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Göz M, Pohl G, Steinecker SM, Walhorn V, Milting H, Anselmetti D. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy-related cadherin variants affect desmosomal binding kinetics. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 195:36-44. [PMID: 39079569 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Cadherins are calcium dependent adhesion proteins that establish and maintain the intercellular mechanical contact by bridging the gap between adjacent cells. Desmoglein-2 (Dsg2) and desmocollin-2 (Dsc2) are tissue specific cadherin isoforms of the cell-cell contact in cardiac desmosomes. Mutations in the DSG2-gene and in the DSC2-gene are related to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) a rare but severe heart muscle disease. Here, several possible homophilic and heterophilic binding interactions of wild-type Dsg2, wild-type Dsc2, as well as one Dsg2- and two Dsc2-variants, each associated with ARVC, are investigated. Using single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and applying Jarzynski's equality the kinetics and thermodynamics of Dsg2/Dsc2 interaction can be determined. The free energy landscape of Dsg2/Dsc2 dimerization exposes a high activation energy barrier, which is in line with the proposed strand-swapping binding motif. Although the binding motif is not affected by any of the mutations, the binding kinetics of the interactions differ significantly from the wild-type. While wild-type cadherins exhibit an average complex lifetime of approx. 0.3 s interactions involving a variant consistently show - lifetimes that are substantially larger. The lifetimes of the wild-type interactions give rise to the picture of a dynamic adhesion interface consisting of continuously dissociating and (re)associating molecular bonds, while the delayed binding kinetics of interactions involving an ARVC-associated variant might be part of the pathogenesis. Our data provide a comprehensive and consistent thermodynamic and kinetic description of cardiac cadherin binding, allowing detailed insight into the molecular mechanisms of cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Göz
- Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Greta Pohl
- Erich & Hanna Klessmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Development, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstraße 11, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Sylvia M Steinecker
- Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker Walhorn
- Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Erich & Hanna Klessmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Development, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstraße 11, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld, Germany
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2
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Early evolution of enamel matrix proteins is reflected by pleiotropy of physiological functions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1471. [PMID: 36702824 PMCID: PMC9879986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly specialized enamel matrix proteins (EMPs) are predominantly expressed in odontogenic tissues and diverged from common ancestral gene. They are crucial for the maturation of enamel and its extreme complexity in multiple independent lineages. However, divergence of EMPs occured already before the true enamel evolved and their conservancy in toothless species suggests that non-canonical functions are still under natural selection. To elucidate this hypothesis, we carried out an unbiased, comprehensive phenotyping and employed data from the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium to show functional pleiotropy of amelogenin, ameloblastin, amelotin, and enamelin, genes, i.e. in sensory function, skeletal morphology, cardiovascular function, metabolism, immune system screen, behavior, reproduction, and respiratory function. Mice in all KO mutant lines, i.e. amelogenin KO, ameloblastin KO, amelotin KO, and enamelin KO, as well as mice from the lineage with monomeric form of ameloblastin were affected in multiple physiological systems. Evolutionary conserved motifs and functional pleiotropy support the hypothesis of role of EMPs as general physiological regulators. These findings illustrate how their non-canonical function can still effect the fitness of modern species by an example of influence of amelogenin and ameloblastin on the bone physiology.
