1
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Sanluis-Verdes A, Colomer-Vidal P, Rodriguez-Ventura F, Bello-Villarino M, Spinola-Amilibia M, Ruiz-Lopez E, Illanes-Vicioso R, Castroviejo P, Aiese Cigliano R, Montoya M, Falabella P, Pesquera C, Gonzalez-Legarreta L, Arias-Palomo E, Solà M, Torroba T, Arias CF, Bertocchini F. Wax worm saliva and the enzymes therein are the key to polyethylene degradation by Galleria mellonella. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5568. [PMID: 36195604 PMCID: PMC9532405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33127-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic degradation by biological systems with re-utilization of the by-products could be a future solution to the global threat of plastic waste accumulation. Here, we report that the saliva of Galleria mellonella larvae (wax worms) is capable of oxidizing and depolymerizing polyethylene (PE), one of the most produced and sturdy polyolefin-derived plastics. This effect is achieved after a few hours’ exposure at room temperature under physiological conditions (neutral pH). The wax worm saliva can overcome the bottleneck step in PE biodegradation, namely the initial oxidation step. Within the saliva, we identify two enzymes, belonging to the phenol oxidase family, that can reproduce the same effect. To the best of our knowledge, these enzymes are the first animal enzymes with this capability, opening the way to potential solutions for plastic waste management through bio-recycling/up-cycling. The crucial first step in the biodegradation of polyethylene plastic is oxidation of the polymer. This has traditionally required abiotic pre-treatment, but now Bertocchini and colleagues report two wax worm enzymes capable of catalyzing this oxidation and subsequent degradation at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sanluis-Verdes
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas-Margarita Salas (CIB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Colomer-Vidal
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas-Margarita Salas (CIB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Rodriguez-Ventura
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas-Margarita Salas (CIB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Bello-Villarino
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas-Margarita Salas (CIB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - E Ruiz-Lopez
- Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB)-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Illanes-Vicioso
- Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB)-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Castroviejo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and PCT, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - M Montoya
- CIB-CSIC, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - C Pesquera
- Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, Inorganic Chemistry Group-University of Cantabria, Nanomedicine-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - L Gonzalez-Legarreta
- Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, Inorganic Chemistry Group-University of Cantabria, Nanomedicine-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - E Arias-Palomo
- CIB-CSIC, Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Solà
- Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB)-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Torroba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and PCT, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - C F Arias
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas-Margarita Salas (CIB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Madrid, Spain.
| | - F Bertocchini
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas-Margarita Salas (CIB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Faria NR, Quick J, Claro IM, Thézé J, de Jesus JG, Giovanetti M, Kraemer MUG, Hill SC, Black A, da Costa AC, Franco LC, Silva SP, Wu CH, Raghwani J, Cauchemez S, du Plessis L, Verotti MP, de Oliveira WK, Carmo EH, Coelho GE, Santelli ACFS, Vinhal LC, Henriques CM, Simpson JT, Loose M, Andersen KG, Grubaugh ND, Somasekar S, Chiu CY, Muñoz-Medina JE, Gonzalez-Bonilla CR, Arias CF, Lewis-Ximenez LL, Baylis SA, Chieppe AO, Aguiar SF, Fernandes CA, Lemos PS, Nascimento BLS, Monteiro HAO, Siqueira IC, de Queiroz MG, de Souza TR, Bezerra JF, Lemos MR, Pereira GF, Loudal D, Moura LC, Dhalia R, França RF, Magalhães T, Marques ET, Jaenisch T, Wallau GL, de Lima MC, Nascimento V, de Cerqueira EM, de Lima MM, Mascarenhas DL, Neto JPM, Levin AS, Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Fonseca SN, Mendes-Correa MC, Milagres FP, Segurado A, Holmes EC, Rambaut A, Bedford T, Nunes MRT, Sabino EC, Alcantara LCJ, Loman NJ, Pybus OG. Establishment and cryptic transmission of Zika virus in Brazil and the Americas. Nature 2017; 546:406-410. [PMID: 28538727 DOI: 10.1038/nature22401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas was first confirmed in May 2015 in northeast Brazil. Brazil has had the highest number of reported ZIKV cases worldwide (more than 200,000 by 24 December 2016) and the most cases associated with microcephaly and other birth defects (2,366 confirmed by 31 December 2016). Since the initial detection of ZIKV in Brazil, more than 45 countries in the Americas have reported local ZIKV transmission, with 24 of these reporting severe ZIKV-associated disease. However, the origin and epidemic history of ZIKV in Brazil and the Americas remain poorly understood, despite the value of this information for interpreting observed trends in reported microcephaly. Here we address this issue by generating 54 complete or partial ZIKV genomes, mostly from Brazil, and reporting data generated by a mobile genomics laboratory that travelled across northeast Brazil in 2016. One sequence represents the earliest confirmed ZIKV infection in Brazil. Analyses of viral genomes with ecological and epidemiological data yield an estimate that ZIKV was present in northeast Brazil by February 2014 and is likely to have disseminated from there, nationally and internationally, before the first detection of ZIKV in the Americas. Estimated dates for the international spread of ZIKV from Brazil indicate the duration of pre-detection cryptic transmission in recipient regions. The role of northeast Brazil in the establishment of ZIKV in the Americas is further supported by geographic analysis of ZIKV transmission potential and by estimates of the basic reproduction number of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.,Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - J Quick
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - I M Claro
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Thézé
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - J G de Jesus
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - M Giovanetti
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - M U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S C Hill
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - A Black
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A C da Costa
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L C Franco
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - S P Silva
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - C-H Wu
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, UK
| | - J Raghwani
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - S Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases and Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA3012, Paris, France
| | - L du Plessis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - M P Verotti
- Coordenação dos Laboratórios de Saúde (CGLAB/DEVIT/SVS), Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil
| | - W K de Oliveira
- Coordenação Geral de Vigilância e Resposta às Emergências em Saúde Pública (CGVR/DEVIT), Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil.,Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - E H Carmo
- Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - G E Coelho
- Coordenação Geral dos Programas de Controle e Prevenção da Malária e das Doenças Transmitidas pelo Aedes, Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil.,Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A C F S Santelli
- Coordenação Geral dos Programas de Controle e Prevenção da Malária e das Doenças Transmitidas pelo Aedes, Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L C Vinhal
- Coordenação Geral dos Programas de Controle e Prevenção da Malária e das Doenças Transmitidas pelo Aedes, Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil
| | - C M Henriques
- Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - J T Simpson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Loose
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - K G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - N D Grubaugh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - S Somasekar
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine &Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - C Y Chiu
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine &Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J E Muñoz-Medina
- División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - C R Gonzalez-Bonilla
- División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - C F Arias
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | | | - A O Chieppe
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S F Aguiar
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C A Fernandes
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Noel Nutels, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P S Lemos
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - B L S Nascimento
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - H A O Monteiro
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - I C Siqueira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - M G de Queiroz
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - T R de Souza
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Universidade Potiguar do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - J F Bezerra
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Faculdade Natalense de Ensino e Cultura, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - M R Lemos
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - G F Pereira
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - D Loudal
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - L C Moura
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - R Dhalia
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - R F França
