclimate to environmental conditions to optimize their functions. With the exception of obligate shade plants, they can adjust their photosynthetic apparatus and the morphology and anatomy of their leaves to irradiance. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. Golden Promise) plants with reduced abundance of the protein WHIRLY1 were recently shown to be unable to acclimatise important components of the photosynthetic apparatus to high light. Nevertheless, these plants did not show symptoms of photoinhibition. High-light (HL) grown WHIRLY1 knockdown plants showed clear signs of exposure to excessive irradiance such as a low epoxidation state of the violaxanthin cycle pigments and an early light saturation of electron transport. These responses were underlined by a very large xanthophyll cycle pool size and by an increased number of plastoglobules. Whereas zeaxanthin increased with HL stress, α-tocopherol, which is another lipophilic antioxidant, showed no response to excessive light. Also the content of the hydrophilic antioxidant glutathione showed no increase in W1 plants as compared to the wild type, whereas the flavone lutonarin was induced in W1 plants. HPLC analysis of removed epidermal tissue indicated that the largest part of lutonarin was presumably located in the mesophyll. Since lutonarin is a better antioxidant than saponarin, the major flavone present in barley leaves, it is concluded that lutonarin accumulated as a response to oxidative stress. It is also concluded that zeaxanthin and lutonarin may have served as antioxidants in the WHIRLY1 knockdown plants, contributing to their survival in HL despite their restricted HL acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louis Scholz
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Adriana Garibay-Hernández
- Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Urska Repnik
- Central Microscopy, Department of Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bilger
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
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3
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Taylor RE, West CE, Foyer CH. WHIRLY protein functions in plants. Food Energy Secur 2023; 12:e379. [PMID: 38440693 PMCID: PMC10909546 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental stresses pose a significant threat to food security. Understanding the function of proteins that regulate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses is therefore pivotal in developing strategies for crop improvement. The WHIRLY (WHY) family of DNA-binding proteins are important in this regard because they fulfil a portfolio of important functions in organelles and nuclei. The WHY1 and WHY2 proteins function as transcription factors in the nucleus regulating phytohormone synthesis and associated growth and stress responses, as well as fulfilling crucial roles in DNA and RNA metabolism in plastids and mitochondria. WHY1, WHY2 (and WHY3 proteins in Arabidopsis) maintain organelle genome stability and serve as auxiliary factors for homologous recombination and double-strand break repair. Our understanding of WHY protein functions has greatly increased in recent years, as has our knowledge of the flexibility of their localization and overlap of functions but there is no review of the topic in the literature. Our aim in this review was therefore to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic, discussing WHY protein functions in nuclei and organelles and highlighting roles in plant development and stress responses. In particular, we consider areas of uncertainty such as the flexible localization of WHY proteins in terms of retrograde signalling connecting mitochondria, plastids, and the nucleus. Moreover, we identify WHY proteins as important targets in plant breeding programmes designed to increase stress tolerance and the sustainability of crop yield in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Taylor
- Faculty of Biological SciencesThe Centre for Plant SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Christopher E. West
- Faculty of Biological SciencesThe Centre for Plant SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Christine H. Foyer
- School of BiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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Ruan Q, Wang Y, Xu H, Wang B, Zhu X, Wei B, Wei X. Genome-wide identification, phylogenetic, and expression analysis under abiotic stress conditions of Whirly (WHY) gene family in Medicago sativa L. