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Ummalyma SB, Sirohi R, Udayan A, Yadav P, Raj A, Sim SJ, Pandey A. Sustainable microalgal biomass production in food industry wastewater for low-cost biorefinery products: a review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2022; 22:1-23. [PMID: 35431709 PMCID: PMC9006494 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-022-09814-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are recognized as cell factories enriched with biochemicals suitable as feedstock for bio-energy, food, feed, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals applications. The industrial application of microalgae is challenging due to hurdles associated with mass cultivation and biomass recovery. The scale-up production of microalgal biomass in freshwater is not a sustainable solution due to the projected increase of freshwater demands in the coming years. Microalgae cultivation in wastewater is encouraged in recent years for sustainable bioeconomy from biorefinery processes. Wastewater from the food industry is a less-toxic growth medium for microalgal biomass production. Traditional wastewater treatment and management processes are expensive; hence it is highly relevant to use low-cost wastewater treatment processes with revenue generation through different products. Microalgae are accepted as potential biocatalysts for the bioremediation of wastewater. Microalgae based purification of wastewater technology could be a universal alternative solution for the recovery of resources from wastewater for low-cost biomass feedstock for industry. This review highlights the importance of microalgal biomass production in food processing wastewater, their characteristics, and different microalgal cultivation methods, followed by nutrient absorption mechanisms. Towards the end of the review, different microalgae biomass harvesting processes with biorefinery products, and void gaps that tend to hinder the biomass production with future perspectives will be intended. Thus, the review could claim to be valuable for sustainable microalgae biomass production for eco-friendly bioproduct conversions. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeela Beevi Ummalyma
- DBT- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, An Autonomus Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Govt.of India, Takyelpat, Imphal, 795 001 India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136 713 Republic of Korea
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 029 India
| | - Aswathy Udayan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Environmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001 India
| | - Abhay Raj
- Environmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001 India
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136 713 Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 029 India
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001 India
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248 007 India
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Ogawa T, Nakamoto M, Tanaka Y, Sato K, Okazawa A, Kanaya S, Ohta D. Exploration and characterization of chemical stimulators to maximize the wax ester production by Euglena gracilis. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 133:243-249. [PMID: 34952786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis, a phototrophic protist, is a valuable biomass producer that is often employed in sustainable development efforts. E. gracilis accumulates wax esters as byproducts during anaerobic ATP production via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, utilizing the storage carbohydrate β-1,3-glucan paramylon as the carbon source. Here, we report a library screening for chemical stimulators that accelerate both wax ester production and paramylon consumption. Among the 115 compounds tested, we identified nine compounds that increased wax ester production by more than 2.0-fold relative to the solvent control. In the presence of these nine compounds, the paramylon content decreased compared with the control experiment, and the residual paramylon content varied between 7% and 26% of the initial level. The most active compound, 1,4-diaminoanthracene-9,10-dione (OATQ008), stimulated wax ester production up to 2.7-fold within 24 h, and 93% of the cellular paramylon was consumed. In terms of the structural features of the chemical stimulators, we discuss the potential target sites to stimulate wax ester production in mitochondria under anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Ogawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai 599-8531, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okazawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Kanaya
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Daisaku Ohta
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai 599-8531, Japan; Center for the 21st Century, Research Institute for Bioeconomy, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai 599-8531, Japan.
