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Zheng H, Fu X, Shao J, Tang Y, Yu M, Li L, Huang L, Tang K. Transcriptional regulatory network of high-value active ingredients in medicinal plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:429-446. [PMID: 36621413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
High-value active ingredients in medicinal plants have attracted research attention because of their benefits for human health, such as the antimalarial artemisinin, anticardiovascular disease tanshinones, and anticancer Taxol and vinblastine. Here, we review how hormones and environmental factors promote the accumulation of active ingredients, thereby providing a strategy to produce high-value drugs at a low cost. Focusing on major hormone signaling events and environmental factors, we review the transcriptional regulatory network mediating biosynthesis of representative active ingredients. In this network, many transcription factors (TFs) simultaneously control multiple synthase genes; thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms affecting transcriptional regulation of active ingredients will be crucial to developing new breeding possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xueqing Fu
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jin Shao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yueli Tang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre,School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Muyao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ling Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre,School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Raorane ML, Manz C, Hildebrandt S, Mielke M, Thieme M, Keller J, Bunzel M, Nick P. Cell type matters: competence for alkaloid metabolism differs in two seed-derived cell strains of Catharanthus roseus. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:349-369. [PMID: 35697946 PMCID: PMC9931846 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the anticancer drugs vinblastine and vincristine, Catharanthus roseus has been intensively studied for biosynthesis of several terpene indole alkaloids (TIAs). Due to their low abundance in plant tissues at a simultaneously high demand, modes of production alternative to conventional extraction are mandatory. Plant cell fermentation might become one of these alternatives, yet decades of research have shown limited success to certain product classes, leading to the question: how to preserve the intrinsic ability to produce TIAs (metabolic competence) in cell culture? We used the strategy to use the developmental potency of mature embryos to generate such strains. Two cell strains (C1and C4) from seed embryos of Catharanthus roseus were found to differ not only morphologically, but also in their metabolic competence. This differential competence became manifest not only under phytohormone elicitation, but also upon feeding with alkaloid pathway precursors. The more active strain C4 formed larger cell aggregates and was endowed with longer mitochondria. These cellular features were accompanied by higher alkaloid accumulation in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation. The levels of catharanthine could be increased significantly, while the concurrent vindoline branch of the pathway was blocked, such that no bisindole alkaloids were detectable. By feeding vindoline to MeJA-elicited C4 cells, vincristine became detectable; however, only to marginal amounts. In conclusion, these results show that cultured cells are not "de-differentiated", but can differ in metabolic competence. In addition to elicitation and precursor feeding, the cellular properties of the "biomatter" are highly relevant for the success of plant cell fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish L Raorane
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle-WittenbergHalle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Christina Manz
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sarah Hildebrandt
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marion Mielke
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marc Thieme
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Judith Keller
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Evangelene Christy SM, Arun V. Isolation, cloning and functional analysis of a putative constitutive promoter of E3 ubiquitin- protein ligase RF4 from Coleus amboinicus Lour. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 70:746-760. [PMID: 35931417 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Promoter is a region in the genome sequence located upstream of the transcription start site comprising cis acting elements, which initiates and regulates the transcription of an associated gene. As the need for genetically engineered plants has widened, the requirement to develop methods to optimize the control of transgene expression has also increased. Therefore, analyzing the functionality of the promoter is very important in understanding the target gene expression. The widespread use of viral constitutive promoters (Cauliflower mosaic virus - CaMV35) has raised concerns about the safety and containment of the transgene in the environment. Hence isolation and characterization of novel promoters using fast and efficient genetic engineering tools is the need of the hour. The present study, for the first time, describes the isolation and characterization of a novel constitutive promoter driving Ubiquitin E3 ligase from the plant Coleus amboinicus, a perennial herb, of Lamiaceae family. The functionality of the isolated promoter was demonstrated using the β Glucuronidase as a reporter in tobacco var Petit havana. Development of blue color in the tobacco leaves indicated the presence of a functional promoter. We describe for the first time the isolation and characterization of E3 ubiquitin- protein ligase RF4 promoter from Coleus amboinicus Lour. In silico analysis revealed the presence of core promoter elements and other responsive elements in the promoter. The functionality of the promoter was demonstrated in tobacco leaf discs via GUS staining. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Evangelene Christy
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - V Arun
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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Apicella PV, Sands LB, Ma Y, Berkowitz GA. Delineating genetic regulation of cannabinoid biosynthesis during female flower development in Cannabis sativa. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e412. [PMID: 35774623 PMCID: PMC9219008 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are predominantly produced in the glandular trichomes on cannabis female flowers. There is little known on how cannabinoid biosynthesis is regulated during female flower development. We aim to understand the rate-limiting step(s) in the cannabinoid biosynthetic pathway. We investigated the transcript levels of cannabinoid biosynthetic genes together with cannabinoid contents during 7 weeks of female flower development. We demonstrated that the enzymatic steps for producing cannabigerol (CBG), which involve genes GPPS, PT, TKS, and OAC, could rate limit cannabinoid biosynthesis. Our findings further suggest that upregulation of cannabinoid synthases, CBDAS and THCAS in a commercial hemp and medical marijuana variety, respectively, is not critical for cannabinoid biosynthesis. The cannabinoid biosynthetic genes are generally upregulated during flower maturation; increased expression occurs coincident with glandular trichome development and cannabinoid production in the maturing flower. The results also suggest that different cannabis varieties may experience discrete transcriptional regulation of cannabinoid biosynthetic genes. In addition, we showed that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can potentially increase cannabinoid production. We propose that biweekly applications of 100 μM MeJA starting from flower initiation would be efficacious for promoting cannabinoid biosynthesis. Our findings provide important genetic information for cannabis breeding to generate new varieties with favorable traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. Apicella
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Agricultural Biotechnology LaboratoryUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Lauren B. Sands
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Agricultural Biotechnology LaboratoryUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Agricultural Biotechnology LaboratoryUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Gerald A. Berkowitz
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Agricultural Biotechnology LaboratoryUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
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Shukla V, Lombardi L, Pencik A, Novak O, Weits DA, Loreti E, Perata P, Giuntoli B, Licausi F. Jasmonate Signalling Contributes to Primary Root Inhibition Upon Oxygen Deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9081046. [PMID: 32824502 PMCID: PMC7464498 DOI: 10.3390/plants9081046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Plants, including most crops, are intolerant to waterlogging, a stressful condition that limits the oxygen available for roots, thereby inhibiting their growth and functionality. Whether root growth inhibition represents a preventive measure to save energy or is rather a consequence of reduced metabolic rates has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we gathered evidence for hypoxic repression of root meristem regulators that leads to root growth inhibition. We also explored the contribution of the hormone jasmonic acid (JA) to this process in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of transcriptomic profiles, visualisation of fluorescent reporters and direct hormone quantification confirmed the activation of JA signalling under hypoxia in the roots. Further, root growth assessment in JA-related mutants in aerobic and anaerobic conditions indicated that JA signalling components contribute to active root inhibition under hypoxia. Finally, we show that the oxygen-sensing transcription factor (TF) RAP2.12 can directly induce Jasmonate Zinc-finger proteins (JAZs), repressors of JA signalling, to establish feedback inhibition. In summary, our study sheds new light on active root growth restriction under hypoxic conditions and on the involvement of the JA hormone in this process and its cross talk with the oxygen sensing machinery of higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Shukla
- Plantlab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (V.S.); (D.A.W.); (P.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Lara Lombardi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Ales Pencik
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (O.N.)
