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Shi A, Xu J, Shao Y, Alwathnani H, Rensing C, Zhang J, Xing S, Ni W, Zhang L, Yang W. Salicylic Acid's impact on Sedum alfredii growth and cadmium tolerance: Comparative physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119092. [PMID: 38729407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
With the acceleration of industrialization, Cd pollution has emerged as a major threat to soil ecosystem health and food safety. Hyperaccumulating plants like Sedum alfredii Hance are considered to be used as part of an effective strategy for the ecological remediation of Cd polluted soils. This study delved deeply into the physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic responses of S. alfredii under cadmium (Cd) stress when treated with exogenous salicylic acid (SA). We found that SA notably enhanced the growth of S. alfredii and thereby increased absorption and accumulation of Cd, effectively alleviating the oxidative stress caused by Cd through upregulation of the antioxidant system. Transcriptomic and metabolomic data further unveiled the influence of SA on photosynthesis, antioxidant defensive mechanisms, and metal absorption enrichment pathways. Notably, the interactions between SA and other plant hormones, especially IAA and JA, played a central role in these processes. These findings offer us a comprehensive perspective on understanding how to enhance the growth and heavy metal absorption capabilities of hyperaccumulator plants by regulating plant hormones, providing invaluable strategies for future environmental remediation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Shi
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Junlong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yudie Shao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hend Alwathnani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - JinLin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Center for Grassland Microbiome, State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shihe Xing
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wuzhong Ni
- College of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Wenhao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Mishra B, Bansal S, Tripathi S, Mishra S, Yadav RK, Sangwan NS. Differential regulation of key triterpene synthase gene under abiotic stress in Withania somnifera L. Dunal and its co-relation to sterols and withanolides. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108419. [PMID: 38377888 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), is one of the most reputed Indian medicinal plants, having immense pharmacological activities due to the occurrence of withanolides. The withanolides are biosynthesized through triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway with the involvement of WsCAS leading to cyclization of 2, 3 oxidosqualene, which is a key metabolite to further diversify to a myriad of phytochemicals. In contrast to the available reports on the studies of WsCAS in withanolide biosynthesis, its involvement in phytosterol biosynthesis needs investigation. Present work deals with the understanding of role of WsCAS triterpenoid synthase gene in the regulation of biosynthesis of phytosterols & withanolides. Docking studies of WsCAS protein revealed Conserved amino acids, DCATE motif, and QW motif which are involved in efficient substrate binding, structure stabilization, and catalytic activity. Overexpression/silencing of WsCAS leading to increment/decline of phytosterols confers its stringent regulation in phytosterols biosynthesis. Differential regulation of WsCAS on the metabolic flux towards phytosterols and withanolide biosynthesis was observed under abiotic stress conditions. The preferential channelization of 2, 3 oxidosqualene towards withanolides and/or phytosterols occurred under heat/salt stress and cold/water stress, respectively. Stigmasterol and β-sitosterol showed major contribution in high/low temperature and salt stress, and campesterol in water stress management. Overexpression of WsCAS in Arabidopsis thaliana led to the increment in phytosterols in general. Thus, the WsCAS plays important regulatory role in the biosynthetic pathway of phytosterols and withanolides under abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Mishra
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shilpi Bansal
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandhya Tripathi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Smrati Mishra
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritesh K Yadav
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123031, India.
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Hyeon H, Jang EB, Kim SC, Yoon SA, Go B, Lee JD, Hyun HB, Ham YM. Metabolomics Reveals Rubiadin Accumulation and the Effects of Methyl Jasmonate Elicitation in Damnacanthus major Calli. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:167. [PMID: 38256721 PMCID: PMC10820265 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Callus suspension techniques have been considered attractive for improving bioactive metabolite productivity; methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a widely used elicitor for stimulating synthetic pathways. In this study, a multivariate analysis-based metabolomics approach was employed to investigate the primary and specialized metabolites in the leaves, unelicited calli, and 100 or 200 μM MeJA elicited calli of Damnacanthus major. Rubiadin, a powerful anthraquinone with various therapeutic properties, was only identified in D. major calli, accumulating in a MeJA elicitation concentration-dependent manner. Callus cultures also contained high levels of amino acids, sugars, and phenolic compounds, indicating energy metabolism and metabolic adaptation responses for proliferation and stabilization. Regarding MeJA application, elicited calli contained higher amounts of quinic acid, kaempferol, and glucose with lower amounts of sucrose and raffinose than those in the unelicited control, which were closely related to protective mechanisms against MeJA. Moreover, excessive elicitation increased the asparagine, fructose, and raffinose levels and decreased the glucose and sucrose levels, which was ascribed to increased activation of the aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathway and wider utilization of glucose than of fructose after sucrose degradation. These results will be useful for optimizing plant cell culture techniques to achieve high production rates for valuable specialized metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Young-Min Ham
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Jeju Technopark, Seogwipo, Jeju 63608, Republic of Korea; (H.H.); (E.B.J.); (S.C.K.); (S.-A.Y.); (B.G.); (J.-D.L.); (H.B.H.)
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Peng S, Li X, Jiang W, Wang Y, Xiang G, Li M, Wang Y, Yang Z, Li Y, Liu X, Zhang G, Ma C, Yang S. Identification of two key UDP-glycosyltransferases responsible for the ocotillol-type ginsenoside majonside-R2 biosynthesis in Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus. PLANTA 2023; 257:119. [PMID: 37178342 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Two UDP-glycosyltransferases from Panax vienamensis var. fuscidiscus involved in ocotillol-type ginsenoside MR2 (majonside-R2) biosynthesis were identified. PvfUGT1 and PvfUGT2 sequentially catalyzes 20S,24S-Protopanxatriol Oxide II and 20S,24R-Protopanxatriol Oxide I to pseudoginsenoside RT4/RT5 and RT4/RT5 to 20S, 24S-MR2/20S, 24S-MR2. Ocotilol type saponin MR2 (majonside-R2) is the main active component of Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus (commonly known as 'jinping ginseng') and is well known for its diverse pharmacological activities. The use of MR2 in the pharmaceutical industry currently depends on its extraction from Panax species. Metabolic engineering provides an opportunity to produce high-value MR2 by expressing it in heterologous hosts. However, the metabolic pathways of MR2 remain enigmatic, and the two-step glycosylation involved in MR2 biosynthesis has not been reported. In this study, we used quantitative real-time PCR to investigate the regulation of the entire ginsenoside pathway by MeJA (methyl jasmonate), which facilitated our pathway elucidation. We found six candidate glycosyltransferases by comparing transcriptome analysis and network co-expression analysis. In addition, we identified two UGTs (PvfUGT1 and PvfUGT2) through in vitro enzymatic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of MR2 which were not reported in previous studies. Our results show that PvfUGT1 can transfer UDP-glucose to the C6-OH of 20S, 24S-protopanaxatriol oxide II and 20S, 24R-protopanaxatriol oxide I to form pseudoginsenoside RT4 and pseudoginsenoside RT5, respectively. PvfUGT2 can transfer UDP-xylose to pseudoginsenoside RT4 and pseudoginsenoside RT5 to form 20S, 24S-MR2 and 20S, 24S-MR2. Our study paves the way for elucidating the biosynthesis of MR2 and producing MR2 by synthetic biological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Peng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Yina Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Guisheng Xiang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Menghan Li
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Zijiang Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunhua Ma
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China.
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Shengchao Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China.