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - T Magalhães
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology &Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - E T Marques
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - T Jaenisch
- Section Clinical Tropical Medicine, Department for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G L Wallau
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - M C de Lima
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - V Nascimento
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - E M de Cerqueira
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - M M de Lima
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - D L Mascarenhas
- Secretaria de Saúde de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - A S Levin
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T R Tozetto-Mendoza
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S N Fonseca
- Hospital São Francisco, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M C Mendes-Correa
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F P Milagres
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Palmas, Brazil
| | - A Segurado
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - A Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.,Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - T Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M R T Nunes
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - E C Sabino
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine &Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - N J Loman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - O G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.,Metabiota, San Francisco, California 94104, USA
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3
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García-Chequer AJ, Méndez-Tenorio A, Olguín-López G, Sánchez-Vallejo C, Isa P, Arias CF, Torres J, Hernández-Angeles A, Ramírez-Ortiz MA, Lara C, Cabrera-Muñoz MDL, Sadowinski-Pine S, Bravo-Ortiz JC, Ramón-García G, Diegopérez-Ramírez J, Ramírez-Reyes G, Casarrubias-Islas R, Ramírez J, Orjuela M, Ponce-Castañeda MV. Illumina next generation sequencing data and expression microarrays data from retinoblastoma and medulloblastoma tissues. Data Brief 2016; 6:908-16. [PMID: 26937470 PMCID: PMC4753385 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a pediatric intraocular malignancy and probably the most robust clinical model on which genetic predisposition to develop cancer has been demonstrated. Since deletions in chromosome 13 have been described in this tumor, we performed next generation sequencing to test whether recurrent losses could be detected in low coverage data. We used Illumina platform for 13 tumor tissue samples: two pools of 4 retinoblastoma cases each and one pool of 5 medulloblastoma cases (raw data can be found at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/PRJEB6630). We first created an in silico reference profile generated from a human sequenced genome (GRCh37p5). From this data we calculated an integrity score to get an overview of gains and losses in all chromosomes; we next analyzed each chromosome in windows of 40 kb length, calculating for each window the log2 ratio between reads from tumor pool and in silico reference. Finally we generated panoramic maps with all the windows whether lost or gained along each chromosome associated to its cytogenetic bands to facilitate interpretation. Expression microarrays was done for the same samples and a list of over and under expressed genes is presented here. For this detection a significance analysis was done and a log2 fold change was chosen as significant (raw data can be found at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/accession number GSE11488). The complete research article can be found at Cancer Genetics journal (Garcia-Chequer et al., in press) [1]. In summary here we provide an overview with visual graphics of gains and losses chromosome by chromosome in retinoblastoma and medulloblastoma, also the integrity score analysis and a list of genes with relevant expression associated. This material can be useful to researchers that may want to explore gains and losses in other malignant tumors with this approach or compare their data with retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J García-Chequer
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de Pediatría, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, México D.F., Mexico
| | - A Méndez-Tenorio
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., Mexico
| | - G Olguín-López
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., Mexico
| | - C Sánchez-Vallejo
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., Mexico
| | - P Isa
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - C F Arias
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - J Torres
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de Pediatría, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, México D.F., Mexico
| | - A Hernández-Angeles
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de Pediatría, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, México D.F., Mexico
| | | | - C Lara
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México D.F., Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J Ramírez
- Unidad de Microarreglos, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico
| | | | - M V Ponce-Castañeda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de Pediatría, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, México D.F., Mexico
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4
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García-Chequer AJ, Méndez-Tenorio A, Olguín-Ruiz G, Sánchez-Vallejo C, Isa P, Arias CF, Torres J, Hernández-Angeles A, Ramírez-Ortiz MA, Lara C, Cabrera-Muñoz ML, Sadowinski-Pine S, Bravo-Ortiz JC, Ramón-García G, Diegopérez-Ramírez J, Ramírez-Reyes G, Casarrubias-Islas R, Ramírez J, Orjuela MA, Ponce-Castañeda MV. Overview of recurrent chromosomal losses in retinoblastoma detected by low coverage next generation sequencing. Cancer Genet 2015; 209:57-69. [PMID: 26883451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genes are frequently lost or gained in malignant tumors and the analysis of these changes can be informative about the underlying tumor biology. Retinoblastoma is a pediatric intraocular malignancy, and since deletions in chromosome 13 have been described in this tumor, we performed genome wide sequencing with the Illumina platform to test whether recurrent losses could be detected in low coverage data from DNA pools of Rb cases. An in silico reference profile for each pool was created from the human genome sequence GRCh37p5; a chromosome integrity score and a graphics 40 Kb window analysis approach, allowed us to identify with high resolution previously reported non random recurrent losses in all chromosomes of these tumors. We also found a pattern of gains and losses associated to clear and dark cytogenetic bands respectively. We further analyze a pool of medulloblastoma and found a more stable genomic profile and previously reported losses in this tumor. This approach facilitates identification of recurrent deletions from many patients that may be biological relevant for tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J García-Chequer
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico
| | - A Méndez-Tenorio
- Lab. Bioinformática Genómica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., Mexico
| | - G Olguín-Ruiz
- Lab. Bioinformática Genómica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., Mexico
| | - C Sánchez-Vallejo
- Lab. Bioinformática Genómica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., Mexico
| | - P Isa
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - C F Arias
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - J Torres
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico
| | - A Hernández-Angeles
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico
| | | | - C Lara
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México D.F., Mexico
| | | | | | - J C Bravo-Ortiz
- Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico
| | - G Ramón-García
- Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico
| | - J Diegopérez-Ramírez
- Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico
| | - G Ramírez-Reyes
- Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico
| | - R Casarrubias-Islas
- Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico
| | - J Ramírez
- Unidad de Microarreglos, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico
| | | | - M V Ponce-Castañeda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., Mexico.
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5
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Elias M, Joron M, Willmott K, Silva-Brandão KL, Kaiser V, Arias CF, Gomez Piñerez LM, Uribe S, Brower AVZ, Freitas AVL, Jiggins CD. Out of the Andes: patterns of diversification in clearwing butterflies. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:1716-29. [PMID: 19386035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Elias
- NERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, UK.
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6
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Abstract
Rotaviruses, the leading cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide, are non-enveloped viruses formed by three concentric layers of protein that enclose a genome of double-stranded RNA. These viruses have a specific cell tropism in vivo, infecting primarily the mature enterocytes of the villi of the small intestine. It has been found that rotavirus cell entry is a complex multistep process, in which different domains of the rotavirus surface proteins interact sequentially with different cell surface molecules, which act as attachment and entry receptors. These recently described molecules include integrins (alpha2beta1, alphavbeta3, and alphaxbeta2) and a heat shock protein (hsc70), and have been found to be associated with cell membrane lipid microdomains. The requirement for several cell molecules, which might need to be present and organized in a precise fashion, could explain the cell and tissue tropism of these viruses. This review focuses on recent data describing the interactions between the virus and its receptors, the role of lipid microdomains in rotavirus infection, and the possible mechanism of rotavirus cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lopez
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210 Cuernavaca, Mexico.