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (O.N.)
| | - Daan A. Weits
- Plantlab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (V.S.); (D.A.W.); (P.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Elena Loreti
- The Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- Plantlab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (V.S.); (D.A.W.); (P.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Beatrice Giuntoli
- Plantlab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (V.S.); (D.A.W.); (P.P.); (B.G.)
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Francesco Licausi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
- Correspondence:
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Wan L, Lei Y, Yan L, Liu Y, Pandey MK, Wan X, Varshney RK, Fang J, Liao B. Transcriptome and metabolome reveal redirection of flavonoids in a white testa peanut mutant. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:161. [PMID: 32293272 PMCID: PMC7161308 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coat color determines both appearance and nutrient quality of peanut. White seed coat in peanut can enhance the processing efficiency and quality of peanut oil. An integrative analysis of transcriptomes, metabolomes and histocytology was performed on wsc mutant and its wild type to investigate the regulatory mechanisms underlying color pigmentation. RESULT Metabolomes revealed flavonoids were redirected in wsc, while multi-omics analyses of wsc mutant seeds and testae uncovered WSC influenced the flavonoids biosynthesis in testa as well as suberin formation, glycolysis, the TCA cycle and amino acid metabolism. The mutation also enhanced plant hormones synthesis and signaling. Further, co-expression analysis showed that FLS genes co-expressed with MBW complex member genes. Combining tissue expression patterns, genetic analyses, and the annotation of common DEGs for these three stages revealed that three testa specific expressed candidate genes, Araip.M7RY3, Aradu.R8PMF and Araip.MHR6K were likely responsible for the white testa phenotype. WSC might be regulated expression competition between FLS and DFR by controlling hormone synthesis and signaling as well as the MBW complex. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study therefore provide both candidate genes and novel approaches that can be applied to improve peanut with desirable seed coat color and flavonoid quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Nanchang, China
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Liying Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Manish K Pandey
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xia Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western, Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jiahai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Nanchang, China
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Boshou Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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Wang Q, Xu G, Zhai J, Yuan H, Huang X. Identification of the targets of HbEIN3/EILs in genomic wide in Hevea brasiliensis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1270-1283. [PMID: 30915888 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1597619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
EIN3/EILs are key regulators in ET signaling pathway. In this work, 4 members of EIN3/EILs of Hevea brasiliensis (HbEIN3/EILs) showed interaction with two F box proteins, HbEBF1 and HbEBF2. HbEIN3 located in nucleus and exhibited strong transcriptional activity. HbEIN3 was induced by ET treatment in C-serum, but not in B-serum of latex. HbEIN3/EILs bound to G-box cis-element. To globally search the potential targets of HbEIN3/EILs, genomic sequences of H. brasiliensis was re-annotated and an HCES (Hevea Cis-Elements Scanning) program was developed ( www.h-brasiliensis.com ). HCES scanning results showed that ET- and JA- responsive cis-elements distribute overlapping in gene promoters. 3146 genes containing G-box in promoters are potential targets of HbEIN3, including 41 genes involved in biosynthesis and drainage of latex, of which 7 rate-limiting genes of latex production were regulated by both ET and JA, suggesting that ET and JA signaling pathways coordinated the latex biosynthesis and drainage in H. brasiliensis. Abbreviations: ABRE: ABA responsive elements; bHLH: basic helix-loop-helix; COG: Orthologous Groups; DRE: dehydration response element; ERE: ethylene responsive element; ET: Ethylene; GO: Gene Ontology; HCES: Hevea Cis-Elements Scanning; JA: jasmonates; JRE: Jasmonate-responsive element; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; NR: non-redundant database; PLACE: Plant Cis-acting Regulatory DNA Elements; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Wang
- a Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources , Hainan University , Haikou , P. R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- b School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Jinling Zhai
- a Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources , Hainan University , Haikou , P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Yuan
- a Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources , Hainan University , Haikou , P. R. China
| | - Xi Huang
- a Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources , Hainan University , Haikou , P. R. China
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Pan Q, Wang C, Xiong Z, Wang H, Fu X, Shen Q, Peng B, Ma Y, Sun X, Tang K. CrERF5, an AP2/ERF Transcription Factor, Positively Regulates the Biosynthesis of Bisindole Alkaloids and Their Precursors in Catharanthus roseus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:931. [PMID: 31379908 PMCID: PMC6657538 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus contains a variety of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), among which bisindole alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine are well-known to have antitumor effects and widely used in clinical treatment. However, their contents in C. roseus is extremely low and difficult to meet market demands. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the transcriptional regulation mechanism of MIAs biosynthesis for high yielding of bisindole alkaloids in C. roseus. Studies have shown that MIAs biosynthesis in C. roseus has complex temporal and spacial specificity and is under tight transcriptional regulation, especially bisindole alkaloids. In this study, an AP2/ERF transcription factor CrERF5 was selected by RNA-seq of C. roseus organs, and its full-length sequence was cloned and characterized. CrERF5 responds to both ethylene and JA signals and is localized in the nucleus. CrERF5 could activate the transcriptional activity of the TDC promoter. Transient overexpressing CrERF5 in C. roseus petals caused a significant increase of the expression levels of key genes in both the upstream and downstream pathways of MIAs biosynthesis while silencing CrERF5 resulted in a decrease of them. Accordingly, the contents of bisindole alkaloids anhydrovinblastine and vinblastine, monoindole alkaloids ajmalicine, vindoline, and catharanthine were strongly enhanced in CrERF5-overexpressing petals while their contents decreased in CrERF5-silenced plants. These results suggested that CrERF5 is a novel positive ethylene-JA-inducible AP2/ERF transcription factor upregulating the MIAs biosynthetic pathway leading to the bisindole alkaloids accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifang Pan
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qifang Pan,
| | - Chenyi Wang
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Xiong
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqing Fu
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowen Peng
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofen Sun
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Bahieldin A, Atef A, Edris S, Gadalla NO, Al-Matary M, Al-Kordy MA, Ramadan AM, Bafeel S, Alharbi MG, Al-Quwaie DAH, Sabir JSM, Al-Zahrani HS, Nasr ME, El-Domyati FM. Stepwise response of MeJA-induced genes and pathways in leaves of C. roseus. C R Biol 2018; 341:411-420. [PMID: 30472986 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus is a perennial herb known for the production of important terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) in addition to a variety of phenolic compounds. The goal of the present work was to detect the prolonged effects of MeJA (6 uM) treatment across time (up to 24 days) in order to detect the stepwise response of MeJA-induced genes and pathways in leaves of C. rouses. Prolonged exposure of plants to MeJA (6 uM) treatment for different time points (6, 12 and 24 days) indicated that genes in the indole alkaloid biosynthesis pathway and upstream pathways were triggered earlier (e.g., 6 days) than those in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and its upstream pathways (e.g., 12 days). Three enzymes, e.g., T16H, OMT, and D4H, in the six-step vindoline biosynthesis and two enzymes, e.g., TDC and STR, acting consecutively in the conversion of tryptophan to strictosidine, were activated after 6 days of MeJA treatment. Two other key enzymes, e.g., TRP and CYP72A1, acting concurrently upstream of the TIA biosynthesis pathway were upregulated after 6 days. The genes encoding TDC and STR might concurrently act as a master switch of the TIA pathway towards the production of the indole alkaloids. On the other hand, we speculate that the gene encoding PAL enzyme also acts as the master switch of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and the downstream flavonoid biosynthesis and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways towards the production of several phenolic compounds. PAL and the downstream enzymes were activated 12 days after treatment. Cluster analysis confirmed the concordant activities of the flower- and silique-specific bHLH25 transcription factor and the key enzyme in the TIA biosynthesis pathway, e.g., STR. Due to the stepwise response of the two sets of pathways, we speculate that enzymes activated earlier likely make TIA biosynthesis pathway a more favourable target in C. roseus than anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bahieldin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Atef
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif Edris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nour O Gadalla
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Genetics and Cytology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Al-Matary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy A Al-Kordy
- Genetics and Cytology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Ramadan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Sameera Bafeel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona G Alharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diana A H Al-Quwaie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rabigh College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan S Al-Zahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud E Nasr
- Faculty of Agriculture, Menofia University, Shebeen Elkom, Egypt
| | - Fotouh M El-Domyati
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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10
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An engineered combinatorial module of transcription factors boosts production of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus. Metab Eng 2018; 48:150-162. [PMID: 29852273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To fend off microbial pathogens and herbivores, plants have evolved a wide range of defense strategies such as physical barriers, or the production of anti-digestive proteins or bioactive specialized metabolites. Accumulation of the latter compounds is often regulated by transcriptional activation of the biosynthesis pathway genes by the phytohormone jasmonate-isoleucine. Here, we used our recently developed flower petal transformation method in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus to shed light on the complex regulatory mechanisms steering the jasmonate-modulated biosynthesis of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), to which the anti-cancer compounds vinblastine and vincristine belong. By combinatorial overexpression of the transcriptional activators BIS1, ORCA3 and MYC2a, we provide an unprecedented insight into the modular transcriptional control of MIA biosynthesis. Furthermore, we show that the expression of an engineered de-repressed MYC2a triggers a tremendous reprogramming of the MIA pathway, finally leading to massively increased accumulation of at least 23 MIAs. The current study unveils an innovative approach for future metabolic engineering efforts for the production of valuable bioactive plant compounds in non-model plants.
