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Buckeridge E, Caballero CC, Smith DH, Stott MB, Carere CR. Substrate and nutrient manipulation during continuous cultivation of extremophilic algae, Galdieria spp. RTK 37.1, substantially impacts biomass productivity and composition. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024. [PMID: 39032007 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The extremophilic nature and metabolic flexibility of Galdieria spp. highlights their potential for biotechnological application. However, limited research into continuous cultivation of Galdieria spp. has slowed progress towards the commercialization of these algae. The objective of this research was to investigate biomass productivity and growth yields during continuous photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation of Galdieria sp. RTK371; a strain recently isolated from within the Taupō Volcanic Zone in Aotearoa-New Zealand. Results indicate Galdieria sp. RTK371 grows optimally at pH 2.5 under warm white LED illumination. Photosynthetic O2 production was dependent on lighting intensity with a maximal value of (133.5 ± 12.1 nmol O2 mgbiomass -1 h-1) achieved under 100 μmol m-2 s-1 illumination. O2 production rates slowed significantly to 42 ± 1 and <0.01 nmol O2 mgbiomass -1 h-1 during mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth regimes respectively. Stable, long-term chemostat growth of Galdieria sp. RTK371 was achieved during photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth regimes. During periods of ammonium limitation, Galdieria sp. RTK371 increased its intracellular carbohydrate content (up to 37% w/w). In contrast, biomass grown in ammonium excess was composed of up to 65% protein (w/w). Results from this study demonstrate that the growth of Galdieria sp. RTK371 can be manipulated during continuous cultivation to obtain desired biomass and product yields over long cultivation periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Buckeridge
- Te Tari Pūhanga Tukanga Matū, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Carlos C Caballero
- Te Tari Pūhanga Tukanga Matū, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa, New Zealand
- Scion Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Rotorua, Aotearoa, New Zealand
- Laboratorio de Biorefinería, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Daniel H Smith
- Te Tari Pūhanga Tukanga Matū, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Matthew B Stott
- Te Kura Pūtaiao Koiora-School of Biological Sciences, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Carlo R Carere
- Te Tari Pūhanga Tukanga Matū, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa, New Zealand
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Retta B, Iovinella M, Ciniglia C. Significance and Applications of the Thermo-Acidophilic Microalga Galdieria sulphuraria (Cyanidiophytina, Rhodophyta). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1786. [PMID: 38999626 PMCID: PMC11243675 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Galdieria sulphuraria is a thermo-acidophilic microalga belonging to the Cyanidiophyceae (Rhodophyta) class. It thrives in extreme environments, such as geothermal sulphuric springs, with low pH, high temperatures, and high salinity. This microalga utilises various growth modes, including autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic, enabling it to exploit diverse organic carbon sources. Remarkably, G. sulphuraria survives and produces a range of bioactive compounds in these harsh conditions. Moreover, it plays a significant role in environmental remediation by removing nutrients, pathogens, and heavy metals from various wastewater sources. It can also recover rare earth elements from mining wastewater and electronic waste. This review article explores the diverse applications and significant contributions of G. sulphuraria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhan Retta
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Manuela Iovinella
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Claudia Ciniglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Murakami M, Osanai T. Biochemical Properties of β-Amylase from Red Algae and Improvement of Its Thermostability through Immobilization. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36195-36205. [PMID: 36278071 PMCID: PMC9583313 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
β-Amylase hydrolyzes polysaccharides, such as starch, into maltose. It is used as an industrial enzyme in the production of food and pharmaceuticals. The eukaryotic red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae is a unicellular alga that grows at an optimum pH of 2.0-3.0 and an optimum temperature of 40-50 °C. By focusing on the thermostability and acid resistance of the proteins of C. merolae, we investigated the properties of β-amylase from C. merolae (hereafter CmBAM) and explored the possibility of using CmBAM as an industrial enzyme. CmBAM showed the highest activity at 47 °C and pH 6.0. CmBAM had a relatively higher specificity for amylose as a substrate than for starch. Immobilization of CmBAM on a silica gel carrier improved storage stability and thermostability, allowing the enzyme to be reused. The optimum temperature and pH of CmBAM were comparable to those of existing β-amylases from barley and wheat. C. merolae does not use amylose, but CmBAM has a substrate specificity for both amylose and amylopectin but not for glycogen. Among the several β-amylases reported, CmBAM was unique, with a higher specificity for amylose than for starch. The high specificity of CmBAM for amylose suggests that isoamylase and pullulanase, which cleave the α-1,6 bonds of starch, may act together in vivo. Compared with several reported immobilized plant-derived β-amylases, immobilized CmBAM was comparable to β-amylase, with the highest reusability and the third-highest storage stability at 30 days of storage. In addition, immobilized CmBAM has improved thermostability by 15-20 °C, which can lead to wider applications and easier handling.