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Inwongwan S, Kruger NJ, Ratcliffe RG, O'Neill EC. Euglena Central Metabolic Pathways and Their Subcellular Locations. Metabolites 2019; 9:E115. [PMID: 31207935 PMCID: PMC6630311 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9060115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Euglenids are a group of algae of great interest for biotechnology, with a large and complex metabolic capability. To study the metabolic network, it is necessary to know where the component enzymes are in the cell, but despite a long history of research into Euglena, the subcellular locations of many major pathways are only poorly defined. Euglena is phylogenetically distant from other commonly studied algae, they have secondary plastids bounded by three membranes, and they can survive after destruction of their plastids. These unusual features make it difficult to assume that the subcellular organization of the metabolic network will be equivalent to that of other photosynthetic organisms. We analysed bioinformatic, biochemical, and proteomic information from a variety of sources to assess the subcellular location of the enzymes of the central metabolic pathways, and we use these assignments to propose a model of the metabolic network of Euglena. Other than photosynthesis, all major pathways present in the chloroplast are also present elsewhere in the cell. Our model demonstrates how Euglena can synthesise all the metabolites required for growth from simple carbon inputs, and can survive in the absence of chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahutchai Inwongwan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Kruger
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - R George Ratcliffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - Ellis C O'Neill
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
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Zimorski V, Rauch C, van Hellemond JJ, Tielens AGM, Martin WF. The Mitochondrion of Euglena gracilis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 979:19-37. [PMID: 28429315 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of oxygen, Euglena gracilis mitochondria function much like mammalian mitochondria. Under anaerobiosis, E. gracilis mitochondria perform a malonyl-CoA independent synthesis of fatty acids leading to accumulation of wax esters, which serve as the sink for electrons stemming from glycolytic ATP synthesis and pyruvate oxidation. Some components (enzymes and cofactors) of Euglena's anaerobic energy metabolism are found among the anaerobic mitochondria of invertebrates, others are found among hydrogenosomes, the H2-producing anaerobic mitochondria of protists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Zimorski
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cessa Rauch
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jaap J van Hellemond
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aloysius G M Tielens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - William F Martin
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Photo and Nutritional Regulation of Euglena Organelle Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28429322 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Euglena can use light and CO2, photosynthesis, as well as a large variety of organic molecules as the sole source of carbon and energy for growth. Light induces the enzymes, in this case an entire organelle, the chloroplast, that is required to use CO2 as the sole source of carbon and energy for growth. Ethanol, but not malate, inhibits the photoinduction of chloroplast enzymes and induces the synthesis of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes that comprise the unique metabolic pathway leading to two carbon, ethanol and acetate, assimilation. In resting, carbon starved cells, light mobilizes the degradation of the storage carbohydrate paramylum and transiently induces the mitochondrial proteins required for the aerobic metabolism of paramylum to provide the carbon and energy required for chloroplast development. Other mitochondrial proteins are degraded upon light exposure providing the amino acids required for the synthesis of light induced proteins. Changes in protein levels are due to increased and decreased rates of synthesis rather than changes in degradation rates. Changes in protein synthesis rates occur in the absence of a concomitant increase in the levels of mRNAs encoding these proteins indicative of photo and metabolic control at the translational rather than the transcriptional level. The fraction of mRNA encoding a light induced protein such as the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein of photosystem II, (LHCPII) associated with polysomes in the dark is similar to the fraction associated with polysomes in the light indicative of photoregulation at the level of translational elongation. Ethanol, a carbon source whose assimilation requires carbon source specific enzymes, the glyoxylate cycle enzymes, represses the synthesis of chloroplast enzymes uniquely required to use light and CO2 as the sole source of carbon and energy for growth. The catabolite sensitivity of chloroplast development provides a mechanism to prioritize carbon source utilization. Euglena uses all of its resources to develop the metabolic capacity to utilize carbon sources such as ethanol which are rarely in the environment and delays until the rare carbon source is no longer available forming the chloroplast which is required to utilize the ubiquitous carbon source, light and CO2.
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Effect of Organic Solvents on Microalgae Growth, Metabolism and Industrial Bioproduct Extraction: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071429. [PMID: 28677659 PMCID: PMC5535920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the effect of organic solvents on microalgae cultures from molecular to industrial scale is presented. Traditional organic solvents and solvents of new generation-ionic liquids (ILs), are considered. Alterations in microalgal cell metabolism and synthesis of target products (pigments, proteins, lipids), as a result of exposure to organic solvents, are summarized. Applications of organic solvents as a carbon source for microalgal growth and production of target molecules are discussed. Possible implementation of various industrial effluents containing organic solvents into microalgal cultivation media, is evaluated. The effect of organic solvents on extraction of target compounds from microalgae is also considered. Techniques for lipid and carotenoid extraction from viable microalgal biomass (milking methods) and dead microalgal biomass (classical methods) are depicted. Moreover, the economic survey of lipid and carotenoid extraction from microalgae biomass, by means of different techniques and solvents, is conducted.