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11
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Zhu J, He S, Zhou P, Zi J, Liang J, Song L, Yu R. Eliciting Effect of Catharanthine on the Biosynthesis of Vallesiachotamine and Isovallesiachotamine in Catharanthus roseus Cambial Meristematic Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vallesiachotamine and isovallesiachotamine are pharmacologically active monoterpene indole alkaloids produced by Catharanthus roseus. However, the biosynthetic pathway for these two alkaloids has not been characterized. The results of our experiments demonstrated that catharanthine induced the biosynthesis of vallesiachotamine and isovallesiachotamine in C. roseus cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) in a time- and dosage-dependent manner. The highest yields of vallesiachotamine and isovallesiachotamine (i.e., 1.49 mg l−1 and 1.08 mg l−1, respectively) were observed in CMCs treated with 10 mg catharanthine l−1 for 12 h. The cells growth was inhibited by 20 mg catharanthine l−1 (i.e., 16.3% decrease in dry-cell weight). A quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that catharanthine regulated the biosynthesis of vallesiachotamine and isovallesiachotamine by up-regulating the expression of specific genes, including STR (strictosidine synthase), SGD (strictosidine β-D-glucosidase) and ORCA3 (transcription factor octadecanoid-responsive Catharanthus AP2/ERF-domain 3). Finally, considering the up-regulated expression of STR and SGD was consistent with the accumulation of vallesiachotamine and isovallesiachotamine, a potential vallesiachotamine and isovallesiachotamine biosynthetic pathway was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shuijie He
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiachen Zi
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jincai Liang
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liyan Song
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rongmin Yu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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12
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Liu J, Gao F, Ren J, Lu X, Ren G, Wang R. A Novel AP2/ERF Transcription Factor CR1 Regulates the Accumulation of Vindoline and Serpentine in Catharanthus roseus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2082. [PMID: 29270185 PMCID: PMC5724233 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As one type of the most important alkaloids in the world, terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) show a wide range of pharmaceutical activities that are beneficial for clinical treatments. Catharanthus roseus produces approximately 130 identified TIAs and is considered to be a model plant to study TIA biosynthesis. In order to increase the production of high medical value metabolites whose yields are extremely low in C. roseus, genetic engineering combined with transcriptional regulation has been applied in recent years. By using bioinformatics which is based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-treated C. roseus as well as phylogenetic analysis, the present work aims to screen candidate genes that may be involved in the regulation of TIA biosynthesis, resulting in a novel AP2/ERF transcription factor, CR1 (Catharanthus roseus 1). Subsequently, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CR1 was carried out to identify the involvement of CR1 in the accumulations of several TIAs and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was then applied to detect the expression levels of 7 genes in the related biosynthetic pathway in silenced plants. The results show that all the 7 genes were upregulated in CR1-silenced plants. Furthermore, metabolite analyses indicate that silencing CR1 could increase the accumulations of vindoline and serpentine in C. roseus. These results suggest a novel negative regulator which may be involved in the TIAs biosynthetic pathway.
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13
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Pengfei Z, Jianhua Z, Rongmin Y, Jiachen Z. Enzyme Inhibitors Cause Multiple Effects on Accumulation of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids in Catharanthus Roseus Cambial Meristematic Cell Cultures. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:732-737. [PMID: 29200741 PMCID: PMC5701419 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.218121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enzyme inhibitors have been used for the clarification of biosynthesis of natural products. Catharanthus roseus cambial meristematic cell (CMC) culture has been established and proved to be a better monoterpeneindole alkaloid (MIA) producer than C. roseus dedifferentiated cell (DDC) culture. However, little is known about the inter-relationship of the MIA-biosynthetic genes with respect to their transcription. Objective To clarify effects of alteration of one gene transcription on transcript levels of another genes in MIA-biosynthetic pathway, and how the accumulation of MIAs in CMCs are influenced by the alteration of their biosynthetic gene transcript levels. Materials and Methods 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) inhibitor lovastatin and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) inhibitor clomazone were fed to C. roseus CMC cultures. The contents of MIAs were qualified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and the transcript levels of the relevant genes were measured by qRT-PCR. Results Lovastatin improved the accumulation of MIAs via increasing the transcription of their biosynthetic genes encoding DXS1, tryptonphan decarboxylase (TDC), loganic acid methyltransferase (LAMT), strictosidine synthase (STR), desacetoxyvindoline-4-hydroxylase (D4H) and ORCA3 (a jasmonate-responsive transcriptional regulator), whereas clomazone reduced the contents of MIAs and the mRNA levels of the corresponding genes. Conclusion The biosynthesis of MIAs in C. roseus is is manipulated via a complex mechanism, the knowledge of which paves the way for rationally tuning metabolic flux to improve MIA production in C. roseus CMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Pengfei
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Material Medica, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhu Jianhua
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Material Medica, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Rongmin
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Material Medica, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi Jiachen
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Material Medica, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Abouzeid S, Beutling U, Surup F, Abdel Bar FM, Amer MM, Badria FA, Yahyazadeh M, Brönstrup M, Selmar D. Treatment of Vinca minor Leaves with Methyl Jasmonate Extensively Alters the Pattern and Composition of Indole Alkaloids. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:2905-2909. [PMID: 29131648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Alkaloids extracted from mature Vinca minor leaves were fractionated by preparative HPLC. By means of HRMS and NMR data, the main alkaloids were identified as vincamine, strictamine, 10-hydroxycathofoline, and vincadifformine. Upon treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), the pattern and composition of the indole alkaloids changed extensively. While 10-hydroxycathofoline and strictamine concentrations remained unaltered, vincamine and vincadifformine levels showed a dramatic reduction. Upon MeJA treatment, four other indole alkaloids were detected in high quantities. Three of these alkaloids have been identified as minovincinine, minovincine, and 9-methoxyvincamine. Whereas minovincinine and minovincine are known to occur in trace amounts in V. minor, 9-methoxyvincamine represents a novel natural product. Based on the high similarities of vincamine and 9-methoxyvincamine and their inverse changes in concentrations, it is postulated that vincamine is a precursor of 9-methoxyvincamine. Similarly, vincadifformine seems to be converted first to minovincinine and finally to minovincine. Because MeJA treatment greatly altered the alkaloidal composition of V. minor, it could be used as a potential elicitor of alkaloids that are not produced under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abouzeid
- Institute for Plant Biology, TU Braunschweig , 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | | | | | - Fatma M Abdel Bar
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Amer
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Farid A Badria
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mahdi Yahyazadeh
- Institute for Plant Biology, TU Braunschweig , 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Selmar
- Institute for Plant Biology, TU Braunschweig , 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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15