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Perez Saura P, Chabi M, Corato A, Cardol P, Remacle C. Cell adaptation of the extremophilic red microalga Galdieria sulphuraria to the availability of carbon sources. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:978246. [PMID: 36186036 PMCID: PMC9520601 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.978246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global energy demand and fossil fuels impact on climate can be partially managed by an increase in the use of biofuels for transports and industries. Biodiesel production is generally preceded by a transesterification process of the green biomass triacylglycerols that generates large amounts of glycerol as a by-product. In this study, the extremophilic red microalga Galdieria sulphuraria 074W was cultivated in heterotrophy. The microalgal growth parameters and biomass composition were compared when grown on an equivalent molar concentration of carbon of either glucose or glycerol as unique carbon source. The maximal biomass reached in these two conditions was not significantly different (∼2.5 g.L-1). Fatty acid profile, protein and storage carbohydrate contents were also statistically similar, irrespectively of the metabolized carbon source. We also observed that the pigment content of G. sulphuraria cells decreased during heterotrophic growth compared to photoautotrophic cultivated cells, and that this diminution was more important in the presence of glucose than glycerol: cells were yellowish in the presence of glucose and green in the presence of glycerol. The pigmentation was restored when glucose was totally consumed in the medium, suggesting that the presence of glucose repressed pigment synthesis. Based on this observation, a transcriptome analysis was performed in order to better understand the mechanisms involved in the loss of color mediated by darkness and by glucose in G. sulphuraria. Three conditions were analyzed: heterotrophy with glycerol or glucose and phototrophy. This allowed us to understand the transcriptional response of cells to light and dark environments both at the nuclear and chloroplast levels, and to show that transcription of gene families, acquired by horizontal gene transfer, such as sugar, amino acid, or acetate transporters, were involved in the response to the availability of different (in)organic sources.
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Maeno T, Yamakawa Y, Takiyasu Y, Miyauchi H, Nakamura Y, Ono M, Ozaki N, Utsumi Y, Cenci U, Colleoni C, Ball S, Tsuzuki M, Fujiwara S. One of the isoamylase isoforms, CMI294C, is required for semi-amylopectin synthesis in the rhodophyte Cyanidioschyzon merolae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:967165. [PMID: 36051298 PMCID: PMC9424615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.967165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most rhodophytes synthesize semi-amylopectin as a storage polysaccharide, whereas some species in the most primitive class (Cyanidiophyceae) make glycogen. To know the roles of isoamylases in semi-amylopectin synthesis, we investigated the effects of isoamylase gene (CMI294C and CMS197C)-deficiencies on semi-amylopectin molecular structure and starch granule morphology in Cyanidioschyzon merolae (Cyanidiophyceae). Semi-amylopectin content in a CMS197C-disruption mutant (ΔCMS197C) was not significantly different from that in the control strain, while that in a CMI294C-disruption mutant (ΔCMI294C) was much lower than those in the control strain, suggesting that CMI294C is essential for semi-amylopectin synthesis. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the ΔCMI294C strain contained smaller starch granules, while the ΔCMS197C strain had normal size, but donut-shaped granules, unlike those of the control strain. Although the chain length distribution of starch from the control strain displayed a semi-amylopectin pattern with a peak around degree of polymerization (DP) 11-13, differences in chain length profiles revealed that the ΔCMS197C strain has more short chains (DP of 3 and 4) than the control strain, while the ΔCMI294C strain has more long chains (DP ≥12). These findings suggest that CMI294C-type isoamylase, which can debranch a wide range of chains, probably plays an important role in semi-amylopectin synthesis unique in the Rhodophyta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Maeno
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamakawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Yohei Takiyasu
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miyauchi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Masami Ono
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ozaki
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | | | - Ugo Cenci
- CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Steven Ball
- CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mikio Tsuzuki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Shoko Fujiwara
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
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Nakamura Y, Kainuma K. On the cluster structure of amylopectin. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:291-306. [PMID: 34599732 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Two opposing models for the amylopectin structure are historically and comprehensively reviewed, which leads us to a better understanding of the specific fine structure of amylopectin. Amylopectin is a highly branched glucan which accounts for approximately 65-85 of starch in most plant tissues. However, its fine structure is still not fully understood due to the limitations of current methodologies. Since the 1940 s, many scientists have attempted to elucidate the distinct structure of amylopectin. One of the most accepted concepts is that amylopectin has a structural element known as "cluster", in which neighboring side chains with a degree of polymerization of ≥ 10 in the region of their non-branched segments form double helices. The double helical structures are arranged in inter- and intra-clusters and are the origin of the distinct physicochemical and crystalline properties of starch granules. Several models of the cluster structure have been proposed by starch scientists worldwide during the progress of analytical methods, whereas no direct evidence so far has been provided. Recently, Bertoft and colleagues proposed a new model designated as "the building block and backbone (BB) model". The BB model sharply contrasts with the cluster model in that the structural element for the BB model is the building block, and that long chains are separately synthesized and positioned from short chains constituting the building block. In the present paper, we conduct the historical review of the cluster concept detailing how and when the concept was established based on experimental results by many scientists. Then, differences between the two opposing concepts are explained and both models are critically discussed, particularly from the point of view of the biochemical regulation of amylopectin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Starch Technologies, Co., Ltd, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-city, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-Nishi, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, 010-0101, Japan.
