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Udino E, Oscos-Snowball MA, Buchanan KL, Mariette MM. A prenatal acoustic signal of heat reduces a biomarker of chronic stress at adulthood across seasons. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1348993. [PMID: 38617060 PMCID: PMC11009423 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1348993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
During development, phenotype can be adaptively modulated by environmental conditions, sometimes in the long-term. However, with weather variability increasing under climate change, the potential for maladaptive long-term responses to environmental variations may increase. In the arid-adapted zebra finch, parents emit "heat-calls" when experiencing heat during incubation, which adaptively affects offspring growth in the heat, and adult heat tolerance. This suggests that heat-call exposure may adjust individual phenotype to hot conditions, potentially compromising individual sensitivity to cool weather conditions. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated individual prenatal acoustic and postnatal thermal experiences during development, and sought to assess subsequent chronic responses to thermal fluctuations at adulthood. We thus measured heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratios in adults, when held in outdoor aviaries during two summers and two winters. We found that birds exposed to heat-calls as embryos, had consistently lower H/L ratios than controls at adulthood, indicative of lower chronic stress, irrespective of the season. Nonetheless, in all birds, the H/L ratio did vary with short-term weather fluctuations (2, 5 or 7 days), increasing at more extreme (low and high) air temperatures. In addition, the H/L ratio was higher in males than females. Overall, while H/L ratio may reflect how individuals were being impacted by temperature, heat-call exposed individuals did not show a stronger chronic response in winter, and instead appeared more resilient to thermal variability than control individuals. Our findings therefore suggest that heat-call exposure did not compromise individual sensitivity to low temperatures at adulthood. Our study also reveals that prenatal sound can lead to long-term differences in individual physiology or quality/condition, as reflected by H/L ratios, which are consistent with previously-demonstrated reproductive fitness differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Udino
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Marja A. Oscos-Snowball
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine L. Buchanan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mylene M. Mariette
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
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2
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Gao M, Ren Y, Lu S, Reddyvari R, Venkitanarayanan K, Amalaradjou MA. In ovo probiotic supplementation supports hatchability and improves hatchling quality in broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103624. [PMID: 38552570 PMCID: PMC10995869 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In modern broilers, the period of embryonic development constitutes a greater proportion of a broiler's productive life. Hence, optimum embryonic development can exert a significant influence not only on chick hatchability and hatchling quality but also on overall broiler growth and performance. Further healthy and active hatchlings are correlated with improved posthatch performance. In this regard, probiotics are good candidates to mediate early-life programming. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of In ovo probiotic spray application on broiler hatchability and hatchling quality. The experiment was set out as a completely randomized study with 2 independent trials. In each trial, 540 eggs (Ross 308) were either sprayed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS; control) or probiotics [∼9 log CFU/egg of Lactobacillus rhamnosus NRRL B-442(LR) or Lactobacillus paracasei DUP 13076 (LP)] during incubation. On day 18, eggs were transferred to the hatcher and set up for hatching. Starting on day 19, eggs were observed for hatching to determine the spread of hatch and hatchability. Hatched chicks were then assessed for quality using the Tona and Pasgar score and morphometric measurements including hatchling weight, yolk-free-body-mass and hatchling length were measured. Further, chicks were reared in floor pens for 3 wk to assess posthatch growth. Overall, In ovo probiotic supplementation improved hatchability and hatchling quality. Specifically, the spray application of LP improved hatchability by ∼ 5% without affecting the spread of hatch. Further, both LR and LP significantly improved Pasgar and Tona score, indicating an improvement in hatchling quality. Also, LP and LR significantly improved hatchling weight, yolk-free-body-mass, and posthatch growth in chicks. LR significantly improved hatchling weight and hatchling length (P < 0.05). Moreover, this increase in posthatch growth was positively correlated with hatchling weight in the probiotic groups. Overall, our study demonstrates that In ovo probiotic application exerts a positive effect on hatchability, hatchling quality, and subsequent posthatch growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairui Gao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yuying Ren
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Si Lu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ragini Reddyvari
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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3
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Khalil KM, El-Shater S, Rizk H, Khalifa E. Embryonic thermal manipulation of poultry birds: Lucrative and deleterious effects. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:346-356. [PMID: 37885333 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The major efforts to improve feed conversion, increase the body weight and breast muscle yield of broilers have been focused on feeding and management at the post hatch period. However, incubation temperature is the most significant factor for the egg hatching rate, chick quality, and post hatch performance. Therefore, incubation factors affecting the performance should be taken with necessary precautions. Incubation temperature not only affects the early development of the hatchlings but also has a lasting impact on the characteristics of the chicks, such as final body weight and meat quality traits. This article provides an overview about embryonic thermal manipulation (TM) of domestic fowls and review the lucrative and deleterious effects of embryonic TM on embryo development, muscle growth, thermotolerance acquisition, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim M Khalil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Applied and Health Sciences, A'Sharqiyah University, Ibra, Sultanate of Oman
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Saad El-Shater
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hamdy Rizk
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Elsayed Khalifa
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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4