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7
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Salazar CA, Jiggins CD, Arias CF, Tobler A, Bermingham E, Linares M. Hybrid incompatibility is consistent with a hybrid origin of Heliconius heurippa Hewitson from its close relatives, Heliconius cydno Doubleday and Heliconius melpomene Linnaeus. J Evol Biol 2005; 18:247-56. [PMID: 15715831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Shared ancestral variation and introgression complicates the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships among closely related taxa. Here we use overall genomic compatibility as an alternative estimate of species relationships in a group where divergence is rapid and genetic exchange is common. Heliconius heurippa, a butterfly species endemic to Colombia, has a colour pattern genetically intermediate between H. cydno and H. melpomene: its hindwing is nearly indistinguishable from that of H. melpomene and its forewing band is an intermediate phenotype between both species. This observation has lead to the suggestion that the pattern of H. heurippa arose through hybridization. We present a genetic analysis of hybrid compatibility in crosses between the three taxa. Heliconius heurippa x H. cydno and female H. melpomene x male H. heurippa yield fertile and viable F1 hybrids, but male H. melpomene x female H. heurippa crosses yield sterile F1 females. In contrast, Haldane's rule has previously been detected between H. melpomene and H cydno in both directions. Therefore, H. heurippa is most closely related to H. cydno, with some evidence for introgression of genes from H. melpomene. The results are compatible with the hypothesis of a hybrid origin for H. heurippa. In addition, backcrosses using F1 hybrid males provide evidence for a large Z(X)-chromosome effect on sterility and for recessive autosomal sterility factors as predicted by Dominance Theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Salazar
- Instituto de Genética, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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8
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Kvistgaard AS, Pallesen LT, Arias CF, López S, Petersen TE, Heegaard CW, Rasmussen JT. Inhibitory effects of human and bovine milk constituents on rotavirus infections. J Dairy Sci 2005; 87:4088-96. [PMID: 15545370 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among etiologic agents, rotavirus is the major cause of severe dehydration diarrhea in infant mammals. In vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that the human milk-fat globule protein lactadherin inhibits rotavirus binding and protects breast-fed children against symptomatic rotavirus infection. The present work was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactadherin, along with some other milk proteins and fractions, on rotavirus infections in MA104 and Caco-2 cell lines. It is shown that human, and not bovine, lactadherin inhibits Wa rotavirus infection in vitro. Human lactadherin seems to act through a mechanism involving protein-virus interactions. The reason for the activity of human lactadherin is not clear, but it might lie within differences in the protein structure or the attached oligosaccharides. Likewise, in our hands, bovine lactoferrin did not show any suppressive activity against rotavirus. In contrast, MUC1 from bovine milk inhibits the neuraminidase-sensitive rotavirus RRV strain efficiently, whereas it has no effect on the neuraminidase-resistant Wa strain. Finally, a bovine macromolecular whey protein fraction turned out to have an efficient and versatile inhibitory activity against rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kvistgaard
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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9
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Arias CF, Guerrero CA, Méndez E, Zárate S, Isa P, Espinosa R, Romero P, López S. Early events of rotavirus infection: the search for the receptor(s). Novartis Found Symp 2002; 238:47-60; discussion 60-3. [PMID: 11444034 DOI: 10.1002/0470846534.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The entry of rotaviruses into epithelial cells seems to be a multistep process. Infection competition experiments have suggested that at least three different interactions between the virus and cell surface molecules take place during the early events of infection, and glycolipids as well as glycoproteins have been suggested to be primary attachment receptors for rotaviruses. The infectivity of some rotavirus strains depends on the presence of sialic acid on the cell surface, however, it has been shown that this interaction is not essential, and it has been suggested that there exists a neuraminidase-resistant cell surface molecule with which most rotaviruses interact. The comparative characterization of the sialic acid-dependent rotavirus strain RRV (G3P5[3]), its neuraminidase-resistant variant nar3, and the human rotavirus strain Wa (G1P1A[8]) has allowed us to show that alpha 2 beta 1 integrin is used by nar3 as its primary cell attachment site, and by RRV in a second interaction, subsequent to its initial contact with a sialic acid-containing cell receptor. We have also shown that integrin alpha V beta 3 is used by all three rotavirus strains as a co-receptor, subsequent to their initial attachment to the cell. We propose that the functional rotavirus receptor is a complex of several cell molecules most likely immersed in glycosphingolipid-enriched plasma membrane microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Arias
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
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10
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Ardavín C, Martínez del Hoyo G, Martín P, Anjuère F, Arias CF, Marín AR, Ruiz S, Parrillas V, Hernández H. Origin and differentiation of dendritic cells. Trends Immunol 2001; 22:691-700. [PMID: 11739000 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(01)02059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive, recent research on the development of dendritic cells (DCs), their origin is a controversial issue in immunology, with important implications regarding their use in cancer immunotherapy. Although, under defined experimental conditions, DCs can be generated from myeloid or lymphoid precursors, the differentiation pathways that generate DCs in vivo remain unknown largely. Indeed, experimental results suggest that the in vivo differentiation of a particular DC subpopulation could be unrelated to its possible experimental generation. Nevertheless, the analysis of DC differentiation by in vivo and in vitro experimental systems could provide important insights into the control of the physiological development of DCs and constitutes the basis of a model of common DC differentiation that we propose.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ardavín
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Mota-Hernández F, Gutiérrez-Camacho C, Villa-Contreras S, Calva-Mercado J, Arias CF, Padilla-Noriega L, Guiscafré-Gallardo H. [Prognosis of rotavirus diarrhea]. Salud Publica Mex 2001; 43:524-8. [PMID: 11816226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the severity of rotavirus diarrhea (RV) and non-rotavirus diarrhea. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between October 1994 and March 1995, a cross-sectional study was performed in 520 infants with acute diarrhea, at seven primary care level centers in five states of Mexico. Diagnosis of RV was done through immunoenzymatic assay or electrophoresis. Central tendency measures were used for data analysis. Results were presented as means and standard deviations, or median and variation. RESULTS RV was isolated from 264 children; most of them were males aged 6 months to 1 year. Differences in clinical manifestations were statistically significant between the rotavirus-positive group and the rotavirus-negative group, in the following variables: median number of stools/24 hours; frequency of vomiting; temperature > 38 degrees C; dehydration; and clinical severity scoring. CONCLUSIONS These results showed a poorer prognosis and a higher severity of rotavirus diarrhea, as compared to non-rotavirus diarrhea in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mota-Hernández
- Departamento de Investigación en Medicina Comunitaria e Hidratación Oral, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Dr. Márquez 162, 06720 México, D.F. México.
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12
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González RA, Espinosa R, Romero P, López S, Arias CF. Relative localization of viroplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum-resident rotavirus proteins in infected cells. Arch Virol 2001; 145:1963-73. [PMID: 11043954 DOI: 10.1007/s007050070069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Replication of rotaviruses, whose capsid is constituted by three concentric layers of proteins, occurs in large cytoplasmic inclusions, termed viroplasms. Subviral, double-layered particles bud from viroplasms to the adjacent endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where the outermost protein layer, formed by VP4 and VP7, is assembled. To better understand the morphogenetic process of the virus, we analyzed the relative distribution of viroplasmic and ER-resident viral proteins. Using double immunostaining and confocal microscopy we observed an extensive co-localization between the ER proteins NSP4 and VP7, and the cytoplasmic protein VP4. These three proteins were found to be organized mostly as ring-like or semicircular structures in close association with viroplasms, except for VP4 which displayed in addition, a filamentous distribution. The observations reported in this study underscore the highly organized nature of rotavirus morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A González
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotechnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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13
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Abstract
Rotavirus strains differ in their need for sialic acid (SA) for initial binding to the cell surface; however, the existence of a postattachment cell receptor, common to most, if not all, rotavirus strains, has been proposed. In the present study, antibodies to the alpha(v) and beta(3) integrin subunits, and the alpha(v)beta(3) ligand, vitronectin, efficiently blocked the infectivity of the SA-dependent rhesus rotavirus RRV, its SA-independent variant nar3, and the neuraminidase-resistant human rotavirus strain Wa. Vitronectin and anti-beta(3) antibodies, however, did not block the binding of virus to cells, indicating that rotaviruses interact with alpha(v)beta(3) at a postbinding step, probably penetration. This interaction was shown to be independent of the tripeptide motif arginine-glycine-aspartic acid present in the natural ligands of this integrin. Transfection of CHO cells with alpha(v)beta(3) genes significantly increased their permissiveness to all three rotavirus strains, and the increment of virus infectivity was reverted by incubation of these cells either with antibodies to beta(3) or with vitronectin. These findings implicate alpha(v)beta(3) integrin as a cellular receptor common to neuraminidase-sensitive and neuraminidase-resistant rotaviruses, and support the hypothesis that this integrin could determine, at least in part, the cellular susceptibility to rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Guerrero