| | - Keiji Kainuma
- Science Academy of Tsukuba, 2-20-3 Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0032, Japan
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Wang N, Dai L, Chen Z, Li T, Wu J, Wu H, Wu H, Xiang W. Extraction optimization, physicochemical characterization, and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Rhodosorus sp. SCSIO-45730. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2022; 34:285-299. [PMID: 34866795 PMCID: PMC8629738 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-021-02646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Microalgal polysaccharides have been reported in many studies due to their uniqueness, biocompatibility, and high value, and Rhodosorus sp. SCSIO-45730 was an excellent source of polysaccharides and β-glucans. However, the polysaccharides from the red unicellular alga Rhodosorus sp. SCSIO-45730 have barely been studied. In this work, hot water extraction of Rhodosorus sp. SCSIO-45730 polysaccharides (RSP) was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD). The maximum RSP yield (9.29%) was achieved under the optimum extraction conditions: liquid-solid ratio of 50.00 mL g-1; extraction temperature of 84 °C; extraction time of 2 h; and extraction times of 5 times. The results of physicochemical characterization showed that RSP had high sulfate and uronic acid with content of 19.58% and 11.57%, respectively, rough layered structure, and mainly contained glucose, galactose, xylose, and galacturonic acid with mass percentages of 34.08%, 28.70%, 12.46%, and 12.10%. Furthermore, four kinds of antioxidant assays were carried out, and the results indicated that RSP had strong scavenging activities on ABTS and hydroxyl radical and moderate scavenging activities on DPPH and ferrous chelating ability. These results indicated that RSP showed potential as a promising source of antioxidants applied in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industry. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10811-021-02646-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lumei Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zishuo Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 People’s Republic of China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119, Haibin Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458 China
| | - Jiayi Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 People’s Republic of China
| | - Houbo Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 People’s Republic of China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119, Haibin Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458 China
| | - Hualian Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 People’s Republic of China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119, Haibin Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458 China
| | - Wenzhou Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 People’s Republic of China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119, Haibin Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458 China
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Otero P, Carpena M, Garcia-Oliveira P, Echave J, Soria-Lopez A, Garcia-Perez P, Fraga-Corral M, Cao H, Nie S, Xiao J, Simal-Gandara J, Prieto MA. Seaweed polysaccharides: Emerging extraction technologies, chemical modifications and bioactive properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1901-1929. [PMID: 34463176 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1969534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, consumers are increasingly aware of the relationship between diet and health, showing a greater preference of products from natural origin. In the last decade, seaweeds have outlined as one of the natural sources with more potential to obtain bioactive carbohydrates. Numerous seaweed polysaccharides have aroused the interest of the scientific community, due to their biological activities and their high potential on biomedical, functional food and technological applications. To obtain polysaccharides from seaweeds, it is necessary to find methodologies that improve both yield and quality and that they are profitable. Nowadays, environmentally friendly extraction technologies are a viable alternative to conventional methods for obtaining these products, providing several advantages like reduced number of solvents, energy and time. On the other hand, chemical modification of their structure is a useful approach to improve their solubility and biological properties, and thus enhance the extent of their potential applications since some uses of polysaccharides are still limited. The present review aimed to compile current information about the most relevant seaweed polysaccharides, available extraction and modification methods, as well as a summary of their biological activities, to evaluate knowledge gaps and future trends for the industrial applications of these compounds.Key teaching pointsStructure and biological functions of main seaweed polysaccharides.Emerging extraction methods for sulfate polysaccharides.Chemical modification of seaweeds polysaccharides.Potential industrial applications of seaweed polysaccharides.Biological activities, knowledge gaps and future trends of seaweed polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Otero
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - M Carpena
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - P Garcia-Oliveira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - J Echave
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - A Soria-Lopez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - P Garcia-Perez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - M Fraga-Corral
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Hui Cao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - J Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - M A Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
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Aziz E, Batool R, Khan MU, Rauf A, Akhtar W, Heydari M, Rehman S, Shahzad T, Malik A, Mosavat SH, Plygun S, Shariati MA. An overview on red algae bioactive compounds and their pharmaceutical applications. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 17:/j/jcim.ahead-of-print/jcim-2019-0203/jcim-2019-0203.xml. [PMID: 32697756 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2019-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To review red algae bioactive compounds and their pharmaceutical applications. Content Seaweed sources are becoming attractive to be used in health and therapeutics. Among these red algae is the largest group containing bioactive compounds utilized in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food industry, manure and various supplements in food formula. Various significant bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides (aginate, agar, and carrageenan), lipids and polyphenols, steroids, glycosides, flavanoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, antheraquinones and cardiac glycosides have been reported in red algae. The red algae have rich nutritional components Different polysaccharides of red algae possess the antiviral potential namely agarans, carrageenan, alginate, fucan, laminaran and naviculan. Sulfated polysaccharides and carraginans of red algae are rich source of soluble fibers which can account for antitumor activities depending upon chemistry of various secondary metabolites and metabolism of cell line. Flavons-3-ols containing catechins from many red algae block the telomerase activity in colon cancer cells. Contraceptive agents were tested from red algae as a source for post-coital. Lectin of red algae showed pro-healing properties and anti-ulcerogenic activities. Carragenates from red algae also conferred a positive influence on diabetes. Red algae depicted a reducing effect on plasma lipids and obesity. Porphyran from red alga can act as anti-hyperlipidemic agent also reduces the apolipoprotein B100 via suppression of lipid synthesis in human liver. Summary The polyphenolic extracts of Laurencia undulate, Melanothamnus afaqhusainii and Solieria robusta extract show anti-inflammatory effects against multiple genera of devastating fungi. Antioxidants such as phlorotannins, ascorbic acids, tocopherols, carotenoids from red algae showed toxicity on some cancer cells without side effects. Red algae Laurencia nipponica was found insecticidal against mosquito larvae. Red algae fibers are very important in laxative and purgative activities. Gracilaria tenuistipitat resisted in agricultural lands polluted with cadmium and copper. Outlook In the recent decades biotechnological applications of red algae has been increased. Polysaccharides derived from red algae are important tool for formulation of drugs delivery system via nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejaz Aziz