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18676. [PMID: 36333411 PMCID: PMC9636397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The WHY family is a group of plant-specific transcription factors, that can bind to single-stranded DNA molecules and play a variety of functions in plant nuclei and organelles, participating in the regulation of plant leaf senescence. It has been identified and analyzed in many species, however, the systematic identification and analysis of the WHY genes family have not yet been reported in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Therefore, to explore the function of alfalfa the WHY genes, and 10 MsWHY genes were identified and further characterized their evolutionary relationship and expression patterns by analyzing the recently published genome of alfalfa. Comprehensive analysis of the chromosome location, physicochemical properties of the protein, evolutionary relationship, conserved motifs, and responses to abiotic stresses of the WHY gene family in alfalfa using bioinformatics methods. The results showed that 10 MsWHY genes were distributed on 10 chromosomes, and collinearity analysis showed that many MsWHYs might be derived from segmental duplications, and these genes are under purifying selection. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the WHY gene family of alfalfa can be divided into four subfamilies: I-IV subfamily, and approximately all the WHY genes within the same subfamily share similar gene structures. The 10 MsWHY gene family members contained 10 motifs, of which motif 2 and motif 4 are the conserved motifs shared by these genes. Furthermore, the analysis of cis-regulatory elements indicated that regulatory elements related to transcription, cell cycle, development, hormone, and stress response are abundant in the promoter sequence of the MsWHY genes. Real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated that MsWHYs gene expression is induced by drought, salt, and methyl jasmonate. The present study serves as a basic foundation for future functional studies on the alfalfa WHY family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ruan
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Haoyu Xu
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Baoqiang Wang
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Bochuang Wei
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Xiaohong Wei
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Lanzhou, 730070 China ,Gansu Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070 China
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Krupinska K, Desel C, Frank S, Hensel G. WHIRLIES Are Multifunctional DNA-Binding Proteins With Impact on Plant Development and Stress Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:880423. [PMID: 35528945 PMCID: PMC9070903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.880423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
WHIRLIES are plant-specific proteins binding to DNA in plastids, mitochondria, and nucleus. They have been identified as significant components of nucleoids in the organelles where they regulate the structure of the nucleoids and diverse DNA-associated processes. WHIRLIES also fulfil roles in the nucleus by interacting with telomers and various transcription factors, among them members of the WRKY family. While most plants have two WHIRLY proteins, additional WHIRLY proteins evolved by gene duplication in some dicot families. All WHIRLY proteins share a conserved WHIRLY domain responsible for ssDNA binding. Structural analyses revealed that WHIRLY proteins form tetramers and higher-order complexes upon binding to DNA. An outstanding feature is the parallel localization of WHIRLY proteins in two or three cell compartments. Because they translocate from organelles to the nucleus, WHIRLY proteins are excellent candidates for transducing signals between organelles and nucleus to allow for coordinated activities of the different genomes. Developmental cues and environmental factors control the expression of WHIRLY genes. Mutants and plants with a reduced abundance of WHIRLY proteins gave insight into their multiple functionalities. In chloroplasts, a reduction of the WHIRLY level leads to changes in replication, transcription, RNA processing, and DNA repair. Furthermore, chloroplast development, ribosome formation, and photosynthesis are impaired in monocots. In mitochondria, a low level of WHIRLIES coincides with a reduced number of cristae and a low rate of respiration. The WHIRLY proteins are involved in the plants' resistance toward abiotic and biotic stress. Plants with low levels of WHIRLIES show reduced responsiveness toward diverse environmental factors, such as light and drought. Consequently, because such plants are impaired in acclimation, they accumulate reactive oxygen species under stress conditions. In contrast, several plant species overexpressing WHIRLIES were shown to have a higher resistance toward stress and pathogen attacks. By their multiple interactions with organelle proteins and nuclear transcription factors maybe a comma can be inserted here? and their participation in organelle-nucleus communication, WHIRLY proteins are proposed to serve plant development and stress resistance by coordinating processes at different levels. It is proposed that the multifunctionality of WHIRLY proteins is linked to the plasticity of land plants that develop and function in a continuously changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Desel
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susann Frank
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Centre for Plant Genome Engineering, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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6