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
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14
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Zárate S, Espinosa R, Romero P, Guerrero CA, Arias CF, López S. Integrin alpha2beta1 mediates the cell attachment of the rotavirus neuraminidase-resistant variant nar3. Virology 2000; 278:50-4. [PMID: 11112480 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It was previously reported that integrins alpha2beta1, alpha4beta1, and alphaXbeta2 are involved in rotavirus cell infection. In this work we studied the role of integrin subunits alpha2, alpha4, and beta2 on the attachment of rotaviruses RRV and nar3 to MA104 cells. Integrin alpha2beta1 was found to serve as the binding receptor for the neuraminidase-resistant virus nar3, whereas the neuraminidase-sensitive strain RRV interacted with this integrin at a postattachment step. It was shown that nar3 binds alpha2beta1 through the DGE integrin-recognition motif located in the virus surface protein VP5. Integrin subunits alpha4 and beta2 do not seem to be involved in the initial cell binding of either virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zárate
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62250, Mexico
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15
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Martín P, del Hoyo GM, Anjuère F, Ruiz SR, Arias CF, Marín AR, Ardavín C. Concept of lymphoid versus myeloid dendritic cell lineages revisited: both CD8alpha(-) and CD8alpha(+) dendritic cells are generated from CD4(low) lymphoid-committed precursors. Blood 2000; 96:2511-9. [PMID: 11001905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Two dendritic cell (DC) subsets have been identified in the murine system on the basis of their differential CD8alpha expression. CD8alpha(+) DCs and CD8alpha(-) DCs are considered as lymphoid- and myeloid-derived, respectively, because CD8alpha(+) but not CD8alpha(-) splenic DCs were generated from lymphoid CD4(low) precursors, devoid of myeloid reconstitution potential. Although CD8alpha(-) DCs were first described as negative for CD4, our results demonstrate that approximately 70% of them are CD4(+). Besides CD4(-) CD8alpha(-) and CD4(+) CD8alpha(-) DCs displayed a similar phenotype and T-cell stimulatory potential in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), although among CD8alpha(-) DCs, the CD4(+) subset appears to have a higher endocytic capacity. Finally, experiments of DC reconstitution after irradiation in which, in contrast to previous studies, donor-type DCs were analyzed without depleting CD4(+) cells, revealed that both CD8alpha(+) DCs and CD8alpha(-) DCs were generated after transfer of CD4(low) precursors. These data suggest that both CD8alpha(+) and CD8alpha(-) DCs derive from a common precursor and, hence, do not support the concept of the CD8alpha(+) lymphoid-derived and CD8alpha(-) myeloid-derived DC lineages. However, because this hypothesis has to be confirmed at the clonal level, it remains possible that CD8alpha(-) DCs arise from a myeloid precursor within the CD4(low) precursor population or, alternatively, that both CD8alpha(+) and CD8alpha(-) DCs derive from an independent nonlymphoid, nonmyeloid DC precursor. In conclusion, although we favor the hypothesis that both CD8alpha(+) and CD8alpha(-) DCs derive from a lymphoid-committed precursor, a precise study of the differentiation process of CD8alpha(+) and CD8alpha(-) DCs is required to define conclusively their origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Martín
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Abstract
We have tested the effect of metabolic inhibitors, membrane cholesterol depletion, and detergent extraction of cell surface molecules on the susceptibility of MA104 cells to infection by rotaviruses. Treatment of cells with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of protein N glycosylation, blocked the infectivity of the SA-dependent rotavirus RRV and its SA-independent variant nar3 by about 50%, while the inhibition of O glycosylation had no effect. The inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis d, l-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP) blocked the infectivity of RRV, nar3, and the human rotavirus strain Wa by about 70%. Sequestration of cholesterol from the cell membrane with beta-cyclodextrin reduced the infectivity of the three viruses by more than 90%. The involvement of N-glycoproteins, glycolipids, and cholesterol in rotavirus infection suggests that the virus receptor(s) might be forming part of lipid microdomains in the cell membrane. MA104 cells incubated with the nonionic detergent octyl-beta-glucoside (OG) showed a ca. 60% reduction in their ability to bind rotaviruses, the same degree to which they became refractory to infection, suggesting that OG extracts the potential virus receptor(s) from the cell surface. Accordingly, when preincubated with the viruses, the OG extract inhibited the virus infectivity by more than 95%. This inhibition was abolished when the extract was treated with either proteases or heat but not when it was treated with neuraminidase, indicating the protein nature of the inhibitor. Two protein fractions of around 57 and 75 kDa were isolated from the extract, and these fractions were shown to have rotavirus-blocking activity. Also, antibodies to these fractions efficiently inhibited the infectivity of the viruses in untreated as well as in neuraminidase-treated cells. Five individual protein bands of 30, 45, 57, 75, and 110 kDa, which exhibited virus-blocking activity, were finally isolated from the OG extract. These proteins are good candidates to function as rotavirus receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Guerrero
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Instrumentos, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
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17
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López S, Espinosa R, Isa P, Merchant MT, Zárate S, Méndez E, Arias CF. Characterization of a monoclonal antibody directed to the surface of MA104 cells that blocks the infectivity of rotaviruses. Virology 2000; 273:160-8. [PMID: 10891418 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Rhesus rotavirus (RRV) binds to sialic acid residues on the surface of target cells, and treatment of these cells with neuraminidase greatly reduces virus binding with the consequent reduction of infectivity. Variants that can efficiently infect neuraminidase-treated cells have been isolated, indicating that attachment to sialic acid is not an essential step for animal rotaviruses to infect cells. To identify and characterize the neuraminidase-resistant receptor for rotaviruses, we have isolated a hybridoma that secrets a monoclonal antibody (MAb) (2D9) that specifically blocks the infectivity of wild-type (wt) RRV and of its sialic acid-independent variant nar3, in untreated as well as in neuraminidase-treated cells. The infectivity of a human rotavirus was also inhibited, although to a lesser extent. MAb 2D9 blocks the binding of the variant to MA104 cells, while not affecting the binding of wt RRV; in addition, this MAb blocked the attachment of a recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST)-VP5 fusion protein, but did not affect the binding of GST-VP8. Altogether these results suggest that MAb 2D9 is directed to the neuraminidase-resistant receptor. This receptor seems to mediate the direct attachment of the variant to the cell, through VP5, while the receptor is used by wt RRV for a secondary interaction, after its initial binding to sialic acid, through VP8. MAb 2D9 interacts specifically with the cell surface by indirect immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, and FACS. By a solid-phase immunoisolation technique, MAb 2D9 was found to react with three proteins of ca. 47, 55, and 220 kDa, which might form a complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S López
- Departamento de Génetica y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología.
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18
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Torres-Vega MA, González RA, Duarte M, Poncet D, López S, Arias CF. The C-terminal domain of rotavirus NSP5 is essential for its multimerization, hyperphosphorylation and interaction with NSP6. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:821-30. [PMID: 10675420 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-3-821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus NSP5 is a non-structural phosphoprotein with putative autocatalytic kinase activity, and is present in infected cells as various isoforms having molecular masses of 26, 28 and 30-34 kDa. We have previously shown that NSP5 forms oligomers and interacts with NSP6 in yeast cells. Here we have mapped the domains of NSP5 responsible for these associations. Deletion mutants of the rotavirus YM NSP5 were constructed and assayed for their ability to interact with full-length NSP5 and NSP6 using the yeast two-hybrid assay. The homomultimerization domain was mapped to the 20 C-terminal aa of the protein, which have a predicted alpha-helical structure. A deletion mutant lacking the 10 C-terminal aa (DeltaC10) failed to multimerize both in yeast cells and in an in vitro affinity assay. When transiently expressed in MA104 cells, NSP5 became hyperphosphorylated (30-34 kDa isoforms). In contrast, the DeltaC10 mutant produced forms equivalent to the 26 and 28 kDa species, but was poorly hyperphosphorylated, suggesting that multimerization is important for this proposed activity of the protein. The interaction domain with NSP6 was found to be present in the 35 C-terminal aa of NSP5, overlapping the multimerization domain of the protein, and suggesting that NSP6 might have a regulatory role in the self-association of NSP5. NSP6 was also found to interact with wild-type NSP5, but not with its mutant DeltaC10, in cells transiently transfected with plasmids encoding these proteins, confirming the relevance of the 10 C-terminal aa for the formation of the heterocomplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Torres-Vega
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
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19
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Abstract