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3
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Willaert RG, Kayacan Y, Devreese B. The Flo Adhesin Family. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111397. [PMID: 34832553 PMCID: PMC8621652 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step in the infection of fungal pathogens in humans is the adhesion of the pathogen to host tissue cells or abiotic surfaces such as catheters and implants. One of the main players involved in this are the expressed cell wall adhesins. Here, we review the Flo adhesin family and their involvement in the adhesion of these yeasts during human infections. Firstly, we redefined the Flo adhesin family based on the domain architectures that are present in the Flo adhesins and their functions, and set up a new classification of Flo adhesins. Next, the structure, function, and adhesion mechanisms of the Flo adhesins whose structure has been solved are discussed in detail. Finally, we identified from Pfam database datamining yeasts that could express Flo adhesins and are encountered in human infections and their adhesin architectures. These yeasts are discussed in relation to their adhesion characteristics and involvement in infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie G. Willaert
- Research Group Structural Biology Brussels (SBB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2629-1846
| | - Yeseren Kayacan
- Research Group Structural Biology Brussels (SBB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bart Devreese
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Gent University (UGent), 9000 Gent, Belgium
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4
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Grob M, Anselmetti D, Fernàndez-Busquets X. In memory of Max Burger. J Cell Biochem 2021. [PMID: 33955584 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Grob
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Novartis International AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Experimental Biophysics & Applied Nanoscience, Bielefeld Institute for NanoScience (BINAS), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Characterization of AMBN I and II Isoforms and Study of Their Ca 2+-Binding Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239293. [PMID: 33291486 PMCID: PMC7730623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ameloblastin (Ambn) as an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) stands for an important role in the formation of enamel—the hardest biomineralized tissue commonly formed in vertebrates. The human ameloblastin (AMBN) is expressed in two isoforms: full-length isoform I (AMBN ISO I) and isoform II (AMBN ISO II), which is about 15 amino acid residues shorter than AMBN ISO I. The significant feature of AMBN—its oligomerization ability—is enabled due to a specific sequence encoded by exon 5 present at the N-terminal part in both known isoforms. In this study, we characterized AMBN ISO I and AMBN ISO II by biochemical and biophysical methods to determine their common features and differences. We confirmed that both AMBN ISO I and AMBN ISO II form oligomers in in vitro conditions. Due to an important role of AMBN in biomineralization, we further addressed the calcium (Ca2+)-binding properties of AMBN ISO I and ISO II. The binding properties of AMBN to Ca2+ may explain the role of AMBN in biomineralization and more generally in Ca2+ homeostasis processes.
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Silva-Filho JC, Melo CGFD, Oliveira JLD. The influence of ABO blood groups on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: A molecular hypothesis based on carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110155. [PMID: 33254482 PMCID: PMC7395945 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The world is experiencing one of the most difficult moments in history with the COVID-19 pandemic, a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a new type of coronavirus. Virus infectivity is mediated by the binding of Spike transmembrane glycoprotein to specific protein receptors present on cell host surface. Spike is a homotrimer that emerges from the virion, each monomer containing two subunits named S1 and S2, which are related to cell recognition and membrane fusion, respectively. S1 is subdivided in domains S1A (or NTD) and S1B (or RBD), with experimental and in silico studies suggesting that the former binds to sialic acid-containing glycoproteins, such as CD147, whereas the latter binds to ACE2 receptor. Recent findings indicate that the ABO blood system modulates susceptibility and progression of infection, with type-A individuals being more susceptible to infection and/or manifestation of a severe condition. Seeking to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this susceptibility, we carried out an extensive bibliographic survey on the subject. Based on this survey, we hypothesize that the correlation between the ABO blood system and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection can be presumably explained by the modulation of sialic acid-containing receptors distribution on host cell surface induced by ABO antigens through carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions, which could maximize or minimize the virus Spike protein binding to the host cell. This model could explain previous sparse observations on the molecular mechanism of infection and can direct future research to better understand of COVID-19 pathophysiology.
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Gonçalves AP, Heller J, Rico-Ramírez AM, Daskalov A, Rosenfield G, Glass NL. Conflict, Competition, and Cooperation Regulate Social Interactions in Filamentous Fungi. Annu Rev Microbiol 2020; 74:693-712. [PMID: 32689913 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-012420-080905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Social cooperation impacts the development and survival of species. In higher taxa, kin recognition occurs via visual, chemical, or tactile cues that dictate cooperative versus competitive interactions. In microbes, the outcome of cooperative versus competitive interactions is conferred by identity at allorecognition loci, so-called kind recognition. In syncytial filamentous fungi, the acquisition of multicellularity is associated with somatic cell fusion within and between colonies. However, such intraspecific cooperation entails risks, as fusion can transmit deleterious genotypes or infectious components that reduce fitness, or give rise to cheaters that can exploit communal goods without contributing to their production. Allorecognition mechanisms in syncytial fungi regulate somatic cell fusion by operating precontact during chemotropic interactions, during cell adherence, and postfusion by triggering programmed cell death reactions. Alleles at fungal allorecognition loci are highly polymorphic, fall into distinct haplogroups, and show evolutionary signatures of balancing selection, similar to allorecognition loci across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pedro Gonçalves