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Zarei A, Brikis CJ, Bajwa VS, Chiu GZ, Simpson JP, DeEll JR, Bozzo GG, Shelp BJ. Plant Glyoxylate/Succinic Semialdehyde Reductases: Comparative Biochemical Properties, Function during Chilling Stress, and Subcellular Localization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1399. [PMID: 28855911 PMCID: PMC5558127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant NADPH-dependent glyoxylate/succinic semialdehyde reductases 1 and 2 (cytosolic GLYR1 and plastidial/mitochondrial GLYR2) are considered to be of particular importance under abiotic stress conditions. Here, the apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) GLYR1s and GLYR2s were characterized and their kinetic properties were compared to those of previously characterized GLYRs from Arabidopsis thaliana [L.] Heynh. The purified recombinant GLYRs had an affinity for glyoxylate and succinic semialdehyde, respectively, in the low micromolar and millimolar ranges, and were inhibited by NADP+. Comparison of the GLYR activity in cell-free extracts from wild-type Arabidopsis and a glyr1 knockout mutant revealed that approximately 85 and 15% of the cellular GLYR activity is cytosolic and plastidial/mitochondrial, respectively. Recovery of GLYR activity in purified mitochondria from the Arabidopsis glyr1 mutant, free from cytosolic GLYR1 or plastidial GLYR2 contamination, provided additional support for the targeting of GLYR2 to mitochondria, as well as plastids. The growth of plantlets or roots of various Arabidopsis lines with altered GLYR activity responded differentially to succinic semialdehyde or glyoxylate under chilling conditions. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential regulation of highly conserved plant GLYRs by NADPH/NADP+ ratios in planta, and their roles in the reduction of toxic aldehydes in plants subjected to chilling stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Zarei
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
| | | | | | - Greta Z. Chiu
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer R. DeEll
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, SimcoeON, Canada
| | - Gale G. Bozzo
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
| | - Barry J. Shelp
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
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16
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Roepke J, Gordon HOW, Neil KJA, Gidda S, Mullen RT, Freixas Coutin JA, Bray-Stone D, Bozzo GG. An Apoplastic β-Glucosidase is Essential for the Degradation of Flavonol 3-O-β-Glucoside-7-O-α-Rhamnosides in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1030-1047. [PMID: 28419331 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonol bisglycosides accumulate in plant vegetative tissues in response to abiotic stress, including simultaneous environmental perturbations (i.e. nitrogen deficiency and low temperature, NDLT), but disappear with recovery from NDLT. Previously, we determined that a recombinant Arabidopsis β-glucosidase (BGLU), BGLU15, hydrolyzes flavonol 3-O-β-glucoside-7-O-α-rhamnosides and flavonol 3-O-β-glucosides, forming flavonol 7-O-α-rhamnosides and flavonol aglycones, respectively. In this study, the transient expression of a BGLU15-Cherry fusion protein in onion epidermal cells demonstrated that BGLU15 was localized to the apoplast. Analysis of BGLU15 T-DNA insertional inactivation lines (bglu15-1 and bglu15-2) revealed negligible levels of BGLU15 transcripts, whereas its paralogs BGLU12 and BGLU16 were expressed in wild-type and bglu15 plants. The recombinant BGLU16 did not hydrolyze quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside-7-O-α-rhamnoside or rhamnosylated flavonols, but was active with the synthetic substrate, p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucoside. In addition, shoots of both bglu15 mutants contained negligible flavonol 3-O-β-glucoside-7-O-α-rhamnoside hydrolase activity, whereas this activity increased by 223% within 2 d of NDLT recovery in wild-type plants. The levels of flavonol 3-O-β-glucoside-7-O-α-rhamnosides and quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside were high and relatively unchanged in shoots of bglu15 mutants during recovery from NDLT, whereas rapid losses were apparent in wild-type shoots. Moreover, losses of two flavonol 3-O-β-neohesperidoside-7-O-α-rhamnosides and kaempferol 3-O-α-rhamnoside-7-O-α-rhamnoside were evident during recovery from NDLT, regardless of whether BGLU15 was present. A spike in a kaempferol 7-O-α-rhamnoside occurred with stress recovery, regardless of germplasm, suggesting a contribution from hydrolysis of kaempferol 3-O-β-neohesperidoside-7-O-α-rhamnosides and/or kaempferol 3-O-α-rhamnoside-7-O-α-rhamnoside by hitherto unknown mechanisms. Thus, BGLU15 is essential for catabolism of flavonol 3-O-β-glucoside-7-O-α-rhamnosides and flavonol 3-O-β-glucosides in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Roepke
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- MicroSintesis Inc., Regis and Joan Duffy Research Centre, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Harley O W Gordon
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin J A Neil
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Satinder Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,Canada
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,Canada
| | | | - Delaney Bray-Stone
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gale G Bozzo
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Wasternack C, Song S. Jasmonates: biosynthesis, metabolism, and signaling by proteins activating and repressing transcription. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1303-1321. [PMID: 27940470 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The lipid-derived phytohormone jasmonate (JA) regulates plant growth, development, secondary metabolism, defense against insect attack and pathogen infection, and tolerance to abiotic stresses such as wounding, UV light, salt, and drought. JA was first identified in 1962, and since the 1980s many studies have analyzed the physiological functions, biosynthesis, distribution, metabolism, perception, signaling, and crosstalk of JA, greatly expanding our knowledge of the hormone's action. In response to fluctuating environmental cues and transient endogenous signals, the occurrence of multilayered organization of biosynthesis and inactivation of JA, and activation and repression of the COI1-JAZ-based perception and signaling contributes to the fine-tuning of JA responses. This review describes the JA biosynthetic enzymes in terms of gene families, enzymatic activity, location and regulation, substrate specificity and products, the metabolic pathways in converting JA to activate or inactivate compounds, JA signaling in perception, and the co-existence of signaling activators and repressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelu 11, CZ 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Susheng Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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18
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Phukan UJ, Jeena GS, Tripathi V, Shukla RK. Regulation of Apetala2/Ethylene Response Factors in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:150. [PMID: 28270817 PMCID: PMC5318435 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple environmental stresses affect growth and development of plants. Plants try to adapt under these unfavorable condition through various evolutionary mechanisms like physiological and biochemical alterations connecting various network of regulatory processes. Transcription factors (TFs) like APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORS (AP2/ERFs) are an integral component of these signaling cascades because they regulate expression of a wide variety of down stream target genes related to stress response and development through different mechanism. This downstream regulation of transcript does not always positively or beneficially affect the plant but also they display some developmental defects like senescence and reduced growth under normal condition or sensitivity to stress condition. Therefore, tight auto/cross regulation of these TFs at transcriptional, translational and domain level is crucial to understand. The present manuscript discuss the multiple regulation and advantage of plasticity and specificity of these family of TFs to a wide or single downstream target(s) respectively. We have also discussed the concern which comes with the unwanted associated traits, which could only be averted by further study and exploration of these AP2/ERFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal J. Phukan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsLucknow, India
| | - Gajendra S. Jeena
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsLucknow, India
| | - Vineeta Tripathi
- Botany Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research InstituteLucknow, India
| | - Rakesh K. Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsLucknow, India
- *Correspondence: Rakesh K. Shukla
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19
