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Biswal AK, Pattanayak GK, Ruhil K, Kandoi D, Mohanty SS, Leelavati S, Reddy VS, Govindjee G, Tripathy BC. Reduced expression of chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) decreases the metabolic flux for chlorophyll synthesis and downregulates photosynthesis in tobacco plants. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2024; 30:1-16. [PMID: 38435853 PMCID: PMC10901765 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Chlorophyll b is synthesized from chlorophyllide a, catalyzed by chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO). To examine whether reduced chlorophyll b content regulates chlorophyll (Chl) synthesis and photosynthesis, we raised CAO transgenic tobacco plants with antisense CAO expression, which had lower chlorophyll b content and, thus, higher Chl a/b ratio. Further, these plants had (i) lower chlorophyll b and total Chl content, whether they were grown under low or high light; (ii) decreased steady-state levels of chlorophyll biosynthetic intermediates, due, perhaps, to a feedback-controlled reduction in enzyme expressions/activities; (iii) reduced electron transport rates in their intact leaves, and reduced Photosystem (PS) I, PS II and whole chain electron transport activities in their isolated thylakoids; (iv) decreased carbon assimilation in plants grown under low or high light. We suggest that reduced synthesis of chlorophyll b by antisense expression of CAO, acting at the end of Chl biosynthesis pathway, downregulates the chlorophyll b biosynthesis, resulting in decreased Chl b, total chlorophylls and increased Chl a/b. We have previously shown that the controlled up-regulation of chlorophyll b biosynthesis and decreased Chl a/b ratio by over expression of CAO enhance the rates of electron transport and CO2 assimilation in tobacco. Conversely, our data, presented here, demonstrate that-antisense expression of CAO in tobacco, which decreases Chl b biosynthesis and increases Chl a/b ratio, leads to reduced photosynthetic electron transport and carbon assimilation rates, both under low and high light. We conclude that Chl b modulates photosynthesis; its controlled down regulation/ up regulation decreases/ increases light-harvesting, rates of electron transport, and carbon assimilation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01395-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya K. Biswal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Gopal K. Pattanayak
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Kamal Ruhil
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Deepika Kandoi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, India
| | - Sushree S. Mohanty
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Sadhu Leelavati
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Vanga S. Reddy
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Govindjee Govindjee
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, and Center of Biophysics & Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Baishnab C. Tripathy
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP 201310 India
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Zhang L, Yang C, Liu C. Revealing the significance of chlorophyll b in the moss Physcomitrium patens by knocking out two functional chlorophyllide a oxygenase. Photosynth Res 2023; 158:171-180. [PMID: 37653264 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll b (Chl b). In the moss Physcomitrium patens (P. patens), two distinct gene copies, PpCAO1 and PpCAO2, are present. In this study, we investigate the differential expression of these CAOs following light exposure after a period of darkness (24 h) and demonstrate that the accumulation of Chl b is only abolished when both genes are knocked out. In the ppcao1cao2 mutant, most of the antenna proteins associated with both photosystems (PS) I and II are absent. Despite of the existence of LHCSR proteins and zeaxanthin, the mutant exhibits minimal non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) capacity. Nevertheless, the ppcao1cao2 mutant retains a certain level of pseudo-cyclic electron transport to provide photoprotection for PSI. These findings shed light on the dual dependency of Chl b synthesis on two CAOs and highlight the distinct effects of Chl b deprival on PSI and PSII core complexes in P. patens, a model species for bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhong Yang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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El-Agamey A, Melø TB, El-Hagrasy MA, Partali V, Fukuzumi S. Carotenoid radical ions: A laser flash photolysis study. J Photochem Photobiol B 2020; 212:112023. [PMID: 32980657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Laser excitation of a single precursor, namely 2-hydroxy-4'-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone (HHEMP), has been used for generating the radical cations and radical anions of various carotenoids in methanol. In the presence of oxygen, laser excitation of HHEMP undergoes an efficient α-cleavage reaction (Norrish type I) to form acyl radicals, which react with O2, in a nearly diffusion-controlled reaction, to form their corresponding strong oxidizing acylperoxyl radicals (RO2•) (E = ~1.1 V (v SHE)), which are capable of oxidizing almost all carotenoids. Under argon-saturated conditions and in the presence of strong base (0.01 M NaOH or tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH)), the initially formed 2-hydroxy-2-propyl radical (ACH•), generated after LFP of HHEMP, is deprotonated to form the strong reducing acetone ketyl radical (AC•-) (E {acetone/ AC•-} = -2.1 V (v SHE)), which is capable of reducing all carbonyl-containing carotenoids. To validate this new proposed approach, retinal and β-apo-8'-carotenal (APO), with known spectroscopic data, were investigated in methanol, acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran (THF). In addition, the radical ions of newly investigated carotenoids, namely 4-oxo-β-apo-15'-carotenoic acid (4-oxo-15'), crocetindial, 4-oxo-β-apo-10'-carotenoic acid ethyl ester (4-oxo-10') and 4-oxo-β-apo-8'-carotenoic acid ethyl ester (4-oxo-8') have been reported. Moreover, the scope of this approach has been extended to investigate the radical ions of chlorophyll b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali El-Agamey