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Current Affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jens Heller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Current Affiliation: Perfect Day, Inc., Emeryville, California 94608, USA
| | - Adriana M Rico-Ramírez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Asen Daskalov
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Current Affiliation: Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Gabriel Rosenfield
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Current Affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - N Louise Glass
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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8
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Cell Communication-mediated Nonself-Recognition and -Intolerance in Representative Species of the Animal Kingdom. J Mol Evol 2020; 88:482-500. [PMID: 32572694 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-020-09955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Why has histo-incompatibility arisen in evolution and can cause self-intolerance? Compatible/incompatible reactions following natural contacts between genetically-different (allogeneic) colonies of marine organisms have inspired the conception that self-nonself discrimination has developed to reduce invasion threats by migratory foreign germ/somatic stem cells, in extreme cases resulting in conquest of the whole body by a foreign genome. Two prominent model species for allogeneic discrimination are the marine invertebrates Hydractinia (Cnidaria) and Botryllus (Ascidiacea). In Hydractinia, self-nonself recognition is based on polymorphic surface markers encoded by two genes (alr1, alr2), with self recognition enabled by homophilic binding of identical ALR molecules. Variable expression patterns of alr alleles presumably account for the first paradigm of autoaggression in an invertebrate. In Botryllus, self-nonself recognition is controlled by a single polymorphic gene locus (BHF) with hundreds of codominantly expressed alleles. Fusion occurs when both partners share at least one BHF allele while rejection develops when no allele is shared. Molecules involved in allorecognition frequently contain immunoglobulin or Ig-like motifs, case-by-case supplemented by additional molecules enabling homophilic interaction, while the mechanisms applied to destroy allogeneic grafts or neighbors include taxon-specific tools besides common facilities of natural immunity. The review encompasses comparison with allorecognition in mammals based on MHC-polymorphism in transplantation and following feto-maternal cell trafficking.
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9
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Vilanova E, Ciodaro PJ, Bezerra FF, Santos GRC, Valle-Delgado JJ, Anselmetti D, Fernàndez-Busquets X, Mourão PAS. Adhesion of freshwater sponge cells mediated by carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions requires low environmental calcium. Glycobiology 2020; 30:710-721. [PMID: 32080706 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine ancestors of freshwater sponges had to undergo a series of physiological adaptations to colonize harsh and heterogeneous limnic environments. Besides reduced salinity, river-lake systems also have calcium concentrations far lower than seawater. Cell adhesion in sponges is mediated by calcium-dependent multivalent self-interactions of sulfated polysaccharide components of membrane-bound proteoglycans named aggregation factors. Cells of marine sponges require seawater average calcium concentration (10 mM) to sustain adhesion promoted by aggregation factors. We demonstrate here that the freshwater sponge Spongilla alba can thrive in a calcium-poor aquatic environment and that their cells are able to aggregate and form primmorphs with calcium concentrations 40-fold lower than that required by marine sponges cells. We also find that their gemmules need calcium and other micronutrients to hatch and generate new sponges. The sulfated polysaccharide purified from S. alba has sulfate content and molecular size notably lower than those from marine sponges. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses indicated that it is composed of a central backbone of non- and 2-sulfated α- and β-glucose units decorated with branches of α-glucose. Assessments with atomic force microscopy/single-molecule force spectroscopy show that S. alba glucan requires 10-fold less calcium than sulfated polysaccharides from marine sponges to self-interact efficiently. Such an ability to retain multicellular morphology with low environmental calcium must have been a crucial evolutionary step for freshwater sponges to successfully colonize inland waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Vilanova
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Priscilla J Ciodaro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Francisco F Bezerra
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R C Santos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Juan J Valle-Delgado
- Departament of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona ES-08036, Spain.,Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona ES-08028, Spain
| | - Paulo A S Mourão
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
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Allorecognition upon Fungal Cell-Cell Contact Determines Social Cooperation and Impacts the Acquisition of Multicellularity. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3006-3017.e3. [PMID: 31474536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cell fusion and conspecific cooperation are crucial social traits for microbial unicellular-to-multicellular transitions, colony expansion, and substrate foraging but are also associated with risks of parasitism. We identified a cell wall remodeling (cwr) checkpoint that acts upon cell contact to assess genetic compatibility and regulate cell wall dissolution during somatic cell fusion in a wild population of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. Non-allelic interactions between two linked loci, cwr-1 and cwr-2, were necessary and sufficient to block cell fusion: cwr-1 encodes a polysaccharide monooxygenase (PMO), a class of enzymes associated with extracellular degradative capacities, and cwr-2 encodes a predicted transmembrane protein. Mutations of sites in CWR-1 essential for PMO catalytic activity abolished the block in cell fusion between formerly incompatible strains. In Neurospora, alleles cwr-1 and cwr-2 were highly polymorphic, fell into distinct haplogroups, and showed trans-species polymorphisms. Distinct haplogroups and trans-species polymorphisms at cwr-1 and cwr-2 were also identified in the distantly related genus Fusarium, suggesting convergent evolution. Proteins involved in chemotropic processes showed extended localization at contact sites, suggesting that cwr regulates the transition between chemotropic growth and cell wall dissolution. Our work revealed an allorecognition surveillance system based on kind discrimination that inhibits cooperative behavior in fungi by blocking cell fusion upon contact, contributing to fungal immunity by preventing formation of chimeras between genetically non-identical colonies.