Some animal rotaviruses require the presence of sialic acid (SA) on the cell surface to infect the cell. We have isolated variants of rhesus rotavirus (RRV) whose infectivity no longer depends on SA. Both the SA-dependent and -independent interactions of these viruses with the cell are mediated by the virus spike protein VP4, which is cleaved by trypsin into two domains, VP5 and VP8. In this work we have compared the binding characteristics of wild-type RRV and its variant nar3 to MA104 cells. In a direct nonradioactive binding assay, both viruses bound to the cells in a saturable and specific manner. When neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed to both the VP8 and VP5 domains of VP4 were used to block virus binding, antibodies to VP8 blocked the cell attachment of wild-type RRV but not that of the variant nar3. Conversely, an antibody to VP5 inhibited the binding of nar3 but not that of RRV. These results suggest that while RRV binds to the cell through VP8, the variant does so through the VP5 domain of VP4. This observation was further sustained by the fact that recombinant VP8 and VP5 proteins, produced in bacteria as fusion products with glutathione S-transferase, were found to bind to MA104 cells in a specific and saturable manner and, when preincubated with the cell, were capable of inhibiting the binding of wild-type and variant viruses, respectively. In addition, the VP5 and VP8 recombinant proteins inhibited the infectivity of nar3 and RRV, respectively, confirming the results obtained in the binding assays. Interestingly, when the infectivity assay was performed on neuraminidase-treated cells, the VP5 fusion protein was also found to inhibit the infectivity of RRV, suggesting that RRV could bind to the cell through two sequential steps mediated by the interaction of VP8 and VP5 with SA-containing and SA-independent cell surface receptors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zárate
- Departamento de Génetica y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, México
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20
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Abstract
The infection of epithelial cells by some animal rotavirus strains requires the presence of sialic acid (SA) on the cell surface. Recently, we isolated rhesus rotavirus variants, named nar, whose infectivity, like that of human rotaviruses, is not dependent on SA. In this work, we have determined the binding properties of these SA-dependent and -independent rotavirus strains to MA104 cells. The half-time of attachment of the SA-dependent porcine rotavirus YM and reassortant virus DS1xRRV was found to be about 10 times longer in neuraminidase-treated cells than in untreated cells. On the other hand, human rotaviruses Wa and DS1, and the variant nar3, bound to cells two to three times more rapidly in the absence of SA. To investigate whether the SA-independent cellular structure recognized by the variant and human rotaviruses was the same, we used an infection assay designed to detect competition for cell surface molecules at both attachment and post-attachment steps. In this assay, human rotavirus Wa efficiently competed the infectivity of YM in untreated cells and that of the variant nar3 in untreated, as well as neuraminidase-treated, cells. This competition was nonreciprocal, since YM and nar3 did not compete, but rather increased three- to fivefold the infectivity of Wa. In contrast, a two-direction competition between the variant nar3 and DS1xRRV was found. Similar results were obtained when psoralen-inactivated viruses were used as competitors, indicating that the competition observed was during the early stages of infection. Altogether, these results suggest the existence of multiple interactions between rotaviruses and the cell surface and revealed the existence of common steps during the entry of human and animal rotavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Méndez
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62250, Mexico
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21
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Abstract
An attenuated strain of Shigella flexneri was utilised to express viral protein (VP) 4 of rotavirus and the immunogenicity of the recombinant constructs was studied in BALB/c mice. VP4 was expressed as a fusion with maltose binding protein (MBP) in both the cytoplasm and periplasm, with a much higher level of expression occurring in the former. While all constructs induced a Shigella-specific response in mice, only the construct expressing MBP-VP4 in the cytoplasm of Shigella stimulated an immune response specific to rotavirus. This study demonstrates that Shigella can be used to deliver rotavirus antigens and induces an immune response directed towards both rotavirus and Shigella.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Loy
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT
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22
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Abstract
Most animal rotaviruses bind to a cell surface molecule that contains sialic acid (SA). We have recently isolated variants from simian rotavirus RRV which show an SA-independent phenotype. The VP4 protein of these variants was shown to have three amino acid changes with respect to the wt protein, one of them being Tyr-267 --> Cys. In this work, we have investigated whether the new cysteine could interfere with the disulfide bond (Cys-318/Cys-380) present in the VP5* subunit of the wt protein. Cysteine residues 318 and 380 were mutagenized in gpr8 and RRV VP4 genes, and the wt and mutant genes were transcribed and translated in vitro. The protein products were analysed by electrophoresis under reducing and non-reducing conditions. This approach showed that, in the VP4 protein synthesized in vitro, Cys-267 is capable of forming an alternate disulfide bond with Cys-318. This alternate bond also seems to occur in the VP4 protein present in the variant gpr8 virus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Cuadras
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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23
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Abstract
The rotavirus genome encodes six nonstructural (NS) proteins, five of which (NSP1, NSP2, NSP3, NSP5, and NSP6) have been suggested to be involved in a variety of events, such as genome replication, regulation of gene expression, and gene assortment. These NS proteins have been found to be associated with replication complexes that are precursors of the viral core, however, little information is available about the intermolecular interactions that may exist among them. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, which allows the detection of protein-protein interactions in vivo, all possible combinations among the rotavirus NS proteins were tested, and several interactions were observed. NSP1 interacted with the other four proteins tested; NSP3 associated with itself; and NSP5 was found to form homodimers and to interact with NSP6. Co-immunoprecipitation of proteins from rotavirus-infected cells, using hyperimmune sera monospecific for the NS proteins, showed the same interactions for NSP1 as those observed in yeast. Immunofluorescence co-localization analysis of virus-infected epithelial cells revealed that the intracellular distribution of proteins that were seen to interact in yeast had patterns of distribution that would allow such intermolecular interactions to occur. These findings should contribute to the understanding of the role these proteins play in different aspects of the virus replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A González
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Padilla-Noriega L, Méndez-Toss M, Menchaca G, Contreras JF, Romero-Guido P, Puerto FI, Guiscafré H, Mota F, Herrera I, Cedillo R, Muñoz O, Calva J, Guerrero ML, Coulson BS, Greenberg HB, López S, Arias CF. Antigenic and genomic diversity of human rotavirus VP4 in two consecutive epidemic seasons in Mexico. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:1688-92. [PMID: 9620401 PMCID: PMC104901 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.6.1688-1692.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/1997] [Accepted: 03/11/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation we characterized the antigenic diversity of the VP4 and VP7 proteins in 309 and 261 human rotavirus strains isolated during two consecutive epidemic seasons, respectively, in three different regions of Mexico. G3 was found to be the prevalent VP7 serotype during the first year, being superseded by serotype G1 strains during the second season. To antigenically characterize the VP4 protein of the strains isolated, we used five neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which showed specificity for VP4 serotypes P1A, P1B, and P2 in earlier studies. Eight different patterns of reactivity with these MAbs were found, and the prevalence of three of these patterns varied from one season to the next. The P genotype of a subset of 52 samples was determined by PCR. Among the strains characterized as genotype P[4] and P[8] there were three and five different VP4 MAb reactivity patterns, respectively, indicating that the diversity of neutralization epitopes in VP4 is greater than that previously appreciated by the genomic typing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Padilla-Noriega
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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25
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Menchaca G, Padilla-Noriega L, Méndez-Toss M, Contreras JF, Puerto FI, Guiscafré H, Mota F, Herrera I, Cedillo R, Muñoz O, Ward R, Hoshino Y, López S, Arias CF. Serotype specificity of the neutralizing-antibody response induced by the individual surface proteins of rotavirus in natural infections of young children. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1998; 5:328-34. [PMID: 9605987 PMCID: PMC104520 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.5.3.328-334.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The relative contribution of the rotavirus surface proteins, VP4 and VP7, to the induction of homotypic as well as heterotypic neutralizing antibodies (NtAbs) in natural infections was studied. The NtAb titers of paired sera from 70 infants with serologically defined primary rotavirus infections were determined with a panel of rotavirus reassortants having one surface protein from a human rotavirus (serotypes G1 to G4 for VP7 and P1A and P1B for VP4) and the other surface protein from a heterologous animal rotavirus strain. A subset of 37 children were evaluated for epitope-specific antibodies to the two proteins by an epitope-blocking assay. The infants were found to seroconvert more frequently to VP4 than to VP7 by both methods, although the titers of the seroconverters were higher to VP7 than to VP4. Both proteins induced homotypic as well as heterotypic NtAbs. G1 VP7 frequently induced a response to both G1 and G3 VP7s, while G3 VP7 and P1A VP4 induced mostly homotypic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Menchaca
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
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26