- Department of Botany, Government Degree College Khanpur, Haripur 22650, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Batool
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Punjab, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Khan
- Bioproducts Sciences and Engineering Laboratory (BSEL), Washington State University, Richland, 99354, WA, USA
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Agriculture, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Akhtar
- Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Mojtaba Heydari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Shazia Rehman
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Tasmeena Shahzad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Malik
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Seyed Hamdollah Mosavat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sergey Plygun
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Basel, 4051, Switzerland
- Researcher, All Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Moscow Region, 143050, Russia
- Head of laboratory, Laboratory of Biological Control and Antimicrobial Resistance, Orel State University named after I.S. Turgenev, Orel City, 302026, Russia
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Laboratory of Biological Control and Antimicrobial Resistance, Orel State University named after I.S. Turgenev, Orel City, 302026, Russia
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Okada K, Fujiwara S, Tsuzuki M. Energy conservation in photosynthetic microorganisms. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2020; 66:59-65. [PMID: 32336724 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a biological process of energy conversion from solar radiation to useful organic compounds for the photosynthetic organisms themselves. It, thereby, also plays a role of food production for almost all animals on the Earth. The utilization of photosynthesis as an artificial carbon cycle is also attracting a lot of attention regarding its benefits for human life. Hydrogen and biofuels, obtained from photosynthetic microorganisms, such as microalgae and cyanobacteria, will be promising products as energy and material resources. Considering that the efficiency of bioenergy production is insufficient to replace fossil fuels at present, techniques for the industrial utilization of photosynthesis processes need to be developed intensively. Increase in the efficiency of photosynthesis, the yields of target substances, and the growth rates of algae and cyanobacteria must be subjects for efficient industrialization. Here, we overview the whole aspect of the energy production from photosynthesis to biomass production of various photosynthetic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Okada
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Shoko Fujiwara
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Mikio Tsuzuki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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11
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Wang B, Jia J. Photoprotection mechanisms of Nannochloropsis oceanica in response to light stress. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Biomolecules from extremophile microalgae: From genetics to bioprocessing of a new candidate for large-scale production. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Rossoni AW, Schï Nknecht G, Lee HJ, Rupp RL, Flachbart S, Mettler-Altmann T, Weber APM, Eisenhut M. Cold Acclimation of the Thermoacidophilic Red Alga Galdieria sulphuraria: Changes in Gene Expression and Involvement of Horizontally Acquired Genes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:702-712. [PMID: 30590832 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Galdieria sulphuraria is a unicellular red alga that lives in hot, acidic, toxic metal-rich, volcanic environments, where few other organisms survive. Its genome harbors up to 5% of genes that were most likely acquired through horizontal gene transfer. These genes probably contributed to G.sulphuraria's adaptation to its extreme habitats, resulting in today's polyextremophilic traits. Here, we applied RNA-sequencing to obtain insights into the acclimation of a thermophilic organism towards temperatures below its growth optimum and to study how horizontally acquired genes contribute to cold acclimation. A decrease in growth temperature from 42�C/46�C to 28�C resulted in an upregulation of ribosome biosynthesis, while excreted proteins, probably components of the cell wall, were downregulated. Photosynthesis was suppressed at cold temperatures, and transcript abundances indicated that C-metabolism switched from gluconeogenesis to glycogen degradation. Folate cycle and S-adenosylmethionine cycle (one-carbon metabolism) were transcriptionally upregulated, probably to drive the biosynthesis of betaine. All these cold-induced changes in gene expression were reversible upon return to optimal growth temperature. Numerous genes acquired by horizontal gene transfer displayed temperature-dependent expression changes, indicating that these genes contributed to adaptive evolution in G.sulphuraria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro W Rossoni
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, D�sseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerald Schï Nknecht
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology & Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Hyun Jeong Lee
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Ryan L Rupp
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Samantha Flachbart
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, D�sseldorf, Germany
| | - Tabea Mettler-Altmann
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, D�sseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, D�sseldorf, Germany
| | - Marion Eisenhut
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, D�sseldorf, Germany
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Optimal cultivation towards enhanced biomass and floridean starch production by Porphyridium marinum. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:152-161. [PMID: 30711564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Optimal conditions for maximal biomass and starch production by the marine red microalgae Porphyridium marinum were investigated. Box-Behnken Design was used to model the effect of light intensity, NaNO3 concentration and salinity on the growth of microalgae but also on their starch and protein contents. These three factors increased biomass production by 13.6% in optimized conditions. A maximum starch production (140.21 μg·mL-1), 30.6% higher than that of the control, was attained at a light intensity of 100 μmol photons·m-2·s-1, a NaNO3 concentration of 1 g·L-1 and a NaCl concentration of 20 g·L-1. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to estimate the biochemical composition (carbohydrate accumulation) of P. marinum and revealed significant changes (P < 0.05) depending on culture conditions. FT-IR analysis highlighted also that the culture conditions leading to highest starch production by P. marinum corresponded to lowest sulfated polysaccharide and protein contents.