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Saeid Nia M, Repnik U, Krupinska K, Bilger W. The plastid-nucleus localized DNA-binding protein WHIRLY1 is required for acclimation of barley leaves to high light. PLANTA 2022; 255:84. [PMID: 35279792 PMCID: PMC8918454 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In accordance with a key role of WHIRLY1 in light-acclimation mechanisms, typical features of acclimation to high light, including photosynthesis and leaf morphology, are compromised in WHIRLY1 deficient plants. Acclimation to the environment requires efficient communication between chloroplasts and the nucleus. Previous studies indicated that the plastid-nucleus located WHIRLY1 protein is required for the communication between plastids and the nucleus in situations of high light exposure. To investigate the consequences of WHIRLY1 deficiency on the light acclimation of photosynthesis and leaf anatomy, transgenic barley plants with an RNAi-mediated knockdown of HvWHIRLY1 were compared to wild-type plants when growing at low and high irradiance. While wild-type plants showed the typical light acclimation responses, i.e. higher photosynthetic capacity and thicker leaves, the WHIRLY1 deficient plants were not able to respond to differences in irradiance. The results revealed a systemic role of WHIRLY1 in light acclimation by coordinating responses at the level of the chloroplast and the level of leaf morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Urska Repnik
- Central Microscopy, Department of Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Bilger
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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7
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Oetke S, Scheidig AJ, Krupinska K. WHIRLY1 of Barley and Maize Share a PRAPP Motif Conferring Nucleoid Compaction. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:234-247. [PMID: 34792609 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
WHIRLY1 in barley was shown to be a major architect of plastid nucleoids. Its accumulation in cells of Escherichia coli coincided with an induction of nucleoid compaction and growth retardation. While WHIRLY1 of maize had similar effects on E. coli cells, WHIRLY1 proteins of Arabidopsis and potato as well as WHIRLY2 proteins had no impact on nucleoid compaction in E. coli. By mutagenesis of HvWHIRLY1 the PRAPP motif at the N-terminus preceding the highly conserved WHIRLY domain was identified to be responsible for the nucleoid compacting activity of HvWHIRLY1 in bacteria. This motif is found in WHIRLY1 proteins of most members of the Poaceae family, but neither in the WHIRLY2 proteins of the family nor in any WHIRLY protein of eudicot species such as Arabidopsis thaliana. This finding indicates that a subset of the monocot WHIRLY1 proteins has acquired a specific function as nucleoid compacters by sequence variation in the N-terminal part preceding the conserved WHIRLY domain and that in different groups of higher plants the compaction of nucleoids is mediated by other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Oetke
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 7, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Axel J Scheidig
- Institute of Zoology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 7, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 7, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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8
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Paluch-Lubawa E, Stolarska E, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E. Dark-Induced Barley Leaf Senescence - A Crop System for Studying Senescence and Autophagy Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:635619. [PMID: 33790925 PMCID: PMC8005711 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.635619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This review synthesizes knowledge on dark-induced barley, attached, leaf senescence (DILS) as a model and discusses the possibility of using this crop system for studying senescence and autophagy mechanisms. It addresses the recent progress made in our understanding of DILS. The following aspects are discussed: the importance of chloroplasts as early targets of DILS, the role of Rubisco as the largest repository of recoverable nitrogen in leaves senescing in darkness, morphological changes of these leaves other than those described for chloroplasts and metabolic modifications associated with them, DILS versus developmental leaf senescence transcriptomic differences, and finally the observation that in DILS autophagy participates in the circulation of cell components and acts as a quality control mechanism during senescence. Despite the progression of macroautophagy, the symptoms of degradation can be reversed. In the review, the question also arises how plant cells regulate stress-induced senescence via autophagy and how the function of autophagy switches between cell survival and cell death.