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Dayan J, Melkman-Zehavi T, Goldman N, Soglia F, Zampiga M, Petracci M, Sirri F, Braun U, Inhuber V, Halevy O, Uni Z. In-ovo feeding with creatine monohydrate: implications for chicken energy reserves and breast muscle development during the pre-post hatching period. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1296342. [PMID: 38156069 PMCID: PMC10752974 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1296342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The most dynamic period throughout the lifespan of broiler chickens is the pre-post-hatching period, entailing profound effects on their energy status, survival rate, body weight, and muscle growth. Given the significance of this pivotal period, we evaluated the effect of in-ovo feeding (IOF) with creatine monohydrate on late-term embryos' and hatchlings' energy reserves and post-hatch breast muscle development. The results demonstrate that IOF with creatine elevates the levels of high-energy-value molecules (creatine and glycogen) in the liver, breast muscle and yolk sac tissues 48 h post IOF, on embryonic day 19 (p < 0.03). Despite this evidence, using a novel automated image analysis tool on day 14 post-hatch, we found a significantly higher number of myofibers with lower diameter and area in the IOF creatine group compared to the control and IOF NaCl groups (p < 0.004). Gene expression analysis, at hatch, revealed that IOF creatine group had significantly higher expression levels of myogenin (MYOG) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), related to differentiation of myogenic cells (p < 0.01), and lower expression of myogenic differentiation protein 1 (MyoD), related to their proliferation (p < 0.04). These results imply a possible effect of IOF with creatine on breast muscle development through differential expression of genes involved in myogenic proliferation and differentiation. The findings provide valuable insights into the potential of pre-hatch enrichment with creatine in modulating post-hatch muscle growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dayan
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tal Melkman-Zehavi
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noam Goldman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Francesca Soglia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Marco Zampiga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Petracci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | | | | | - Orna Halevy
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zehava Uni
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Wang J, Xu C, Song Z, Wu S, Wang J, Qi G, Zhang H. Improvement in growth performance and digestive function from amniotic injections of N-acetylglutamate in broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:6966-6974. [PMID: 37312006 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acetylglutamate (NAG) is the initial and essectial substrate in the process of de novo arginine synthesis, plays an important role in intestinal development. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of in ovo feeding of NAG, 1.5 mg/egg at 17.5 days of incubation (DOI) via amnion, on hatching performance, early intestinal histomorphometry, jejunal barrier, digestive function, and growth performance of broiler chickens between 1 and 14 days of age. RESULTS Amniotic injection of NAG had no significant effect on hatching characteristics compared with the non-injected control group (NC group). Birds in the NAG solution-injected group (NAG group) exhibited lower average daily feed intake and better feed efficiency during a period of 1-14 days. In comparison with the NC group, the NAG group had decreased crypt depth (CD) in the ileum and increased villus height (VH) / CD in the jejunum at 7 days, and decreased CD in duodenum and significantly increased VH in the jejunum at 14 days. However, the effects of in ovo supplementation with NAG on the density of goblet cells, and gene expression of mucin 2 and alkaline phosphatase were not significant. Chicks in the NAG group had a significantly higher mRNA expression level of trypsin and maltase in jejunum at 7 days than the NC group but not at 14 days. CONCLUSION Amniotic injections of NAG (1.5 mg/egg) at 17.5 DOI could improve early growth performance of broilers during 1-14 days after hatching by accelerating the development of the intestine and enhancing jejunal digestive function. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiguang Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Beijing, China
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Changchun Xu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Beijing, China
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Shugeng Wu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghai Qi
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Beijing, China
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6
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Meteyake HT, Collin A, Bilalissi A, Dassidi N, Assion MEP, Tona K. Naked neck gene and intermittent thermal manipulations during embryogenesis improve posthatch performance and thermotolerance in slow-growing chickens under tropical climates. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102912. [PMID: 37499617 PMCID: PMC10393816 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown that thermal manipulations during the incubation (TMI) and naked neck gene (Na) positively affect heat-stressed broilers' thermotolerance, hatching process, and posthatch performance. Their combination could increase the beneficial effect on broilers reared under natural tropical climatic conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the Na gene and TMI on hatching and posthatch performance of slow-growing broilers under tropical climates. The study included 1,200 hatching eggs from 2 different crosses: 1) females and males, both with a normal or fully feathered neck (na na group), and 2) females (with a normal neck) and males (bare neck) (Na na group), incubated in similar conditions until d 7. Thereafter, they were assigned to 3 subgroups for each cross: the control group (C) was incubated at standard incubation conditions (37.8°C, 60% RH). The TMI-1 group was subjected to TMI-1 (T = 38.5°C, RH = 65%, E10-18, 6 h/d) and TMI-2 group to TMI-2 (T = 39.5°C, RH = 65%, E7-16, 12 h/d). Between 450 and 504 h of incubation, eggs were checked for hatching events. During the posthatch phase, chicks from each incubation subgroups (Na na-C, Na na-TMI-1, Na na-TMI-2, na na-C, na na-TMI-1, na na-TMI-2) were raised for 12 wk at a tropical natural ambient temperature. Hatchability, hatching time, chick's temperature, final body weight (FBW), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined. The results revealed that the Na gene reduced (P ˂ 0.05) hatchability. The control group had the highest mortality rate compared to TMI-1 and TMI-2 groups. There was an interaction between genotype and TMI on incubation duration, hatching weight, chick quality, FBW, and FCR (P ˂ 0.05). In conclusion, the Na gene influenced the effects of thermal manipulation. TMI-1 combined with Na gene improved the productive performances of broilers in a tropical climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hèzouwè T Meteyake
- Laboratory of Poultry Sciences, Regional Center of Excellence on Poultry Science, University of Lome, B.P. 1515 Lome, Togo.