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Damietta, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Thor B Melø
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maha A El-Hagrasy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Vassilia Partali
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
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Rudenko NN, Fedorchuk TP, Terentyev VV, Dymova OV, Naydov IA, Golovko TK, Borisova-Mubarakshina MM, Ivanov BN. The role of carbonic anhydrase α-CA4 in the adaptive reactions of photosynthetic apparatus: the study with α-CA4 knockout plants. Protoplasma 2020; 257:489-499. [PMID: 31784823 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of α-carbonic anhydrase 4 (α-CA4) in photosynthetic machinery functioning in thylakoid membranes was studied, using Arabidopsis thaliana wild type plants (WT) and the plants with knockout of At4g20990 gene encoding α-CA4 (αCA4-mut) grown both in low light (LL, 80 μmol quanta m-2 s-1) or in high light (HL, 400 μmol quanta m-2 s-1). It was found that a content of PsbS protein, one of determinants of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, increased in mutants by 30% and 100% compared with WT plants in LL and in HL, respectively. Violaxanthin cycle pigments content and violaxanthin deepoxidase activity in HL were also higher in αCA4-mut than in WT plants. The content of PSII core protein, D1, when adapting to HL, decreased in WT plants and remained unchanged in mutants. This indicates, that the decrease in the content of Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 proteins in HL (Rudenko et al. Protoplasma 55(1):69-78, 2018) in WT plants resulted from decrease of both Photosystem II (PSII) complex content and content of these proteins in this complex, whereas in αCA4-mut plants from the latter process only. The absence of α-CA4 did not affect the rate of electron transport through Photosystem I (PSI) in thylakoids of mutant vs. WT, but led to 50-80% increase in the rate of electron transport from H2O to QA, evidencing the location of α-CA4 close to PSII. The latter difference may raise the question about its causal connection with the difference in the D1 protein content change during adapting to increased illumination in the presence and the absence of α-CA4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N Rudenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Tatyana P Fedorchuk
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Vasily V Terentyev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Olga V Dymova
- Institute of Biology, Komi Research Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, 167000, Russia
| | - Ilya A Naydov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Tamara K Golovko
- Institute of Biology, Komi Research Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, 167000, Russia
| | - Maria M Borisova-Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Boris N Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
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Krupinska K, Braun S, Nia MS, Schäfer A, Hensel G, Bilger W. The nucleoid-associated protein WHIRLY1 is required for the coordinate assembly of plastid and nucleus-encoded proteins during chloroplast development. Planta 2019; 249:1337-1347. [PMID: 30631956 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-03085-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts deficient in the major chloroplast nucleoid-associated protein WHIRLY1 have an enhanced ratio of LHCs to reaction centers, indicating that WHIRLY1 is required for a coordinate assembly of the photosynthetic apparatus during chloroplast development. Chloroplast development was found to be delayed in barley plants with an RNAi-mediated knockdown of WHIRLY1 encoding a major nucleoid-associated protein of chloroplasts. The plastids of WHIRLY1 deficient plants had a reduced ribosome content. Accordingly, plastid-encoded proteins of the photosynthetic apparatus showed delayed accumulation during chloroplast development coinciding with a delayed increase in photosystem II efficiency measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. In contrast, light harvesting complex proteins being encoded in the nucleus had a high abundance as in the wild type. The unbalanced assembly of the proteins of the photosynthetic apparatus in WHIRLY1-deficient plants coincided with the enhanced contents of chlorophyll b and xanthophylls. The lack of coordination was most obvious at the early stages of development. Overaccumulation of LHC proteins in comparison to reaction center proteins at the early stages of chloroplast development did not correlate with enhanced expression levels of the corresponding genes in the nucleus. This work revealed that WHIRLY1 does not influence LHC abundance at the transcriptional level. Rather, WHIRLY1 in association with nucleoids might play a structural role for both the assembly of ribosomes and the complexes of the photosynthetic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Susanne Braun