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Gaignard C, Gargouch N, Dubessay P, Delattre C, Pierre G, Laroche C, Fendri I, Abdelkafi S, Michaud P. New horizons in culture and valorization of red microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:193-222. [PMID: 30500354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Research on marine microalgae has been abundantly published and patented these last years leading to the production and/or the characterization of some biomolecules such as pigments, proteins, enzymes, biofuels, polyunsaturated fatty acids, enzymes and hydrocolloids. This literature focusing on metabolic pathways, structural characterization of biomolecules, taxonomy, optimization of culture conditions, biorefinery and downstream process is often optimistic considering the valorization of these biocompounds. However, the accumulation of knowledge associated with the development of processes and technologies for biomass production and its treatment has sometimes led to success in the commercial arena. In the history of the microalgae market, red marine microalgae are well positioned particularly for applications in the field of high value pigment and hydrocolloid productions. This review aims to establish the state of the art of the diversity of red marine microalgae, the advances in characterization of their metabolites and the developments of bioprocesses to produce this biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Gaignard
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nesrine Gargouch
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées à l'amélioration des cultures, Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Pascal Dubessay
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cedric Delattre
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Pierre
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Celine Laroche
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Imen Fendri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées à l'amélioration des cultures, Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Slim Abdelkafi
- Unité de Biotechnologie des Algues, Biological Engineering Department, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Philippe Michaud
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Goren A, Ashlock D, Tetlow IJ. Starch formation inside plastids of higher plants. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1855-1876. [PMID: 29774409 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a water-insoluble polyglucan synthesized inside the plastid stroma within plant cells, serving a crucial role in the carbon budget of the whole plant by acting as a short-term and long-term store of energy. The highly complex, hierarchical structure of the starch granule arises from the actions of a large suite of enzyme activities, in addition to physicochemical self-assembly mechanisms. This review outlines current knowledge of the starch biosynthetic pathway operating in plant cells in relation to the micro- and macro-structures of the starch granule. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge, in particular, the relationship between enzyme function and operation at the molecular level and the formation of the final, macroscopic architecture of the granule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asena Goren
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Daniel Ashlock
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ian J Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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17
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Lipid metabolism and potentials of biofuel and high added-value oil production in red algae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Eicke S, Seung D, Egli B, Devers EA, Streb S. Increasing the carbohydrate storage capacity of plants by engineering a glycogen-like polymer pool in the cytosol. Metab Eng 2017; 40:23-32. [PMID: 28216105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Global demand for higher crop yields and for more efficient utilization of agricultural products will grow over the next decades. Here, we present a new concept for boosting the carbohydrate content of plants, by channeling photosynthetically fixed carbon into a newly engineered glucose polymer pool. We transiently expressed the starch/glycogen synthases from either Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Cyanidioschyzon merolae, together with the starch branching enzyme from C. merolae, in the cytosol of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. This effectively built a UDP-glucose-dependent glycogen biosynthesis pathway. Glycogen synthesis was observed with Transmission Electron Microscopy, and the polymer structure was further analyzed. Within three days of enzyme expression, glycogen content of the leaf was 5-10 times higher than the starch levels of the control. Further, the leaves produced less starch and sucrose, which are normally the carbohydrate end-products of photosynthesis. We conclude that after enzyme expression, the newly fixed carbohydrates were routed into the new glycogen sink and trapped. Our approach allows carbohydrates to be efficiently stored in a new subcellular compartment, thus increasing the value of vegetative crop tissues for biofuel production or animal feed. The method also opens new potential for increasing the sink strength of heterotrophic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Eicke
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences, Plant Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Seung
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences, Plant Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Egli
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences, Plant Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel A Devers
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences, Plant Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Streb
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences, Plant Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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19
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Kobayashi T, Sasaki S, Utsumi Y, Fujita N, Umeda K, Sawada T, Kubo A, Abe JI, Colleoni C, Ball S, Nakamura Y. Comparison of Chain-Length Preferences and Glucan Specificities of Isoamylase-Type α-Glucan Debranching Enzymes from Rice, Cyanobacteria, and Bacteria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157020. [PMID: 27309534 PMCID: PMC4911114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been believed that isoamylase (ISA)-type α-glucan debranching enzymes (DBEs) play crucial roles not only in α-glucan degradation but also in the biosynthesis by affecting the structure of glucans, although molecular basis on distinct roles of the individual DBEs has not fully understood. In an attempt to relate the roles of DBEs to their chain-length specificities, we analyzed the chain-length distribution of DBE enzymatic reaction products by using purified DBEs from various sources including rice, cyanobacteria, and bacteria. When DBEs were incubated with phytoglycogen, their chain-length specificities were divided into three groups. First, rice endosperm ISA3 (OsISA3) and Eschericia coli GlgX (EcoGlgX) almost exclusively debranched chains having degree of polymerization (DP) of 3 and 4. Second, OsISA1, Pseudomonas amyloderamosa ISA (PsaISA), and rice pullulanase (OsPUL) could debranch a wide range of chains of DP≧3. Third, both cyanobacteria ISAs, Cyanothece ATCC 51142 ISA (CytISA) and Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 ISA (ScoISA), showed the intermediate chain-length preference, because they removed chains of mainly DP3-4 and DP3-6, respectively, while they could also react to chains of DP5-10 and 7–13 to some extent, respectively. In contrast, all these ISAs were reactive to various chains when incubated with amylopectin. In addition to a great variation in chain-length preferences among various ISAs, their activities greatly differed depending on a variety of glucans. Most strikingly, cyannobacteria ISAs could attack branch points of pullulan to a lesser extent although no such activity was found in OsISA1, OsISA3, EcoGlgX, and PsaISA. Thus, the present study shows the high possibility that varied chain-length specificities of ISA-type DBEs among sources and isozymes are responsible for their distinct functions in glucan metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Kobayashi
