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Mercola J, D'Adamo CR. Linoleic Acid: A Narrative Review of the Effects of Increased Intake in the Standard American Diet and Associations with Chronic Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:3129. [PMID: 37513547 PMCID: PMC10386285 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The intake of linoleic acid (LA) has increased dramatically in the standard American diet. LA is generally promoted as supporting human health, but there exists controversy regarding whether the amount of LA currently consumed in the standard American diet supports human health. The goal of this narrative review is to explore the mechanisms that underlie the hypothesis that excessive LA intake may harm human health. While LA is considered to be an essential fatty acid and support health when consumed in modest amounts, an excessive intake of LA leads to the formation of oxidized linoleic acid metabolites (OXLAMs), impairments in mitochondrial function through suboptimal cardiolipin composition, and likely contributes to many chronic diseases that became an epidemic in the 20th century, and whose prevalence continues to increase. The standard American diet comprises 14 to 25 times more omega-6 fatty acids than omega-3 fatty acids, with the majority of omega-6 intake coming from LA. As LA consumption increases, the potential for OXLAM formation also increases. OXLAMs have been associated with various illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease, among others. Lowering dietary LA intake can help reduce the production and accumulation of OXLAMs implicated in chronic diseases. While there are other problematic components in the standard American diet, the half-life of LA is approximately two years, which means the damage can be far more persistent than other dietary factors, and the impact of reducing excessive LA intake takes time. Therefore, additional research-evaluating approaches to reduce OXLAM formation and cardiolipin derangements following LA consumption are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mercola
- Natural Health Partners, LLC, 125 SW 3rd Place, Cape Coral, FL 33991, USA
| | - Christopher R D'Adamo
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Alouffi S, Khanam A, Husain A, Akasha R, Rabbani G, Ahmad S. d-ribose-mediated glycation of fibrinogen: Role in the induction of adaptive immune response. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 367:110147. [PMID: 36108717 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A nonenzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and amino groups of proteins results in the formation of advanced glycation end products, which are linked to a number of chronic progressive diseases with macro- and microvascular complications. In this research, we sought to ascertain the immunological response to d-ibose-glycated fibrinogen. New Zealand White female rabbits were immunized with native and d-ribose-glycated (Rb-gly-Fb) fibrinogen and used for studying the immunological response. Serum from these rabbits analyzed using direct binding and competitive inhibition ELISA was found to contain a high titer of antibodies against Rb-gly-Fb; Rb-gly-Fb was much more immunogenic than its native form. The IgG against Rb-gly-Fb (Rb-gly-Fb-IgG) was highly specific against the immunogenic protein. Moreover, histopathology and immunofluorescence studies revealed the deposition of the Rb-gly-Fb-IgG immune complex in the glomerular basement membrane of the kidneys of immunized rabbits. Furthermore, immunization with Rb-gly-Fb increased the expression of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and interferon-gamma, which is indicative of increased inflammation and the antigenic role of Rb-gly-Fb in provoking an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Alouffi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail- 2440, Saudi Arabia; Molecular Diagnostic & Personalized Therapeutic Unit, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afreen Khanam
- IIRC-1, Laboratory of Glycation Biology and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India.
| | - Arbab Husain
- IIRC-1, Laboratory of Glycation Biology and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Rihab Akasha
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail- 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gulam Rabbani
- Nano Diagnostics & Devices (NDD), IT Medical Fusion Center, 350-27 Gumidae-ro, Gumi-si, Gyeongbuk, 39253, Republic of Korea
| | - Saheem Ahmad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail- 2440, Saudi Arabia; Molecular Diagnostic & Personalized Therapeutic Unit, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia.