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Gómez B, Cabrera L, Arias CF. [Workshop on Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Diseases]. GAC MED MEX 1998; 133 Suppl 1:63-8. [PMID: 9504103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A workshop on viral epidemiology was held on September 29, 1995 at the Medical School of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico. The aim of this workshop was to promote interaction among scientists working in viral epidemiology. Eighteen scientists from ten institutions presented their experiences and work. General aspects of the epidemiology of meaningful viral diseases in the country were discussed, and lectures presented on the rota, polio, respiratory syncytial, dengue, papiloma, rabies, VIH and hepatitis viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gómez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F
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27
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Cuadras MA, Arias CF, López S. Rotaviruses induce an early membrane permeabilization of MA104 cells and do not require a low intracellular Ca2+ concentration to initiate their replication cycle. J Virol 1997; 71:9065-74. [PMID: 9371563 PMCID: PMC230207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.12.9065-9074.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we found that rotavirus infection induces an early membrane permeabilization of MA104 cells and promotes the coentry of toxins, such as alpha-sarcin, into the cell. This cell permeability was shown to depend on infectious virus and was also shown to be virus dose dependent, with 10 infectious particles per cell being sufficient to achieve maximum permeability; transient, lasting no more than 15 min after virus entry and probably occurring concomitantly with virus penetration; and specific, since cells that are poorly permissive for rotavirus were not permeabilized. The rotavirus-mediated coentry of toxins was not blocked by the endocytosis inhibitors dansylcadaverine and cytochalasin D or by the vacuolar proton-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1, suggesting that neither endocytocis nor an intraendosomal acidic pH or a proton gradient is required for permeabilization of the cells. Compounds that raise the intracellular concentration of calcium ([Ca2+]i) by different mechanisms, such as the calcium ionophores A23187 and ionomycin and the endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin, did not block the coentry of alpha-sarcin or affect the onset of viral protein synthesis, suggesting that a low [Ca2+]i is not essential for the initial steps of the virus life cycle. Since the entry of alpha-sarcin correlates with virus penetration in all parameters tested, the assay for permeabilization to toxins might be a useful tool for studying and characterizing the route of entry and the mechanism used by rotaviruses to traverse the cell membrane and initiate a productive replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Cuadras
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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28
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Mascarenhas JD, Arias CF, Padilla-Noriega L, López S, Gusmão RH, Gabbay YB, Linhares AC. Characterization of rotavirus strains with unusual electrophoretic profiles. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1997; 92:771-4. [PMID: 9580489 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761997000600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J D Mascarenhas
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Fundaçào Nacional de Saúde, Belém, PA, Brasil
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29
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Abstract
The infectivity of most animal rotaviruses is dependent on the interaction of the virus spike protein VP4 with a sialic acid (SA)-containing cell receptor, and the SA-binding domain of this protein has been mapped between amino acids 93 and 208 of its trypsin cleavage fragment VP8. To identify which residues in this region are essential for the SA-binding activity, we performed alanine mutagenesis of the rotavirus RRV VP8 expressed in bacteria as a fusion polypeptide with glutathione S-transferase. Tyrosines were primarily targeted since tyrosine has been involved in the interaction of other viral hemagglutinins with SA. Of the 15 substitutions carried out, 10 abolished the SA-dependent hemagglutination activity of the protein, as well as its ability to bind to glycophorin A in a solid-phase assay. However, only alanine substitutions for tyrosines 155 and 188 and for serine 190 did not affect the overall conformation of the protein, as judged by their interaction with a panel of conformationally sensitive neutralizing VP8 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). These findings suggest that these three amino acids play an essential role in the SA-binding activity of the protein, presumably by interacting directly with the SA molecule. The predicted secondary structure of VP8 suggests that it is organized as 11 beta-strands separated by loops; in this model, Tyr-155 maps to loop 7 while Tyr-188 and Ser-190 map to loop 9. The close proximity of these two loops is also supported by previous results from competition experiments with neutralizing MAbs directed at RRV VP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Isa
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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30
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Abstract
In this work, we have studied the T-helper (Th)-cell response against rotavirus, in a mouse model. Adult BALB/c mice were inoculated parenterally with porcine rotavirus YM, and the Th-cell response from spleen cells against the virus and two overlapping fragments of the major capsid protein VP6 (VP6(1-192) and VP6(171-397)) were evaluated in vitro. The Th cells recognized the YM virus and the two protein fragments, suggesting that there are at least two Th-cell epitopes on the VP6 molecule. To study the specificity of Th cells against VP6 at the clonal level, we established two Th-cell hybridomas cross-reactive for the VP6 protein of rotavirus strains YM and SA11. Both hybridomas recognized the VP6(171-397) polypeptide, and a synthetic peptide comprising the amino acids 289 to 302 (RLSFQLVRPPNMTP) of YM VP6 in the context of the major histocompatibility complex class II IEd molecule. The Th-cell hybridomas recognized rotavirus VP6 in a highly cross-reactive fashion, since they could be stimulated by eight different strains of rotavirus, including the murine rotavirus EDIM, that represent five G serotypes and at least two subgroups. The amino acid sequence of the VP6 epitope is highly conserved in most group A rotavirus strains sequenced so far. On the other hand, it was found that Th cells specific for the VP6 epitope may constitute an important proportion of the total polyclonal Th-cell response against rotavirus YM in spleen cells. These results demonstrate that VP6 can be a target for highly cross-reactive Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Baños
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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31
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Abstract
The infectivity of rotaviruses is increased by and most probably is dependent on trypsin treatment of the virus. This proteolytic treatment specifically cleaves VP4, the protein that forms the spikes on the surface of the virions, to polypeptides VP5 and VP8. This cleavage has been reported to occur in rotavirus SA114fM at two conserved, closely spaced arginine residues located at VP4 amino acids 241 and 247. In this work, we have characterized the VP4 cleavage products of rotavirus SA114S generated by in vitro treatment of the virus with increasing concentrations of trypsin and with proteases AspN and alpha-chymotrypsin. The VP8 and VP5 polypeptides were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and by Western blotting (immunoblotting) with antibodies raised to synthetic peptides that mimic the terminal regions of VP4 generated by the trypsin cleavage. It was shown that in addition to arginine residues 241 and 247, VP4 is cleaved at arginine residue 231. These three sites were found to have different susceptibilities to trypsin, Arg-241 > Arg-231 > Arg-247, with the enhancement of infectivity correlating with cleavage at Arg-247 rather than at Arg-231 or Arg-241. Proteases AspN and alpha-chymotrypsin cleaved VP4 at Asp-242 and Tyr-246, respectively, with no significant enhancement of infectivity, although this enhancement could be achieved by further treatment of the virus with trypsin. The VP4 end products of trypsin treatment were a homogeneous VP8 polypeptide comprising VP4 amino acids 1 to 231 and a heterogeneous VP5, which is formed by two polypeptide species (present at a ratio of approximately 1:5) as a result of cleavage at either Arg-241 or Arg-247. A pathway for the trypsin activation of rotavirus infectivity is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Arias
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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32
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Abstract
The infection of target cells by most animal rotavirus strains requires the presence of sialic acids (SAs) on the cell surface. We recently isolated variants from simian rotavirus RRV whose infectivity is no longer dependent on SAs and showed that the mutant phenotype segregates with the gene coding for VP4, one of the two surface proteins of rotaviruses (the other one being VP7). The nucleotide sequence of the VP4 gene of four independently isolated variants showed three amino acid changes, at positions 37 (Leu to Pro), 187 (Lys to Arg), and 267 (Tyr to Cys), in all mutant VP4 proteins compared with RRV VP4. The characterization of revertant viruses from two independent mutants showed that the arginine residue at position 187 changed back to lysine, indicating that this amino acid is involved in the determination of the mutant phenotype. Surprisingly, sequence analysis of reassortant virus DS1XRRV, which depends on SAs to infect the cell, showed that its VP4 gene is identical to the VP4 gene of the variants. Since the only difference between DS1XRRV and the RRV variants is the parental origin of the VP7 gene (human rotavirus DS1 in the reassortant), these findings suggest that the receptor-binding specificity of rotaviruses, via VP4, may be influenced by the associated VP7 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Méndez
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelos, Mexico
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33