| | - Anne Collin
- INRAE, University of Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Abidi Bilalissi
- Laboratory of Poultry Sciences, Regional Center of Excellence on Poultry Science, University of Lome, B.P. 1515 Lome, Togo
| | - Nideou Dassidi
- Abéché Graduate National Institute of Sciences and Technology , B.P. 130 Abeché, Chad
| | - Mauril E P Assion
- Laboratory of Poultry Sciences, Regional Center of Excellence on Poultry Science, University of Lome, B.P. 1515 Lome, Togo
| | - Kokou Tona
- Laboratory of Poultry Sciences, Regional Center of Excellence on Poultry Science, University of Lome, B.P. 1515 Lome, Togo
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Hoffman AJ, Dees L, Wada H. Heat-induced maternal effects shape avian eggshell traits and embryo development and phenotype at high incubation temperatures. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10546. [PMID: 37745787 PMCID: PMC10515880 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is an important avenue by which organisms may persist in the face of rapid environmental change. Environmental cues experienced by the mother can also influence the phenotype of offspring, a form of plasticity called maternal effects. Maternal effects can adaptively prepare offspring for the environmental conditions they will likely experience; however, their ability to buffer offspring against environmental stressors as embryos is understudied. Using captive zebra finches, we performed a maternal-offspring environmental match-mismatch experiment utilizing a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Mothers were exposed to a mild heat conditioning (38°C) or control (22°C) treatment as juveniles, an acute high heat (42°C) or control (22°C) treatment as adults, then paired for breeding. The eggs produced by those females were incubated at a hyperthermic (38.5°C) or optimal temperature (37.2°C). We found that when mothers were exposed to a mild heat conditioning as juveniles, their embryos exhibited reduced water loss, longer development times, and produced hatchlings with heavier pectoralis muscles when incubated at high incubation temperatures, compared to embryos from control mothers. Mothers exposed to both the mild heat conditioning as juveniles and a high heat stressor as adults produced eggs with a higher density of shell pores and embryos with lower heart rates during development. However, there was a cost when there was a mismatch between maternal and embryo environment. Embryos from these conditioned and heat-stressed mothers had reduced survival at control incubation temperatures, indicating the importance of offspring environment when interpreting potential adaptive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haruka Wada
- Department of Biological SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
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Hemida MA, Abdel-Fattah SA, Madkour M, Aboelenin MM, Ahmed SYA, Shourrap M. Hepatic heat shock proteins, antioxidant-related genes, and immunocompetence of heat-stressed broilers in response to short periods of incubation during egg storage and thermal conditioning. J Therm Biol 2023; 116:103640. [PMID: 37542840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Short Periods of Incubation During Egg Storage (SPIDES) approach improves chick quality and hatching rates. Also, embryonic thermal conditioning (TC) is a strategy for enhancing thermotolerance in avian species. Until now, evaluating the effect of either SPIDES or embryonic TC effects has only been separately conducted, so we hypothesized that combining TC and SPIDES may enhance the response of broilers to thermal stress. Eight hundred Ross broiler eggs were divided into two groups; the first one was kept under appropriate storage room conditions, S0 (control) The 2nd was subjected to SPIDES for 5 h at 37.8 ○C ± 0.1 three times at days 5, 10, and 15 (S1) after egg collection respectively. On the 14th day of incubation (DOI) each of the two main groups was randomly divided into two equal subgroups; the control one was left under the appropriate incubation settings (TC0) whereas the other received prenatal heat conditioning (TC1) at 39.5 ○C ± 0.1 for 6 h/d from the 14th to the 18th embryonic day (E), resulting finally in four experimental subgroups (S0TC0, S1TC0, S0TC1 & S1TC1). RESULTS: showed that SPIDES treatment improved the hatchability of the stored eggs by almost 20% compared to untreated eggs. A combination of SPIDES and TC (S1TC1) increased significantly the levels of Immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) production at hatch and heat-stressed birds. Our findings revealed that the hepatic heat shock proteins (hsp70, 90 A,90 B, 60 and hspA9), antioxidants-related genes (CAT, and SOD2), and NADPH4 were significantly downregulated in the thermally conditioned group that challenged with thermal stress conditions. As opposed to that, the SPIDES group showed a significant increase in hepatic heat shock proteins, antioxidants-related genes, and NADPH4 when subjected to thermal-stress conditions. In conclusion, the combination of SPIDES and TC has a positive effect on some pre and post-hatch traits of broiler chicks. Under heat stress challenge, thermal conditioning can modify the expression of antioxidant-related genes and Hsps, leading to the enhanced acquisition of thermotolerance as evidenced by lower expression of Hsps and NADPH4. While SPIDES does not have a significant role in thermotolerance acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A Hemida
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sayed A Abdel-Fattah
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Madkour
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamad M Aboelenin
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sarah Y A Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shourrap
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, 11241, Cairo, Egypt
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Muyyarikkandy MS, Schlesinger M, Ren Y, Gao M, Liefeld A, Reed S, Amalaradjou MA. In ovo probiotic supplementation promotes muscle growth and development in broiler embryos. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102744. [PMID: 37216887 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In chickens, muscle development during embryonic growth is predominantly by myofiber hyperplasia. Following hatch, muscle growth primarily occurs via hypertrophy of the existing myofibers. Since myofiber number is set at hatch, production of more muscle fibers during embryonic growth would provide a greater myofiber number at hatch and potential for posthatch muscle growth by hypertrophy. Therefore, to improve performance in broilers, this study investigated the effect of in ovo spray application of probiotics on overall morphometry and muscle development in broiler embryos. For the study, fertile Ross 308 eggs were sprayed with different probiotics; Lactobacillus paracasei DUP 13076 (LP) and L. rhamnosus NRRL B 442 (LR) prior to and during incubation. The embryos were sacrificed on d 7, 10, 14, and 18 for embryo morphometry and pectoralis major muscle (PMM) sampling. Muscle sections were stained and imaged to quantify muscle fiber density (MFD), myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA), and nuclei density. Additionally, gene expression assays were performed to elucidate the effect of probiotics on myogenic genes. In ovo probiotic supplementation was found to significantly improve embryo weight, breast weight, and leg weight (P < 0.05). Further, histological analysis of PMM revealed a significant increase in MFD and nuclei number in the probiotic-treated embryos when compared to the control (P < 0.05). In 18-day-old broiler embryos, myofibers in the treatment group had a significantly smaller CSA (LP: 95.27 ± 3.28 μm2, LR: 178.84 ± 15.1 μm2) when compared to the control (211.41 ± 15.67 μm2). This decrease in CSA was found to be associated with a concomitant increase in MFD (fibers/mm2) in the LP (13,647 ± 482.15) and LR (13,957 ± 463.13) group when compared to the control (7,680 ± 406.78). Additionally, this increase in myofibrillar hyperplasia in the treatment groups was associated with upregulation in the expression of key genes regulating muscle growth including MYF5, MYOD, MYOG, and IGF-1. In summary, in ovo spray application of probiotics promoted overall embryo growth and muscle development in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya Schlesinger