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Nakazawa M, Hayashi R, Takenaka S, Inui H, Ishikawa T, Ueda M, Sakamoto T, Nakano Y, Miyatake K. Physiological functions of pyruvate:NADP + oxidoreductase and 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase in Euglena gracilis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1386-1393. [PMID: 28463550 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1318696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In Euglena gracilis, pyruvate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, in addition to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, functions for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate in the mitochondria. Furthermore, the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is absent, and instead 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase is found in the mitochondria. To elucidate the central carbon and energy metabolisms in Euglena under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, physiological significances of these enzymes involved in 2-oxoacid metabolism were examined by gene silencing experiments. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was indispensable for aerobic cell growth in a glucose medium, although its activity was less than 1% of that of pyruvate:NADP+ oxidoreductase. In contrast, pyruvate:NADP+ oxidoreductase was only involved in the anaerobic energy metabolism (wax ester fermentation). Aerobic cell growth was almost completely suppressed when the 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase gene was silenced, suggesting that the tricarboxylic acid cycle is modified in Euglena and 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase takes the place of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in the aerobic respiratory metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Nakazawa
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Japan.,b Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) , Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , Kawaguchi , Japan
| | - Ryuta Hayashi
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- c Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inui
- b Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) , Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , Kawaguchi , Japan.,d Department of Nutrition, College of Health and Human Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , Habikino , Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- b Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) , Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , Kawaguchi , Japan.,e Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ueda
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Japan
| | - Tatsuji Sakamoto
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Nakano
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Japan
| | - Kazutaka Miyatake
- f Faculty of Human and Cultural Studies, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences , Tezukayama Gakuin University , Sakai , Japan
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Abstract
Euglenoids are able to assimilate fatty acids and alcohols with various carbon-chain lengths, and ethanol is known to be one of the best carbon sources to support the growth of Euglena gracilis. Ethanol is first oxidized to acetate by the sequential reactions of alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase in the mitochondria, and then converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). Acetyl-CoA is metabolized through the glyoxylate cycle which is a modified tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in which isocitrate lyase (ICL) and malate synthase (MS) function to bypass the two decarboxylation steps of the TCA cycle, enabling the net synthesis of carbohydrates from C2 compounds. ICL and MS form a unique bifunctional enzyme localized in Euglena mitochondria, not in glyoxysome as in other eukaryotes. The unique glyoxylate and glycolate metabolism during photorespiration is also discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Nakazawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan.
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Tomita Y, Yoshioka K, Iijima H, Nakashima A, Iwata O, Suzuki K, Hasunuma T, Kondo A, Hirai MY, Osanai T. Succinate and Lactate Production from Euglena gracilis during Dark, Anaerobic Conditions. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2050. [PMID: 28066371 PMCID: PMC5174102 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Euglena gracilis is a eukaryotic, unicellular phytoflagellate that has been widely studied in basic science and applied science. Under dark, anaerobic conditions, the cells of E. gracilis produce a wax ester that can be converted into biofuel. Here, we demonstrate that under dark, anaerobic conditions, E. gracilis excretes organic acids, such as succinate and lactate, which are bulk chemicals used in the production of bioplastics. The levels of succinate were altered by changes in the medium and temperature during dark, anaerobic incubation. Succinate production was enhanced when cells were incubated in CM medium in the presence of NaHCO3. Excretion of lactate was minimal in the absence of external carbon sources, but lactate was produced in the presence of glucose during dark, anaerobic incubation. E. gracilis predominantly produced L-lactate; however, the percentage of D-lactate increased to 28.4% in CM medium at 30°C. Finally, we used a commercial strain of E. gracilis for succinate production and found that nitrogen-starved cells, incubated under dark, anaerobic conditions, produced 869.6 mg/L succinate over a 3-day incubation period, which was 70-fold higher than the amount produced by nitrogen-replete cells. This is the first study to demonstrate organic acid excretion by E. gracilis cells and to reveal novel aspects of primary carbon metabolism in this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tomita
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | - Hiroko Iijima
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University Kobe, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Osanai
- School of Agriculture, Meiji UniversityKawasaki, Japan; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
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Mokrosnop VM, Polishchuk AV, Zolotareva EK. Accumulation of α-tocopherol and β-carotene in Euglena gracilis Cells Under Autotrophic and Mixotrophic Culture Conditions. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683816020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ethanol effect on batch and fed-batch Arthrospira platensis growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:687-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The ability of Arthrospira platensis to use ethanol as a carbon and energy source was investigated by batch process and fed-batch process. A. platensis was cultivated under the effect of a single addition (batch process) and a daily pulse feeding (fed-batch process) of pure ethanol, at different concentrations, to evaluate cell concentration (X) and specific growth rate (μ). A marked increase was observed in the cell concentration of A. platensis in runs with ethanol addition when compared to control cultures without ethanol addition. The fed-batch process using an ethanol concentration of 38 mg L−1 days−1 reached the maximum cell concentration of 2,393 ± 241 mg L−1, about 1.5-fold that obtained in the control culture. In all experiments, the maximum specific growth rate was observed in the early exponential phase of cell growth. In the fed-batch process, μ decreased more slowly than in the batch process and control culture, resulting in the highest final cell concentration. Ethanol can be used as a feasible carbon and energy source for A. platensis growth via a fed-batch process.