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Lin W, Zhang H, Huang D, Schenke D, Cai D, Wu B, Miao Y. Dual-Localized WHIRLY1 Affects Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis via Coordination of ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1, PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE1, and S-ADENOSYL-L-METHIONINE-DEPENDENT METHYLTRANSFERASE1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1884-1899. [PMID: 32900979 PMCID: PMC7723104 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) influences developmental senescence and is spatiotemporally controlled by various mechanisms, including biosynthesis, transport, and conjugate formation. Altered localization of Arabidopsis WHIRLY1 (WHY1), a repressor of leaf natural senescence, in the nucleus or chloroplast causes a perturbation in SA homeostasis, resulting in adverse plant senescence phenotypes. WHY1 loss-of-function mutation resulted in SA peaking 5 d earlier compared to wild-type plants, which accumulated SA at 42 d after germination. SA accumulation coincided with an early leaf-senescence phenotype, which could be prevented by ectopic expression of the nuclear WHY1 isoform (nWHY1). However, expressing the plastid WHY1 isoform (pWHY1) greatly enhanced cellular SA levels. Transcriptome analysis in the WHY1 loss-of-function mutant background following expression of either pWHY1 or nWHY1 indicated that hormone metabolism-related genes were most significantly altered. The pWHY1 isoform predominantly affected stress-related gene expression, whereas nWHY1 primarily controlled developmental gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR assays indicated that nWHY1 directly binds to the promoter region of isochorismate synthase1 (ICS1), thus activating its expression at later developmental stages, but that it indirectly activates S-adenosyl- l -Met-dependent methyltransferase1 (BSMT1) expression via ethylene response factor 109 (ERF109). Moreover, nWHY1 repressed expression of Phe ammonia lyase-encoding gene (PAL1) via R2R3-MYB member 15 (MYB15) during the early stages of development. Interestingly, rising SA levels exerted a feedback effect by inducing nWHY1 modification and pWHY1 accumulation. Thus, the alteration of WHY1 organelle isoforms and the feedback of SA are involved in a circularly integrated regulatory network during developmental or stress-induced senescence in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China
| | - Dirk Schenke
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Daguang Cai
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Binghua Wu
- College of Horticulture Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China
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Ostrowska-Mazurek A, Kasprzak P, Kubala S, Zaborowska M, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E. Epigenetic Landmarks of Leaf Senescence and Crop Improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145125. [PMID: 32698545 PMCID: PMC7404090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review synthesizes knowledge on epigenetic regulation of leaf senescence and discusses the possibility of using this knowledge to improve crop quality. This control level is implemented by different but interacting epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, covalent histone modifications, and non-covalent chromatin remodeling. The genetic and epigenetic changes may act alone or together and regulate the gene expression, which may result in heritable (stress memory) changes and may lead to crop survival. In the review, the question also arises whether the mitotically stable epigenetic information can be used for crop improvement. The barley crop model for early and late events of dark-induced leaf senescence (DILS), where the point of no return was defined, revealed differences in DNA and RNA modifications active in DILS compared to developmental leaf senescence. This suggests the possibility of a yet-to-be-discovered epigenetic-based switch between cell survival and cell death. Conclusions from the analyzed research contributed to the hypothesis that chromatin-remodeling mechanisms play a role in the control of induced leaf senescence. Understanding this mechanism in crops might provide a tool for further exploitation toward sustainable agriculture: so-called epibreeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ostrowska-Mazurek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (A.O.-M.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kasprzak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (A.O.-M.); (P.K.)
| | - Szymon Kubala
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Magdalena Zaborowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (A.O.-M.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-829-5892
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Bengoa Luoni S, Astigueta FH, Nicosia S, Moschen S, Fernandez P, Heinz R. Transcription Factors Associated with Leaf Senescence in Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E411. [PMID: 31614987 PMCID: PMC6843677 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a complex mechanism controlled by multiple genetic and environmental variables. Different crops present a delay in leaf senescence with an important impact on grain yield trough the maintenance of the photosynthetic leaf area during the reproductive stage. Additionally, because of the temporal gap between the onset and phenotypic detection of the senescence process, candidate genes are key tools to enable the early detection of this process. In this sense and given the importance of some transcription factors as hub genes in senescence pathways, we present a comprehensive review on senescence-associated transcription factors, in model plant species and in agronomic relevant crops. This review will contribute to the knowledge of leaf senescence process in crops, thus providing a valuable tool to assist molecular crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Bengoa Luoni
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina.
| | - Francisco H Astigueta
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina.
