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Saminathan M, Singh KP, Khorajiya JH, Dinesh M, Vineetha S, Maity M, Rahman AF, Misri J, Malik YS, Gupta VK, Singh RK, Dhama K. An updated review on bluetongue virus: epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control with special reference to India. Vet Q 2021; 40:258-321. [PMID: 33003985 PMCID: PMC7655031 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1831708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important, non-contagious viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. BT is caused by BT virus (BTV) and it belongs to the genus Orbivirus and family Reoviridae. BTV is transmitted by Culicoides midges and causes clinical disease in sheep, white-tailed deer, pronghorn antelope, bighorn sheep, and subclinical manifestation in cattle, goats and camelids. BT is a World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) listed multispecies disease and causes great socio-economic losses. To date, 28 serotypes of BTV have been reported worldwide and 23 serotypes have been reported from India. Transplacental transmission (TPT) and fetal abnormalities in ruminants had been reported with cell culture adopted live-attenuated vaccine strains of BTV. However, emergence of BTV-8 in Europe during 2006, confirmed TPT of wild-type/field strains of BTV. Diagnosis of BT is more important for control of disease and to ensure BTV-free trade of animals and their products. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, agar gel immunodiffusion assay and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are found to be sensitive and OIE recommended tests for diagnosis of BTV for international trade. Control measures include mass vaccination (most effective method), serological and entomological surveillance, forming restriction zones and sentinel programs. Major hindrances with control of BT in India are the presence of multiple BTV serotypes, high density of ruminant and vector populations. A pentavalent inactivated, adjuvanted vaccine is administered currently in India to control BT. Recombinant vaccines with DIVA strategies are urgently needed to combat this disease. This review is the first to summarise the seroprevalence of BTV in India for 40 years, economic impact and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Murali Dinesh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sobharani Vineetha
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhulina Maity
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - At Faslu Rahman
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Director, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Diprose J, Burroughs J, Sutton G, Goldsmith A, Gouet P, Malby R, Overton I, Ziéntara S, Mertens P, Stuart D, Grimes J. Translocation portals for the substrates and products of a viral transcription complex: the bluetongue virus core. EMBO J 2001; 20:7229-39. [PMID: 11742999 PMCID: PMC125797 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.24.7229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bluetongue virus core is a molecular machine that simultaneously and repeatedly transcribes mRNA from 10 segments of viral double-stranded RNA, packaged in a liquid crystalline array. To determine how the logistical problems of transcription within a sealed shell are solved, core crystals were soaked with various ligands and analysed by X-ray crystallography. Mg(2+) ions produce a slight expansion of the capsid around the 5-fold axes. Oligonucleotide soaks demonstrate that the 5-fold pore, opened up by this expansion, is the exit site for mRNA, whilst nucleotide soaks pinpoint a separate binding site that appears to be a selective channel for the entry and exit of substrates and by-products. Finally, nucleotides also bind to the outer core layer, providing a substrate sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Diprose
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratories, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, Oxford University, New Chemistry Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK and CNEVA Alfort, Laboratoire Central de Recherches Vétérinaires, 22 rue Pierre Curie, BP67, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France Present address: 12 The Laurels, Tetsworth OX9 7BH, UK Present address: CNRS IBCP – Bio-Cristallographie 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France Present address: Biomolecular Research Institute, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Present address: 141a St James Road, Prescot, Merseyside L34 2RD, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - J.N. Burroughs
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratories, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, Oxford University, New Chemistry Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK and CNEVA Alfort, Laboratoire Central de Recherches Vétérinaires, 22 rue Pierre Curie, BP67, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France Present address: 12 The Laurels, Tetsworth OX9 7BH, UK Present address: CNRS IBCP – Bio-Cristallographie 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France Present address: Biomolecular Research Institute, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Present address: 141a St James Road, Prescot, Merseyside L34 2RD, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - G.C. Sutton
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratories, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, Oxford University, New Chemistry Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK and CNEVA Alfort, Laboratoire Central de Recherches Vétérinaires, 22 rue Pierre Curie, BP67, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France Present address: 12 The Laurels, Tetsworth OX9 7BH, UK Present address: CNRS IBCP – Bio-Cristallographie 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France Present address: Biomolecular Research Institute, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Present address: 141a St James Road, Prescot, Merseyside L34 2RD, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - A. Goldsmith