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yuying Ren
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Mairui Gao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Amanda Liefeld
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sarah Reed
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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10
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Al-Zghoul MB, Jaradat ZW, Ababneh MM, Okour MZ, Saleh KMM, Alkofahi A, Alboom MH. Effects of embryonic thermal manipulation on the immune response to post-hatch Escherichia coli challenge in broiler chicken. Vet World 2023; 16:918-928. [PMID: 37576780 PMCID: PMC10420701 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.918-928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Thermal manipulation (TM), exposure to mild heat shock during embryogenesis, which is a critical developmental period of broiler chickens, improves tissue stability, oxidative stress response, and immune response during heat stress. Thermal manipulation could be more cost-effective than other methods to boost the immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of TM during embryogenesis, concomitant with an Escherichia coli challenge, on body weight (BW), body temperature (Tb), and splenic mRNA expression of cytokines (Interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-16, IL-18, and interferon [IFN]-γ) in poultry. Materials and Methods A total of 740 fertile eggs were procured from a certified Ross broiler breeder. The eggs were divided into two incubation groups: the control and TM groups. The eggs in the control group were kept at 37.8°C air temperature and 56% relative humidity (RH) during incubation; eggs of the TM group were incubated under standard conditions, except for embryonic days 10-18, during which they were incubated at 39°C and 65% RH for 18 h daily. On the 7th day of incubation, eggs with dead embryos were excluded. After hatching was complete, each group was further subdivided into saline-treated or E. coli-challenged groups. The E. coli (serotype 078 with the dose of 1.5 × 105 colony-forming unit/mL) challenge was performed when the birds were 20 days old. Body weight and Tb measurements were taken on post-hatch days 20, 21, 23, and 25. Splenic mRNA expression of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-16, IL-18, and IFN-γ) was analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Following the E. coli challenge, the TM-treated group's body performance parameters (BW and Tb) were significantly increased compared with the control group. Body weight was higher in the TM group than in the control group (p < 0.05); Tb was lower in the TM group than in the control group (p < 0.05). The mRNA levels of IL and IFN-γ were more stable and moderately induced in the TM group compared with the control group. Thermal manipulation altered the basal mRNA levels of ILs and IFN-γ and changed their expression dynamics after the E. coli challenge. Conclusion Thermal manipulation during embryogenesis could boost the immune system response to E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Borhan Al-Zghoul
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ziad Waheed Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Art, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mustafa M. Ababneh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Ziad Okour
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Ayesha Alkofahi
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Art, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Hussien Alboom
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Art, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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11
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Dayan J, Melkman-Zehavi T, Reicher N, Braun U, Inhuber V, Mabjeesh SJ, Halevy O, Uni Z. Supply and demand of creatine and glycogen in broiler chicken embryos. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1079638. [PMID: 36760526 PMCID: PMC9902709 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1079638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal embryonic development and growth of meat-type chickens (broilers) rely on incubation conditions (oxygen, heat, and humidity), on nutrients and on energy resources within the egg. Throughout incubation and according to the embryo's energy balance, the main energy storage molecules (creatine and glycogen) are continuously utilized and synthesized, mainly in the embryonic liver, breast muscle, and the extraembryonic yolk sac (YS) tissue. During the last phase of incubation, as the embryo nears hatching, dynamic changes in energy metabolism occur. These changes may affect embryonic survival, hatchlings' uniformity, quality and post hatch performance of broilers, hence, being of great importance to poultry production. Here, we followed the dynamics of creatine and glycogen from embryonic day (E) 11 until hatch and up to chick placement at the farm. We showed that creatine is stored mainly in the breast muscle while glycogen is stored mainly in the YS tissue. Analysis of creatine synthesis genes revealed their expression in the liver, kidney, YS tissue and in the breast muscle, suggesting a full synthesis capacity in these tissues. Expression analysis of genes involved in gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis, revealed that glycogen metabolism is most active in the liver. Nevertheless, due to the relatively large size of the breast muscle and YS tissue, their contribution to glycogen metabolism in embryos is valuable. Towards hatch, post E19, creatine levels in all tissues increased while glycogen levels dramatically decreased and reached low levels at hatch and at chick placement. This proves the utmost importance of creatine in energy supply to late-term embryos and hatchlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dayan
- Department of Animal Science, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tal Melkman-Zehavi
- Department of Animal Science, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Naama Reicher
- Department of Animal Science, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Sameer J. Mabjeesh