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Liu J, Cai J, Wang R, Yang S. Transcriptional Regulation and Transport of Terpenoid Indole Alkaloid in Catharanthus roseus: Exploration of New Research Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010053. [PMID: 28036025 PMCID: PMC5297688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the model medicinal plants for exploration of biochemical pathways and molecular biological questions on complex metabolic pathways, Catharanthus roseus synthesizes more than 100 terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) used for clinical treatment of various diseases and for new drug discovery. Given that extensive studies have revealed the major metabolic pathways and the spatial-temporal biosynthesis of TIA in C. roseus plant, little is known about subcellular and inter-cellular trafficking or long-distance transport of TIA end products or intermediates, as well as their regulation. While these transport processes are indispensable for multi-organelle, -tissue and -cell biosynthesis, storage and their functions, great efforts have been made to explore these dynamic cellular processes. Progress has been made in past decades on transcriptional regulation of TIA biosynthesis by transcription factors as either activators or repressors; recent studies also revealed several transporters involved in subcellular and inter-cellular TIA trafficking. However, many details and the regulatory network for controlling the tissue-or cell-specific biosynthesis, transport and storage of serpentine and ajmalicine in root, catharanthine in leaf and root, vindoline specifically in leaf and vinblastine and vincristine only in green leaf and their biosynthetic intermediates remain to be determined. This review is to summarize the progress made in biosynthesis, transcriptional regulation and transport of TIAs. Based on analysis of organelle, tissue and cell-type specific biosynthesis and progresses in transport and trafficking of similar natural products, the transporters that might be involved in transport of TIAs and their synthetic intermediates are discussed; according to transcriptome analysis and bioinformatic approaches, the transcription factors that might be involved in TIA biosynthesis are analyzed. Further discussion is made on a broad context of transcriptional and transport regulation in order to guide our future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- College of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130047, China.
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Junjun Cai
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Shihai Yang
- College of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130047, China.
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20
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Chen SP, Kuo CH, Lu HH, Lo HS, Yeh KW. The Sweet Potato NAC-Domain Transcription Factor IbNAC1 Is Dynamically Coordinated by the Activator IbbHLH3 and the Repressor IbbHLH4 to Reprogram the Defense Mechanism against Wounding. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006397. [PMID: 27780204 PMCID: PMC5079590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IbNAC1 is known to activate the defense system by reprogramming a genetic network against herbivory in sweet potato. This regulatory activity elevates plant defense potential but relatively weakens plants by IbNAC1-mediated JA response. The mechanism controlling IbNAC1 expression to balance plant vitality and survival remains unclear. In this study, a wound-responsive G-box cis-element in the IbNAC1 promoter from -1484 to -1479 bp was identified. From a screen of wound-activated transcriptomic data, one transcriptional activator, IbbHLH3, and one repressor, IbbHLH4, were selected that bind to and activate or repress, respectively, the G-box motif in the IbNAC1 promoter to modulate the IbNAC1-mediated response. In the early wound response, the IbbHLH3-IbbHLH3 protein complex binds to the G-box motif to activate IbNAC1 expression. Thus, an elegant defense network is activated against wounding stress. Until the late stages of wounding, IbbHLH4 interacts with IbbHLH3, and the IbbHLH3-IbbHLH4 heterodimer competes with the IbbHLH3-IbbHLH3 complex to bind the G-box and suppress IbNAC1 expression and timely terminates the defense network. Moreover, the JAZs and IbEIL1 proteins interact with IbbHLH3 to repress the transactivation function of IbbHLH3 in non-wounded condition, but their transcription is immediately inhibited upon early wounding. Our work provides a genetic model that accurately switches the regulatory mechanism of IbNAC1 expression to adjust wounding physiology and represents a delicate defense regulatory network in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Peng Chen
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Kuo
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Han Lu
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Shan Lo
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wun Yeh
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Zhou M, Memelink J. Jasmonate-responsive transcription factors regulating plant secondary metabolism. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:441-449. [PMID: 26876016 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a large variety of secondary metabolites including alkaloids, glucosinolates, terpenoids and phenylpropanoids. These compounds play key roles in plant-environment interactions and many of them have pharmacological activity in humans. Jasmonates (JAs) are plant hormones which induce biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites. JAs-responsive transcription factors (TFs) that regulate the JAs-induced accumulation of secondary metabolites belong to different families including AP2/ERF, bHLH, MYB and WRKY. Here, we give an overview of the types and functions of TFs that have been identified in JAs-induced secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and highlight their similarities and differences in regulating various biosynthetic pathways. We review major recent developments regarding JAs-responsive TFs mediating secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and provide suggestions for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiliang Zhou
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands; Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Johan Memelink
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Pascual MB, Cánovas FM, Ávila C. The NAC transcription factor family in maritime pine (Pinus Pinaster): molecular regulation of two genes involved in stress responses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:254. [PMID: 26500018 PMCID: PMC4619436 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NAC transcription factors comprise a large plant-specific gene family involved in the regulation of diverse biological processes. Despite the growing number of studies on NAC transcription factors in various species, little information is available about this family in conifers. The goal of this study was to identify the NAC transcription family in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), to characterize ATAF-like genes in response to various stresses and to study their molecular regulation. METHODS We have isolated two maritime pine NAC genes and using a transient expression assay in N. benthamiana leaves estudied the promoter jasmonate response. RESULTS In this study, we identified 37 NAC genes from maritime pine and classified them into six main subfamilies. The largest group includes 12 sequences corresponding to stress-related genes. Two of these NAC genes, PpNAC2 and PpNAC3, were isolated and their expression profiles were examined at various developmental stages and in response to various types of stress. The expression of both genes was strongly induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), mechanical wounding, and high salinity. The promoter regions of these genes were shown to contain cis-elements involved in the stress response and plant hormonal regulation, including E-boxes, which are commonly found in the promoters of genes that respond to jasmonate, and binding sites for bHLH proteins. Using a transient expression assay in N. benthamiana leaves, we found that the promoter of PpNAC3 was rapidly induced upon MeJA treatment, while this response disappeared in plants in which the transcription factor NbbHLH2 was silenced. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that PpNAC2 and PpNAC3 encode stress-responsive NAC transcription factors involved in the jasmonate response in pine. Furthermore, these data also suggest that the jasmonate signaling pathway is conserved between angiosperms and gymnosperms. These findings may be useful for engineering stress tolerance in pine via biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Belén Pascual
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Francisco M Cánovas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Concepción Ávila