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratories, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, Oxford University, New Chemistry Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK and CNEVA Alfort, Laboratoire Central de Recherches Vétérinaires, 22 rue Pierre Curie, BP67, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France Present address: 12 The Laurels, Tetsworth OX9 7BH, UK Present address: CNRS IBCP – Bio-Cristallographie 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France Present address: Biomolecular Research Institute, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Present address: 141a St James Road, Prescot, Merseyside L34 2RD, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - P. Gouet
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratories, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, Oxford University, New Chemistry Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK and CNEVA Alfort, Laboratoire Central de Recherches Vétérinaires, 22 rue Pierre Curie, BP67, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France Present address: 12 The Laurels, Tetsworth OX9 7BH, UK Present address: CNRS IBCP – Bio-Cristallographie 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France Present address: Biomolecular Research Institute, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Present address: 141a St James Road, Prescot, Merseyside L34 2RD, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - R. Malby
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratories, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, Oxford University, New Chemistry Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK and CNEVA Alfort, Laboratoire Central de Recherches Vétérinaires, 22 rue Pierre Curie, BP67, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France Present address: 12 The Laurels, Tetsworth OX9 7BH, UK Present address: CNRS IBCP – Bio-Cristallographie 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France Present address: Biomolecular Research Institute, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Present address: 141a St James Road, Prescot, Merseyside L34 2RD, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - I. Overton
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratories, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, Oxford University, New Chemistry Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK and CNEVA Alfort, Laboratoire Central de Recherches Vétérinaires, 22 rue Pierre Curie, BP67, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France Present address: 12 The Laurels, Tetsworth OX9 7BH, UK Present address: CNRS IBCP – Bio-Cristallographie 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France Present address: Biomolecular Research Institute, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Present address: 141a St James Road, Prescot, Merseyside L34 2RD, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - S. Ziéntara
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratories, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, Oxford University, New Chemistry Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK and CNEVA Alfort, Laboratoire Central de Recherches Vétérinaires, 22 rue Pierre Curie, BP67, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France Present address: 12 The Laurels, Tetsworth OX9 7BH, UK Present address: CNRS IBCP – Bio-Cristallographie 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France Present address: Biomolecular Research Institute, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Present address: 141a St James Road, Prescot, Merseyside L34 2RD, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - P.P.C. Mertens
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratories, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, Oxford University, New Chemistry Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK and CNEVA Alfort, Laboratoire Central de Recherches Vétérinaires, 22 rue Pierre Curie, BP67, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France Present address: 12 The Laurels, Tetsworth OX9 7BH, UK Present address: CNRS IBCP – Bio-Cristallographie 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France Present address: Biomolecular Research Institute, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Present address: 141a St James Road, Prescot, Merseyside L34 2RD, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - D.I. Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratories, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, Oxford University, New Chemistry Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK and CNEVA Alfort, Laboratoire Central de Recherches Vétérinaires, 22 rue Pierre Curie, BP67, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France Present address: 12 The Laurels, Tetsworth OX9 7BH, UK Present address: CNRS IBCP – Bio-Cristallographie 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France Present address: Biomolecular Research Institute, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Present address: 141a St James Road, Prescot, Merseyside L34 2RD, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - J.M. Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratories, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, Oxford University, New Chemistry Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK and CNEVA Alfort, Laboratoire Central de Recherches Vétérinaires, 22 rue Pierre Curie, BP67, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France Present address: 12 The Laurels, Tetsworth OX9 7BH, UK Present address: CNRS IBCP – Bio-Cristallographie 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France Present address: Biomolecular Research Institute, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Present address: 141a St James Road, Prescot, Merseyside L34 2RD, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
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