- Department of Animal Science, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orna Halevy
- Department of Animal Science, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zehava Uni
- Department of Animal Science, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel,*Correspondence: Zehava Uni,
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12
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Goel A, Ncho CM, Gupta V, Choi YH. Embryonic modulation through thermal manipulation and in ovo feeding to develop heat tolerance in chickens. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2023; 13:150-159. [PMID: 37123616 PMCID: PMC10130083 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Healthy chickens are necessary to meet the ever-increasing demand for poultry meat. Birds are subjected to numerous stressful conditions under commercial rearing systems, including variations in the environmental temperature. However, it is difficult to counter the effects of global warming on the livestock industry. High environmental temperature is a stressful condition that has detrimental effects on growth and production performance, resulting in decreased feed intake, retarded growth, compromised gut health, enhanced oxidative stress, and altered immune responses. Traditional approaches include nutritional modification and housing management to mitigate the harmful effects of hot environments. Currently, broiler chickens are more susceptible to heat stress (HS) than layer chickens because of their high muscle mass and metabolic rate. In this review, we explored the possibility of in ovo manipulation to combat HS in broiler chickens. Given their short lifespan from hatching to market age, embryonic life is thought to be one of the critical periods for achieving these objectives. Chicken embryos can be modulated through either temperature treatment or nourishment to improve thermal tolerance during the rearing phase. We first provided a brief overview of the harmful effects of HS on poultry. An in-depth evaluation was then presented for in ovo feeding and thermal manipulation as emerging strategies to combat the negative effects of HS. Finally, we evaluated a combination of the two methods using the available data. Taken together, these investigations suggest that embryonic manipulation has the potential to confer heat resistance in chickens.
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13
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Ramiah SK, Balakrishnan KN, Subramaniam Y, Iyasere OS, Idrus Z. Effects of Thermal Manipulation on mRNA Regulation of Response Genes Regarding Improvement of Thermotolerance Adaptation in Chickens during Embryogenesis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233354. [PMID: 36496875 PMCID: PMC9737942 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of increasing heat stress (HS) among animals is of particular significance when it is seen in economically significant industries, such as poultry. Due to the identification of the physiological, molecular, and genetic roots of HS responses in chickens, a substantial number of studies have focused on reducing the effects of HS in poultry through environmental management, dietary manipulation, and genetic alterations. Temperature manipulation (TM) during embryogenesis has been claimed to increase the thermal tolerance and well-being of chickens without affecting their capacity for future growth. There has been little investigation into the vulnerability of the epigenome involving TM during embryogenesis, although the cellular pathways activated by HS have been explored in chickens. Epigenetic changes caused by prenatal TM enhance postnatal temperature adaption and produce physiological memory. This work offers a thorough analysis that explains the cumulative impact of HS response genes, such as genes related to heat shock proteins, antioxidants, and immunological genes, which may aid in the enhanced adaptability of chickens that have undergone thermal manipulation during their embryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suriya Kumari Ramiah
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Production and Biodiversity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.K.R.); (K.N.B.); Tel.: +60-3-9769-4286 (S.K.R.)
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Production and Biodiversity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.K.R.); (K.N.B.); Tel.: +60-3-9769-4286 (S.K.R.)
| | - Yashini Subramaniam
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Production and Biodiversity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Oluwaseun Serah Iyasere
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta P.M.B 2240, Nigeria
| | - Zulkifli Idrus
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Production and Biodiversity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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14
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Prenatal thermal stress affects acute-phase proteins, heat shock protein 70, and circulating corticosterone in developing broiler embryos and neonates. J Therm Biol 2022; 109:103328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Impact of embryonic manipulations on core body temperature dynamics and survival in broilers exposed to cyclic heat stress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15110. [PMID: 36068282 PMCID: PMC9448727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient temperature-associated stress has been shown to affect the normal physiological functions of birds. The recent literature indicated that both, embryonic thermal manipulation (ETM) and in ovo feeding (IOF) of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can mitigate the deleterious effects of heat stress (HS) in young broiler chicks. Therefore, this study intended to assess the effects of cyclic HS (32 ± 1 °C, 4 h/day from day 29 to 35) on rectal temperatures (RTs) and survival in broiler chickens after ETM and in IOF of GABA. A total of 275 RT data points and survival data were collected from chicks assigned to the following five treatments: chicks hatched from control eggs (CON); chicks hatched from control eggs but exposed to HS (CON + HS); chicks hatched from eggs injected at 17.5 days of incubation with 0.6 mL of 10% GABA and exposed to HS (G10 + HS); chicks hatched from thermally manipulated eggs (39.6 °C, 6 h/day from embryonic days 10 to 18) and exposed to HS (TM + HS); chicks hatched from eggs that received both previous treatments during incubation and exposed to HS (G10 + TM + HS). Under thermoneutral conditions, RTs increased quadratically from 39.9 ± 0.2 °C at hatching to 41.4 ± 0.1 °C at 8 days of age. When exposed to cyclic HS during the last week of rearing, the birds' RTs tended to decrease at the end of the heat stress challenge (from 43.0 ± 0.2 °C on day 29 to 42.4 ± 0.1 °C on day 35). A stepwise Cox regression indicated that treatment was predictive of birds' survival. Hazard ratios (HR) and their confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess the likelihood of death during the trial. The birds, belonging to the G10 + TM + HS group, were less likely to die under HS (HR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.91, P = 0.041) compared to the CON + HS birds. Taken together, the combination of ETM and GABA IOF may help mitigate the drawbacks of cyclic HS by improving the survival of broilers.