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina.
| | - Salvador Nicosia
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina.
- Universidad Nacional de Lujan, Cruce Rutas Nac. 5 y 7, Lujan, Buenos Aires 6700, Argentina.
| | - Sebastian Moschen
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina.
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá, Tucumán 4142, Argentina.
| | - Paula Fernandez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina.
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina.
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (INTA-CONICET), Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina.
| | - Ruth Heinz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina.
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (INTA-CONICET), Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina.
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12
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Krupinska K, Braun S, Nia MS, Schäfer A, Hensel G, Bilger W. The nucleoid-associated protein WHIRLY1 is required for the coordinate assembly of plastid and nucleus-encoded proteins during chloroplast development. PLANTA 2019; 249:1337-1347. [PMID: 30631956 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-03085-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts deficient in the major chloroplast nucleoid-associated protein WHIRLY1 have an enhanced ratio of LHCs to reaction centers, indicating that WHIRLY1 is required for a coordinate assembly of the photosynthetic apparatus during chloroplast development. Chloroplast development was found to be delayed in barley plants with an RNAi-mediated knockdown of WHIRLY1 encoding a major nucleoid-associated protein of chloroplasts. The plastids of WHIRLY1 deficient plants had a reduced ribosome content. Accordingly, plastid-encoded proteins of the photosynthetic apparatus showed delayed accumulation during chloroplast development coinciding with a delayed increase in photosystem II efficiency measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. In contrast, light harvesting complex proteins being encoded in the nucleus had a high abundance as in the wild type. The unbalanced assembly of the proteins of the photosynthetic apparatus in WHIRLY1-deficient plants coincided with the enhanced contents of chlorophyll b and xanthophylls. The lack of coordination was most obvious at the early stages of development. Overaccumulation of LHC proteins in comparison to reaction center proteins at the early stages of chloroplast development did not correlate with enhanced expression levels of the corresponding genes in the nucleus. This work revealed that WHIRLY1 does not influence LHC abundance at the transcriptional level. Rather, WHIRLY1 in association with nucleoids might play a structural role for both the assembly of ribosomes and the complexes of the photosynthetic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Susanne Braun
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Monireh Saeid Nia
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anke Schäfer
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bilger
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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13
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Krieger-Liszkay A, Krupinska K, Shimakawa G. The impact of photosynthesis on initiation of leaf senescence. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:148-164. [PMID: 30629302 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is the last stage of leaf development preceding the death of the organ, and it is important for nutrient remobilization and for feeding sink tissues. There are many reports on leaf senescence, but the mechanisms initiating leaf senescence are still poorly understood. Leaf senescence is affected by many environmental factors and seems to vary in different species and even varieties of plants, which makes it difficult to generalize the mechanism. Here, we give an overview on studies reporting about alterations in the composition of the photosynthetic electron transport chain in chloroplasts during senescence. We hypothesize that alternative electron flow and related generation of the proton motive force required for ATP synthesis become increasingly important during progression of senescence. We address the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in chloroplasts in the initiation of senescence, retrograde signaling from the chloroplast to the nucleus and ROS-dependent signaling associated with leaf senescence. Finally, a few ideas for increasing crop yields by increasing the chloroplast lifespan are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, University of Kiel, D-24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ginga Shimakawa
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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14