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Kaushal N, Verma D, Alok A, Pandey A, Singh K. Heterologous expression of Chlorophytum borivilianum Squalene epoxidase in tobacco modulates stigmasterol production and alters vegetative and reproductive growth. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:909-919. [PMID: 36894686 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03000-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
KEYMESSAGE CbSE overexpression increased stigmasterol levels and altered plant morphology. The genes upstream and downstream of CbSE were found to be upregulated, which confirms its regulatory role in the saponin biosynthetic pathway. Chlorophytum borivilianum is a high-value medicinal plant with many promising preclinical applications that include saponins as a major active ingredient. Squalene epoxidase (SE) is one of the major rate-limiting enzymes of the saponin biosynthetic pathway. Here, we functionally characterized C. borivilianum SE (CbSE) by over-expressing heterologously in Nicotiana tabacum. The heterologous expression of CbSE resulted in stunted pant growth with altered leaf and flower morphology. Next, RT-qPCR analysis of transgenic plants overexpressing CbSE revealed increased expression levels of Cycloartenol synthase (CAS), Beta amyrin synthase (βAS), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 51 (CYP51) (Cytochrome P450), which encode key enzymes for triterpenoid and phytosterol biosynthesis in C. borivilianum. Further, Methyl Jasmonate (MeJa) treatment upregulated Squalene synthase (SQS), SE, and Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) to a significant level. GC-MS analysis of the leaf and hairy roots of the transformants showed an increased stigmasterol content (0.5-1.0 fold) compared to wild type (WT) plants. These results indicate that CbSE is a rate-limiting gene, which encodes an efficient enzyme responsible for phytosterol and triterpenoid production in C. borivilianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Kaushal
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block I, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Deepika Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block I, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Anshu Alok
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block I, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
- UMN · College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block I, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Lin M, Jian JB, Zhou ZQ, Chen CH, Wang W, Xiong H, Mei ZN. Chromosome-level genome of Entada phaseoloides provides insights into genome evolution and triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis. Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 22:3049-3067. [PMID: 35661414 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As a medicinal herbal plant, Entada phaseoloides has high levels of secondary metabolites, particularly triterpenoid saponins, which are important resources for scientific research and medical applications. However, the lack of a reference genome for this genus has limited research on its evolution and utilization of its medicinal potential. In this study, we report a chromosome-scale genome assembly for E. phaseoloides using Illumina, Nanopore long reads, and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture technology. The assembled reference genome is 456.18 Mb (scaffold N50=30.9 Mb; contig N50=6.34 Mb) with 95.71 % of the sequences anchored onto 14 pseudochromosomes. E. phaseoloides was estimated to diverge from the Leguminosae lineage at approximately 72.0 million years ago. With the integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data, gene expression patterns and metabolite profiling of E. phaseoloides were determined in different tissues. The pattern of gene expression and metabolic profile of the kernel were distinct from those of other tissues. Furthermore, the evolution of certain gene families involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins and terpenes was analyzed and offer new insights into the formation of these two metabolites. Four CYP genes, one UGT gene and related transcription factors were identified as candidate genes contributing to regulation of triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis. As the first high-quality assembled reference genome in the genus Entada, it will not only provide new information for the evolutionary study of this genus and conservation biology of E. phaseoloides but also lay a foundation for the formation and utilization of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Ethnomedicine, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Bo Jian
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zhu-Qing Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Ethnomedicine, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Wen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Ethnomedicine, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Ethnomedicine, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Nan Mei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Ethnomedicine, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
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7
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cDNA cloning, prokaryotic expression, and functional analysis of squalene synthase (SQS) in Camellia vietnamensis Huang. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 194:106078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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8
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Yates PS, Roberson J, Ramsue LK, Song BH. Bridging the Gaps between Plant and Human Health: A Systematic Review of Soyasaponins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14387-14401. [PMID: 34843230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Saponins, prominent secondary plant metabolites, are recognized for their roles in plant defense and medicinal benefits. Soyasaponins, commonly derived from legumes, are a class of triterpenoid saponins that demonstrate significant potential for plant and human health applications. Previous research and reviews largely emphasize human health effects of soyasaponins. However, the biological effects of soyasaponins and their implications for plants in the context of human health have not been well-discussed. This review provides comprehensive discussions on the biological roles of soyasaponins in plant defense and rhizosphere microbial interactions; biosynthetic regulation and compound production; immunological effects and potential for therapeutics; and soyasaponin acquisition attributed to processing effects, bioavailability, and biotransformation processes based on recent soyasaponin research. Given the multifaceted biological effects elicited by soyasaponins, further research warrants an integrated approach to understand molecular mechanisms of regulations in their production as well as their applications in plant and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping S Yates
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
| | - Julia Roberson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
| | - Lyric K Ramsue
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
| | - Bao-Hua Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
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9
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Chen X, Chen B, Shang X, Fang S. RNA in situ hybridization and expression of related genes regulating the accumulation of triterpenoids in Cyclocarya paliurus. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:2189-2197. [PMID: 33960380 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja, a woody medicinal species in the Juglandaceae, grows extensively in subtropical areas of China. Triterpenoids in the leaves have health-promoting effects, including hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. To understand triterpenoid biosynthesis, transport and accumulation in C. paliurus during the growing season, gene cloning, gene expression and RNA in situ hybridization of related genes were used, and accumulation was examined in various organs. The complete coding sequences (CDSs) of three genes, CpHMGR, CpDXR and CpSQS, were obtained from GenBank and RACE. RNA in situ hybridization signals of the three genes mainly occurred in the epidermis, palisade tissue, phloem and xylem of leaf, shoot and root, with the signals generally consistent with the accumulation of metabolites in tissues, except in the xylem. Both gene expression and triterpenoid accumulations showed seasonal variations in all organs. However, total triterpenoid content in the leaves was significantly higher than that in the shoots, with the maximum in shoots in August and in leaves in October. According to Pearson correlation analysis, triterpenoid accumulation in the leaves was significantly positively related with the relative expression of CpSQS. However, the relation between gene expression and accumulation was dependent on the role of the gene in the pathway as well as on the plant organ. The results suggested that most of the intermediates catalyzed by CpHMGR and CpDXR in young shoots and roots were used in growth and flowering in the spring, whereas subsequent triterpenoid biosynthesis in the downstream catalyzed by CpSQS mainly occurred in the leaves by using transferred and in situ intermediates as substrates. Thus, this study provides a reference to improve triterpenoid accumulation in future C. paliurus plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Chen
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Biqin Chen
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xulan Shang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shengzuo Fang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
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10