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16
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Heat stress in poultry with particular reference to the role of probiotics in its amelioration: An updated review. J Therm Biol 2022; 108:103302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Ncho CM, Goel A, Gupta V, Jeong CM, Choi YH. Embryonic manipulations modulate differential expressions of heat shock protein, fatty acid metabolism, and antioxidant-related genes in the liver of heat-stressed broilers. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269748. [PMID: 35839219 PMCID: PMC9286270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of in ovo feeding of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and embryonic thermal manipulation (TM) on plasma biochemical parameters, organ weights, and hepatic gene expression in broilers exposed to cyclic heat stress (32 ± 1°C for 8 days) (HS) were investigated. A total of 175 chicks were assigned to five treatments: chicks hatched from control eggs (CON); chicks hatched from control eggs but exposed to HS (CON+HS); chicks hatched from eggs injected at 17.5 days of incubation with 0.6mL of 10% GABA and exposed to HS (G10+HS); chicks hatched from thermally manipulated eggs (39.6°C, 6h/d from embryonic days 10 to 18) and exposed to HS (TM+HS); chicks hatched from eggs that received both previous treatments during incubation and exposed to HS (G10+TM+HS). Results revealed that on day 36 post-hatch, hepatic NADPH oxidase 1 (P = 0.034) and 4 (P = 0.021) genes were downregulated in the TM+HS and G10+TM+HS compared to the CON+HS group. In addition, while acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene expression was reduced (P = 0.002) in the G10+TM group, gene expression of extracellular fatty acid-binding protein and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ was lower (P = 0.045) in the TM+HS group than in the CON+HS group. HS led to higher gene expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and 90 (HSP90) (P = 0.005, and P = 0.022). On the other hand, the TM+HS group exhibited lower expression of both HSP70 (P = 0.031) and HSP90 (P = 0.043) whereas the G10+TM+HS group had a reduced (P = 0.016) HSP90 expression compared to the CON+HS. MANOVA on different gene sets highlighted an overall lower (P = 0.034) oxidative stress and lower (P = 0.035) heat shock protein expression in the G10+TM+HS group compared to the CON+HS group. Taken together, the current results suggest that the combination of in ovo feeding of GABA with TM can modulate HSPs and antioxidant-related gene expression in heat-stressed broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Major Ncho
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Akshat Goel
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Vaishali Gupta
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Mi Jeong
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Ho Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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18
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Wang YH, Lin J, Wang J, Wu SG, Qiu K, Zhang HJ, Qi GH. The Role of Incubation Conditions on the Regulation of Muscle Development and Meat Quality in Poultry. Front Physiol 2022; 13:883134. [PMID: 35784883 PMCID: PMC9240787 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.883134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle is the most abundant edible tissue in table poultry, which serves as an important source of high protein for humans. Poultry myofiber originates in the early embryogenic stage, and the overall muscle fiber number is almost determined before hatching. Muscle development in the embryonic stage is critical to the posthatch muscle growth and final meat yield and quality. Incubation conditions including temperature, humidity, oxygen density, ventilation and lighting may substantially affect the number, shape and structure of the muscle fiber, which may produce long-lasting effect on the postnatal muscle growth and meat quality. Suboptimal incubation conditions can induce the onset of myopathies. Early exposure to suitable hatching conditions may modify the muscle histomorphology posthatch and the final muscle mass of the birds by regulating embryonic hormone levels and benefit the muscle cell activity. The elucidation of the muscle development at the embryonic stage would facilitate the modulation of poultry muscle quantity and meat quality. This review starts from the physical and biochemical characteristics of poultry myofiber formation, and brings together recent advances of incubation conditions on satellite cell migration, fiber development and transformation, and subsequent muscle myopathies and other meat quality defects. The underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms for the induced muscle growth and meat quality traits are also discussed. The future studies on the effects of external incubation conditions on the regulation of muscle cell proliferation and meat quality are suggested. This review may broaden our knowledge on the regulation of incubation conditions on poultry muscle development, and provide more informative decisions for hatchery in the selection of hatching parameter for pursuit of more large muscle size and superior meat quality.