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Garcés-Rimón M, González C, Hernanz R, Herradón E, Martín A, Palacios R, Alonso MJ, Uranga JA, López-Miranda V, Miguel M. Egg white hydrolysates improve vascular damage in obese Zucker rats by its antioxidant properties. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13062. [PMID: 31571257 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is related to increased risk of early death due to cardiovascular complications, among others. Dietary intervention has been suggested as the safest and most cost-effective alternative for treatment of those alterations in patients with MS. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different egg white hydrolysates (HEW1 and HEW2) in obese Zucker rats, focus on the development of cardiovascular complications. Blood pressure, heart rate, basal cardiac function and vascular reactivity in aorta and mesenteric resistance arteries were evaluated. Reactive oxygen species production by dihydroethidium-emitted fluorescence, NOX-1 mRNA levels by qRT-PCR, angiotensin-converting enzyme activity by fluorimetry and kidney histopathology were also analysed. Both hydrolysates improve the endothelial dysfunction occurring in resistance arteries. Additionally, HEW2 reduced vascular oxidative stress. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Egg white is a good source of bioactive peptides, some of them with high antioxidant activity. They may be used as functional foods ingredients and could serve as an alternative therapeutic option to decrease some Metabolic Syndrome-related complications. This study suggests that these hydrolysates could be an interesting non-pharmacological tool to control cardiovascular complications related to Metabolic Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garcés-Rimón
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Farmacología (URJC), Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina González
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Farmacología (URJC), Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Dpto, de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Hernanz
- Dpto, de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esperanza Herradón
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Farmacología (URJC), Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Dpto, de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Martín
- Dpto, de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Palacios
- Dpto, de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Alonso
- Dpto, de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Uranga
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Farmacología (URJC), Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Dpto, de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Visitación López-Miranda
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Farmacología (URJC), Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Dpto, de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Miguel
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Farmacología (URJC), Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Miljkovic M, Stefanovic A, Simic-Ogrizovic S, Vekic J, Bogavac-Stanojevic N, Cerne D, Kocbek P, Marc J, Jelic-Ivanovic Z, Spasojevic-Kalimanovska V, Kotur-Stevuljevic J. Association of Dyslipidemia, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation With Redox Status in VLDL, LDL, and HDL Lipoproteins in Patients With Renal Disease. Angiology 2018; 69:861-870. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319718780041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Some cardiovascular complications in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease may be caused by structurally and functionally modified lipoproteins. Redox status (advanced oxidation protein products [AOPPs]), prooxidant–antioxidant balance, total protein sulfhydryl (SH-groups), and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity were assessed in 77 renal patients and 20 controls. Lipoproteins were isolated using ultracentrifugation. PON1, PON3, and pentraxin-3 concentration were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Dyslipidemia-Oxy-Inflammation (DOI) score was calculated as a sum of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation scores. The dyslipidemia score ( P < .001), oxy score ( P < .01), inflammation score (P < .001), and the DOI score ( P < .001) were higher in patient groups compared with controls. The very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) fraction contained the highest amount of AOPP ( P < .001) compared with other lipoprotein fractions in all groups. The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction contained elevated AOPP in all groups compared with the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction ( P < .001). Significant positive correlation was observed between AOPP in LDL fraction and DOI score (ρ = 0.510, P < .01). Dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation play an interactive role in renal disease and are mutually associated with redox status in VLDL, LDL, and HDL lipoproteins in plasma of renal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Miljkovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stefanovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Jelena Vekic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Darko Cerne
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Kocbek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Marc
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zorana Jelic-Ivanovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Jelena Kotur-Stevuljevic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Poonsin T, Simpson BK, Benjakul S, Visessanguan W, Yoshida A, Klomklao S. Carotenoprotein from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei
) shells extracted using trypsin from albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga
) spleen: Antioxidant activity and its potential in model systems. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanchanok Poonsin
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Technology and Community Development; Thaksin University, Phatthalung Campus; Phatthalung 93210 Thailand
| | - Benjamin K. Simpson
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry; McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste. Anne de Bellevue; Quebec H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112 Thailand
| | - Wonnop Visessanguan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholayothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang; Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Asami Yoshida
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies; Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo; Nagasaki 852-8521 Japan