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Kawasaki A, Chikugo A, Tamura K, Seki H, Muranaka T. Characterization of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase isoforms in the medicinal legume Glycyrrhiza uralensis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2021; 38:205-218. [PMID: 34393599 PMCID: PMC8329271 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.0222a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucose dehydrogenase (UGD) produces UDP-glucuronic acid from UDP-glucose as a precursor of plant cell wall polysaccharides. UDP-glucuronic acid is also a sugar donor for the glycosylation of various plant specialized metabolites. Nevertheless, the roles of UGDs in plant specialized metabolism remain poorly understood. Glycyrrhiza species (licorice), which are medicinal legumes, biosynthesize triterpenoid saponins, soyasaponins and glycyrrhizin, commonly glucuronosylated at the C-3 position of the triterpenoid scaffold. Often, several different UGD isoforms are present in plants. To gain insight into potential functional differences among UGD isoforms in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in relation to cell wall component biosynthesis, we identified and characterized Glycyrrhiza uralensis UGDs (GuUGDs), which were discovered to comprise five isoforms, four of which (GuUGD1-4) showed UGD activity in vitro. GuUGD1-4 had different biochemical properties, including their affinity for UDP-glucose, catalytic constant, and sensitivity to feedback inhibitors. GuUGD2 had the highest catalytic constant and highest gene expression level among the GuUGDs, suggesting that it is the major isoform contributing to the transition from UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronic acid in planta. To evaluate the contribution of GuUGD isoforms to saponin biosynthesis, we compared the expression patterns of GuUGDs with those of saponin biosynthetic genes in methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-treated cultured stolons. GuUGD1-4 showed delayed responses to MeJA compared to those of saponin biosynthetic genes, suggesting that MeJA-responsive expression of GuUGDs compensates for the decreased UDP-glucuronic acid pool due to consumption during saponin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Kawasaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ayaka Chikugo
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keita Tamura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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11
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Kim YK, Sathasivam R, Kim YB, Kim JK, Park SU. Transcriptomic Analysis, Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Triterpene Biosynthetic Genes and Triterpene Accumulation in the Hairy Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum Exposed to Methyl Jasmonate. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:12820-12830. [PMID: 34056433 PMCID: PMC8154235 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum is a perennial plant that has been used for medicinal purposes. Specifically, it is widely used in Northern China and Korea for the treatment of various diseases. Terpenoids belong to a group called secondary metabolites and have attracted a wide range of interest. Here, we determined the expressed sequence tag (EST) library of the methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-treated hairy root of P. grandiflorum. In total, 5760 ESTs were obtained, but after deleting the vector sequences and removing poor-quality sequences, a total of 2536 ESTs were attained. Of these, 811 contigs and 1725 singletons were annotated. The data were further analyzed with a focus on the gene families of the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway (TBP). We identified and characterized four TBP genes; among these were three full-length cDNAs encoding PgHMGS, PgMK, and PgMVD, whereas PgHMGR had a partial sequence based on the EST library database. Phylogenetic analysis and a pairwise identity matrix showed that these identified genes were closely related to those of other higher plants. Moreover, the tertiary structure and multiple alignment analysis showed that several distinct conserved motifs were present. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results revealed that TBP genes were constitutively expressed in all organs of P. grandiflorum, while the expression of transcript levels of these genes varied distinctly among the organs. Additionally, the total amount of platycosides was highly detected in the root, accumulating in concentrations 7.8 and 2.6 times higher than in the hairy root and stem, respectively, and 1.4 times higher than in the leaf and flower. The highest amount of total phytosterols was found to accumulate in the leaves at 9.3, 9.1, 1.8, and 1.6 times higher than that of the stem, root, hairy root, and flower, respectively. After the hairy root was exposed to the MeJA treatment, the transcript levels of PgHMGS, PgHMGR, PgMK, and PgMVD had significantly increased. The highest level of transcript accumulation occurred at 3 h after initial exposure for most of the genes. Meanwhile, triterpene saponin accumulation increased with the increase in the time of exposure, and at 48 h after initial exposure, the total saponin content was the highest recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kyoung Kim
- Division
of Safety Analysis, Experiment and Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management
Service, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramaraj Sathasivam
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic
of Korea
| | - Yeon Bok Kim
- Department
of Medicinal and Industrial Crops, Korea
National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division
of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro,
Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- . Phone: +82-32-835-8241. Fax: +82-32-835-0763
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National
University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- . Phone: +82-42-821-5730. Fax: +82-42-822-2631
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12
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Sun B, You H, Xu JW. Enhancement of ganoderic acid production by promoting sporulation in a liquid static culture of Ganoderma species. J Biotechnol 2021; 328:72-77. [PMID: 33485862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs) produced by Ganoderma are a type of lanostane-type triterpenoids with anticancer and antimetastatic activities; however, low production of GAs limits its wide application. In this study, a novel strategy by promoting sporulation of Ganoderma was developed to increase GA production. First, a high-spore producing Ganoderma strain G. 260125 was obtained from dikaryotic strain CGMCC 5.0026, and the sporulation-specific gene of this strain exhibits a higher transcription level than CGMCC 5.0026. Then, the effect of promoting sporulation on GA content was investigated. The maximum ganoderic acid (GA)-T, GA-Mk, and GA-Me contents in G. 260125 in shake flasks were 358.97, 78.32, and 12.75 μg/100 mg dry weight, respectively, which were 3.42, 2.91, and 1.73 times higher than those obtained in CGMCC 5.0026. Moreover, total and individual GA contents in spores were significantly higher than those in liquid static culture. Both concentrations of intermediates and transcription levels of GA biosynthetic genes also improved in G. 260125 during fermentation compared with those in CGMCC 5.0026. For scaling-up experiments, GA-T, GA-Me, and GA-Mk production in G. 260125 improved by 2.2-, 2.6-, and 2.1-fold compared with those in CGMCC 5.0026. In addition, the effectiveness of the developed strategy was also confirmed in three different Ganoderma strains. This work illustrated that promoting sporulation efficiently improves GA production in liquid static cultures of Ganoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hao You
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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13
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Sun R, Gao JL, Chen H, Liu S, Tang ZZ. CbCYP716A261, a New β-Amyrin 28-Hydroxylase Involved in Conyzasaponin Biosynthesis from Conyza blinii. Mol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689332005009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Park YJ, Kim JK, Park SU. Yeast extract improved biosynthesis of astragalosides in hairy root cultures of Astragalus membranaceus. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:467-474. [PMID: 33044115 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1830415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The dried root of Astragalus membranaceus is a well-known herbal medicine, and it is useful in treating chronic diseases and weakness, as well as for improving overall health and vitality. Astragalosides, which are root quality indicators of A. membranaceus, are natural triterpenoid saponins that are used in the treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, there is an urgent need to improve their production because of their low quantity in plants and the difficulty of chemical synthesis. In this study, yeast extract was added to facilitate elicitation in Agrobacterium-mediated hairy root cultures, thereby enhancing astragaloside production in A. membranaceus. Results showed that yeast extract could stimulate astragaloside content effectively in the hairy roots of A. membranaceus. Moreover, astragaloside accumulation was positively correlated with the upregulation of mevalonate biosynthetic gene expression in the presence of yeast extract. Our study demonstrated that pretreatment with yeast extract (3.65 mM) for 72 h serves as an effective strategy to enhance astragaloside levels in A. membranaceus hairy root cultures. Thus, these optimal conditions can provide valuable information for the improvement of astragaloside industrial production in A. membranaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ji Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University, Yeonsu-gu, Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Korea.,Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Korea
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15
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Lertphadungkit P, Suksiriworapong J, Satitpatipan V, Sirikantaramas S, Wongrakpanich A, Bunsupa S. Enhanced Production of Bryonolic Acid in Trichosanthes cucumerina L. (Thai Cultivar) Cell Cultures by Elicitors and Their Biological Activities. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060709. [PMID: 32498354 PMCID: PMC7356870 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bryonolic acid is a triterpenoid compound found in cucurbitaceous roots. Due to its biological activities, this compound gets more attention to improve production. Herein, we carried out efficient ways with high bryonolic acid productions from Trichosanthes cucumerina L., a Thai medicinal plant utilizing plant cell cultures. The results showed that calli (24.65 ± 1.97 mg/g dry weight) and cell suspensions (15.69 ± 0.78 mg/g dry weight) exhibited the highest bryonolic acid productions compared with natural roots (approximately 2 mg/g dry weight). In the presence of three elicitors (methyl jasmonate, yeast extract, and chitosan), cell suspensions treated with 1 mg/mL of chitosan for eight days led to higher bryonolic acid contents (23.56 ± 1.68 mg/g dry weight). Interestingly, cell culture and root extracts with high bryonolic acid contents resulted in significantly higher percent cell viabilities than those observed under control (1% v/v DMSO) treatment in Saos-2 and MCF-7 cells. The present study indicated that T. cucumerina L. cell cultures are alternative and efficient to produce the biologically important secondary metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpatsorn Lertphadungkit
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.L.); (V.S.)
| | - Jiraphong Suksiriworapong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Veena Satitpatipan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.L.); (V.S.)