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11
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Abeyratne-Perera HK, Ogharandukun E, Chandran PL. Complex-type N-glycans on VSV-G pseudotyped HIV exhibit 'tough' sialic and 'brittle' mannose self-adhesions. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4525-4540. [PMID: 31099376 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00579j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The complex-type glycan shields of eukaryotic cells have a core layer of mannose residues buried under tiers of sugars that end with sialic acid (SA) residues. We investigate if the self-latching of mannose residues, earlier reported in pure monolayer studies, also manifests in the setting of a complex-type glycan shield. Would distal SA residues impede access to the mannose core? The interactions of mannobiose-, SA-, and lactose-coated probes with the complex-type VSV-G glycan shield on an HIV pseudovirus were studied with force-spectroscopy and gold-nanoparticle solutions. In force spectroscopy, the sugar probes can be forced to sample the depths of the glycan shield, whereas with sugar-coated nanoparticles, only interactions permitted by freely-diffusive contact occur. Deep-indentation mechanics was performed to verify the inferred structure of the engineered virus and to isolate the glycan shield layer for subsequent interaction studies. The adhesion between the sugar-probes and complex-type glycan shield was deconvoluted by comparing against the cross- and self- adhesions between the sugars in pure monolayers. Results from complementing systems were consistent with mannobiose-coated probes latching to the mannose core in the glycan shield, unhindered by the SA and distal sugars, with a short-range 'brittle' release of adhesion resulting in tightly coated viruses. SA-Coated probes, however, adhere to the terminal SA layer of a glycan shield with long-range and mechanically 'tough' adhesions resulting in large-scale virus aggregation. Lactose-coated probes exhibit ill-defined adherence to sialic residues. The selection and positioning of sugars within a glycan shield can influence how carbohydrate surfaces of different composition adhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashanthi K Abeyratne-Perera
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, College of Medicine, 1011 LK Downing Hall 2300 6th Street, NW, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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12
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Willaert RG. Adhesins of Yeasts: Protein Structure and Interactions. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040119. [PMID: 30373267 PMCID: PMC6308950 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of yeast cells to adhere to other cells or substrates is crucial for many yeasts. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can switch from a unicellular lifestyle to a multicellular one. A crucial step in multicellular lifestyle adaptation is self-recognition, self-interaction, and adhesion to abiotic surfaces. Infectious yeast diseases such as candidiasis are initiated by the adhesion of the yeast cells to host cells. Adhesion is accomplished by adhesin proteins that are attached to the cell wall and stick out to interact with other cells or substrates. Protein structures give detailed insights into the molecular mechanism of adhesin-ligand interaction. Currently, only the structures of a very limited number of N-terminal adhesion domains of adhesins have been solved. Therefore, this review focuses on these adhesin protein families. The protein architectures, protein structures, and ligand interactions of the flocculation protein family of S. cerevisiae; the epithelial adhesion family of C. glabrata; and the agglutinin-like sequence protein family of C. albicans are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie G Willaert
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), IJRG VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Research Group Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
- Department Bioscience Engineering, University Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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13
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Grice LF, Gauthier ME, Roper KE, Fernàndez-Busquets X, Degnan SM, Degnan BM. Origin and Evolution of the Sponge Aggregation Factor Gene Family. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34:1083-1099. [PMID: 28104746 PMCID: PMC5400394 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although discriminating self from nonself is a cardinal animal trait, metazoan allorecognition genes do not appear to be homologous. Here, we characterize the Aggregation Factor (AF) gene family, which encodes putative allorecognition factors in the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica, and trace its evolution across 24 sponge (Porifera) species. The AF locus in Amphimedon is comprised of a cluster of five similar genes that encode Calx-beta and Von Willebrand domains and a newly defined Wreath domain, and are highly polymorphic. Further AF variance appears to be generated through individualistic patterns of RNA editing. The AF gene family varies between poriferans, with protein sequences and domains diagnostic of the AF family being present in Amphimedon and other demosponges, but absent from other sponge classes. Within the demosponges, AFs vary widely with no two species having the same AF repertoire or domain organization. The evolution of AFs suggests that their diversification occurs via high allelism, and the continual and rapid gain, loss and shuffling of domains over evolutionary time. Given the marked differences in metazoan allorecognition genes, we propose the rapid evolution of AFs in sponges provides a model for understanding the extensive diversification of self-nonself recognition systems in the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F. Grice