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sasaki
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Utsumi
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Umeda
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sawada
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Akiko Kubo
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Abe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Steven Ball
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, Japan
- * E-mail:
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20
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Takusagawa M, Nakajima Y, Saito T, Misumi O. Primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae accumulates storage glucan and triacylglycerol under nitrogen depletion. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2016; 62:111-7. [PMID: 27181396 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Most microalgae accumulate neutral lipids, including triacylglycerol (TAG), into spherical structures called lipid bodies (LBs) under environmental stress conditions such as nutrient depletion. In green algae, starch accumulation precedes TAG accumulation, and the starch is thought to be a substrate for TAG synthesis. However, the relationship between TAG synthesis and the starch content in red algae, as well as how TAG accumulation is regulated, is unclear. In this study, we cultured the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae under nitrogen-depleted conditions, and monitored the formation of starch granules (SGs) and LBs using microscopy. SGs stained with potassium iodide were observed at 24 h; however, LBs stained specifically with BODIPY 493/503 were observed after 48 h. Quantitative analysis of neutral sugar and cytomorphological semi-quantitative analysis of TAG accumulation also supported these results. Thus, the accumulation of starch occurred and preceded the accumulation of TAG in cells of C. merolae. However, TAG accumulation was not accompanied by a decrease in the starch content, suggesting that the starch is a major carbon storage sink, at least under nitrogen-depleted conditions. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the mRNA levels of genes involved in starch and TAG synthesis rarely changed during the culture period, suggesting that starch and TAG synthesis in C. merolae are not controlled through gene transcription but at other stages, such as translation and/or enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Takusagawa
- Department of Functional Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University
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Martinez-Garcia M, Stuart MCA, van der Maarel MJEC. Characterization of the highly branched glycogen from the thermoacidophilic red microalga Galdieria sulphuraria and comparison with other glycogens. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 89:12-8. [PMID: 27107958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The thermoacidophilic red microalga Galdieria sulphuraria synthesizes glycogen when growing under heterotrophic conditions. Structural characterization revealed that G. sulphuraria glycogen is the most highly branched glycogen described to date, with 18% of α-(1→6) linkages. Moreover, it differs from other glycogens because it is composed of short chains only and has a substantially smaller molecular weight and particle size. The physiological role of this highly branched glycogen in G. sulphuraria is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martinez-Garcia
- Aquatic Biotechnology and Bioproduct Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C A Stuart
- Electron Microscopy, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J E C van der Maarel
- Aquatic Biotechnology and Bioproduct Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Sakurai T, Aoki M, Ju X, Ueda T, Nakamura Y, Fujiwara S, Umemura T, Tsuzuki M, Minoda A. Profiling of lipid and glycogen accumulations under different growth conditions in the sulfothermophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 200:861-866. [PMID: 26595665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular red alga Galdieria sulphuraria grows efficiently and produces a large amount of biomass in acidic conditions at high temperatures. It has great potential to produce biofuels and other beneficial compounds without becoming contaminated with other organisms. In G. sulphuraria, biomass measurements and glycogen and lipid analyses demonstrated that the amounts and compositions of glycogen and lipids differed when cells were grown under autotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic conditions. Maximum biomass production was obtained in the mixotrophic culture. High amounts of glycogen were obtained in the mixotrophic cultures, while the amounts of neutral lipids were similar between mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultures. The amounts of neutral lipids were highest in red algae, including thermophiles. Glycogen structure and fatty acids compositions largely depended on the growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Sakurai
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Motohide Aoki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Xiaohui Ju
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaragi 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ueda
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Shoko Fujiwara
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Tomonari Umemura
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mikio Tsuzuki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Ayumi Minoda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaragi 305-8572, Japan.
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Simas-Rodrigues C, Villela HDM, Martins AP, Marques LG, Colepicolo P, Tonon AP. Microalgae for economic applications: advantages and perspectives for bioethanol. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4097-108. [PMID: 25873683 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Renewable energy has attracted significant interest in recent years as a result of sustainability, environmental impact, and socio-economic considerations. Given existing technological knowledge and based on projections relating to biofuels derived from microalgae, microalgal feedstock is considered to be one of the most important renewable energy sources potentially available for industrial production. Therefore, this review examines microalgal bioethanol technology, which converts biomass from microalgae to fuel, the chemical processes involved, and possible ways of increasing the bioethanol yield, such as abiotic factors and genetic manipulation of fermenting organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Simas-Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena D M Villela
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline P Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza G Marques
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pio Colepicolo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela P Tonon
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, PO Box M888, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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25