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Monireh Saeid Nia
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anke Schäfer
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bilger
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Koh HG, Kang NK, Jeon S, Shin SE, Jeong BR, Chang YK. Heterologous synthesis of chlorophyll b in Nannochloropsis salina enhances growth and lipid production by increasing photosynthetic efficiency. Biotechnol Biofuels 2019; 12:122. [PMID: 31114631 PMCID: PMC6515666 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorophylls play important roles in photosynthesis, and thus are critical for growth and related metabolic pathways in photosynthetic organisms. They are particularly important in microalgae, emerging as the next generation feedstock for biomass and biofuels. Nannochloropsis are industrial microalgae for these purposes, but are peculiar in that they lack accessory chlorophylls. In addition, the localization of heterologous proteins to the chloroplast of Nannochloropsis has not been fully studied, due to the secondary plastid surrounded by four membranes. This study addressed questions of correct localization and functional benefits of heterologous expression of chlorophyllide a oxygenase from Chlamydomonas (CrCAO) in Nannochloropsis. RESULTS We cloned CrCAO from Chlamydomonas, which catalyzes oxidation of Chla producing Chlb, and overexpressed it in N. salina to reveal effects of the heterologous Chlb for photosynthesis, growth, and lipid production. For correct localization of CrCAO into the secondary plastid in N. salina, we added the signal-recognition sequence and the transit peptide (cloned from an endogenous chloroplast-localized protein) to the N terminus of CrCAO. We obtained two transformants that expressed CrCAO and produced Chlb. They showed improved growth under medium light (90 μmol/m2/s) conditions, and their photosynthetic efficiency was increased compared to WT. They also showed increased expression of certain photosynthetic proteins, accompanied by an increased maximum electron-transfer rate up to 15.8% and quantum yields up to 17%, likely supporting the faster growth. This improved growth resulted in increased biomass production, and more importantly lipid productivity particularly with medium light. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated beneficial effects of heterologous expression of CrCAO in Chlb-less organism N. salina, where the newly produced Chlb enhanced photosynthesis and growth. Accordingly, transformants showed improved production of biomass and lipids, important traits of microalgae from the industrial perspectives. Our transformants are the first Nannochloropsis cells that produced Chlb in the whole evolutionary path. We also succeeded in delivering a heterologous protein into the secondary plastid for the first time in Nannochloropsis. Taken together, our data showed that manipulation of photosynthetic pigments, including Chlb, can be employed in genetic improvements of microalgae for production of biofuels and other biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Gi Koh
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kang
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Present Address: Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Seungjib Jeon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Present Address: LG Chem, 188 Munji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34122 Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-ryool Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
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Tyutereva EV, Evkaikina AI, Ivanova AN, Voitsekhovskaja OV. The absence of chlorophyll b affects lateral mobility of photosynthetic complexes and lipids in grana membranes of Arabidopsis and barley chlorina mutants. Photosynth Res 2017; 133:357-370. [PMID: 28382592 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The lateral mobility of integral components of thylakoid membranes, such as plastoquinone, xanthophylls, and pigment-protein complexes, is critical for the maintenance of efficient light harvesting, high rates of linear electron transport, and successful repair of damaged photosystem II (PSII). The packaging of the photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes in the membrane depends on their size and stereometric parameters which in turn depend on the composition of the complexes. Chlorophyll b (Chlb) is an important regulator of antenna size and composition. In this study, the lateral mobility (the mobile fraction size) of pigment-protein complexes and lipids in grana membranes was analyzed in chlorina mutants of Arabidopsis and barley lacking Chlb. In the Arabidopsis ch1-3 mutant, diffusion of membrane lipids decreased as compared to wild-type plants, but the diffusion of photosynthetic complexes was not affected. In the barley chlorina f2 3613 mutant, the diffusion of pigment-protein complexes significantly decreased, while the diffusion of lipids increased, as compared to wild-type plants. We propose that the size of the mobile fractions of pigment-protein complexes in grana membranes in vivo is higher than reported previously. The data are discussed in the context of the protein composition of antennae, characteristics of the plastoquinone pool, and production of reactive oxygen species in leaves of chlorina mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Tyutereva
- Laboratory of Plant Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Professora Popova 2, 197376, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasiia I Evkaikina