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marie E.A. Gauthier
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kathrein E. Roper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandie M. Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bernard M. Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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14
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Hadjialirezaei S, Picco G, Beatson R, Burchell J, Stokke BT, Sletmoen M. Interactions between the breast cancer-associated MUC1 mucins and C-type lectin characterized by optical tweezers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175323. [PMID: 28414807 PMCID: PMC5393574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate–protein interactions govern many crucial processes in biological systems including cell recognition events. We have used the sensitive force probe optical tweezers to quantify the interactions occurring between MGL lectins and MUC1 carrying the cancer-associated glycan antigens mucins Tn and STn. Unbinding forces of 7.6±1.1 pN and 7.1±1.1 pN were determined for the MUC1(Tn)—MGL and MUC1(STn)—MGL interactions, at a force loading rate of ~40 pN/s. The interaction strength increased with increasing force loading rate, to 27.1±4.4 and 36.9±3.6 pN at a force loading rate of ~ 310 pN/s. No interactions were detected between MGL and MUC1(ST), a glycoform of MUC1 also expressed by breast carcinoma cells. Interestingly, this glycan (ST) can be found on proteins expressed by normal cells, although in this case not on MUC1. Additionally, GalNAc decorated polyethylene glycol displayed similar rupture forces as observed for MUC1(Tn) and MUC1(STn) when forced to unbind from MGL, indicating that GalNAc is an essential group in these interactions. Since the STn glycan decoration is more frequently found on the surface of carcinomas than the Tn glycan, the binding of MUC1 carrying STn to MGL may be more physiologically relevant and may be in part responsible for some of the characteristics of STn expressing tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soosan Hadjialirezaei
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gianfranco Picco
- Breast Cancer Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Beatson
- Breast Cancer Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Burchell
- Breast Cancer Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bjørn Torger Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit Sletmoen
- Department of Biotechnology, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
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15
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Witt H, Savić F, Oelkers M, Awan SI, Werz DB, Geil B, Janshoff A. Size, Kinetics, and Free Energy of Clusters Formed by Ultraweak Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Bonds. Biophys J 2016; 110:1582-1592. [PMID: 27074683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Weak noncovalent intermolecular interactions play a pivotal role in many biological processes such as cell adhesion or immunology, where the overall binding strength is controlled through bond association and dissociation dynamics as well as the cooperative action of many parallel bonds. Among the various molecules participating in weak bonds, carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions are probably the most ancient ones allowing individual cells to reversibly enter the multicellular state and to tell apart self and nonself cells. Here, we scrutinized the kinetics and thermodynamics of small homomeric Lewis X-Lewis X ensembles formed in the contact zone of a membrane-coated colloidal probe and a solid supported membrane ensuring minimal nonspecific background interactions. We used an atomic force microscope to measure force distance curves at Piconewton resolution, which allowed us to measure the force due to unbinding of the colloidal probe and the planar membrane as a function of contact time. Applying a contact model, we could estimate the free binding energy of the formed adhesion cluster as a function of dwell time and thereby determine the precise size of the contact zone, the number of participating bonds, and the intrinsic rates of association and dissociation in the presence of calcium ions. The unbinding energy per bond was found to be on the order of 1 kBT. Approximately 30 bonds were opened simultaneously at an off-rate of koff = 7 ± 0.2 s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Witt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Filip Savić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marieelen Oelkers
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shahid I Awan
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Burkhard Geil
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Janshoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany.