| | - Supaart Sirikantaramas
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Amaraporn Wongrakpanich
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Somnuk Bunsupa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.L.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-026448677-91
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16
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Nguyen KV, Pongkitwitoon B, Pathomwichaiwat T, Viboonjun U, Prathanturarug S. Effects of methyl jasmonate on the growth and triterpenoid production of diploid and tetraploid Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. hairy root cultures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18665. [PMID: 31822691 PMCID: PMC6904556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the phytomass and triterpenoid production of diploid and tetraploid Centella asiatica hairy roots were investigated. Hairy root cultures were obtained from diploid and induced tetraploid plants of C. asiatica infected by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC 43057. MeJA triggered triterpenoid production in both ploidy hairy roots, whereas triterpenoids were not produced in the untreated hairy roots. Among the treatments, the 50 µM MeJA treatment yielded the maximum triterpenoid production in diploid hairy roots of 27.25 ± 0.27 µg/mg Dry weight (DW) total triterpenoid at day 21. For the tetraploid hairy root cultures, the 28th-day hairy root culture produced a maximum amount of triterpenoids of 16.29 ± 6.32 µg/mg DW in response to the 50 µM MeJA treatment, whereas the 100 µM MeJA treatment produced a similar triterpenoid amount (16.31 ± 9.24 µg/mg DW) at day 14. Moreover, in response to 50 µM MeJA, we obtained different ratios of aglycone to glycoside, i.e., 1:7 and 1:2, between the diploid and tetraploid hairy root cultures. Asiaticoside was the dominant phytochemical, followed by asiatic acid and madecassic acid. This study provides valuable information for producing triterpenoids for C. asiatica commercial products and preparations by using hairy root cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoa Van Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-ayuthaya Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Benyakan Pongkitwitoon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-ayuthaya Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanika Pathomwichaiwat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-ayuthaya Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Unchera Viboonjun
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sompop Prathanturarug
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-ayuthaya Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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17
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Rahimi S, Kim J, Mijakovic I, Jung KH, Choi G, Kim SC, Kim YJ. Triterpenoid-biosynthetic UDP-glycosyltransferases from plants. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107394. [PMID: 31078628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are naturally occurring structurally diverse glycosides of triterpenes that are widely distributed among plant species. Great interest has been expressed by pharmaceutical and agriculture industries for the glycosylation of triterpenes. Such modifications alter their taste and bio-absorbability, affect their intra-/extracellular transport and storage in plants, and induce novel biological activities in the human body. Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze glycosylation using UDP sugar donors. These enzymes belong to a multigene family and recognize diverse natural products, including triterpenes, as the acceptor molecules. For this review, we collected and analyzed all of the UGT sequences found in Arabidopsis thaliana as well as 31 other species of triterpene-producing plants. To identify potential UGTs with novel functions in triterpene glycosylation, we screened and classified those candidates based on similarity with UGTs from Panax ginseng, Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, Saponaria vaccaria, and Barbarea vulgaris that are known to function in glycosylate triterpenes. We highlight recent findings on UGT inducibility by methyl jasmonate, tissue-specific expression, and subcellular localization, while also describing their catalytic activity in terms of regioselectivity for potential key UGTs dedicated to triterpene glycosylation in plants. Discovering these new UGTs expands our capacity to manipulate the biological and physicochemical properties of such valuable molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Rahimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea; Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Jaewook Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Yu X, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Lang D, Zhang X. The roles of methyl jasmonate to stress in plants. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:197-212. [PMID: 32172764 DOI: 10.1071/fp18106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to various stresses, which can degrade their health. The stresses can be alleviated by the application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), which is a hormone involved in plant signalling. MeJA induces synthesis of defensive compounds and initiates the expression of pathogenesis-related genes involved in systemic acquired resistance and local resistance. Thus, MeJA may be used against pathogens, salt stress, drought stress, low temperature, heavy metal stress and toxicities of other elements. The application of MeJA improves growth, induces the accumulation of active compounds, and affects endogenous hormones levels, and other physiological and biochemical characteristics in stressed plants. Furthermore, MeJA antagonises the adverse effects of osmotic stress by regulating inorganic penetrating ions or organic penetrants to suppress the absorption of toxic ions. MeJA also mitigates oxidative stress by activating antioxidant systems to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in stressed plants. For these reasons, we reviewed the use of exogenous MeJA in alleviating biotic (pathogens and insects) and abiotic stresses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750 004, China
| | - Wenjin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750 004, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750 004, China
| | - Xiaojia Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750 004, China
| | - Duoyong Lang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750 004, China
| | - Xinhui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750 004, China
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19
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Tuan PA, Kim YS, Kim Y, Thwe AA, Li X, Park CH, Lee SY, Park SU. Molecular characterization of flavonoid biosynthetic genes and accumulation of baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin in plant and hairy root of Scutellaria lateriflora. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 25:1639-1647. [PMID: 30591781 PMCID: PMC6303135 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria lateriflora is well known for its medical applications because of the presence of flavanoids and alkaloids. The present study aimed to explore the molecular aspects and regulations of flavanoids. Five partial cDNAs encoding genes that are involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway: phenylalanine ammonia lyase (SlPAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (SlC4H), 4-coumaroyl CoA ligase (Sl4CL), chalcone synthase (SlCHS), and chalcone isomerase (SlCHI) were isolated from S. lateriflora. Organ expression analysis showed that these genes were expressed in all organs analyzed with the highest levels correlating with the richest accumulation of wogonin in the roots. Baicalin and baicalein differentially accumulated in S. lateriflora plants, with the highest concentration of baicalin and baicalein detected in the leaves and stems, respectively. Exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) significantly enhanced the expression of SlCHS and SlCHI, and accumulation of baicalin (22.54 mg/g), baicalein (1.24 mg/g), and wogonin (5.39 mg/g) in S. lateriflora hairy roots. In addition, maximum production of baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin in hairy roots treated with MeJA was approximately 7.44-, 2.38-, and 2.12-fold, respectively. Light condition increased the expression level of SlCHS, the first committed step in flavonoid biosynthesis in hairy roots of S. lateriflora after 3 and 4 weeks of development compared to the dark condition. Dark-grown hairy roots contained a higher content of baicalin and baicalein than light-grown hairy roots, while light-grown hairy roots accumulated more wogonin than dark-grown hairy roots. These results may helpful for the metabolic engineering of flavonoids biosynthesis in S. lateriflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Anh Tuan
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Young Seon Kim
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Yeji Kim
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Aye Aye Thwe
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Chang Ha Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Sook Young Lee
- Regional Innovation Center for Dental Science & Engineering, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
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20
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Robison FM, Turner MF, Jahn CE, Schwartz HF, Prenni JE, Brick MA, Heuberger AL. Common bean varieties demonstrate differential physiological and metabolic responses to the pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2141-2154. [PMID: 29476531 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant physiology and metabolism are important components of a plant response to microbial pathogens. Physiological resistance of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has been established, but the mechanisms of resistance are largely unknown. Here, the physiological and metabolic responses of bean varieties that differ in physiological resistance to S. sclerotiorum are investigated. Upon infection, the resistant bean variety A195 had a unique physiological response that included reduced photosynthesis and maintaining a higher leaf surface pH during infection. Leaf metabolomics was performed on healthy tissue adjacent to the necrotic lesion at 16, 24, and 48 hr post inoculation, and 144 metabolites were detected that varied between A195 and Sacramento following infection. The metabolites that varied in leaves included amines/amino acids, organic acids, phytoalexins, and ureides. The metabolic pathways associated with resistance included amine metabolism, uriede-based nitrogen remobilization, antioxidant production, and bean-specific phytoalexin production. A second experiment was conducted in stems of 13 bean genotypes with varying resistance. Stem resistance was associated with phytoalexin production, but unlike leaf metabolism, lipid changes were associated with susceptibility. Taken together, the data supports a multifaceted, physiometabolic response of common bean to S. sclerotiorum that mediates resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Robison
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Marie F Turner
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Courtney E Jahn
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Howard F Schwartz
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jessica E Prenni
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Mark A Brick
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Adam L Heuberger
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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21