- Laboratory of Plant Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Professora Popova 2, 197376, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra N Ivanova
- Laboratory of Plant Anatomy and Morphology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Professora Popova 2, 197376, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga V Voitsekhovskaja
- Laboratory of Plant Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Professora Popova 2, 197376, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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Jia T, Ito H, Tanaka A. Simultaneous regulation of antenna size and photosystem I/II stoichiometry in Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 2016; 244:1041-1053. [PMID: 27394155 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The photosystem I/II ratio increased when antenna size was enlarged by transient induction of CAO in chlorophyll b -less mutants, thus indicating simultaneous regulation of antenna size and photosystem I/II stoichiometry. Regulation of antenna size and photosystem I/II stoichiometry is an indispensable strategy for plants to acclimate to changes to light environments. When plants grown in high-light conditions are transferred to low-light conditions, the peripheral antennae of photosystems are enlarged. A change in the photosystem I/II ratio is also observed under the same light conditions. However, our knowledge of the correlation between antenna size modulation and variation in photosystem I/II stoichiometry remains limited. In this study, chlorophyll a oxygenase was transiently induced in Arabidopsis thaliana chlorophyll b-less mutants, ch1-1, to alter the antenna size without changing environmental conditions. In addition to the accumulation of chlorophyll b, the levels of the peripheral antenna complexes of both photosystems gradually increased, and these were assembled to the core antenna of both photosystems. However, the antenna size of photosystem II was greater than that of photosystem I. Immunoblot analysis of core antenna proteins showed that the number of photosystem I increased, but not that of photosystem II, resulting in an increase in the photosystem I/II ratio. These results clearly indicate that antenna size adjustment was coupled with changes in photosystem I/II stoichiometry. Based on these results, the physiological importance of simultaneous regulation of antenna size and photosystem I/II stoichiometry is discussed in relation to acclimation to light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jia
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ito
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, N19 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, N19 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
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Dhanapal AP, Ray JD, Singh SK, Hoyos-Villegas V, Smith JR, Purcell LC, Fritschi FB. Genome-wide association mapping of soybean chlorophyll traits based on canopy spectral reflectance and leaf extracts. BMC Plant Biol 2016; 16:174. [PMID: 27488358 PMCID: PMC4973047 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorophyll is a major component of chloroplasts and a better understanding of the genetic basis of chlorophyll in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] might contribute to improving photosynthetic capacity and yield in regions with adverse environmental conditions. A collection of 332 diverse soybean genotypes were grown in 2 years (2009 and 2010) and chlorophyll a (eChl_A), chlorophyll b (eChl_B), and total chlorophyll (eChl_T) content as well as chlorophyll a/b ratio (eChl_R) in leaf tissues were determined by extraction and spectrometric determination. Total chlorophyll was also derived from canopy spectral reflectance measurements using a model of wavelet transformed spectra (tChl_T) as well as with a spectral reflectance index (iChl_T). RESULTS A genome-wide associating mapping approach was employed using 31,253 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify loci associated with the extract based eChl_A, eChl_B, eChl_R and eChl_T measurements and the two canopy spectral reflectance-based methods (tChl_T and iChl_T). A total of 23 (14 loci), 15 (7 loci) and 14 SNPs (10 loci) showed significant association with eChl_A, eChl_B and eChl_R respectively. A total of 52 unique SNPs were significantly associated with total chlorophyll content based on at least one of the three approaches (eChl_T, tChl_T and iChl_T) and likely tagged 27 putative loci for total chlorophyll content, four of which were indicated by all three approaches. CONCLUSIONS Results presented here show that markers for chlorophyll traits can be identified in soybean using both extract-based and canopy spectral reflectance-based phenotypes, and confirm that high-throughput phenotyping-amenable canopy spectral reflectance measurements can be used for association mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffery D. Ray
- Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA
| | | | | | - James R. Smith
- Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA
| | - Larry C. Purcell
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA
| | - Felix B. Fritschi