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Sawada T, Nakamura Y, Ohdan T, Saitoh A, Francisco PB, Suzuki E, Fujita N, Shimonaga T, Fujiwara S, Tsuzuki M, Colleoni C, Ball S. Diversity of reaction characteristics of glucan branching enzymes and the fine structure of α-glucan from various sources. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 562:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Cenci U, Nitschke F, Steup M, Minassian BA, Colleoni C, Ball SG. Transition from glycogen to starch metabolism in Archaeplastida. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:18-28. [PMID: 24035236 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this opinion article we propose a scenario detailing how two crucial components have evolved simultaneously to ensure the transition of glycogen to starch in the cytosol of the Archaeplastida last common ancestor: (i) the recruitment of an enzyme from intracellular Chlamydiae pathogens to facilitate crystallization of α-glucan chains; and (ii) the evolution of novel types of polysaccharide (de)phosphorylating enzymes from preexisting glycogen (de)phosphorylation host pathways to allow the turnover of such crystals. We speculate that the transition to starch benefitted Archaeplastida in three ways: more carbon could be packed into osmotically inert material; the host could resume control of carbon assimilation from the chlamydial pathogen that triggered plastid endosymbiosis; and cyanobacterial photosynthate export could be integrated in the emerging Archaeplastida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Cenci
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, CNRS, UMR8576, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Felix Nitschke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology and Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Martin Steup
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology and Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, CNRS, UMR8576, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Steven G Ball
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, CNRS, UMR8576, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Busi MV, Gomez-Casati DF, Martín M, Barchiesi J, Grisolía MJ, Hedín N, Carrillo JB. Starch Metabolism in Green Plants. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_78-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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The central carbon and energy metabolism of marine diatoms. Metabolites 2013; 3:325-46. [PMID: 24957995 PMCID: PMC3901268 DOI: 10.3390/metabo3020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are heterokont algae derived from a secondary symbiotic event in which a eukaryotic host cell acquired an eukaryotic red alga as plastid. The multiple endosymbiosis and horizontal gene transfer processes provide diatoms unusual opportunities for gene mixing to establish distinctive biosynthetic pathways and metabolic control structures. Diatoms are also known to have significant impact on global ecosystems as one of the most dominant phytoplankton species in the contemporary ocean. As such their metabolism and growth regulating factors have been of particular interest for many years. The publication of the genomic sequences of two independent species of diatoms and the advent of an enhanced experimental toolbox for molecular biological investigations have afforded far greater opportunities than were previously apparent for these species and re-invigorated studies regarding the central carbon metabolism of diatoms. In this review we discuss distinctive features of the central carbon metabolism of diatoms and its response to forthcoming environmental changes and recent advances facilitating the possibility of industrial use of diatoms for oil production. Although the operation and importance of several key pathways of diatom metabolism have already been demonstrated and determined, we will also highlight other potentially important pathways wherein this has yet to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V. Busi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Suipacha Rosario Argentina
- IIB - Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (UNSAM); San Martín Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Julieta Barchiesi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Suipacha Rosario Argentina
| | - Mariana Martín
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Suipacha Rosario Argentina
| | - Diego F. Gomez-Casati
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Suipacha Rosario Argentina
- IIB - Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (UNSAM); San Martín Buenos Aires Argentina
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Suzuki E, Onoda M, Colleoni C, Ball S, Fujita N, Nakamura Y. Physicochemical Variation of Cyanobacterial Starch, the Insoluble α-Glucans in Cyanobacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 54:465-73. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Fujita N, Hanashiro I, Suzuki S, Higuchi T, Toyosawa Y, Utsumi Y, Itoh R, Aihara S, Nakamura Y. Elongated phytoglycogen chain length in transgenic rice endosperm expressing active starch synthase IIa affects the altered solubility and crystallinity of the storage α-glucan. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5859-72. [PMID: 23048127 PMCID: PMC3467298 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the solubility, crystallinity, and length of the unit chains of plant storage α-glucan was investigated by manipulating the chain length of α-glucans accumulated in a rice mutant. Transgenic lines were produced by introducing a cDNA for starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) from an indica cultivar (SSIIa (I), coding for active SSIIa) into an isoamylase1 (ISA1)-deficient mutant (isa1) that was derived from a japonica cultivar (bearing inactive SSIIa proteins). The water-soluble fraction accounted for >95% of the total α-glucan in the isa1 mutant, whereas it was only 35-70% in the transgenic SSIIa (I)/isa1 lines. Thus, the α-glucans from the SSIIa (I)/isa1 lines were fractionated into soluble and insoluble fractions prior to the following characterizations. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a weak B-type crystallinity for the α-glucans of the insoluble fraction, while no crystallinity was confirmed for α-glucans in isa1. Concerning the degree of polymerization (DP) ≤30, the chain lengths of these α-glucans differed significantly in the order of SSIIa (I)/isa1 insoluble > SSIIa (I)/isa1 soluble > α-glucans in isa1. The amount of long chains with DP ≥33 was higher in the insoluble fraction α-glucans than in the other two α-glucans. No difference was observed in the chain length distributions of the β-amylase limit dextrins among these α-glucans. These results suggest that in the SSIIa (I)/isa1 transgenic lines, the unit chains of α-glucans were elongated by SSIIa(I), whereas the expression of SSIIa(I) did not affect the branch positions. Thus, the observed insolubility and crystallinity of the insoluble fraction can be attributed to the elongated length of the outer chains due to SSIIa(I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195 Japan.
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Abstract
Red algae (Rhodophyta) are known as the source of unique sulfated galactans, such as agar, agarose, and carrageenans. The wide practical uses of these polysaccharides are based on their ability to form strong gels in aqueous solutions. Gelling polysaccharides usually have molecules built up of repeating disaccharide units with a regular distribution of sulfate groups, but most of the red algal species contain more complex galactans devoid of gelling ability because of various deviations from the regular structure. Moreover, several red algae may contain sulfated mannans or neutral xylans instead of sulfated galactans as the main structural polysaccharides. This chapter is devoted to a description of the structural diversity of polysaccharides found in the red algae, with special emphasis on the methods of structural analysis of sulfated galactans. In addition to the structural information, some data on the possible use of red algal polysaccharides as biologically active polymers or as taxonomic markers are briefly discussed.