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Jiang LX, Han LL, Wang HP, Xu JW, Xiao JH. Improved production of jiangxienone in submerged fermentation of Cordyceps jiangxiensis under nitrogen deficiency. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:1417-1423. [PMID: 29948214 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Jiangxienone produced by Cordyceps jiangxiensis exhibits significant cytotoxicity and good selectivity against various human cancer cells, especially gastric cancer cells. In this work, the effect of nitrogen deficiency on the accumulation of jiangxienone and the transcription levels of jiangxienone biosynthesis genes was studied in submerged fermentation of C. jiangxiensis. Results showed that accumulation of jiangxienone was improved under nitrogen deficiency condition. A maximal jiangxienone content of 3.2 µg/g cell dry weight was reached at 5 mM glutamine, and it was about 8.9-fold higher than that obtained at 60 mM glutamine (control). The transcription levels of the biosynthetic pathway genes hmgr and sqs and the nitrogen regulatory gene areA were upregulated by 7-, 14-, and 28-fold, respectively, in culture with 5 mM glutamine compared to the control. It was hypothesized that the jiangxienone biosynthesis may involve the mevalonate pathway in C. jiangxiensis. Taken together, our study indicated that nitrogen deficiency is an efficient strategy for enhancing jiangxienone accumulation in submerged fermentation of C. jiangxiensis, which is useful for further understanding the regulation of jiangxienone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Xi Jiang
- Division of Applied Mycology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Liang Han
- Division of Applied Mycology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650228, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Hui Xiao
- Division of Applied Mycology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Tamura K, Yoshida K, Hiraoka Y, Sakaguchi D, Chikugo A, Mochida K, Kojoma M, Mitsuda N, Saito K, Muranaka T, Seki H. The Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor GubHLH3 Positively Regulates Soyasaponin Biosynthetic Genes in Glycyrrhiza uralensis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:778-791. [PMID: 29648666 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice) is a widely used medicinal plant belonging to the Fabaceae. Its main active component, glycyrrhizin, is an oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin widely used as a medicine and as a natural sweetener. Licorice also produces other triterpenoids, including soyasaponins. Recent studies have revealed various oxidosqualene cyclases and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) required for the biosynthesis of triterpenoids in licorice. Of these enzymes, β-amyrin synthase (bAS) and β-amyrin C-24 hydroxylase (CYP93E3) are involved in the biosynthesis of soyasapogenol B (an aglycone of soyasaponins) from 2,3-oxidosqualene. Although these biosynthetic enzyme genes are known to be temporally and spatially expressed in licorice, the regulatory mechanisms underlying their expression remain unknown. Here, we identified a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, GubHLH3, that positively regulates the expression of soyasaponin biosynthetic genes. GubHLH3 preferentially activates transcription from promoters of CYP93E3 and CYP72A566, the second P450 gene newly identified and shown to be responsible for C-22β hydroxylation in soyasapogenol B biosynthesis, in transient co-transfection assays of promoter-reporter constructs and transcription factors. Overexpression of GubHLH3 in transgenic hairy roots of G. uralensis enhanced the expression levels of bAS, CYP93E3 and CYP72A566. Moreover, soyasapogenol B and sophoradiol (22β-hydroxy-β-amyrin), an intermediate between β-amyrin and soyasapogenol B, were increased in transgenic hairy root lines overexpressing GubHLH3. We found that soyasaponin biosynthetic genes and GubHLH3 were co-ordinately up-regulated by methyl jasmonate (MeJA). These results suggest that GubHLH3 regulates MeJA-responsive expression of soyasaponin biosynthetic genes in G. uralensis. The regulatory mechanisms of triterpenoid biosynthesis in legumes are compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Tamura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Koki Yoshida
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yasuko Hiraoka
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
| | - Daiki Sakaguchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ayaka Chikugo
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Keiichi Mochida
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046 Japan
| | - Mareshige Kojoma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293 Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566 Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675 Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
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Two Cycloartenol Synthases for Phytosterol Biosynthesis in Polygala tenuifolia Willd. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112426. [PMID: 29140303 PMCID: PMC5713394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) are enzymes that play a key role in control of the biosynthesis of phytosterols and triterpene saponins. In order to uncover OSC genes from Polygala tenuifolia seedlings induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), RNA-sequencing analysis was performed using the Illumina sequencing platform. A total of 148,488,632 high-quality reads from two samples (control and the MeJA treated) were generated. We screened genes related to phytosterol and triterpene saponin biosynthesis and analyzed the transcriptional changes of differentially expressed unigene (DEUG) values calculated by fragments per kilobase million (FPKM). In our datasets, two full-length cDNAs of putative OSC genes, PtCAS1, and PtCAS2, were found, in addition to the PtBS (β-amyrin synthase) gene reported in our previous studies and the two cycloartenol synthase genes of P. tenuifolia. All genes were isolated and characterized in yeast cells. The functional expression of the two PtCAS genes in yeast cells showed that the genes all produce a cycloartenol as the sole product. When qRT-PCR analysis from different tissues was performed, the expressions of PtCAS1 and PtCAS2 were highest in flowers and roots, respectively. After MeJA treatment, the transcripts of PtCAS1 and PtCAS2 genes increased by 1.5- and 2-fold, respectively. Given these results, we discuss the potential roles of the two PtCAS genes in relation to triterpenoid biosynthesis.
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Improving the accumulation of 18 α -and 18 β -glycyrrhizins by over-expressing GuHMGR , GuSQS 1, and GuBAS genes in Glycyrrhiza uralensis. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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25
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Sun R, Liu S, Tang ZZ, Zheng TR, Wang T, Chen H, Li CL, Wu Q. β-Amyrin synthase from Conyza blinii expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1575-1585. [PMID: 28979844 PMCID: PMC5623702 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Conyza blinii H.Lév. is a widely used medicinal herb in southwestern China. The main pharmacological components of C. blinii are a class of oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpene glycosides known as conyzasaponins, which are thought to be synthesized from β-amyrin. However, no genes involved in the conyzasaponin pathway have previously been identified. Here, we identify an oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), a β-amyrin synthase, which mediates cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene to yield β-amyrin. Ten OSC sequences were isolated from C. blinii transcript tags. Phylogenetic analysis was used to select the tag Cb18076 as the putative β-amyrin synthase, named CbβAS. The open reading frame of CbβAS is 2286 bp and encodes 761 amino acids. Its mature protein contains the highly conserved motifs (QXXXGXW/DCTAE) of OSCs and (MWCYCR) of β-amyrin synthases. Transcription of CbβAS was upregulated 4-24 h after treatment of the seedlings of the C. blinii cultivar with methyl jasmonate. Furthermore, expression of CbβAS in Saccharomyces cerevisiae successfully yielded β-amyrin. The chemical structures and concentrations of β-amyrin were confirmed by GC-MS/MS. The target yeast ultimately produced 4.432 mg·L-1 β-amyrin. Thus, CbβAS is an OSC involved in conyzasaponin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Sun
- College of Life Science Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an China
| | - Shan Liu
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering Panzhihua University China
| | - Zi-Zhong Tang
- College of Life Science Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an China
| | - Tian-Run Zheng
- College of Life Science Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Life Science Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Science Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an China
| | - Cheng-Lei Li
- College of Life Science Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science Sichuan Agricultural University Ya'an China
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26
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Major IT, Yoshida Y, Campos ML, Kapali G, Xin X, Sugimoto K, de Oliveira Ferreira D, He SY, Howe GA. Regulation of growth-defense balance by the JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ)-MYC transcriptional module. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215. [PMID: 28649719 PMCID: PMC5542871 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) promotes the degradation of JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins to relieve repression on diverse transcription factors (TFs) that execute JA responses. However, little is known about how combinatorial complexity among JAZ-TF interactions maintains control over myriad aspects of growth, development, reproduction, and immunity. We used loss-of-function mutations to define epistatic interactions within the core JA signaling pathway and to investigate the contribution of MYC TFs to JA responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Constitutive JA signaling in a jaz quintuple mutant (jazQ) was largely eliminated by mutations that block JA synthesis or perception. Comparison of jazQ and a jazQ myc2 myc3 myc4 octuple mutant validated known functions of MYC2/3/4 in root growth, chlorophyll degradation, and susceptibility to the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. We found that MYC TFs also control both the enhanced resistance of jazQ leaves to insect herbivory and restricted leaf growth of jazQ. Epistatic transcriptional profiles mirrored these phenotypes and further showed that triterpenoid biosynthetic and glucosinolate catabolic genes are up-regulated in jazQ independently of MYC TFs. Our study highlights the utility of genetic epistasis to unravel the complexities of JAZ-TF interactions and demonstrates that MYC TFs exert master control over a JAZ-repressible transcriptional hierarchy that governs growth-defense balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T. Major
- Department of Energy‐Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Yuki Yoshida
- Department of Energy‐Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Marcelo L. Campos
- Department of Energy‐Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - George Kapali
- Department of Energy‐Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Xiu‐Fang Xin
- Department of Energy‐Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Koichi Sugimoto
- Department of Energy‐Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | | | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy‐Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI42284USA
| | - Gregg A. Howe
- Department of Energy‐Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI42284USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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27