| | - Sappasith Klomklao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology and Community Development; Thaksin University, Phatthalung Campus; Phatthalung 93210 Thailand
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De Marchi F, Santos G, Petit H, Benchaar C. Oxidative status of dairy cows fed flax meal and infused with sunflower oil in the abomasum. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Lima L, Palin MF, Santos G, Benchaar C, Lima L, Chouinard P, Petit H. Effect of flax meal on the production performance and oxidative status of dairy cows infused with flax oil in the abomasum. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Imam H, Chowdhury A, Mahbub NU, Hossain A, Karim MFB, Uddin MB, Sarker MMR. Oxidizability assay of unfractionated plasma of patients' with different plasma profile: a methodological study. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2014; 13:54. [PMID: 24918093 PMCID: PMC4031925 DOI: 10.1186/2251-6581-13-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Present study describe the in vitro model of plasma oxidation of patients with different lipid profile, that can be correlated to their invivo plasma oxidizability in order to find the arterial diseases prone patient groups. METHOD The method applied here to measure the invitro plasma oxidizability, accounts a convenient way that can be well suited in any clinical laboratory settings. Un-fractionated plasma was exposed to CuSO4 (5.0 mmol/L), a pro-oxidant, and low frequency ultrasonic wave to induce oxidation, and finally oxidizability was calculated by TBARS and Conjugated Diene methods. RESULT In our study, plasma LDL greater than 150 mg/dL possess 1.75 times more risk to undergo oxidation (CI, 0.7774 to 3.94; p = 0.071) than the low LDL plasma, percent of oxidation increased from 38.3% to 67.1% for the LDL level upto 150 mg/dL and high. Lag phase, which is considered as the plasma antioxidative protection, was also influenced by the higher LDL concentration. The mean lag time was 65.27 ± 20.02 (p = 0.02 compared to healthy), where as for 94.71 ± 35.11 min for the normolipidemic subject. The plasma oxidizability was also changed drastically for total cholesterol level, oxidative susceptibility shown 35% and 55.02% for 200 mg/dL and high respectively, however it didn't appear as risk factor. Patient samples were also stratified according to their age, gender, and blood glucose level. Older persons (≥40 years) were 1.096 times (95% CL, 0.5607 to 2.141, p = 0.396) than younger (≤39 years age), males are 1.071 (95% CI, 0.5072- 2.264) times than the females, and diabetic patients are 1.091 (CI, 0.6153 to 1.934, p = 0.391) times in more risk than the non-diabetic counterpart. CONCLUSION This method addressing its easy applicability in biomedical research. And by this we were able to show that patients with high LDL (≥150 mg/dL) are in alarming condition besides diabetic and elderly (≥40 years age) males are considered to be susceptible and more prone to develop vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Imam
- Department of Pharmacy, Primeasia University, 9 Banani C/A, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Arfia Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacy, Primeasia University, 9 Banani C/A, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Nasir Uddin Mahbub
- Department of Pharmacy, Primeasia University, 9 Banani C/A, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Amir Hossain
- Exim Bank Hospital, 840 Rokeya Soroni, Mirpur, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Clinical Investigation Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Efficacy of DL-α lipoic acid against systemic inflammation-induced mice: antioxidant defense system. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 313:113-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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THIANSILAKUL YAOWAPA, BENJAKUL SOOTTAWAT, SHAHIDI FEREIDOON. ANTIOXIDATIVE ACTIVITY OF PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE FROM ROUND SCAD MUSCLE USING ALCALASE AND FLAVOURZYME. J Food Biochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2007.00111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Conti M, Renaud IM, Poirier B, Michel O, Belair MF, Mandet C, Bruneval P, Myara I, Chevalier J. High levels of myocardial antioxidant defense in aging nondiabetic normotensive Zucker obese rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 286:R793-800. [PMID: 14670809 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00521.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic renal failure often induces left ventricular hypertrophy. We assessed whether the heart is affected in the Zucker obese rat, a model of chronic renal failure associated with obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance without hypertension or hyperglycemia. After systemic blood pressure measurement, the heart, the aorta, and the kidneys were removed from anesthetized 9- and 13-mo-old Zucker obese and lean control male rats ( n = 33, n = 24, n = 25, and n = 21, respectively). Determination of left ventricular geometry, quantification of myocardium collagen density, and measurement of heart antioxidant enzyme activity were made, as well as aorta and kidney parameters. Mean blood pressure remained at a normal range whatever the age and group considered. Whereas kidney structure and function were severely impaired, no sign of myocardial infarction or inflammatory process was noticed. A moderate left ventricular hypertrophy was observed in 13-mo-old obese rats. While heart malondialdehyde was stable with age and among groups, antioxidant enzyme activity was higher in obese rats. In conclusion, in the absence of hypertensive or hyperglycemic disorders, the heart seems to display a sufficient line of defense against oxidative stress during the development of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Conti
- Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Abstract
Dyslipidemias are common in patients with chronic kidney disease. The causes vary with the stage of kidney disease, the degree of proteinuria, and the modality of end-stage renal disease treatment. Dyslipidemias have been associated with kidney disease progression, and a number of small, randomized, controlled trials of lipid-lowering agents have been conducted. Unfortunately, the results of these trials, although encouraging, have been inconclusive because of the small numbers of patients enrolled. Dyslipidemias may also contribute to the high incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. This is most likely for patients with chronic renal insufficiency and for kidney transplant recipients. Less certain is the role of dyslipidemias in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease among dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Sahadevan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
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