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16
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Newman SA. 'Biogeneric' developmental processes: drivers of major transitions in animal evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150443. [PMID: 27431521 PMCID: PMC4958937 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using three examples drawn from animal systems, I advance the hypothesis that major transitions in multicellular evolution often involved the constitution of new cell-based materials with unprecedented morphogenetic capabilities. I term the materials and formative processes that arise when highly evolved cells are incorporated into mesoscale matter 'biogeneric', to reflect their commonality with, and distinctiveness from, the organizational properties of non-living materials. The first transition arose by the innovation of classical cell-adhesive cadherins with transmembrane linkage to the cytoskeleton and the appearance of the morphogen Wnt, transforming some ancestral unicellular holozoans into 'liquid tissues', and thereby originating the metazoans. The second transition involved the new capabilities, within a basal metazoan population, of producing a mechanically stable basal lamina, and of planar cell polarization. This gave rise to the eumetazoans, initially diploblastic (two-layered) forms, and then with the addition of extracellular matrices promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, three-layered triploblasts. The last example is the fin-to-limb transition. Here, the components of a molecular network that promoted the development of species-idiosyncratic endoskeletal elements in gnathostome ancestors are proposed to have evolved to a dynamical regime in which they constituted a Turing-type reaction-diffusion system capable of organizing the stereotypical arrays of elements of lobe-finned fish and tetrapods. The contrasting implications of the biogeneric materials-based and neo-Darwinian perspectives for understanding major evolutionary transitions are discussed.This article is part of the themed issue 'The major synthetic evolutionary transitions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Newman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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17
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Vilanova E, Santos GRC, Aquino RS, Valle-Delgado JJ, Anselmetti D, Fernàndez-Busquets X, Mourão PAS. Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Interactions Mediated by Sulfate Esters and Calcium Provide the Cell Adhesion Required for the Emergence of Early Metazoans. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9425-37. [PMID: 26917726 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Early metazoans had to evolve the first cell adhesion mechanism addressed to maintain a distinctive multicellular morphology. As the oldest extant animals, sponges are good candidates for possessing remnants of the molecules responsible for this crucial evolutionary innovation. Cell adhesion in sponges is mediated by the calcium-dependent multivalent self-interactions of sulfated polysaccharides components of extracellular membrane-bound proteoglycans, namely aggregation factors. Here, we used atomic force microscopy to demonstrate that the aggregation factor of the sponge Desmapsamma anchorata has a circular supramolecular structure and that it thus belongs to the spongican family. Its sulfated polysaccharide units, which were characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, consist preponderantly of a central backbone composed of 3-α-Glc1 units partially sulfated at 2- and 4-positions and branches of Pyr(4,6)α-Gal1→3-α-Fuc2(SO3)1→3-α-Glc4(SO3)1→3-α-Glc→4-linked to the central α-Glc units. Single-molecule force measurements of self-binding forces of this sulfated polysaccharide and their chemically desulfated and carboxyl-reduced derivatives revealed that the sulfate epitopes and extracellular calcium are essential for providing the strength and stability necessary to sustain cell adhesion in sponges. We further discuss these findings within the framework of the role of molecular structures in the early evolution of metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Vilanova
- From the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R C Santos
- From the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Aquino
- From the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Juan J Valle-Delgado
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona 08028, Spain, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain, and
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona 08028, Spain, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain, and
| | - Paulo A S Mourão
- From the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil,
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18
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Transcriptome Changes during the Life Cycle of the Red Sponge, Mycale phyllophila (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Genes (Basel) 2015; 6:1023-52. [PMID: 26492274 PMCID: PMC4690027 DOI: 10.3390/genes6041023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sponges are an ancient metazoan group with broad ecological, evolutionary, and biotechnological importance. As in other marine invertebrates with a biphasic life cycle, the developing sponge undergoes a significant morphological, physiological, and ecological transformation during settlement and metamorphosis. In this study, we compare new transcriptome datasets for three life cycle stages of the red sponge (Mycale phyllophila) to test whether gene expression (as in the model poriferan, Amphimedon queenslandica) also varies more after settlement and metamorphosis. In contrast to A. queenslandica, we find that the transcriptome of M. phyllophila changes more during the earlier pre-competent larva/post-larva transition that spans these defining events. We also find that this transition is marked by a greater frequency of significantly up-regulated Gene Ontology terms including those for morphogenesis, differentiation, and development and that the transcriptomes of its pre-competent larvae and adult are distinct. The life cycle transcriptome variation between M. phyllophila and A. queenslandica may be due to their long separate evolutionary histories and corresponding differences in developmental rates and timing. This study now calls for new transcriptome datasets of M. phyllophila and other sponges, which will allow for tests of the generality of our life cycle expression differences and for the greater exploitation of poriferans in both basic and applied research.