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Zhang DH, Li N, Yu X, Zhao P, Li T, Xu JW. Overexpression of the homologous lanosterol synthase gene in ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lingzhi. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 134:46-53. [PMID: 27894599 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs) in Ganoderma lingzhi exhibit anticancer and antimetastatic activities. GA yields can be potentially improved by manipulating G. lingzhi through genetic engineering. In this study, a putative lanosterol synthase (LS) gene was cloned and overexpressed in G. lingzhi. Results showed that its overexpression (OE) increased the ganoderic acid (GA) content and the accumulation of lanosterol and ergosterol in a submerged G. lingzhi culture. The maximum contents of GA-O, GA-Mk, GA-T, GA-S, GA-Mf, and GA-Me in transgenic strains were 46.6 ± 4.8, 24.3 ± 3.5, 69.8 ± 8.2, 28.9 ± 1.4, 15.4 ± 1.2, and 26.7 ± 3.1 μg/100 mg dry weight, respectively, these values being 6.1-, 2.2-, 3.2-, 4.8-, 2.0-, and 1.9-times higher than those in wild-type strains. In addition, accumulated amounts of lanosterol and ergosterol in transgenic strains were 2.3 and 1.4-fold higher than those in the control strains, respectively. The transcription level of LS was also increased by more than five times in the presence of the G. lingzhi glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene promoter, whereas transcription levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A enzyme and squalene synthase did not change significantly in transgenic strains. This study demonstrated that OE of the homologous LS gene can enhance lanosterol accumulation. A large precursor supply promotes GA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Huai Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xuya Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Jiang D, Rong Q, Chen Y, Yuan Q, Shen Y, Guo J, Yang Y, Zha L, Wu H, Huang L, Liu C. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of squalene synthase (SS) in Panax notoginseng. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 95:658-666. [PMID: 27884675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, which is a used traditional Chinese medicine known as Sanqi or Tianqi in China, is widely studied for its ability to accumulate the triterpene saponins. Squalene synthase (SS: EC 2.5.1.21) catalyzes the first enzymatic step from the central isoprenoid pathway toward sterol and triterpenoid biosynthesis. In this study, SS from P. notoginseng was cloned and investigated followed by its recombinant expression and preliminary enzyme activity. The nucleotide sequence of the ORF contains 1 248 nucleotides and encodes 415 amino acid residues with molecular weight of 47.16kDa and pI of 6.50. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the deduced PnSS protein had a high similarity with other plant squalene synthases. To obtain soluble recombinant enzymes, 29 hydrophobic amino acids were deleted from the carboxy terminus and expressed as GST-Tag fusion protein in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Approximately 66.46kDa recombinant protein was checked on SDS-PAGE and Western Blot analysis. Preliminary activity of the resultant bacterial crude extract was analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The identification and function of PnSS is important for further studies of the triterpene saponins biosynthesis in P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jiang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qixian Rong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Qingjun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yirui Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Liangping Zha
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Huixiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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Li YP, Yu CX, Qiao J, Zang YM, Xiang Y, Ren GX, Wang L, Zhang XY, Liu CS. Effect of exogenous phytohormones treatment on glycyrrhizic acid accumulation and preliminary exploration of the chemical control network based on glycyrrhizic acid in root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Piątczak E, Kuźma Ł, Wysokińska H. The Influence of Methyl Jasmonate and Salicylic Acid on Secondary Metabolite Production in Rehmannia Glutinosa Libosch. Hairy Root Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/abcsb-2016-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rehmannia glutinosa hairy roots were used to evaluate the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) and salicylic acid (SA) on increase of root biomass and production of iridoids (catalpol, harpagide) and phenylethanoids (verbascoside and isoverbascoside). The elicitors were added to 23-day-old culture separately at concentrations between 50 and 200 μM or in combinations at concentrations of 50 and 100 μM. Roots were harvested 72 h and 120 h after elicitation. The type of elicitor, its concentration and exposure time were found to strongly affect the content of each analyzed compound. A 72-hour treatment with 200 μM MeJa was the most effective in increase of verbascoside content (60.07 mg·DW−1 equivalent to 845.45 mg·L−1) and isoverbascoside (1.77 mg·DW−1 equivalent to 24.94 mg·L−1): these respective amounts were roughly 10- and 6.4-fold higher than the control values (unelicited roots). Exposure to 150 μM MeJa provided optimal harpagide content after 72 hours (0.136 mg·DW−1; 7.5-fold increase compared to the control), and catalpol content after 120 hours (up to 2.145 mg·DW−1). The combination of MeJa and SA also resulted in higher levels of secondary metabolites compared to the control culture, although these levels were lower than those observed for MeJa alone at the optimal concentration and exposure time. SA alone was less efficient in enhancing metabolite production than MeJa.
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Enhancing ergosterol production in Pichia pastoris GS115 by overexpressing squalene synthase gene from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 13:338-45. [PMID: 25986282 PMCID: PMC7128851 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the effects of copy number variations (CNVs) of squalene synthase 1(SQS1) gene on the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. SQS1 gene from G. uralensis (GuSQS1) was cloned and over-expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. Six recombinant P. pastoris strains containing different copy number of GuSQS1 were constructed. HPLC was used to assay the level of ergosterol in all transgenic P. pastoris strains containing GuSQS1. HPLC analysis showed that the contents of ergosterol in all of the transgenic P. pastoris containing GuSQS1 were higher than that in the negative control. And with the increase of copy number of GuSQS1, the content of ergosterol showed an increasing-decreasing-increasing pattern. The contents of ergosterol in 10-copy-GuSQS1 P. pastoris and 47-copy-GuSQS1 P. pastoris were significantly higher than that in the rest recombinant P. pastoris strains. In conclusion, the CNVs of GuSQS1 influence the content of secondary metabolites in the MVA pathway. The present study provides a basis for over-expressing GuSQS1 and increasing the content of glycyrrhizin in G. uralensis cultivars.
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Abstract
Liquorice foliage
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Yang R, Yuan BC, Ma YS, Wang LQ, Liu CS, Liu Y. HMGR, SQS, β-AS, and Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Genes in Glycyrrhiza uralensis. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(15)60054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Siva G, Sivakumar S, Prem Kumar G, Vigneswaran M, Vinoth S, Muthamil Selvan A, Parveez Ahamed A, Manivannan K, Rajesh Kumar R, Thajuddin N, Senthil Kumar T, Jayabalan N. Optimization of elicitation condition with Jasmonic Acid, characterization and antimicrobial activity of Psoralen from direct regenerated plants of Psoralea corylifolia L. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zhao C, Xu T, Liang Y, Zhao S, Ren L, Wang Q, Dou B. Functional analysis of β-amyrin synthase gene in ginsenoside biosynthesis by RNA interference. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1307-15. [PMID: 25899218 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Down-regulation of β-amyrin synthase gene expression by RNA interference led to reduced levels of β-amyrin and oleanane-type ginsenoside as well as up-regulation of dammarane-type ginsenoside level. In the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides, β-amyrin synthase catalyzes the reaction from oxidosqualene to β-amyrin, the proposed aglycone of oleanane-type saponins. Here, RNAi was employed to evaluate the role of this gene in ginsenoside biosynthesis of Panax ginseng hairy roots. The results showed that RNAi-mediated down-regulation of this gene led to reduced levels of β-amyrin and oleanane-type ginsenoside Ro as well as increased level of total ginsenosides, indicating an important role of this gene in biosynthesis of ginsenoside. Expression of key genes involved in dammarane-type ginsenoside including genes of dammarenediol synthase and protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol synthases were up-regulated in RNAi lines. While expression of squalene synthase genes was not significantly changed, β-amyrin oxidase gene was down-regulated. This work will be helpful for further understanding ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Zhao
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
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Zhang G, Cao Q, Liu J, Liu B, Li J, Li C. Refactoring β-amyrin synthesis inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. AIChE J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Genlin Zhang
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shihezi University; Shihezi 832000 China
| | - Qian Cao
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Jingzhu Liu
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Baiyang Liu
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Chun Li
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 China
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Tuan PA, Chung E, Thwe AA, Li X, Kim YB, Mariadhas VA, Al-Dhabi NA, Lee JH, Park SU. Transcriptional Profiling and Molecular Characterization of Astragalosides, Calycosin, and Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside Biosynthesis in the Hairy Roots of Astragalus membranaceus in Response to Methyl Jasmonate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6231-6240. [PMID: 26072674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We used the next-generation Illumina/Solexa HiSeq2000 platform on RNA analysis to investigate the transcriptome of Astragalus membranaceus hairy roots in response to 100 μM methyl jasmonate (MeJA). In total, 77,758,230 clean reads were assembled into 48,636 transcripts (average length of 1398 bp), which were clustered into 23,658 loci (genes). Of these, 19,940 genes were annotated by BLASTx searches. In addition, DESeq analysis showed that 2127 genes were up-regulated, while 1247 genes were down-regulated by MeJA. Seventeen novel astragaloside (AST) biosynthetic genes and seven novel calycosin and calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (CG) biosynthetic genes were isolated. The accumulation of ASTs, calycosin, and CG increased significantly in MeJA-treated hairy roots compared with control hairy roots. Our findings will provide a valuable resource for molecular characterization of AST, calycosin, and CG biosynthetic pathways and may lead to new approaches to maximize their production and biomass productivity in the hairy roots of A. membranaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Anh Tuan
- †Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Eunsook Chung
- ‡Department of Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Aye Aye Thwe
- †Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Xiaohua Li
- †Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | | | - Valan Arasu Mariadhas
- §Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- §Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jai-Heon Lee
- ‡Department of Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- †Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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Singh B, Sharma RA. Plant terpenes: defense responses, phylogenetic analysis, regulation and clinical applications. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:129-151. [PMID: 28324581 PMCID: PMC4362742 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products and many interesting products are extensively applied in the industrial sector as flavors, fragrances, spices and are also used in perfumery and cosmetics. Many terpenoids have biological activities and also used for medical purposes. In higher plants, the conventional acetate-mevalonic acid pathway operates mainly in the cytosol and mitochondria and synthesizes sterols, sesquiterpenes and ubiquinones mainly. In the plastid, the non-mevalonic acid pathway takes place and synthesizes hemi-, mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes along with carotenoids and phytol tail of chlorophyll. In this review paper, recent developments in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, indepth description of terpene synthases and their phylogenetic analysis, regulation of terpene biosynthesis as well as updates of terpenes which have entered in the clinical studies are reviewed thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Singh
- AIB, Amity University Rajasthan, NH-11C, Kant Kalwar, Jaipur, 303 002, India.
