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Upadhyay SP, Singh V, Sharma R, Zhou J, Thapa P, Johnson DK, Keightley A, Chen M, Suo W, Sharma M. Influence of ligand geometry on cholinesterase enzyme - A comparison of 1-isoindolinone based structural analog with Donepezil. J Mol Struct 2022; 1247:131385. [PMID: 34776532 PMCID: PMC8589283 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Donepezil (DNPZ) is one of the few FDA-approved widely used medication in the clinical care of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. To investigate the effect of geometry and to find the significance of an enol form if any in DNPZ on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, we changed the tetrahedral geometry of DNPZ to planar trigonal pyramidal geometry by replacing the α-carbon atom next to ketone functionality with a nitrogen atom. To mimic 1-indanone in DNPZ, we selected 1-isoindolinone framework to synthesize 25 new DNPZ derivatives and characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS spectroscopy methods. Drug likeliness profile for each compound was predicted using Molinspiration online software following Lipinski's rule. Commercially available assay kits were used to measure AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory effects. NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line was used to measure cytotoxic and proliferation effects using LDH and MTT assay, respectively. Compound #20 was selected for comparative computational docking, modelling and physicochemical studies. Our results show that DNPZ with tetrahedral geometry has 3-fold higher AChE inhibition as compared to compound #20 with planar trigonal pyramidal geometry. Our approach may be useful as a novel indirect method to study the significance of the enol form in DNPZ (or similar compounds), since constant interconversion between the keto and enol forms does not permit a direct determination of the effect of the enol form of DNPZ in vivo. Overall, we conclude that the tetrahedral is a better fit and any change in geometry significantly drives down the cholinesterase inhibitory effect of DNPZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil P. Upadhyay
- Drug Discovery Program, KCVA Medical Center, Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, 4801 E. Linwood Blvd., Kansas City, MO 64128, United States,Corresponding Author Sunil P. Upadhyay, Ph.D., 4801 E Linwood Blvd., F5-112, Research Building, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA. Telephone: (816) 861-4700 Ext. 57138.
| | - Vikas Singh
- Neurology and Neurodegeneration Research lab, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4801 E. Linwood Blvd., Kansas City, MO 64128, United States
| | - Ram Sharma
- Drug Discovery Program, KCVA Medical Center, Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, 4801 E. Linwood Blvd., Kansas City, MO 64128, United States
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Drug Discovery Program, KCVA Medical Center, Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, 4801 E. Linwood Blvd., Kansas City, MO 64128, United States
| | - Pritam Thapa
- Drug Discovery Program, KCVA Medical Center, Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, 4801 E. Linwood Blvd., Kansas City, MO 64128, United States
| | - David K. Johnson
- Department of Computational Chemical Biology Core, Molecular Graphics and Modeling Core, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive Lawrence, KS 66047, United States
| | - Andrew Keightley
- UMKC School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, 2411 Holmes Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States
| | - Maohui Chen
- Drug Discovery Program, KCVA Medical Center, Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, 4801 E. Linwood Blvd., Kansas City, MO 64128, United States
| | - William Suo
- Lab for Alzheimer’s Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical School, 4801 E. Linwood Blvd., Kansas City, MO 64128, United States
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Drug Discovery Program, KCVA Medical Center, Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, 4801 E. Linwood Blvd., Kansas City, MO 64128, United States
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Christiansen JV, Isbrandt T, Petersen C, Sondergaard TE, Nielsen MR, Pedersen TB, Sørensen JL, Larsen TO, Frisvad JC. Fungal quinones: diversity, producers, and applications of quinones from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium, and Arthrinium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8157-8193. [PMID: 34625822 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quinones represent an important group of highly structurally diverse, mainly polyketide-derived secondary metabolites widely distributed among filamentous fungi. Many quinones have been reported to have important biological functions such as inhibition of bacteria or repression of the immune response in insects. Other quinones, such as ubiquinones are known to be essential molecules in cellular respiration, and many quinones are known to protect their producing organisms from exposure to sunlight. Most recently, quinones have also attracted a lot of industrial interest since their electron-donating and -accepting properties make them good candidates as electrolytes in redox flow batteries, like their often highly conjugated double bond systems make them attractive as pigments. On an industrial level, quinones are mainly synthesized from raw components in coal tar. However, the possibility of producing quinones by fungal cultivation has great prospects since fungi can often be grown in industrially scaled bioreactors, producing valuable metabolites on cheap substrates. In order to give a better overview of the secondary metabolite quinones produced by and shared between various fungi, mainly belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium, and Arthrinium, this review categorizes quinones into families such as emodins, fumigatins, sorbicillinoids, yanuthones, and xanthomegnins, depending on structural similarities and information about the biosynthetic pathway from which they are derived, whenever applicable. The production of these quinone families is compared between the different genera, based on recently revised taxonomy. KEY POINTS: • Quinones represent an important group of secondary metabolites widely distributed in important fungal genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium, and Arthrinium. • Quinones are of industrial interest and can be used in pharmacology, as colorants and pigments, and as electrolytes in redox flow batteries. • Quinones are grouped into families and compared between genera according to the revised taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Christiansen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - T Isbrandt