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Molecular mechanism of flocculation self-recognition in yeast and its role in mating and survival. mBio 2015; 6:mBio.00427-15. [PMID: 25873380 PMCID: PMC4453552 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00427-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the flocculation mechanism at the molecular level by determining the atomic structures of N-Flo1p and N-Lg-Flo1p in complex with their ligands. We show that they have similar ligand binding mechanisms but distinct carbohydrate specificities and affinities, which are determined by the compactness of the binding site. We characterized the glycans of Flo1p and their role in this binding process and demonstrate that glycan-glycan interactions significantly contribute to the cell-cell adhesion mechanism. Therefore, the extended flocculation mechanism is based on the self-interaction of Flo proteins and this interaction is established in two stages, involving both glycan-glycan and protein-glycan interactions. The crucial role of calcium in both types of interaction was demonstrated: Ca2+ takes part in the binding of the carbohydrate to the protein, and the glycans aggregate only in the presence of Ca2+. These results unify the generally accepted lectin hypothesis with the historically first-proposed “Ca2+-bridge” hypothesis. Additionally, a new role of cell flocculation is demonstrated; i.e., flocculation is linked to cell conjugation and mating, and survival chances consequently increase significantly by spore formation and by introduction of genetic variability. The role of Flo1p in mating was demonstrated by showing that mating efficiency is increased when cells flocculate and by differential transcriptome analysis of flocculating versus nonflocculating cells in a low-shear environment (microgravity). The results show that a multicellular clump (floc) provides a uniquely organized multicellular ultrastructure that provides a suitable microenvironment to induce and perform cell conjugation and mating. Yeast cells can form multicellular clumps under adverse growth conditions that protect cells from harsh environmental stresses. The floc formation is based on the self-interaction of Flo proteins via an N-terminal PA14 lectin domain. We have focused on the flocculation mechanism and its role. We found that carbohydrate specificity and affinity are determined by the accessibility of the binding site of the Flo proteins where the external loops in the ligand-binding domains are involved in glycan recognition specificity. We demonstrated that, in addition to the Flo lectin-glycan interaction, glycan-glycan interactions also contribute significantly to cell-cell recognition and interaction. Additionally, we show that flocculation provides a uniquely organized multicellular ultrastructure that is suitable to induce and accomplish cell mating. Therefore, flocculation is an important mechanism to enhance long-term yeast survival.
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20
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Love AC, Lugar GL. Dimensions of integration in interdisciplinary explanations of the origin of evolutionary novelty. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 44:537-550. [PMID: 24161490 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many philosophers of biology have embraced a version of pluralism in response to the failure of theory reduction but overlook how concepts, methods, and explanatory resources are in fact coordinated, such as in interdisciplinary research where the aim is to integrate different strands into an articulated whole. This is observable for the origin of evolutionary novelty-a complex problem that requires a synthesis of intellectual resources from different fields to arrive at robust answers to multiple allied questions. It is an apt locus for exploring new dimensions of explanatory integration because it necessitates coordination among historical and experimental disciplines (e.g., geology and molecular biology). These coordination issues are widespread for the origin of novel morphologies observed in the Cambrian Explosion. Despite an explicit commitment to an integrated, interdisciplinary explanation, some potential disciplinary contributors are excluded. Notable among these exclusions is the physics of ontogeny. We argue that two different dimensions of integration-data and standards-have been insufficiently distinguished. This distinction accounts for why physics-based explanatory contributions to the origin of novelty have been resisted: they do not integrate certain types of data and differ in how they conceptualize the standard of uniformitarianism in historical, causal explanations. Our analysis of these different dimensions of integration contributes to the development of more adequate and integrated explanatory frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Love
- Department of Philosophy, Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Minnesota, 831 Heller Hall, 271 19th Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Gary L Lugar
- Archives of Scientific Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh, 347 Hillman Library, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
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21
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Abstract
The very large G protein coupled receptor (Vlgr1) is a member of adhesion receptors or large N-terminal family B-7 transmembrane helixes (LNB7TM) receptors within the seven trans-membrane receptor superfamily. Vlgr1 is the largest GPCR identified to date; its mRNA spans 19 kb and encodes 6,300 amino acids. Vlgr1 is a core component of ankle-link complex in inner ear hair cells. Knock-out and mutation mouse models show that loss of Vlgr1 function leads to abnormal stereociliary development and hearing loss, indicating crucial roles of Vlgr1 in hearing transduction or auditory system development. Over the past 10 or so years, human genetics data suggested that Vlgr1 mutations cause Usher syndromes and seizures. Although significant progresses have been made, the details of Vlgr1's function in hair cells, its signaling cascade, and the mechanisms underlying causative effects of Vlgr1 mutations in human diseases remain elusive and ask for further investigation.