| | - Ram A Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302 055, India
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Oh JY, Kim YJ, Jang MG, Joo SC, Kwon WS, Kim SY, Jung SK, Yang DC. Investigation of ginsenosides in different tissues after elicitor treatment in Panax ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2014; 38:270-7. [PMID: 25379007 PMCID: PMC4213849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effect of methyl jasmonate (MJ) on ginsenoside production in different organs of ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) was evaluated after the whole plant was dipped in an MJ-containing solution. MJ can induce the production of antioxidant defense genes and secondary metabolites in plants. In ginseng, MJ treatment in adventitious root resulted in the increase of dammarenediol synthase expression but a decrease of cycloartenol synthase expression, thereby enhancing ginsenoside biosynthesis. Although a previous study focused on the application of MJ to affect ginsenoside production in adventitious roots, we conducted our research on entire plants by evaluating the effect of exogenous MJ on ginsenoside production with the aim of obtaining new approaches to study ginsenoside biosynthesis response to MJ in vivo. Methods Different parts of MJ-treated ginseng plants were analyzed for ginsenoside contents (fine root, root body, epidermis, rhizome, stem, and leaf) by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results The total ginsenoside content of the ginseng root significantly increased after 2 d of MJ treatment compared with the control not subjected to MJ. Our results revealed that MJ treatment enhances ginsenoside production not in the epidermis but in the stele of the ginseng root, implying transportation of ginsenosides from the root vasculature to the epidermis. Application of MJ enhanced protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides, whereas chilling treatment induced protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides. Conclusion These findings indicate that the production of PPD-type and PPT-type ginsenosides is differently affected by abiotic and biotic stresses in the ginseng plant, and they might play different defense mechanism roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Corresponding author. Kyung Hee University, 1 Seocheon-dong, Kiheung-gu Yongin, Kyunggi-do 446-701, Korea.
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Guajardo-Flores D, Serna-Guerrero D, Serna-Saldívar SO, Jacobo-Velázquez DA. Effect of Germination and UV-C Radiation on the Accumulation of Flavonoids and Saponins in Black Bean Seed Coats. Cereal Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-08-13-0172-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Guajardo-Flores
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, School of Biotechnology and Food, Tecnológico de Monterrey–Campus Monterrey, E. Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, N.L., México
| | - Delia Serna-Guerrero
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, School of Biotechnology and Food, Tecnológico de Monterrey–Campus Monterrey, E. Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, N.L., México
| | - Sergio O. Serna-Saldívar
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, School of Biotechnology and Food, Tecnológico de Monterrey–Campus Monterrey, E. Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, N.L., México
- Corresponding author. Phone: +52 818 328 42 33. Fax: +52 818 328 42 62. E-mail:
| | - Daniel A. Jacobo-Velázquez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, School of Biotechnology and Food, Tecnológico de Monterrey–Campus Monterrey, E. Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, N.L., México
- Corresponding author. Phone: +52 818 358 20 00, ext. 4820. Fax: +52 818 328 4136. E-mail:
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Dhar N, Rana S, Razdan S, Bhat WW, Hussain A, Dhar RS, Vaishnavi S, Hamid A, Vishwakarma R, Lattoo SK. Cloning and functional characterization of three branch point oxidosqualene cyclases from Withania somnifera (L.) dunal. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17249-67. [PMID: 24770414 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.571919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) positioned at a key metabolic subdividing junction execute indispensable enzymatic cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene for varied triterpenoid biosynthesis. Such branch points present favorable gene targets for redirecting metabolic flux toward specific secondary metabolites. However, detailed information regarding the candidate OSCs covering different branches and their regulation is necessary for the desired genetic manipulation. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to characterize members of OSC superfamily from Withania somnifera (Ws), a medicinal plant of immense repute known to synthesize a large array of biologically active steroidal lactone triterpenoids called withanolides. Three full-length OSC cDNAs, β-amyrin synthase (WsOSC/BS), lupeol synthase (WsOSC/LS), and cycloartenol synthase (WsOSC/CS), having open reading frames of 2289, 2268, and 2277 bp, were isolated. Heterologous expression in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, LC-MS analyses, and kinetic studies confirmed their monofunctionality. The three WsOSCs were found to be spatially regulated at transcriptional level with WsOSC/CS being maximally expressed in leaf tissue. Promoter analysis of three WsOSCs genes resulted in identification of distinct cis-regulatory elements. Further, transcript profiling under methyl jasmonate, gibberellic acid, and yeast extract elicitations displayed differential transcriptional regulation of each of the OSCs. Changes were also observed in mRNA levels under elicitations and further substantiated with protein expression levels by Western blotting. Negative regulation by yeast extract resulted in significant increase in withanolide content. Empirical evidence suggests that repression of competitive branch OSCs like WsOSC/BS and WsOSC/LS possibly leads to diversion of substrate pool toward WsOSC/CS for increased withanolide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niha Dhar
- From the Divisions of Plant Biotechnology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Samantha Vaishnavi
- the School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra-182320, India
| | | | - Ram Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Tawi-180001, India and
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Fan G, Zhai Q, Li X, Zhan Y. Compounds ofBetula PlatyphyllaCell Suspension Cultures in Response to Fungal Elicitor. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2012.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Liu Y, Zhu X, Li W, Wen H, Gao Y, Liu Y, Liu C. Enhancing production of ergosterol in Pichia pastoris GS115 by over-expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2014; 4:161-6. [PMID: 26579379 PMCID: PMC4590296 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway which can lead to triterpenoid saponin glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR). In order to reveal the effect of copy number variation in the HMGR gene on the MVA pathway, the HMGR gene from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (GuHMGR) was cloned and over-expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. Six recombinant P. pastoris strains containing different copy numbers of the GuHMGR gene were obtained and the content of ergosterol was analyzed by HPLC. The results showed that all the recombinant P. pastoris strains contained more ergosterol than the negative control and the strains with 8 and 44 copies contained significantly more ergosterol than the other strains. However, as the copy number increased, the content of ergosterol showed an increasing-decreasing-increasing pattern. This study provides a rationale for increasing the content of GA through over-expressing the GuHMGR gene in cultivars of G. uralensis.