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Ball S, Colleoni C, Cenci U, Raj JN, Tirtiaux C. The evolution of glycogen and starch metabolism in eukaryotes gives molecular clues to understand the establishment of plastid endosymbiosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:1775-801. [PMID: 21220783 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Solid semi-crystalline starch and hydrosoluble glycogen define two distinct physical states of the same type of storage polysaccharide. Appearance of semi-crystalline storage polysaccharides appears linked to the requirement of unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacteria to fuel nitrogenase and protect it from oxygen through respiration of vast amounts of stored carbon. Starch metabolism itself resulted from the merging of the bacterial and eukaryote pathways of storage polysaccharide metabolism after endosymbiosis of the plastid. This generated the three Archaeplastida lineages: the green algae and land plants (Chloroplastida), the red algae (Rhodophyceae), and the glaucophytes (Glaucophyta). Reconstruction of starch metabolism in the common ancestor of Archaeplastida suggests that polysaccharide synthesis was ancestrally cytosolic. In addition, the synthesis of cytosolic starch from the ADP-glucose exported from the cyanobacterial symbiont possibly defined the original metabolic flux by which the cyanobiont provided photosynthate to its host. Additional evidence supporting this scenario include the monophyletic origin of the major carbon translocators of the inner membrane of eukaryote plastids which are sisters to nucleotide-sugar transporters of the eukaryote endomembrane system. It also includes the extent of enzyme subfunctionalization that came as a consequence of the rewiring of this pathway to the chloroplasts in the green algae. Recent evidence suggests that, at the time of endosymbiosis, obligate intracellular energy parasites related to extant Chlamydia have donated important genes to the ancestral starch metabolism network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ball
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS-USTL, Bâtiment C9, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Izumo A, Fujiwara S, Sakurai T, Ball SG, Ishii Y, Ono H, Yoshida M, Fujita N, Nakamura Y, Buléon A, Tsuzuki M. Effects of granule-bound starch synthase I-defective mutation on the morphology and structure of pyrenoidal starch in Chlamydomonas. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 180:238-45. [PMID: 21421366 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lowering of the CO₂ concentration in the environment induces development of a pyrenoidal starch sheath, as well as that of pyrenoid and CO₂-concentrating mechanisms, in many microalgae. In the green algae Chlamydomonas and Chlorella, activity of granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) concomitantly increases under these conditions. In this study, effects of the GBSS-defective mutation (sta2) on the development of pyrenoidal starch were investigated in Chlamydomonas. Stroma starch- and pyrenoid starch-enriched samples were obtained from log-phase cells grown with air containing 5% CO₂ (high-CO₂ conditions favouring stromal starch synthesis) and from those transferred to low-CO₂ conditions (air level, 0.04% CO₂, favouring pyrenoidal starch synthesis) for 6h, respectively. In the wild type, total starch content per culture volume did not increase during the low-CO₂ conditions, in spite of the development of pyrenoidal starch, suggesting that degradation of some part of stroma starch and synthesis of pyrenoid starch simultaneously occur under these conditions. Even in the GBSS-deficient mutants, pyrenoid and pyrenoid starch enlarged after lowering of the CO₂ concentration. However, the morphology of the pyrenoid starch was thinner and more fragile than the wild type, suggesting that GBSS does affect the morphology of pyrenoidal starch. Surprisingly normal GBSS activity is shown to be required to obtain the high A-type crystallinity levels that we now report for pyrenoidal starch. A model is presented explaining how GBSS-induced starch granule fusion may facilitate the formation of the pyrenoidal starch sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Izumo
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Hirabaru C, Izumo A, Fujiwara S, Tadokoro Y, Shimonaga T, Konishi M, Yoshida M, Fujita N, Nakamura Y, Yoshida M, Kuroiwa T, Tsuzuki M. The primitive rhodophyte Cyanidioschyzon merolae contains a semiamylopectin-type, but not an amylose-type, alpha-glucan. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:682-693. [PMID: 20385610 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The storage glucans of Cyanidioschyzon merolae [clade L-1 (cyanidian algae), order Porphyridiales, subclass Bangiophycidae], which is considered to be one of the most primitive rhodophytes, were analyzed to understand the early evolution of the glucan structure in the Rhodophyta. Chain-length distribution analysis of the glucans of cyanidian algae demonstrated that while the glucans of Cyanidium caldarium and Galdieria sulphuraria are of the glycogen type, those of C. merolae are of the semiamylopectin type, as in other lineages of the Rhodophyta. Gel permeation chromatography, however, showed that the glucans of C. merolae do not include amylose, being different from those of other Bangiophycidae species. Identification by MALDI-TOF-MS and enzyme assaying of glucan granule-bound proteins indicated that phosphorylase, but not starch synthase, is included. Thus, C. merolae has an unusual glucan and bound-protein composition for the Bangiophycidae, appearing to be a member of the Florideophycidae. The finding that the alga does not contain amylose or the related enzyme, granule-bound starch synthase, is, however, consistent with previously reported results of molecular phylogenetic analysis of starch synthases. Our results support an evolutionary scenario defined by the loss of starch and reversion to glycogen synthesis during the evolution of cyanidian algae, and suggest the possibility that a C. merolae-like primitive rhodophyte might have evolved into the Florideophycidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Hirabaru
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392 Japan
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Zeeman SC, Kossmann J, Smith AM. Starch: its metabolism, evolution, and biotechnological modification in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 61:209-34. [PMID: 20192737 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the most widespread and abundant storage carbohydrate in plants. We depend upon starch for our nutrition, exploit its unique properties in industry, and use it as a feedstock for bioethanol production. Here, we review recent advances in research in three key areas. First, we assess progress in identifying the enzymatic machinery required for the synthesis of amylopectin, the glucose polymer responsible for the insoluble nature of starch. Second, we discuss the pathways of starch degradation, focusing on the emerging role of transient glucan phosphorylation in plastids as a mechanism for solubilizing the surface of the starch granule. We contrast this pathway in leaves with the degradation of starch in the endosperm of germinated cereal seeds. Third, we consider the evolution of starch biosynthesis in plants from the ancestral ability to make glycogen. Finally, we discuss how this basic knowledge has been utilized to improve and diversify starch crops.
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