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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Yang Y, Xu J, Huang L, Leng Y, Dai L, Rao Y, Chen L, Wang Y, Tu Z, Hu J, Ren D, Zhang G, Zhu L, Guo L, Qian Q, Zeng D. PGL, encoding chlorophyllide a oxygenase 1, impacts leaf senescence and indirectly affects grain yield and quality in rice. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:1297-310. [PMID: 26709310 PMCID: PMC4762379 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) b is a ubiquitous accessory pigment in land plants, green algae, and prochlorophytes. This pigment is synthesized from Chl a by chlorophyllide a oxygenase and plays a key role in adaptation to various environments. This study characterizes a rice mutant, pale green leaf (pgl), and isolates the gene PGL by using a map-based cloning approach. PGL, encoding chlorophyllide a oxygenase 1, is mainly expressed in the chlorenchyma and activated in the light-dependent Chl synthesis process. Compared with wild-type plants, pgl exhibits a lower Chl content with a reduced and disorderly thylakoid ultrastructure, which decreases the photosynthesis rate and results in reduced grain yield and quality. In addition, pgl exhibits premature senescence in both natural and dark-induced conditions and more severe Chl degradation and reactive oxygen species accumulation than does the wild-type. Moreover, pgl is sensitive to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yujia Leng
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liping Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuchun Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengjun Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
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Voitsekhovskaja OV, Tyutereva EV. Chlorophyll b in angiosperms: Functions in photosynthesis, signaling and ontogenetic regulation. J Plant Physiol 2015; 189:51-64. [PMID: 26513460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll b (Chlb) is an antenna chlorophyll. The binding of Chlb by antenna proteins is crucial for the correct assembly of the antenna complexes in thylakoid membranes. Since the levels of the proteins of major and minor antenna are affected to different extents by Chlb binding, the availability of Chlb influences the composition and the size of antenna complexes which in turn determine the supramolecular organization of the thylakoid membranes in grana. Therefore, Chlb synthesis levels have a major impact on lateral mobility and diffusion of membrane molecules, and thus affect not only light harvesting and thermal energy dissipation processes, but also linear electron transport and repair processes in grana. Furthermore, in angiosperms Chlb synthesis affects plant functions beyond chloroplasts. First, the stability of pigment-protein complexes in the antennae, which depends on Chlb, is an important factor in the regulation of plant ontogenesis, and Chlb levels were recently shown to influence plant ontogenetic signaling. Second, the amounts of minor antenna proteins in chloroplasts, which depend on the availability of Chlb, were recently shown to affect ABA levels and signaling in plants. These mechanisms can be examined in mutants where Chlb synthesis is reduced or abolished. The dramatic effects caused by the lack of Chlb on plant productivity are interpreted in this review in light of the pleiotropic effects on photosynthesis and signaling, and the potential to manipulate Chlb biosynthesis for the improvement of crop production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Voitsekhovskaja
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Plant Ecological Physiology, ul. Professora Popova, 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - E V Tyutereva
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Plant Ecological Physiology, ul. Professora Popova, 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Araki M, Akimoto S, Mimuro M, Tsuchiya T. Artificially acquired chlorophyll b is highly acceptable to the thylakoid-lacking cyanobacterium, Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421. Plant Physiol Biochem 2014; 81:155-162. [PMID: 24508456 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Unicellular cyanobacterium Gloeobacter violaceus is an only known oxygenic photosynthetic organism that lacks thylakoid membrane. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that G. violaceus is an early-branching cyanobacterium within cyanobacterial clade. Therefore, the photosynthetic system of G. violaceus is considered to be partly similar to that of the ancestral cyanobacteria that would lack thylakoid membrane. G. violaceus possesses chlorophyll (Chl) a as the only chlorophyll species like most cyanobacteria. It was proposed that the ancestral oxygenic photosynthetic organism had not only Chl a and phycobilins but also Chl b. However, no organism which contains both Chl a and Chl b and lacks thylakoid membrane has been found in nature. Therefore, we introduced the chlorophyllide a oxygenase gene responsible for Chl b biosynthesis into G. violaceus. In the resultant transformant, Chl b accumulated at approximately 11% of total Chl independent of growth phase. Photosystem I complexes isolated from the transformant contained Chl b at 9.9% of total Chl. The presence of Chl b in the photosystem I complexes did not inhibit trimer formation. Furthermore, time-resolved fluorescence spectrum demonstrated that Chl b transferred energy to Chl a in the photosystem I complexes and did not disturb the energy transfer among the Chl a molecules. These results show that G. violaceus is tolerant to artificially produced Chl b and suggest the flexibility of photosystem for Chl composition in the ancestral oxygenic photosynthetic organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Araki
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Seiji Akimoto
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mamoru Mimuro
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tohru Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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