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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Li S, Wang H, Li F, Chen Z, Li X, Zhu L, Wang G, Yu J, Huang D, Lang Z. The maize transcription factor EREB58 mediates the jasmonate-induced production of sesquiterpene volatiles. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:296-308. [PMID: 26303437 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, Zea mays (maize) has been established as a model system for the study of indirect plant defense against herbivores. When attacked by lepidopteran larvae, maize leaves emit a complex blend of volatiles, mainly composed of sesquiterpenes, to attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. This is associated with a swift transcriptional induction of terpene synthases such as TPS10; however, the molecular components controlling the complex transcriptional reprogramming in this process are still obscure. Here, by exploiting the finding that the maize TPS10 promoter retained its full responsiveness to herbivory in Arabidopsis, we identified the region from -300 to -200 of the TPS10 promoter as both necessary and sufficient for its herbivore inducibility through 5' deletion mapping. A high-throughput screening of an Arabidopsis transcription factor library using this promoter region as the bait identified seven AP2/ERF family transcription factors. Among their close homologs in maize, EREB58 was the only gene responsive to herbivory, with a spatiotemporal expression pattern highly similar to that of TPS10. Meanwhile, EREB58 was also responsive to Jasmonate. In vivo and in vitro assays indicated that EREB58 promotes TPS10 expression by directly binding to the GCC-box within the region from -300 to -200 of the TPS10 promoter. Transgenic maize plants overexpressing EREB58 constitutively over-accumulate TPS10 transcript, and also (E)-β-farnesene and (E)-α-bergamotene, two major sesquiterpenes produced by TPS10. In contrast, jasmonate induction of TPS10 and its volatiles was abolished in EREB58-RNAi transgenic lines. In sum, these results demonstrate that EREB58 is a positive regulator of sesquiterpene production by directly promoting TPS10 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyan Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fengqi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongliang Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuying Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingjuan Yu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dafang Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhihong Lang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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24
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Zhu J, Wang M, Wen W, Yu R. Biosynthesis and regulation of terpenoid indole alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus. Pharmacogn Rev 2015; 9:24-8. [PMID: 26009689 PMCID: PMC4441158 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.156323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus produces a wide range of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIA). Many of them, such as vinblastine and vincristine, have significant bioactivity. They are valuable chemotherapy drugs used in combination with other drugs to treat lymphoma and leukemia. The TIA biosynthetic pathway has been investigated for many years, for scientific interest and for their potential in manufacturing applications, to fulfill the market demand. In this review, the progress and perspective of C. roseus TIA biosynthesis and its regulating enzymes are described. In addition, the culture condition, hormones, signaling molecules, precursor feeding on the accumulation of TIA, and gene expression are also evaluated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mingxuan Wang
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei Wen
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rongmin Yu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China ; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Effects of β-cyclodextrin and methyl jasmonate on the production of vindoline, catharanthine, and ajmalicine in Catharanthus roseus cambial meristematic cell cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7035-45. [PMID: 25981997 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Long-term stable cell growth and production of vindoline, catharanthine, and ajmalicine of cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) from Catharanthus roseus were observed after 2 years of culture. C. roseus CMCs were treated with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) individually or in combination and were cultured both in conventional Erlenmeyer flasks (100, 250, and 500 mL) and in a 5-L stirred hybrid airlift bioreactor. CMCs of C. roseus cultured in the bioreactor showed higher yields of vindoline, catharanthine, and ajmalicine than those cultured in flasks. CMCs of C. roseus cultured in the bioreactor and treated with 10 mM β-CD and 150 μM MeJA gave the highest yields of vindoline (7.45 mg/L), catharanthine (1.76 mg/L), and ajmalicine (58.98 mg/L), concentrations that were 799, 654, and 426 % higher, respectively, than yields of CMCs cultured in 100-mL flasks without elicitors. Quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR showed that β-CD and MeJA upregulated transcription levels of genes related to the biosynthesis of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs). This is the first study to report that β-CD induced the generation of NO, which plays an important role in mediating the production of TIAs in C. roseus CMCs. These results suggest that β-CD and MeJA can enhance the production of TIAs in CMCs of C. roseus, and thus, CMCs of C. roseus have significant potential to be an industrial platform for production of bioactive alkaloids.
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Lenka SK, Nims NE, Vongpaseuth K, Boshar RA, Roberts SC, Walker EL. Jasmonate-responsive expression of paclitaxel biosynthesis genes in Taxus cuspidata cultured cells is negatively regulated by the bHLH transcription factors TcJAMYC1, TcJAMYC2, and TcJAMYC4. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:115. [PMID: 25767476 PMCID: PMC4341510 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Taxus cell suspension culture is a sustainable technology for the industrial production of paclitaxel (Taxol®), a highly modified diterpene anti-cancer agent. The methyl jasmonate (MJ)-mediated paclitaxel biosynthetic pathway is not fully characterized, making metabolic engineering efforts difficult. Here, promoters of seven genes (TASY, T5αH, DBAT, DBBT, PAM, BAPT, and DBTNBT), encoding enzymes of the paclitaxel biosynthetic pathway were isolated and used to drive MJ-inducible expression of a GUS reporter construct in transiently transformed Taxus cells, showing that elicitation of paclitaxel production by MJ is regulated at least in part at the level of transcription. The paclitaxel biosynthetic pathway promoters contained a large number of E-box sites (CANNTG), similar to the binding sites for the key MJ-inducible transcription factor AtMYC2 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Three MJ-inducible MYC transcription factors similar to AtMYC2 (TcJAMYC1, TcJAMYC2, and TcJAMYC4) were identified in Taxus. Transcriptional regulation of paclitaxel biosynthetic pathway promoters by transient over expression of TcJAMYC transcription factors indicated a negative rather than positive regulatory role of TcJAMYCs on paclitaxel biosynthetic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram K. Lenka
- Department of Biology, University of MassachusettsAmherst, MA, USA
| | - N. Ezekiel Nims
- Department of Biology, University of MassachusettsAmherst, MA, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of MassachusettsAmherst, MA, USA
| | - Kham Vongpaseuth
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of MassachusettsAmherst, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of MassachusettsAmherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Susan C. Roberts
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of MassachusettsAmherst, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of MassachusettsAmherst, MA, USA
| | - Elsbeth L. Walker
- Department of Biology, University of MassachusettsAmherst, MA, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of MassachusettsAmherst, MA, USA
- *Correspondence: Elsbeth L. Walker, Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant St., Amherst, MA 01003, USA e-mail:
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Scholz SS, Vadassery J, Heyer M, Reichelt M, Bender KW, Snedden WA, Boland W, Mithöfer A. Mutation of the Arabidopsis calmodulin-like protein CML37 deregulates the jasmonate pathway and enhances susceptibility to herbivory. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:1712-26. [PMID: 25267731 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Throughout their life, plants are challenged by various abiotic and biotic stress factors. Among those are attacks from herbivorous insects. The molecular mechanisms underlying the detection of herbivores and the subsequent signal transduction are not well understood. As a second messenger, fluxes in intracellular Ca(2+) levels play a key role in mediating stress response pathways. Ca(2+) signals are decoded by Ca(2+) sensor proteins such as calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs). Here, we demonstrate that recombinant CML37 behaves like a Ca(2+) sensor in vitro and, in Arabidopsis, AtCML37 is induced by mechanical wounding as well as by infestation with larvae of the generalist lepidopteran herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. Loss of function of CML37 led to a better feeding performance of larvae suggesting that CML37 is a positive defense regulator. No herbivory-induced changes in secondary metabolites such as glucosinolates or flavonoids were detected in cml37 plants, although a significant reduction in the accumulation of jasmonates was observed, due to reduced expression of JAR1 mRNA and cellular enzyme activity. Consequently, the expression of jasmonate-responsive genes was reduced as well. Summarizing, our results suggest that the Ca(2+) sensor protein, CML37, functions as a positive regulator in Ca(2+) signaling during herbivory, connecting Ca(2+) and jasmonate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra S Scholz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jyothilakshmi Vadassery