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Key Words
- 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase gene
- BMGY, buffered glycerol-complex medium
- BMMY, buffered methanol-complex medium
- CNV, copy number variation
- Copy number variation
- Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.
- HMGR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase
- LLOQ, lower limit of quantitation
- LOD, limit of detection
- MD, minimal dextrose medium
- MM, minimal medium
- MVA, mevalonic acid
- Over-expression
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Pichia pastoris
- RSD, relative standard deviation
- YPD, yeast peptone dextrose medium
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Wendong Li
- Department of Antibiotics, Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Hao Wen
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ya Gao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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de Costa F, Yendo ACA, Fleck JD, Gosmann G, Fett-Neto AG. Accumulation of a bioactive triterpene saponin fraction of Quillaja brasiliensis leaves is associated with abiotic and biotic stresses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 66:56-62. [PMID: 23474431 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The saponins from leaves of Quillaja brasiliensis, a native species from Southern Brazil, show structural and functional similarities to those of Quillaja saponaria barks, which are currently used as adjuvants in vaccine formulations. The accumulation patterns of an immunoadjuvant fraction of leaf triterpene saponins (QB-90) in response to stress factors were examined, aiming at understanding the regulation of accumulation of these metabolites. The content of QB-90 in leaf disks was significantly increased by application of different osmotic stress agents, such as sorbitol, sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol in isosmotic concentrations. Higher yields of bioactive saponins were also observed upon exposure to salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ultrasound and UV-C light. Experiments with shoots indicated a significant increase in QB-90 yields with moderate increases in white light irradiance and by mechanical damage applied to leaves. The increased accumulation of these terpenes may be part of a defense response. The results herein described may contribute to further advance knowledge on the regulation of accumulation of bioactive saponins, and at defining strategies to improve yields of these useful metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Costa
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Identification of metabolic profiling of cell culture of licorice compared with its native one. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3321-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Gu XC, Chen JF, Xiao Y, Di P, Xuan HJ, Zhou X, Zhang L, Chen WS. Overexpression of allene oxide cyclase promoted tanshinone/phenolic acid production in Salvia miltiorrhiza. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:2247-59. [PMID: 22926031 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This study provides a desirable candidate gene resource (SmAOC) to increase the content of valuable natural products via appropriate JA pathway genetic engineering. Jasmonates (JAs) are important signal molecules in plants. They regulate transcripts of defense and secondary biosynthetic metabolite genes in response to environmental stresses. Currently, JAs are widely used as elicitors to improve the content of useful secondary metabolism in plants. Synthesis of the naturally occurring enantiomer of various jasmonates is catalyzed by allene oxide cyclase (AOC, EC 5.3.99.6). Here, we cloned and characterized the AOC gene (SmAOC) from Salvia miltiorrhiza. As expected, SmAOC expression was induced by abiotic stimuli such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ultraviolet radiation (UV) and low temperature (4 °C) in S. miltiorrhiza plantlets. To demonstrate whether the engineered internal JAs pool by overexpressing AOC gene could promote secondary metabolism production, the SmAOC was incorporated into S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. The results revealed that SmAOC overexpression significant enhanced the yields of tanshinone IIA, rosmarinic acid (RA) and lithospermic acid B (LAB) in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. In addition, expression levels for key genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of diterpenes and phenolic acids were also altered. These suggest that genetic manipulation of AOC would be helpful for improving the production of valuable secondary metabolites by regulating the biosynthesis of JAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ce Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, People's Republic of China
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Chaturvedi P, Mishra M, Akhtar N, Gupta P, Mishra P, Tuli R. Sterol glycosyltransferases-identification of members of gene family and their role in stress in Withania somnifera. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:9755-64. [PMID: 22744427 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sterol glycosyltransferases (SGTs) catalyze the transfer of sugar molecules to diverse sterol molecules, leading to a change in their participation in cellular metabolism. Withania somnifera is a medicinal plant rich in sterols, sterol glycosides and steroidal lactones. Sterols and their modified counterparts are medicinally important and play a role in adaptation of the plant to stress conditions. We have identified 3 members of SGT gene family through RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) in addition to sgtl1 reported earlier. The amino acid sequence deduced from the ORF's showed homology (45-67 %) to the reported plant SGTs. The expression of the genes was differentially modulated in different organs in W. somnifera and in response to external stimuli. Salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate treatments showed up to 10 fold increase in the expression of sgt genes suggesting their role in defense. The level of expression increased in heat and cold stress indicating the role of sterol modifications in abiotic stress. One of the members, was expressed in E. coli and the enzyme assay showed that the crude enzyme glycosylated stigmasterol. W. somnifera expresses a family of sgt genes and there is a functional recruitment of these genes under stress conditions. The genes which are involved in sterol modification are important in view of medicinal value and understanding stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, UP, India
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Satheesan J, Narayanan AK, Sakunthala M. Induction of root colonization by Piriformospora indica leads to enhanced asiaticoside production in Centella asiatica. MYCORRHIZA 2012; 22:195-202. [PMID: 21688071 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Centella asiatica (Indian pennywort) has wide application in Indian and Chinese traditional medicines with documented evidence for wound healing and neuroprotective and anti-aging potential. Asiaticoside, a trisaccharide triterpene, is the most medicinally active compound in the plant. β-Amyrin synthase and squalene synthase have been identified as the two key genes in the triterpenoid pathway which regulate the production of asiaticoside in C. asiatica. The paper reports salient findings of our study utilizing the growth-promoting endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica to successfully colonize roots of C. asiatica in vitro cultures for investigating the effect of the mutualistic association on asiaticoside production. Co-cultivation of P. indica resulted in the rapid enhancement of root and shoot biomass of host plant, which was visible after 7 days of culture and continued up to 45 days. P. indica co-cultivation also favored the synthesis of asiaticosides, as evidenced by HPLC analysis which indicated about twofold increase (0.53% (w/w) in leaves and 0.23% (w/w) in whole plant) over control (0.33% (w/w) in leaves and 0.14% (w/w) in whole plant). Real-time PCR results confirmed the strong upregulation of squalene synthase and β-amyrin synthase transcripts in P. indica-challenged plants compared with the control. Our data demonstrate the potential use of P. indica as a means to enhance plant secondary metabolite production in planta with scope for further field evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisha Satheesan
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014 Kerala, India
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Eswaranandam S, Salyer J, Chen P, Lee SO. Effect of elicitor spray at different reproductive stages on saponin content of soybean. J Food Sci 2012; 77:H81-6. [PMID: 22225473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial health effects of soybeans may be enhanced by increasing bioactive compounds including soyasaponins (ssp). The objective of this study is to elucidate the effect of elicitors sprayed on Ozark variety soybeans, on ssp content. Different concentrations of elicitors, ethyl acetate (EA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ), were sprayed at 4 different growth stages (1-bloom, 2-pod development, 3-seed development, and 4-seed maturity). Seeds were ground, defatted, ssp was extracted and identified and quantified with HPLC. Elicitor and growth stage had an effect on βg and βa contents of soybeans compared with control (P < 0.05). Elicitor had an effect on total ssp content (P < 0.001) and αg and γg content of soybeans compared with control (P < 0.05). Total ssp content of EA 0.05 M, MJ 0.001 M, and 0.005 M sprayed soybeans were higher than EA 0.001 M, which is higher than control (P < 0.05; 3.62, 3.56, 3.56, 3.29, and 2.98 μmol/g soybean, respectively). The overall effect of elicitor on total ssp content was not dependent on growth stage, however, elicitors sprayed at growth stages 1, 2, and 3 showed differences among elicitor applied soybeans. Elicitors applied at growth stage 4 did not have any effect on total ssp content compared to control. Elicitors EA 0.05 M, MJ 0.001, and 0.005 M can be applied on any growth stage to increase total saponin content of soybean variety Ozark. Higher saponin content may improve the beneficial health effects of soybean consumption.
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