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Novel mitochondrial alcohol metabolizing enzymes of Euglena gracilis. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 43:519-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-011-9373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jasso-Chávez R, Pacheco-Rosales A, Lira-Silva E, Gallardo-Pérez JC, García N, Moreno-Sánchez R. Toxic effects of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) on energy metabolism of heterotrophic Euglena gracilis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 100:329-338. [PMID: 20851473 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To assess the toxic effect of Cr on energy metabolism, heterotrophic Euglena gracilis was grown in a medium that prompts high yield biomass and in the presence of different Cr(VI) or Cr(III) concentrations. The cell growth IC₅₀ value was 12 and >250μM for Cr(VI) and Cr(III), respectively; in these cells chromium was accumulated and a fraction compartmentalized into mitochondria, and synthesis of cysteine and glutathione was induced. Respiration of control isolated mitochondria was strongly inhibited by added Cr(VI) or Cr(III) with L-lactate or succinate as substrates. In turn, cellular and mitochondrial respiration, respiratory Complexes I, III and IV, glycolysis and cytosolic NAD(+)-alcohol and -lactate dehydrogenases from cells cultured with Cr(VI) were significantly lower than control, whereas AOX and external NADH dehydrogenase activities were unaltered or increased, respectively. Addition of Cr(VI) or Cr(III) to isolated mitochondria or cytosol from control- or Cr(VI)-grown cells induced inhibition of respiration, respiratory Complexes III, IV and AOX, and glycolytic pyruvate kinase; whereas Complex I, external NADH dehydrogenase, and other glycolytic enzymes were unaffected. Protein contents of mitochondrial Complexes I, III, IV and V, and ANT were diminished in Cr(VI)-grown cells. Decreased respiration and glycolysis induced by Cr(VI) resulted in lower cellular ATP content. Results suggested that Cr(VI) cytotoxicity altered gene expression (as widely documented) and hence enzyme content, and induced oxidative stress, but it was also related with direct enzyme inhibition; Cr(III) was also cytotoxic although at higher concentrations. These findings establish new paradigms for chromium toxicity: Cr(VI) direct enzyme inhibition and non-innocuous external Cr(III) toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Jasso-Chávez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Tlalpan, México D.F., Mexico.