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Contreras JF, Menchaca GE, Padilla-Noriega L, Tamez RS, Greenberg HB, López S, Arias CF. Heterogeneity of VP4 neutralization epitopes among serotype P1A human rotavirus strains. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1995; 2:506-8. [PMID: 7583936 PMCID: PMC170191 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.2.4.506-508.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have used serotype-specific VP4 and VP7 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (Nt-MAbs), as well as subgroup (SG)-specific MAbs, to characterize by enzyme immunoassay rotavirus strains isolated from diarrheic infants in the city of Monterrey, Mexico, from July 1993 to March 1994. Of a total of 465 children studied, 140 were rotavirus positive, including 3 patients infected with non-group A rotaviruses. The SG and VP7 (G) serotype specificities could be determined for 118 (84%) of the 140 rotavirus-positive stool specimens; 4 rotavirus strains were serotype G1 and SGII; 1 strain was serotype G2 and SGI+II; 112 strains were serotype G3 and SGII; 1 strain was serotype G3 and SGI; and none of the strains was serotype G4. Fifty-eight specimens, representing the 13 different group A rotavirus electropherotypes detected, were chosen for VP4 (P) serotyping. Of these, 48 (83%) strains reacted with the P1A serotype-specific Nt-MAb 1A10. None of the strains reacted with the serotype P2-specific Nt-MAbs tested. Not all viruses that reacted with Nt-MAb 1A10 were recognized by Nt-MAbs 2A3 and 2G1, which also recognize P1A strains, indicating heterogeneity of neutralization epitopes among serotype P1A human rotaviruses. This heterogeneity could be relevant for the specificity of the VP4-mediated neutralizing antibody immune response and indicates the need for antigenic characterization, in addition to genomic typing, of the VP4 proteins of circulating human rotavirus field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Contreras
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Mexico
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34
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Abstract
The Salmonella typhi (St) ompC gene codes for a major outer membrane protein (OMP) that is highly expressed in both low and high osmolarity. By hybridization studies with the entire gene or with segments thereof, ompC was found to be highly conserved within 11 different Salmonella serotypes, with the exception of S. arizonae. The study included several St isolates from Mexico and Indonesia. Variation was only detected in two (e and f) of the seven regions previously found to vary between St and E. coli ompC. Chimeric OmpC proteins, carrying a rotavirus VP4 capsid protein epitope, are well recognized by a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against this epitope, either in OMP preparations (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ELISA) or intact cells (by ELISA and immunogold-labelling), indicating that regions c and f are oriented towards the cell surface and are probably exposed. As has been shown before for other regulated OMP, this experimental approach could be useful for the presentation of heterologous epitopes in order to gain knowledge about porin topology, for testing the effect of altered porin surface epitopes on bacterial physiology, or else, in the development of multivalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Puente
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca
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35
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Abstract
Most strains of animal rotaviruses are able to agglutinate erythrocytes, and the surface protein VP4 is the virus hemagglutinin. To map the hemagglutination domain on VP4 while preserving the conformation of the protein, we constructed full-length chimeras between the VP4 genes of hemagglutinating (YM) and nonhemagglutinating (KU) rotavirus strains. The parental and chimeric genes were expressed in insect cells, and the recombinant VP4 proteins were evaluated for their capacity to agglutinate human type O erythrocytes. Three chimeric genes, encoding amino acids 1 to 208 (QKU), 93 to 208 (QC), and 93 to 776 (QYM) of the YM VP4 protein in a KU VP4 background, were constructed. YM VP4 and chimeras QKU and QC were shown to specifically hemagglutinate, indicating that the region between amino acids 93 and 208 of YM VP4 is sufficient to determine the hemagglutination activity of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Fuentes-Pananá
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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36
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Padilla-Noriega L, Dunn SJ, López S, Greenberg HB, Arias CF. Identification of two independent neutralization domains on the VP4 trypsin cleavage products VP5* and VP8* of human rotavirus ST3. Virology 1995; 206:148-54. [PMID: 7530390 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(95)80029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The antigenic structure of the VP4 protein of human rotavirus (HRV) strains Wa and ST3 was studied by using a panel of Wa- and ST3-derived VP4-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NMAbs) and NMAb-resistant variants. The VP4-coding genes from three Wa and three ST3 variants were sequenced. For Wa VP4, one homotypic and one heterotypic neutralization site, at amino acids 458 and 392, respectively, were identified. For ST3 VP4, three neutralization sites were found at amino acids 72, 217, and 385 that are either homotypic or associated with limited cross-reactivity. Cross-neutralization assays using several pairs of NMAbs and resistant variants showed that Wa VP4 has at least one large neutralization domain on its larger trypsin cleavage product, VP5*, consisting of several operationally related epitopes. VP4 of ST3 has at least two neutralization domains, one located on VP5* that is operationally related to the large neutralization domains on VP5* from HRVs Wa and KU, as well as an independent neutralization domain on VP8*, the smaller trypsin cleavage product of VP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Padilla-Noriega
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiologia Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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37
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Abstract
VP6, the most abundant protein of rotaviruses, contains epitopes that allow the classification of these viruses into four subgroups (SG), depending on the presence or absence of two epitopes called I and II. The subgroup-specific epitopes are conformational and appear to be present on trimeric but not monomeric VP6. We have identified on VP6 some of the amino acids that determine the reactivity of the subgroup-specific mAbs 255/60 and 631/9. A single amino acid mutation at positions 172 (Met to Ala) or 305 (Asn to Ala) was sufficient to change the subgroup specificity of the human rotavirus Wa VP6 protein from SGII to SGI/II, since either of these mutations allowed the protein to be recognized by the SGI mAb 255/60, while retaining its capacity to interact with the SGII mAb 631/9. In the case of the SGII epitope, the mutation of two contiguous amino acids (Ala305 Asn306 to Asn305 Ala306) in the porcine rotavirus YM VP6 protein (SGI) enabled the protein to be efficiently recognized by the SGII mAb 631/9, while causing the YM VP6 protein to lose its capacity to interact with mAb 255/60. These results suggest that both subgroup Abs interact with an antigenic domain in VP6 that is composed of at least two regions of the protein that, although distant in the linear sequence, might be in close proximity in the structured VP6 trimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S López
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- L Almanza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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39
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Arias CF, López S, Mascarenhas JD, Romero P, Cano P, Gabbay YB, de Freitas RB, Linhares AC. Neutralizing antibody immune response in children with primary and secondary rotavirus infections. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1994; 1:89-94. [PMID: 7496929 PMCID: PMC368202 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.1.1.89-94.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized the neutralizing antibody immune response to six human rotavirus serotypes (G1 to G4, G8, and G9) in Brazilian children with primary and secondary rotavirus infections and correlated the response with the G serotype of the infecting rotavirus strain. Twenty-five children were studied: 17 had a single rotavirus infection, 4 were reinfected once, and 4 experienced three infections. Two of the reinfections were by non-group A rotaviruses. Among the 25 primary infections, we observed homotypic as well as heterotypic responses; the serotype G1 viruses, which accounted for 13 of these infections, induced mostly a homotypic response, while infections by serotype G2 and G4 viruses induced, in addition to the homotypic, a heterotypic response directed primarily to serotype G1. Two of the primary infections induced heterotypic antibodies to 69M, a serotype G8 virus that by RNA electrophoresis analysis was found not to circulate in the population during the time of the study. The specificity of the neutralizing antibody immune response induced by a virus of a given serotype was the same in primary as well as secondary infections. These results indicate that the heterotypic immune response induced in a primary rotavirus infection is an intrinsic property of the virus strain, and although there seem to be general patterns of serotype-specific seroconversion, these may vary from serotype to serotype and from strain to strain within a serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Arias
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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40
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González RA, Sánchez J, Holmgren J, López S, Arias CF. Immunological characterization of a rotavirus-neutralizing epitope fused to the cholera toxin B subunit. Gene X 1993; 133:227-32. [PMID: 7693553 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90643-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly conserved neutralizing epitope from the surface protein VP4 (amino acids 296-313) of human rotaviruses was genetically fused to the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB). Synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides encoding the VP4 peptide were inserted between the 3' end of the DNA that codes for the leader peptide, and the 5' end of the gene encoding mature CTB. The hybrid protein synthesized in Escherichia coli was found to maintain the ability of CTB to pentamerize, and to adhere to its cell receptor, the GM1 ganglioside. The chimera was efficiently recognized by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed at CTB and by a virus-neutralizing mAb against the VP4 peptide. The hybrid polypeptide was shown to induce high titers of serum antibodies (Ab) against CTB and the synthetic VP4 peptide following subcutaneous immunization; paradoxically, however, the Ab obtained did not recognize the virus by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, nor had detectable neutralizing activity. Potential implications of these results for future design and evaluation of fusion proteins as immunogens are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A González
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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41