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Monika Heyer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kyle W Bender
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wayne A Snedden
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Kumari R, Sharma V, Sharma V, Kumar S. Pleiotropic phenotypes of the salt-tolerant and cytosine hypomethylated leafless inflorescence, evergreen dwarf and irregular leaf lamina mutants of Catharanthus roseus possessing Mendelian inheritance. J Genet 2014; 92:369-94. [PMID: 24371160 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-013-0271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In Catharanthus roseus, three morphological cum salt-tolerant chemically induced mutants of Mendelian inheritance and their wild-type parent cv Nirmal were characterized for overall cytosine methylation at DNA repeats, expression of 119 protein coding and seven miRNA-coding genes and 50 quantitative traits. The mutants, named after their principal morphological feature(s), were leafless inflorescence (lli), evergreen dwarf (egd) and irregular leaf lamina (ill). The Southern-blot analysis of MspI digested DNAs of mutants probed with centromeric and 5S and 18S rDNA probes indicated that, in comparison to wild type, the mutants were extensively demethylated at cytosine sites. Among the 126 genes investigated for transcriptional expression, 85 were upregulated and 41 were downregulated in mutants. All of the five genes known to be stress responsive had increased expression in mutants. Several miRNA genes showed either increased or decreased expression in mutants. The C. roseus counterparts of CMT3, DRM2 and RDR2 were downregulated in mutants. Among the cell, organ and plant size, photosynthesis and metabolism related traits studied, 28 traits were similarly affected in mutants as compared to wild type. Each of the mutants also expressed some traits distinctively. The egd mutant possessed superior photosynthesis and water retention abilities. Biomass was hyperaccumulated in roots, stems, leaves and seeds of the lli mutant. The ill mutant was richest in the pharmaceutical alkaloids catharanthine, vindoline, vincristine and vinblastine. The nature of mutations, origins of mutant phenotypes and evolutionary importance of these mutants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Kumari
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India.
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Schluttenhofer C, Pattanaik S, Patra B, Yuan L. Analyses of Catharanthus roseus and Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY transcription factors reveal involvement in jasmonate signaling. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:502. [PMID: 24950738 PMCID: PMC4099484 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To combat infection to biotic stress plants elicit the biosynthesis of numerous natural products, many of which are valuable pharmaceutical compounds. Jasmonate is a central regulator of defense response to pathogens and accumulation of specialized metabolites. Catharanthus roseus produces a large number of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) and is an excellent model for understanding the regulation of this class of valuable compounds. Recent work illustrates a possible role for the Catharanthus WRKY transcription factors (TFs) in regulating TIA biosynthesis. In Arabidopsis and other plants, the WRKY TF family is also shown to play important role in controlling tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, as well as secondary metabolism. RESULTS Here, we describe the WRKY TF families in response to jasmonate in Arabidopsis and Catharanthus. Publically available Arabidopsis microarrays revealed at least 30% (22 of 72) of WRKY TFs respond to jasmonate treatments. Microarray analysis identified at least six jasmonate responsive Arabidopsis WRKY genes (AtWRKY7, AtWRKY20, AtWRKY26, AtWRKY45, AtWRKY48, and AtWRKY72) that have not been previously reported. The Catharanthus WRKY TF family is comprised of at least 48 members. Phylogenetic clustering reveals 11 group I, 32 group II, and 5 group III WRKY TFs. Furthermore, we found that at least 25% (12 of 48) were jasmonate responsive, and 75% (9 of 12) of the jasmonate responsive CrWRKYs are orthologs of AtWRKYs known to be regulated by jasmonate. CONCLUSION Overall, the CrWRKY family, ascertained from transcriptome sequences, contains approximately 75% of the number of WRKYs found in other sequenced asterid species (pepper, tomato, potato, and bladderwort). Microarray and transcriptomic data indicate that expression of WRKY TFs in Arabidopsis and Catharanthus are under tight spatio-temporal and developmental control, and potentially have a significant role in jasmonate signaling. Profiling of CrWRKY expression in response to jasmonate treatment revealed potential associations with secondary metabolism. This study provides a foundation for further characterization of WRKY TFs in jasmonate responses and regulation of natural product biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Schluttenhofer
- />Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
| | - Sitakanta Pattanaik
- />Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
| | - Barunava Patra
- />Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
| | - Ling Yuan
- />Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
- />Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
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Memelink J. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay for the analysis of interactions of jasmonic acid-responsive transcription factors with DNA. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1011:209-25. [PMID: 23615999 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-414-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The electrophoretic mobility shift assay based on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for the study of the interaction of transcription factors with DNA in vitro. It relies on a change in the electrophoretic mobility of a DNA fragment when bound to an interacting protein. The assay can be used to test DNA binding of either purified or recombinant proteins or uncharacterized binding activities present in crude protein extracts from plant cells or nuclei. It allows the determination of the abundance, affinity, association rate constants, dissociation rate constants, and binding specificity of DNA-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Memelink
- Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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31
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Li CY, Leopold AL, Sander GW, Shanks JV, Zhao L, Gibson SI. The ORCA2 transcription factor plays a key role in regulation of the terpenoid indole alkaloid pathway. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:155. [PMID: 24099172 PMCID: PMC3851283 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The terpenoid indole alkaloid (TIA) pathway leads to the production of pharmaceutically important drugs, such as the anticancer compounds vinblastine and vincristine. Unfortunately, these drugs are produced in trace amounts, causing them to be very costly. To increase production of these drugs, an improved understanding of the TIA regulatory pathway is needed. Towards this end, transgenic Catharanthus roseus hairy roots that overexpress the ORCA2 TIA transcriptional activator were generated and characterized. RESULTS Transcriptional profiling experiments revealed that overexpression of ORCA2 results in altered expression of key genes from the indole and terpenoid pathways, which produce precursors for the TIA pathway, and from the TIA pathway itself. In addition, metabolite-profiling experiments revealed that overexpression of ORCA2 significantly affects the levels of several TIA metabolites. ORCA2 overexpression also causes significant increases in transcript levels of several TIA regulators, including TIA transcriptional repressors. CONCLUSIONS Results presented here indicate that ORCA2 plays a critical role in regulation of TIA metabolism. ORCA2 regulates expression of key genes from both feeder pathways, as well as the genes (STR and SGD) encoding the enzymes that catalyze the first two steps in TIA biosynthesis. ORCA2 may play an especially important role in regulation of the downstream branches of the TIA pathway, as it regulates four out of five genes characterized from this part of the pathway. Regulation of TIA transcriptional repressors by ORCA2 may provide a mechanism whereby increases in TIA metabolite levels in response to external stimuli are transient and limited in magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yao Li
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Alex L Leopold
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Guy W Sander
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Jacqueline V Shanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Le Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Susan I Gibson