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19
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YALCIN S, Özkan S, Shah T. Incubation Temperature and Lighting: Effect on Embryonic Development, Post-Hatch Growth, and Adaptive Response. Front Physiol 2022; 13:899977. [PMID: 35634161 PMCID: PMC9136109 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.899977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During incubation, the content of the egg is converted into a chick. This process is controlled by incubation conditions, which must meet the requirements of the chick embryo to obtain the best chick quality and maximum hatchability. Incubation temperature and light are the two main factors influencing embryo development and post-hatch performance. Because chicken embryos are poikilothermic, embryo metabolic development relies on the incubation temperature, which influences the use of egg nutrients and embryo development. Incubation temperature ranging between 37 and 38°C (typically 37.5–37.8°C) optimizes hatchability. However, the temperature inside the egg called “embryo temperature” is not equal to the incubator air temperature. Moreover, embryo temperature is not constant, depending on the balance between embryonic heat production and heat transfer between the eggshell and its environment. Recently, many studies have been conducted on eggshell and/or incubation temperature to meet the needs of the embryo and to understand the embryonic requirements. Numerous studies have also demonstrated that cyclic increases in incubation temperature during the critical period of incubation could induce adaptive responses and increase the thermotolerance of chickens without affecting hatchability. Although the commercial incubation procedure does not have a constant lighting component, light during incubation can modify embryo development, physiology, and post-hatch behavior indicated by lowering stress responses and fearful behavior and improving spatial abilities and cognitive functions of chicken. Light-induced changes may be attributed to hemispheric lateralization and the entrainment of circadian rhythms in the embryo before the hatching. There is also evidence that light affects embryonic melatonin rhythms associated with body temperature regulation. The authors’ preliminary findings suggest that combining light and cyclic higher eggshell temperatures during incubation increases pineal aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase, which is a rate-limiting enzyme for melatonin hormone production. Therefore, combining light and thermal manipulation during the incubation could be a new approach to improve the resistance of broilers to heat stress. This review aims to provide an overview of studies investigating temperature and light manipulations to improve embryonic development, post-hatch growth, and adaptive stress response in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sezen Özkan
- *Correspondence: Servet YALCIN, ; Sezen Özkan,
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20
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Goel A, Ncho CM, Jeong CM, Choi YH. Embryonic Thermal Manipulation and in ovo Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Supplementation Regulating the Chick Weight and Stress-Related Genes at Hatch. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:807450. [PMID: 35071394 PMCID: PMC8777219 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.807450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chickens are exposed to numerous types of stress from hatching to shipping, influencing poultry production. Embryonic manipulation may develop resistance against several stressors. This study investigates the effects of thermoneutral temperature (T0; 37.8°C) with no injection (N0) (T0N0), T0 with 0.6 ml of 10% in ovo gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplementation (N1) at 17.5th embryonic day (ED) (T0N1), thermal manipulation (T1) at 39.6°C from the 10th to 18th ED (6 h/day) with N0 (T1N0), and T1 with N1 (T1N1) on hatchability parameters and hepatic expression of stress-related genes in day-old Arbor Acres chicks. The parameters determined were hatchability, body weight (BW), organ weight, hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant-related gene expression. Percent hatchability was calculated on a fertile egg basis. Growth performance was analyzed using each chick as an experimental unit. Eight birds per group were used for organ weight. Two-way ANOVA was used taking temperature and GABA as the main effect for growth performance and gene expression studies. Analysis was performed using an IBM SPSS statistics software package 25.0 (IBM software, Chicago, IL, USA). Hatchability was similar in all the groups and was slightly lower in the T1N1. Higher BW was recorded in both T1 and N1. Intestinal weight and MDA were higher in T0N1 against T0N0 and T1N1, respectively. The expression of HSP70, HSP90, NOX1, and NOX4 genes was higher and SOD and CAT genes were lower in the T1 group. The present results show that T1 and N1 independently improve the BW of broiler chicks at hatch, but T1 strongly regulates stress-related gene expression and suggests that both T1 and N1 during incubation can improve performance and alleviate stress after hatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshat Goel
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea.,Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Chris Major Ncho
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea.,Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Chae-Mi Jeong
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea.,Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Yang-Ho Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea.,Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea.,Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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21
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Madkour M, Salman FM, El-Wardany I, Abdel-Fattah SA, Alagawany M, Hashem NM, Abdelnour SA, El-Kholy MS, Dhama K. Mitigating the detrimental effects of heat stress in poultry through thermal conditioning and nutritional manipulation. J Therm Biol 2022; 103:103169. [PMID: 35027188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The poultry industry faces several obstacles and challenges, including the changes in global temperature, increase in the per capita demand for meat and eggs, and the emergence and spread of various diseases. Among these, environmental challenges are one of the most severe hurdles impacting the growth and productivity of poultry. In particular, the increasing frequency and severity of heat waves over the past few years represent a major challenge, and this is expected to worsen in the coming decades. Chickens are highly susceptible to high ambient temperatures (thermal stress), which negatively affect their growth and productivity, leading to enormous economic losses. In the light of global warming, these losses are expected to increase in the near future. Specifically, the worsening of climate change and the rise in global temperatures have augmented the adverse effects of heat on poultry production worldwide. At present, the world population is approximately 7.9 billion, and it has been predicted to reach 9.3 billion by 2050 and approximately 11 billion by 2100, implying a great demand for protein supply; therefore, strategies to mitigate future poultry challenges must be urgently devised. To date, several mitigation measures have been adopted to minimize the negative effects of heat stress in poultry. Of these, thermal acclimation at the postnatal stage or throughout the