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López S, Padilla-Noriega L, Arias CF. [Correlation between serotype and electrophoretype of rotaviruses isolated in 2 Mexican populations]. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 1993; 50:736-40. [PMID: 8216872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to study the correlation between the serotype specificity and the genomic RNA electrophoretic pattern (electropherotype) of human rotavirus (HRV) strains, we analyzed the electropherotypes of 54 HRV that had been collected during a four year study in Mexico, and whose serotypes had been previously determined. We detected 17 different electropherotypes, four in association with serotype G1, two with serotype G2, six with serotype G3, and five with serotype G4. There were no viruses with the same electropherotype having a different serotype. The variations in RNA electrophoretic migration were greater between viruses belonging to different serotypes than between viruses of the same serotype. It is of note that the relative separation of RNA segments 7 and 9 remained constant among viruses of the same serotype. Electropherotyping might have a serotype predictive value for rotavirus specimens lacking the virion outer capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- S López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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42
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Abstract
The infection of target cells by animal rotaviruses requires the presence of sialic acids on the cell surface. Treatment of the cells with neuraminidases or incubation of the viruses with some sialoglycoproteins, such as glycophorin A, greatly reduces virus binding, with the consequent reduction of viral infectivity. In this work, we report the isolation of animal rotavirus variants whose infectivity is no longer dependent on the presence of sialic acids on the cell surface. In addition, although these variants bind to glycophorin A as efficiently as the wild-type virus, this interaction no longer inhibit viral infectivity. These observations indicate that the initial interaction of the mutants with the cell occurs at a site different from the sialic acid-binding site located on VP8, the smaller trypsin cleavage product of VP4. Reassortant analysis showed that the mutant phenotype segregates with the VP4 gene. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed to VP4 and VP7 were tested for their ability to neutralize the variants. Antibodies to VP7 and VP5, the larger trypsin cleavage product of VP4, neutralized the mutants as efficiently as the wild-type virus. In contrast, although antibodies to VP8 were able to bind to the mutants, they showed little or no neutralizing activity. The implications of these findings in rotavirus attachment to and penetration of epithelial cells in culture are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Méndez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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43
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Abstract
We have determined the nucleotide sequence of genes 6 and 10 of porcine rotavirus YM. When the amino acid sequences of VP6 and NS28, the protein products of genes 6 and 10 respectively, were compared with other published sequences it was evident that the proteins of human rotavirus Wa have the highest degree of identity with rotavirus YM. This is in contrast with the observation that when other proteins of these two strains have been compared they have been found to be among the most distantly related pairs of rotavirus strains. This observation is in accordance with the proposed receptor-ligand interaction between NS28 and VP6 during virus morphogenesis, and suggests a specificity in the interaction between these two proteins. In addition, when rotavirus YM VP6, which belongs to subgroup I, was compared with the VP6 proteins of rotavirus strains having different subgroup specificities, it was found to be more closely related to subgroup II rather than subgroup I proteins. This finding allowed us to identify five potential amino acids on VP6 that may contribute to determining the subgroup antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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Abstract
Flavivirus genomic RNA is translated into a large polyprotein that is processed into structural and nonstructural proteins. The N-termini of several nonstructural proteins are produced by cleavage at dibasic sites by a two-component viral proteinase consisting of NS2B and NS3. NS3 contains a trypsin-like serine proteinase domain at its N-terminus, whereas the function of NS2B in proteolysis is yet to be determined. We have used an NS3-specific antiserum, under nondenaturing conditions, to demonstrate that NS2B and NS3 form a complex both in vitro and in vivo. The N-terminal 184 residues of NS3 are sufficient to form the complex with NS2B. The complex forms efficiently when the NS2B and NS3 are translated from two different mRNAs as well as when NS2B and NS3 are translated as a polyprotein from the same mRNA. A chimeric complex can be formed between yellow fever NS2B and a chimeric yellow fever-dengue 2 NS3. Using anti-NS3 antisera, we also found that a 50-kDa fragment of NS3, consisting of the N-terminal approximately 460 residues, is produced in infected mammalian cells. This fragment is not produced in infected mosquito cells, but will form in Triton X-100 lysates of mosquito cells. The cleavage of NS3 to form this fragment is catalyzed by the NS3 proteinase itself and proteolysis requires NS2B. Examination of the amino acid sequence of NS3 reveals a potential conserved cleavage site that resembles other sites cleaved by the NS3/NS2B proteinase; this site occurs within a conserved RNA helicase sequence motif. The importance of this alternatively processed form of NS3 and its role in the replication cycle of dengue virus remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Arias
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125
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Affiliation(s)
- S López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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46
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Abstract
Two rotavirus variants containing genomic rearrangements were isolated from human rotavirus strain Wa. In one variant (H5) the rearrangement involves the RNA segment 5, while in the other variant (H57) two genes, 5 and 7 are rearranged. The rearranged genes are composed exclusively of sequences from the genes they substitute. Sequence analysis of the rearranged segment 7 indicated that it is a partial duplication of the wild type gene, in a head-to-tail orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Méndez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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López S, López I, Romero P, Méndez E, Soberón X, Arias CF. Rotavirus YM gene 4: analysis of its deduced amino acid sequence and prediction of the secondary structure of the VP4 protein. J Virol 1991; 65:3738-45. [PMID: 1645789 PMCID: PMC241399 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.7.3738-3745.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the VP4 gene of porcine rotavirus YM. It is 2,362 nucleotides long, with a single open reading frame coding for a protein of 776 amino acids. A phylogenetic tree was derived from the deduced YM VP4 amino acid sequence and 18 other available VP4 sequences of rotavirus strains belonging to different serotypes and isolated from different animal species. In this tree, VP4 proteins were grouped by the hosts that the corresponding viruses infect rather than by the serotypes they belong to, suggesting that this protein is involved in the host specificity of the viruses. In an attempt to predict the secondary structure of the VP4 protein, we selected the more divergent VP4 sequences and made a secondary structure analysis of each protein. In spite of variations within the individual structures predicted, there was a general structural pattern which suggested the existence of at least two different domains. One, comprising the amino-terminal 63% of the protein, is predicted to be a possible globular domain rich in beta-strands alternated with turns and coils. The second domain, represented by the remaining, carboxy-terminal part of VP4, is rich in long stretches of alpha-helix, one of which, 63 amino acids long, has heptad repeats resembling those found in proteins known to form alpha-helical coiled-coils. The predicted secondary structure correlates well with the available data on the protein accessibility delineated by immunological and biochemical findings and with the spike structure of the protein, which has been determined by cryoelectron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelos
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Lizano M, López S, Arias CF. The amino-terminal half of rotavirus SA114fM VP4 protein contains a hemagglutination domain and primes for neutralizing antibodies to the virus. J Virol 1991; 65:1383-91. [PMID: 1847459 PMCID: PMC239916 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.3.1383-1391.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported the synthesis in Escherichia coli of polypeptide MS2-VP8', which contains the amino-terminal half of the SA114fM VP4 protein fused to MS2 bacteriophage polymerase sequences (C. F. Arias, M. Lizano, and S. López, J. Gen. Virol. 68:633-642, 1987). In this work we have synthesized the carboxy-terminal half of the VP4 protein also fused to the MS2 polymerase. This protein, designated MS2-VP5', was recognized by sera to the complete virion and was able to induce antibodies to the virus when administered to mice; however, these antibodies had no neutralizing activity. The two chimeric polypeptides were tested for their ability to agglutinate erythrocytes and to prime the immune system of mice. Bacterial lysates enriched for the MS2-VP8' hybrid polypeptide, but not those enriched for the MS2-VP5' protein or those containing proteins from the host E. coli strain, had hemagglutinating activity. This hemagglutination was inhibited by sera to SA114fM rotavirus. In addition, a single dose of the MS2-VP8' polypeptide was able to prime the immune system of mice for an augmented neutralizing antibody response when the animals were subsequently immunized with purified SA114fM virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lizano
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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Salas-Vidal E, Plebañski M, Castro S, Perales G, Mata E, López S, Arias CF. Synthesis of the surface glycoprotein of rotavirus SA11 in the aroA strain of Salmonella typhimurium SL3261. Res Microbiol 1990; 141:883-6. [PMID: 1966256 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(90)90125-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Salas-Vidal
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnoloía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico
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