Purification and properties of phosphotransacetylase from Lactobacillus fermenti

Cloning of the phosphotransacetylase gene from Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis and characterization of its gene product

The phosphotransacetylase (PTA) (EC 2.3.1.8) catalyzes a key branch point reaction in the carbohydrate pathway of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis. In this report, we describe the cloning of the pta gene. The DNA sequence analysis revealed a 987 bp open reading frame encoding a protein with a molecular mass of 35.5 kD. These are the first studies on a PTA of an organism representative for the heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria. Unlike in most other bacteria analysed so far, in L. sanfranciscensis the pta gene is not adjacent located to the gene encoding acetate-kinase. The PTA was heterologously expressed as a biotinylated fusion protein in E. coli and purified to homogeneity. Rate dependence on all substrates followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The apparent Km values for acetylphosphate and CoA (forward reaction) were 1.3 and 0.1 mM, respectively. The apparent Vmax was 194 U/mg. The enzyme also catalyzed in vitro the reverse reaction with apparent Km values for acetylCoA and phosphate of 0.6 and 6.7 mM, respectively (Vmax of 38 U/mg). The PTA showed a wide range of temperature for optimal activity (49 degrees C to 58 degrees C). It was inactivated after 15 min at 60 degrees C. Its activity was not affected by addition of MgCl2 (10 mM) or KCl (100 mM).

Purification and characterization of two extremely thermostable enzymes, phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase, from the hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima

Phosphate acetyltransferase (PTA) and acetate kinase (AK) of the hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima have been purified 1,500- and 250-fold, respectively, to apparent homogeneity. PTA had an apparent molecular mass of 170 kDa and was composed of one subunit with a molecular mass of 34 kDa, suggesting a homotetramer (alpha4) structure. The N-terminal amino acid sequence showed significant identity to that of phosphate butyryltransferases from Clostridium acetobutylicum rather than to those of known phosphate acetyltransferases. The kinetic constants of the reversible enzyme reaction (acetyl-CoA + Pi -->/<-- acetyl phosphate + CoA) were determined at the pH optimum of pH 6.5. The apparent Km values for acetyl-CoA, Pi, acetyl phosphate, and coenzyme A (CoA) were 23, 110, 24, and 30 microM, respectively; the apparent Vmax values (at 55 degrees C) were 260 U/mg (acetyl phosphate formation) and 570 U/mg (acetyl-CoA formation). In addition to acetyl-CoA (100%), the enzyme accepted propionyl-CoA (60%) and butyryl-CoA (30%). The enzyme had a temperature optimum at 90 degrees C and was not inactivated by heat upon incubation at 80 degrees C for more than 2 h. AK had an apparent molecular mass of 90 kDa and consisted of one 44-kDa subunit, indicating a homodimer (alpha2) structure. The N-terminal amino acid sequence showed significant similarity to those of all known acetate kinases from eubacteria as well that of the archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila. The kinetic constants of the reversible enzyme reaction (acetyl phosphate + ADP -->/<-- acetate + ATP) were determined at the pH optimum of pH 7.0. The apparent Km values for acetyl phosphate, ADP, acetate, and ATP were 0.44, 3, 40, and 0.7 mM, respectively; the apparent Vmax values (at 50 degrees C) were 2,600 U/mg (acetate formation) and 1,800 U/mg (acetyl phosphate formation). AK phosphorylated propionate (54%) in addition to acetate (100%) and used GTP (100%), ITP (163%), UTP (56%), and CTP (21%) as phosphoryl donors in addition to ATP (100%). Divalent cations were required for activity, with Mn2+ and Mg2+ being most effective. The enzyme had a temperature optimum at 90 degrees C and was stabilized against heat inactivation by salts. In the presence of (NH4)2SO4 (1 M), which was most effective, the enzyme did not lose activity upon incubation at 100 degrees C for 3 h. The temperature optimum at 90 degrees C and the high thermostability of both PTA and AK are in accordance with their physiological function under hyperthermophilic conditions.

Purification and characterization of a phosphotransacetylase from Rhodopseudomonas palustris

A phosphotransacetylase was purified to apparent homogeneity from photolithoautotrophically grown Rhodopseudomonas palustris by liquid chromatography methods. A 400-fold increase in specific activity could be achieved. The enzyme was characterized by a relative molecular mass of 54,500, an isoelectric point of 6.3 and the absence of dissociable subunits. The enzyme appeared very labile at elevated temperatures or in diluted solutions. The stability could be increased distinctly in case sulfate or ammonium ions were added to the enzyme solution. The activity also was influenced by inorganic salts. Potassium and ammonium ions activated the enzymatic reaction. Sulfate ions revealed an inhibitory influence. A strong substrate inhibition was found with coenzyme A as substrate. The Arrhenius plot revealed a discontinuity at 15 degrees C which most likely corresponds to a conformational change of the enzyme protein.

Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria

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