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22
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Klein DCG, Øvrebø KM, Latz E, Espevik T, Stokke BT. Direct measurement of the interaction force between immunostimulatory CpG-DNA and TLR9 fusion protein. J Mol Recognit 2012; 25:74-81. [PMID: 22290768 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The specific interaction between human Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-ectodomain (ECD)-fusion protein and immunostimulatory CpG-DNA was measured using force spectroscopy. Flexible tethers were used between receptors and surface as well as between DNA and atomic force microscope tip to make efficient recognition studies possible. The molecular recognition forces detected are in the range of 50 to 150 ± 20 pN at the used force-loading rates, and the molecular interaction probability was much reduced when the receptors were blocked with free CpG-DNA. A linear increase of the unbinding force with the logarithm of the loading rate was found over the range 0.1 to 30 nN/s. This indicates a single potential barrier characterizing the energy landscape and no intermediate state for the unbinding pathway of CpG-DNA from the TLR9-ECD. Two important kinetic parameters for CpG-DNA interaction with TLR9-ECD were determined from the force-loading rate dependency: an off-rate of k(off) = 0.14 ± 0.10 s(-1) and a binding interaction length of x(β) = 0.30 ± 0.03 nm, which are consistent with literature values. Various models for the molecular interaction of this innate immune receptor binding to CpG-DNA are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne C G Klein
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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23
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Lorenz B, de Cienfuegos LÁ, Oelkers M, Kriemen E, Brand C, Stephan M, Sunnick E, Yüksel D, Kalsani V, Kumar K, Werz DB, Janshoff A. Model system for cell adhesion mediated by weak carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3326-9. [PMID: 22296574 PMCID: PMC3288207 DOI: 10.1021/ja210304j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The multivalent carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction between membrane-anchored epitopes derived from the marine sponge Microciona prolifera has been explored by colloidal probe microscopy. An in situ coupling of sulfated and non-sulfated disaccharides to membrane-coated surfaces was employed to mimic native cell-cell contacts.The dynamic strength of the homomeric self-association was measured as a function of calcium ions and loading rate. A deterministic model was used to estimate the basic energy landscape and number of participating bonds in the contact zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel Lorenz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Marieelen Oelkers
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ella Kriemen
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Brand
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Milena Stephan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Sunnick
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Deniz Yüksel
- Department of Chemistry, Pearson Chemistry Laboratory, 62 Talbot Avenue, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Venkateshwarlu Kalsani
- Department of Chemistry, Pearson Chemistry Laboratory, 62 Talbot Avenue, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Pearson Chemistry Laboratory, 62 Talbot Avenue, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Janshoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Newman SA. Animal egg as evolutionary innovation: a solution to the “embryonic hourglass” puzzle. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2011; 316:467-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Harder A, Walhorn V, Dierks T, Fernàndez-Busquets X, Anselmetti D. Single-molecule force spectroscopy of cartilage aggrecan self-adhesion. Biophys J 2011; 99:3498-504. [PMID: 21081100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated self-adhesion between highly negatively charged aggrecan macromolecules extracted from bovine cartilage extracellular matrix by performing atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging and single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) in saline solutions. By controlling the density of aggrecan molecules on both the gold substrate and the gold-coated tip surface at submonolayer densities, we were able to detect and quantify the Ca(2+)-dependent homodimeric interaction between individual aggrecan molecules at the single-molecule level. We found a typical nonlinear sawtooth profile in the AFM force-versus-distance curves with a molecular persistence length of l(p) = 0.31 ± 0.04 nm. This is attributed to the stepwise dissociation of individual glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains in aggrecans, which is very similar to the known force fingerprints of other cell adhesion proteoglycan systems. After studying the GAG-GAG dissociation in a dynamic, loading-rate-dependent manner (dynamic SMFS) and analyzing the data according to the stochastic Bell-Evans model for a thermally activated decay of a metastable state under an external force, we estimated for the single glycan interaction a mean lifetime of τ = 7.9 ± 4.9 s and a reaction bond length of x(β) = 0.31 ± 0.08 nm. Whereas the x(β)-value compares well with values from other cell adhesion carbohydrate recognition motifs in evolutionary distant marine sponge proteoglycans, the rather short GAG interaction lifetime reflects high intermolecular dynamics within aggrecan complexes, which may be relevant for the viscoelastic properties of cartilage tissue.
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