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Rodríguez-Zavala JS, Ortiz-Cruz MA, Mendoza-Hernández G, Moreno-Sánchez R. Increased synthesis of α-tocopherol, paramylon and tyrosine by Euglena gracilis under conditions of high biomass production. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:2160-72. [PMID: 20854454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To analyse the production of different metabolites by dark-grown Euglena gracilis under conditions found to render high cell growth. METHODS AND RESULTS The combination of glutamate (5 g l(-1) ), malate (2 g l(-1) ) and ethanol (10 ml l(-1) ) (GM + EtOH); glutamate (7·15 g l(-1) ) and ethanol (10 ml l(-1) ); or malate (8·16 g l(-1) ), glucose (10·6 g l(-1) ) and NH(4) Cl (1·8 g l(-1) ) as carbon and nitrogen sources, promoted an increase of 5·6, 3·7 and 2·6-fold, respectively, in biomass concentration in comparison with glutamate and malate (GM). In turn, the production of α-tocopherol after 120 h identified by LC-MS was 3·7 ± 0·2, 2·4 ± 0·1 and 2 ± 0·1 mg [g dry weight (DW)](-1) , respectively, while in the control medium (GM) it was 0·72 ± 0·1 mg (g DW)(-1) . For paramylon synthesis, the addition of EtOH or glucose induced a higher production. Amino acids were assayed by RP-HPLC; Tyr a tocopherol precursor and Ala an amino acid with antioxidant activity were the amino acids synthesized at higher concentration. CONCLUSIONS Dark-grown E. gracilis Z is a suitable source for the generation of the biotechnologically relevant metabolites tyrosine, α-tocopherol and paramylon. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY By combining different carbon and nitrogen sources and inducing a tolerable stress to the cell by adding ethanol, it was possible to increase the production of biomass, paramylon, α-tocopherol and some amino acids. The concentrations of α-tocopherol achieved in this study are higher than others reported previously for Euglena, plant and algal systems. This work helps to understand the effect of different carbon sources on the synthesis of bio-molecules by E. gracilis and can be used as a basis for future works to improve the production of different metabolites of biotechnological importance by this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Rodríguez-Zavala
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México D.F., México.
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Fujita T, Aoyagi H, Ogbonna JC, Tanaka H. Effect of mixed organic substrate on alpha-tocopherol production by Euglena gracilis in photoheterotrophic culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:371-8. [PMID: 18389233 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Effects of organic carbon sources on cell growth and alpha-tocopherol productivity in wild and chloroplast-deficient W14ZUL strains of Euglena gracilis under photoheterotrophic culture were investigated. In both strains, the increase in cell growth was particularly high when glucose was added as the sole organic carbon source. On the other hand, alpha-tocopherol production per dry cell weight was enhanced by adding ethanol. Ethanol addition also increased the chlorophyll concentration in wild strain and mitochondria activity in W14ZUL strain. For effective alpha-tocopherol production, the effects of mixture of glucose and ethanol were investigated. The results showed that, when a mixture of glucose (6 g/l) and ethanol (4 g/l) was used, alpha-tocopherol productivity per culture broth was 3.89 x 10(-2) mg l(-1) h(-1), which was higher than the value obtained without addition of organic carbon source (0.92 x 10(-2) mg l(-1) h(-1)). In addition, under fed-batch cultivation using an internally illuminated photobioreactor, the alpha-tocopherol production per culture broth was 23.43 mg/l, giving a productivity of 16.27 x 10(-2) mg l(-1) h(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Fujita
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Rodríguez-Zavala JS, Ortiz-Cruz MA, Moreno-Sanchez R. Characterization of an Aldehyde Dehydrogenase from Euglena gracilis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2006; 53:36-42. [PMID: 16441583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The free-living protist Euglena gracilis showed an enhanced growth when cultured in the dark with high concentrations of ethanol as carbon source. In a medium containing glutamate/malate plus 1% ethanol, E. gracilis reached a density of 3 x 10(7) cells/ml after 100 h of culture, which was 5 times higher than that attained with glutamate/malate or ethanol separately. This observation suggested the involvement of a highly active aldehyde dehydrogenase in the metabolism of ethanol. Purification of the E. gracilis aldehyde dehydrogenase from the mitochondrial fraction by affinity chromatography yielded an enrichment of 34 times and recovery of 33% of the total mitochondrial activity. SDS-PAGE and molecular exclusion chromatography revealed a native tetrameric protein of 160 kDa. Kinetic analysis showed Km values of 5 and 50 microM for propionaldehyde and NAD(+), respectively, and a Vm value of 1,300 nmol (min x mg protein)(-1). NAD(+) and NADH stimulated the esterase activity of the purified aldehyde dehydrogenase. The present data indicated that the E. gracilis aldehyde dehydrogenase has kinetic and structural properties similar to those of human aldehyde dehydrogenases class 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose S Rodríguez-Zavala
- Departamento de Bioquímica. Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México D.F. 14080, México.