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Sjokvist E, Lemcke R, Kamble M, Turner F, Blaxter M, Havis NHD, Lyngkjær MF, Radutoiu S. Dissection of Ramularia Leaf Spot Disease by Integrated Analysis of Barley and Ramularia collo-cygni Transcriptome Responses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:176-193. [PMID: 30681911 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-18-0113-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ramularia leaf spot disease (RLS), caused by the ascomycete fungus Ramularia collo-cygni, has emerged as a major economic disease of barley. No substantial resistance has been identified, so far, among barley genotypes and, based on the epidemiology of the disease, a quantitative genetic determinacy of RLS has been suggested. The relative contributions of barley and R. collo-cygni genetics to disease infection and epidemiology are practically unknown. Here, we present an integrated genome-wide analysis of host and pathogen transcriptome landscapes identified in a sensitive barley cultivar following infection by an aggressive R. collo-cygni isolate. We compared transcriptional responses in the infected and noninfected leaf samples in order to identify which molecular events are associated with RLS symptom development. We found a large proportion of R. collo-cygni genes to be expressed in planta and that many were also closely associated with the infection stage. The transition from surface to apoplastic colonization was associated with downregulation of cell wall-degrading genes and upregulation of nutrient uptake and resistance to oxidative stresses. Interestingly, the production of secondary metabolites was dynamically regulated within the fungus, indicating that R. collo-cygni produces a diverse panel of toxic compounds according to the infection stage. A defense response against R. collo-cygni was identified in barley at the early, asymptomatic infection and colonization stages. We found activation of ethylene signaling, jasmonic acid signaling, and phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways to be highly induced, indicative of a classical response to necrotrophic pathogens. Disease development was found to be associated with gene expression patterns similar to those found at the onset of leaf senescence, when nutrients, possibly, are used by the infecting fungus. These analyses, combining both barley and R. collo-cygni transcript profiles, demonstrate the activation of complex transcriptional programs in both organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Sjokvist
- 1 Scotlands Rural College, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Scotland, U.K
- 2 Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, U.K
| | - Rene Lemcke
- 3 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Manoj Kamble
- 4 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 10, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Frances Turner
- 5 Edinburgh Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh; Scotland, U.K
| | - Mark Blaxter
- 2 Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, U.K
| | - Neil H D Havis
- 1 Scotlands Rural College, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Scotland, U.K
| | - Michael F Lyngkjær
- 3 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- 4 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 10, Aarhus, Denmark; and
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15
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Yolcu S, Li X, Li S, Kim YJ. Beyond the genetic code in leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:801-810. [PMID: 29253191 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is not only genetically programmed but also induced by exogenous stress to ensure completion of the plant life cycle, successful reproduction and environmental adaptability. Genetic reprogramming is a major aspect of leaf senescence, and the senescence signaling that follows is controlled by a complex regulatory network. Recent studies suggest that the activity of transcription factors together with epigenetic mechanisms ensures the robustness of this network, with the latter including chromatin remodeling, DNA modification, and RNA-mediated control of transcription factors and other senescence-associated genes. In this review, we provide an overview of the relevant epigenetic mechanisms and summarize recent findings of epigenetic regulators of plant leaf senescence involved in DNA methylation and histone modification along with the functions of small RNAs in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seher Yolcu
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shengben Li
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Ju Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea
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16
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Safavi-Rizi V, Franzaring J, Fangmeier A, Kunze R. Divergent N Deficiency-Dependent Senescence and Transcriptome Response in Developmentally Old and Young Brassica napus Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:48. [PMID: 29449851 PMCID: PMC5799827 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the spring oilseed rape (OSR) cultivar 'Mozart' grown under optimal N supply (NO) or mild N deficiency (NL) the transcriptome changes associated with progressing age until early senescence in developmentally old lower canopy leaves (leaf #4) and younger higher canopy leaves (leaf #8) were investigated. Twelve weeks old NO and NL plants appeared phenotypically and transcriptomically identical, but thereafter distinct nutrition-dependent differences in gene expression patterns in lower and upper canopy leaves emerged. In NO leaves #4 of 14-week-old compared to 13-week-old plants, ∼600 genes were up- or