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Wasternack C, Hause B. Jasmonates: biosynthesis, perception, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. An update to the 2007 review in Annals of Botany. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:1021-58. [PMID: 23558912 PMCID: PMC3662512 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1409] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jasmonates are important regulators in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in development. Synthesized from lipid-constituents, the initially formed jasmonic acid is converted to different metabolites including the conjugate with isoleucine. Important new components of jasmonate signalling including its receptor were identified, providing deeper insight into the role of jasmonate signalling pathways in stress responses and development. SCOPE The present review is an update of the review on jasmonates published in this journal in 2007. New data of the last five years are described with emphasis on metabolites of jasmonates, on jasmonate perception and signalling, on cross-talk to other plant hormones and on jasmonate signalling in response to herbivores and pathogens, in symbiotic interactions, in flower development, in root growth and in light perception. CONCLUSIONS The last few years have seen breakthroughs in the identification of JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins and their interactors such as transcription factors and co-repressors, and the crystallization of the jasmonate receptor as well as of the enzyme conjugating jasmonate to amino acids. Now, the complex nature of networks of jasmonate signalling in stress responses and development including hormone cross-talk can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg, 3, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Yamada Y, Sato F. Transcription factors in alkaloid biosynthesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 305:339-82. [PMID: 23890386 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407695-2.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Higher plants produce a large variety of low-molecular weight secondary compounds. Among them, nitrogen-containing alkaloids are the most biologically active and are often used pharmaceutically. Whereas alkaloid chemistry has been intensively investigated, alkaloid biosynthesis, including the relevant biosynthetic enzymes, genes and their regulation, and especially transcription factors, is largely unknown, as only a limited number of plant species produce certain types of alkaloids and they are difficult to study. Recently, however, several groups have succeeded in isolating the transcription factors that are involved in the biosynthesis of several types of alkaloids, including bHLH, ERF, and WRKY. Most of them show Jasmonate (JA) responsiveness, which suggests that the JA signaling cascade plays an important role in alkaloid biosynthesis. Here, we summarize the types and functions of transcription factors that have been isolated in alkaloid biosynthesis, and characterize their similarities and differences compared to those in other secondary metabolite pathways, such as phenylpropanoid and terpenoid biosyntheses. The evolution of this biosynthetic pathway and regulatory network, as well as the application of these transcription factors to metabolic engineering, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yamada
- Department of Plant Gene and Totipotency, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Zhao ML, Wang JN, Shan W, Fan JG, Kuang JF, Wu KQ, Li XP, Chen WX, He FY, Chen JY, Lu WJ. Induction of jasmonate signalling regulators MaMYC2s and their physical interactions with MaICE1 in methyl jasmonate-induced chilling tolerance in banana fruit. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:30-51. [PMID: 22651394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
MYC2, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, is a key regulator in the activation of jasmonate (JA) response. However, the molecular details of MYC2 involving in methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced chilling tolerance of fruit remain largely unclear. In the present work, two MYC2 genes, MaMYC2a and MaMYC2b, and one homolog of the inducer of the C-repeat-binding factor (CBF) gene, MaICE1 were isolated and characterized from banana fruit. MaMYC2s and MaICE1 were found to be all localized in the nucleus. In addition, the proline-rich domain (PRD) and the acidic domain (AD) in the N-terminus were important for the transcriptional activation of MaMYC2 in yeast cells. Unlike MaICE1's constitutive expression, MaMYC2a and MaMYC2b were induced rapidly following MeJA treatment during cold storage. Moreover, protein-protein interaction analysis confirmed that MaMYC2s interacted with MaICE1. The expression of ICE-CBF cold-responsive pathway genes including MaCBF1, MaCBF2, MaCOR1, MaKIN2, MaRD2 and MaRD5 was also significantly induced by MeJA. Taken together, our work provides strong evidence that MaMYC2 is involved in MeJA-induced chilling tolerance in banana fruit through physically interacting and likely functionally coordinating with MaICE1, revealing a novel mechanism for ICE1 in response to cold stress as well as during development of induced chilling tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science, College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Figueroa P, Browse J. The Arabidopsis JAZ2 Promoter Contains a G-Box and Thymidine-Rich Module that are Necessary and Sufficient for Jasmonate-Dependent Activation by MYC Transcription Factors and Repression by JAZ Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 53:330-43. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Matsye PD, Kumar R, Hosseini P, Jones CM, Tremblay A, Alkharouf NW, Matthews BF, Klink VP. Mapping cell fate decisions that occur during soybean defense responses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 77:513-28. [PMID: 21986905 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The soybean defense response to the soybean cyst nematode was used as a model to map at cellular resolution its genotype-defined cell fate decisions occurring during its resistant reactions. The defense responses occur at the site of infection, a nurse cell known as the syncytium. Two major genotype-defined defense responses exist, the G. max ([Peking])- and G. max ([PI 88788])-types. Resistance in G. max ([Peking]) is potent and rapid, accompanied by the formation of cell wall appositions (CWAs), structures known to perform important defense roles. In contrast, defense occurs by a potent but more prolonged reaction in G. max ([PI 88788]), lacking CWAs. Comparative transcriptomic analyses with confirmation by Illumina® deep sequencing were organized through a custom-developed application, Pathway Analysis and Integrated Coloring of Experiments (PAICE) that presents gene expression of these cytologically and developmentally distinct defense responses using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) framework. The analyses resulted in the generation of 1,643 PAICE pathways, allowing better understanding of gene activity across all chromosomes. Analyses of the rhg1 resistance locus, defined within a 67 kb region of DNA demonstrate expression of an amino acid transporter and an α soluble NSF attachment protein gene specifically in syncytia undergoing their defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi D Matsye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Hossain MA, Munemasa S, Uraji M, Nakamura Y, Mori IC, Murata Y. Involvement of endogenous abscisic acid in methyl jasmonate-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:430-8. [PMID: 21402795 PMCID: PMC3091061 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.172254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the involvement of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) in methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced stomatal closure using an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, fluridon (FLU), and an ABA-deficient Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant, aba2-2. We found that pretreatment with FLU inhibited MeJA-induced stomatal closure but not ABA-induced stomatal closure in wild-type plants. The aba2-2 mutation impaired MeJA-induced stomatal closure but not ABA-induced stomatal closure. We also investigated the effects of FLU and the aba2-2 mutation on cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](cyt)) in guard cells using a Ca(2+)-reporter fluorescent protein, Yellow Cameleon 3.6. In wild-type guard cells, FLU inhibited MeJA-induced [Ca(2+)](cyt) elevation but not ABA-induced [Ca(2+)](cyt) elevation. The aba2-2 mutation did not affect ABA-elicited [Ca(2+)](cyt) elevation but suppressed MeJA-induced [Ca(2+)](cyt) elevation. We also tested the effects of the aba2-2 mutation and FLU on the expression of MeJA-inducible VEGETATIVE STORAGE PROTEIN1 (VSP1). In the aba2-2 mutant, MeJA did not induce VSP1 expression. In wild-type leaves, FLU inhibited MeJA-induced VSP1 expression. Pretreatment with ABA at 0.1 μm, which is not enough concentration to evoke ABA responses in the wild type, rescued the observed phenotypes of the aba2-2 mutant. Finally, we found that in wild-type leaves, MeJA stimulates the expression of 9-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE3, which encodes a crucial enzyme in ABA biosynthesis. These results suggest that endogenous ABA could be involved in MeJA signal transduction and lead to stomatal closure in Arabidopsis guard cells.
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