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Jasso-Chávez R, Moreno-Sánchez R. Cytosol-mitochondria transfer of reducing equivalents by a lactate shuttle in heterotrophic Euglena. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 270:4942-51. [PMID: 14653820 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To assess the expression and physiological role of the mitochondrial NAD(+)-independent lactate dehydrogenase (iLDH) in Euglena gracilis, cells were grown with different carbon sources, and the d- and l-iLDH activities and several key metabolic intermediates were examined. iLDH activity was significant throughout the growth period, increasing by three- to fourfold from latency to the stationary phase. Intracellular levels of D- and L-lactate were high (5-40 mm) from the start of the culture and increased (20-80 mm) when the stationary phase was entered. All external carbon sources were actively consumed, reaching a minimum upon entering the stationary phase, when degradation of paramylon started. The level of ATP was essentially unchanged under all experimental conditions. Oxalate, an inhibitor of iLDH, strongly inhibited oligomycin-sensitive respiration and growth, whereas rotenone, an inhibitor of respiratory complex I, only slightly affected these parameters in lactate-grown cells. Isolated mitochondria exhibited external NADH-supported respiration, which was sensitive to rotenone and flavone, and an inability to oxidize pyruvate. Addition of cytosol, NADH and pyruvate to mitochondria incubated with rotenone and flavone prompted significant O2 uptake, which was blocked by oxalate. The data suggested that iLDH expression in Euglena is independent of substrate availability and that iLDHs play a key role in the transfer of reducing equivalents from the cytosol to the respiratory chain (lactate shuttle).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Jasso-Chávez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Tlalpan, México DF, México.
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Ono K, Kondo M, Osafune T, Miyatake K, Inui H, Kitaoka S, Nishimura M, Nakano Y. Presence of glyoxylate cycle enzymes in the mitochondria of Euglena gracilis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2003; 50:92-6. [PMID: 12744520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Isocitrate lyase and malate synthase are specific enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, used here as glyoxysomal markers. Both enzymes were found in the mitochondrial fraction after organelle fractionation by isopycnic centrifugation. Electron microscopy of this fraction indicated that mitochondria were the only recognizable organelles. Using an immunogold labeling method with anti-(malate synthase) antiserum, the only organelles stained in cells were the mitochondria. These results show that the glyoxylate cycle is present in mitochondria in Euglena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Ono
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gifu City Women's College, Gifu, Gifu 501-0192, Japan.
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Munir I, Nakazawa M, Harano K, Yamaji R, Inui H, Miyatake K, Nakano Y. Occurrence of a novel NADP(+)-linked alcohol dehydrogenase in Euglena gracilis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 132:535-40. [PMID: 12091098 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An NADP(+)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase was found in Euglena gracilis Z grown on 1-hexanol, while it was detected at low activity in cells grown on ethanol or glucose as a carbon source, indicating that the enzyme is induced by the addition of 1-hexanol into the medium as a carbon source. This enzyme was extremely unstable, even at 4 degrees C, unless 20% ethylene glycol was added. The optimal pH was 8.8-9.0 for oxidation reaction. The apparent K(m) values for 1-hexanol and NADP(+) were found to be 6.79 mM and 46.7 microM for this enzyme, respectively. The substrate specificity of this enzyme was very different from that of already purified NAD(+)-specific ethanol dehydrogenase by showing the highest activity with 1-hexanol as a substrate, followed by 1-pentanol and 1-butanol, and there was very little activity with ethanol and 1-propanol. This enzyme was active towards the primary alcohols but not secondary alcohols. Accordingly, since the NADP(+)-specific enzyme was separated on DEAE cellulose column, Euglena was confirmed to contain a novel enzyme to be active towards middle and long-chain length of fatty alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Munir
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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Devars S, Hernandez R, Covian R, Garcia-Horsman A, Barquera B, Moreno-Sanchez R. The Content of Alternative Oxidase of Euglena Mitochondria is Increased by Growth in the Presence of Cyanide and is not Cytochrome o. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1998.tb05079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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