downregulated, whereas in NL leaves #4 ∼3000 genes were up- or downregulated. In contrast, in 15-week-old compared to 13-week-old upper canopy leaves #8 more genes were up- or downregulated in optimally N-supplied plants (∼2000 genes) than in N-depleted plants (∼750 genes). This opposing effect of N depletion on gene regulation was even more prominent among photosynthesis-related genes (PSGs). Between week 13 and 14 in leaves #4, 99 of 110 PSGs were downregulated in NL plants, but none in NO plants. In contrast, from weeks 13 to 16 in leaves #8 of NL plants only 11 PSGs were downregulated in comparison to 66 PSGs in NO plants. Different effects of N depletion in lower versus upper canopy leaves were also apparent in upregulation of autophagy genes and NAC transcription factors. More than half of the regulated NAC and WRKY transcription factor, autophagy and protease genes were specifically regulated in NL leaves #4 or NO leaves #8 and thus may contribute to differences in senescence and nutrient mobilization in these leaves. We suggest that in N-deficient plants the upper leaves retain their N resources longer than in amply fertilized plants and remobilize them only after shedding of the lower leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajiheh Safavi-Rizi
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Franzaring
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Fangmeier
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Reinhard Kunze
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Huang D, Lan W, Li D, Deng B, Lin W, Ren Y, Miao Y. WHIRLY1 Occupancy Affects Histone Lysine Modification and WRKY53 Transcription in Arabidopsis Developmental Manner. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1503. [PMID: 30405658 PMCID: PMC6202938 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs) are assumed to involve in DNA replication, DNA repairmen, and gene transcription. Here, we provide the direct evidence on the functionality of an Arabidopsis SSB, WHIRLY1, by using loss- or gain-of-function lines. We show that WHIRLY1 binding to the promoter of WRKY53 represses the enrichment of H3K4me3, but enhances the enrichment of H3K9ac at the region contained WHIRLY1-binding sequences and TATA box or the translation start region of WRKY53, coincided with a recruitment of RNAPII. In vitro ChIP assays confirm that WHIRLY1 inhibits H3K4me3 enrichment at the preinitiation complex formation stage, while promotes H3K9ac enrichment and RNAPII recruitment at the elongation stage, consequently affecting the transcription of WRKY53. These results further explore the molecular actions underlying SSB-mediated gene transcription through epigenetic regulation in plant senescence.
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18
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Huang D, Lin W, Deng B, Ren Y, Miao Y. Dual-Located WHIRLY1 Interacting with LHCA1 Alters Photochemical Activities of Photosystem I and Is Involved in Light Adaptation in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2352. [PMID: 29112140 PMCID: PMC5713321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastid-nucleus-located WHIRLY1 protein plays a role in regulating leaf senescence and is believed to associate with the increase of reactive oxygen species delivered from redox state of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. In order to make sure whether WHIRLY1 plays a role in photosynthesis, in this study, the performances of photosynthesis were detected in Arabidopsis whirly1 knockout (kowhy1) and plastid localized WHIRLY1 overexpression (oepWHY1) plants. Loss of WHIRLY1 leads to a higher photochemical quantum yield of photosystem I Y(I) and electron transport rate (ETR) and a lower non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) involved in the thermal dissipation of excitation energy of chlorophyll fluorescence than the wild type. Further analyses showed that WHIRLY1 interacts with Light-harvesting protein complex I (LHCA1) and affects the expression of genes encoding photosystem I (PSI) and light harvest complexes (LHCI). Moreover, loss of WHIRLY1 decreases chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-like complex (NDH) activity and the accumulation of NDH supercomplex. Several genes encoding the PSI-NDH complexes are also up-regulated in kowhy1 and the whirly1whirly3 double mutant (ko1/3) but steady in oepWHY1 plants. However, under high light conditions (800 μmol m-2 s-1), both kowhy1 and ko1/3 plants show lower ETR than wild-type which are contrary to that under normal light condition. Moreover, the expression of several PSI-NDH encoding genes and ERF109 which is related to jasmonate (JA) response varied in kowhy1 under different light conditions. These results indicate that WHIRLY1 is involved in the alteration of ETR by affecting the activities of PSI and supercomplex formation of PSI with LHCI or NDH and may acting as a communicator between the plastids and the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Huang
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Wenfang Lin
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ban Deng
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yujun Ren
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ying Miao
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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