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - T E Sondergaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - M R Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - T B Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - J L Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - T O Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J C Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Blechert O, Zheng H, Zang X, Wang Q, Liu W. Influence of the cultivation medium and pH on the pigmentation of Trichophyton rubrum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222333. [PMID: 31504066 PMCID: PMC6736311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is a human pathogenic fungus. As a dermatophyte it causes athlete's foot, fungal infection of nails, jock itch and ringworm. The pigmentation of T. rubrum is variable and can range from white or yellow to wine-red. We demonstrate that the pigmentation is strongly influenced by pH. Under alkaline conditions, T. rubrum has a red pigmentation, whereas at acid conditions, T. rubrum has a yellow pigmentation. Moreover, the color change immediately from yellow to red by adding NaOH and reverse immediately from red to yellow by adding HCl. We suggest that the chemical compound Xanthomegnin is responsible for red as well for yellow pigmentation in T. rubrum. To figure out, why T. rubrum has red pigmentation on Trichophyton medium, adjust to alkaline, but not on Synthetic-Complete medium, also adjusted to alkaline, we measure the pH of liquid media, adjusted to pH 3.5, 6 and 8, over a period of four weeks. The pH of both cultivation media changes significantly, with a maximum of five pH levels. Whereas the Trichophyton medium, initially adjusted to pH 8, stays alkaline, the pH of the Synthetic-Complete medium drops to acid conditions. The acidification of the SC medium and the alkalization of the Trichophyton medium explains the different pigment color of the T. rubrum colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Blechert
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailin Zheng
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Zang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weida Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Arinbasarova AY, Medentsev AG, Kozlovskii AG. Effect of quinocitrinines from the fungus Penicillium citrinum on the respiration of yeasts and bacteria. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683807060105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Abstract
Structures and physico-chemical properties of 100 naphthoquinone metabolites produced by filamentous fungi are reviewed. The conditions of pigment formation, biogenesis and the mechanism of biosynthesis of pigments by fungi are described. Sixty-three fungi cultures able to produce naphthoquinone are listed. The biological activities of the main pigments and the mechanism of fungal resistance to their own metabolites are described. The physiological role of the naphthoquinones in producers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Medentsev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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Jansen CM, Dose K. Simultaneous isolation of xanthomegnin, viomellein, rubrosulphin, viopurpurin, and brevianamide A by preparative HPLC. Mycotoxin Res 1985; 1:11-8. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03191949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/1984] [Revised: 12/11/1984] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Mycotoxin problems are one of great concern to health scientists. Toxic fungal metabolites such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone and others are contaminated in our environments and induce various diseases. In this manuscript, the author will summarize the recent advances on toxicology of mycotoxins in special references to toxicological characters, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity (mutagenicity and carcinogenicity), metabolism, and biochemical mode of action. Interaction of mycotoxins with cellular components will be reviewed in order to clarify the toxicological characteristics of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, toxic peptides, and anthraquinoid mycotoxins.
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Dunn BB, Stack ME, Park DL, Joshi A, Friedman L, King RL. Isolation and identification of dihydrocitrinone, a urinary metabolite of citrinin in rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1983; 12:283-9. [PMID: 6655736 DOI: 10.1080/15287398309530426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrocitrinone, 3,4-dihydro-6,8-dihydroxy-3,4,5-trimethylisocoumarin-7-carboxylic acid, was isolated and identified as a urinary metabolite after oral administration of citrinin to rats. Male and female Osborne-Mendel rats received 30 mg citrinin/kg body weight by oral intubation. The metabolite dihydrocitrinone was present in urine collected at 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, and 8-24 h after treatment. Only unchanged citrinin was found in blood collected 24 h after administration of the compound. The metabolite had a blue fluorescence and the same Rf on thin-layer chromatography, the same retention time on reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, and the same mass spectrum as an authentic sample of dihydrocitrinone.
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Terada H. The interaction of highly active uncouplers with mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 639:225-42. [PMID: 7039674 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4173(81)90011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Kawai K, Nozawa Y. Biochemical studies of pigments from a pathogenic fungus; Microsporum cookei. VI. Formation of a xanthomegnin-bypass to the mitochondrial electron transport system. EXPERIENTIA 1979; 35:721-2. [PMID: 223869 DOI: 10.1007/bf01968202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zeeck A, Ruß P, Laatsch H, Loeffler W, Wehrle H, Zähner H, Holst H. Stoffwechselprodukte von Mikroorganismen, 172. Isolierung des Antibioticumssemi-Vioxanthin ausPenicillium citreo-viride und Synthese des Xanthomegnins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19791120319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Stack ME, Mislivec PB. Production of xanthomegnin and viomellein by isolates of Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium cyclopium, and Penicillium viridicatum. Appl Environ Microbiol 1978; 36:552-4. [PMID: 708029 PMCID: PMC243090 DOI: 10.1128/aem.36.4.552-554.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal isolates from legumes were cultured on rice and examined for production of the toxic mold metabolites xanthomegnin and viomellein. Six of 14 Aspergillus ochraceus isolates produced from 0.3 to 1.3 mg of xanthomegnin per g and 0.1 to 1.0 mg of viomellein per g. One of nine isolates of Penicillium cyclopium produced 0.1 mg of xanthomegnin per g and 0.06 mg of viomellein per g. Three of nine P. viridicatum isolates produced from 0.4 to 1.6 mg of xanthomegnin per g and 0.2 to 0.4 mg of viomellein per g. This is the first report of xanthomegnin and viomellein production by A. ochraeus and P. cyclopium.
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Kawai K, Akita T, Nozawa Y. Biochemical studies of pigments from a pathogenic fungus Microsporum cookei. V. Evidence for the transmembrane permeability of xanthomegnin across phospholipid bilayer membranes. EXPERIENTIA 1978; 34:977-8. [PMID: 212291 DOI: 10.1007/bf01915296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Direct evidence is provided for the transmembrane permeation of xanthomegnin across phospholipid bilayer membranes using ascorbate-loaded liposomes. This process may be associated with an uncoupling effect on the oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria.
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