embryonic stages has been explored as a promising approach; however, for large-scale application, this approach warrants further investigation to determine the suitable temperature and poultry age. Moreover, molecular mechanisms governing thermal conditioning are poorly understood. To this end, we sought to expand our knowledge of thermal conditioning in poultry, which may serve as a valuable reference to improve the thermotolerance of chickens via nutritional management and vitagene regulation. Vitagenes regulate the responses of poultry to diverse stresses. In recent years, nutritionists have paid close attention to bioactive compounds such as resveratrol, curcumin, and quercetin administered alone or in combination. These compounds activate vitagenes and other regulators of the antioxidant defense system, such as nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2. Overall, thermal conditioning may be an effective strategy to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress. In this context, the present review synthesizes information on the adverse impacts of thermal stress, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying thermal conditioning and its effects on the acquisition of tolerance to acute heat stress in later life. Finally, the role of some polyphenolic compounds, such as resveratrol, curcumin, and quercetin, in attenuating heat stress through the activation of the antioxidant defense system in poultry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Madkour
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Fatma M Salman
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim El-Wardany
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sayed A Abdel-Fattah
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nesrein M Hashem
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt
| | - Sameh A Abdelnour
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S El-Kholy
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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22
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Andrieux C, Petit A, Collin A, Houssier M, Métayer-Coustard S, Panserat S, Pitel F, Coustham V. Early Phenotype Programming in Birds by Temperature and Nutrition: A Mini-Review. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.755842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early development is a critical period during which environmental influences can have a significant impact on the health, welfare, robustness and performance of livestock. In oviparous vertebrates, such as birds, embryonic development takes place entirely in the egg. This allows the effects of environmental cues to be studied directly on the developing embryo. Interestingly, beneficial effects have been identified in several studies, leading to innovative procedures to improve the phenotype of the animals in the long term. In this review, we discuss the effects of early temperature and dietary programming strategies that both show promising results, as well as their potential transgenerational effects. The timing, duration and intensity of these procedures are critical to ensure that they produce beneficial effects without affecting animal survival or final product quality. For example, cyclic increases in egg incubation temperature have been shown to improve temperature tolerance and promote muscular growth in chickens or fatty liver production in mule ducks. In ovo feeding has also been successfully used to enhance digestive tract maturation, optimize chick development and growth, and thus obtain higher quality chicks. In addition, changes in the nutritional availability of methyl donors, for example, was shown to influence offspring phenotype. The molecular mechanisms behind early phenotype programming are still under investigation and are probably epigenetic in nature as shown by recent work in chickens.
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23
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Wada H, Coutts V. Detrimental or beneficial? Untangling the literature on developmental stress studies in birds. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:272388. [PMID: 34608943 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.227363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Developing animals display a tremendous ability to change the course of their developmental path in response to the environment they experience, a concept referred to as developmental plasticity. This change in behavior, physiology or cellular processes is primarily thought to allow animals to better accommodate themselves to the surrounding environment. However, existing data on developmental stress and whether it brings about beneficial or detrimental outcomes show conflicting results. There are several well-referred hypotheses related to developmental stress in the current literature, such as the environmental matching, silver spoon and thrifty phenotype hypotheses. These hypotheses speculate that the early-life environment defines the capacity of the physiological functions and behavioral tendencies and that this change is permanent and impacts the fitness of the individual. These hypotheses also postulate there is a trade-off among organ systems and physiological functions when resources are insufficient. Published data on avian taxa show that some effects of developmental nutritional and thermal stressors are long lasting, such as the effects on body mass and birdsong. Although hypotheses on developmental stress are based on fitness components, data on reproduction and survival are scarce, making it difficult to determine which hypothesis these data support. Furthermore, most physiological and performance measures are collected only once; thus, the physiological mechanisms remain undertested. Here, we offer potential avenues of research to identify reasons behind the contrasting results in developmental stress research and possible ways to determine whether developmental programming due to stressors is beneficial or detrimental, including quantifying reproduction and survival in multiple environments, measuring temporal changes in physiological variables and testing for stress resistance later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Victoria Coutts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Farghly M, Mahrose K, Abougabal M, Taboosha M, Ali R. Early heat acclimation during incubation improves Japanese quail performance under summer conditions. Vet Res Commun 2021; 46:93-100. [PMID: 34537913 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Effects of exposing quail eggs to high temperature on the heat tolerance ability and productivity of birds were investigated. Four groups of 600 fertile eggs were randomly selected; the first group was incubated under 37.5 °C and the hatched chicks were reared under a gradual decrease in temperature from 35 to 24 °C (Control). The second group was exposed to 39.1 °C for 2 h/day during 4-14 days of embryogenesis and the hatched chicks were reared under a gradual decrease in temperature from 35 to 24 °C. The third group was incubated under 37.5 °C and the hatched chicks were exposed to 39 ± 1 °C for 2 h/day during 4-14 days of age. The fourth group was exposed to 39 ± 1 °C for 2 h during 4-14 days of embryogenesis and the hatched chicks were exposed to 39 ± 1 °C for 2 h/day during 4-14 days of age. The temperature applied changed (P < 0.01) embryo weight and incubation period. Birds exposed to high temperature during brooding had superior growth performance, dressed carcass, body temperature and health traits. Birds subjected to 39 ± 1 °C during brooding exhibited decreased feed consumption and body weight gain. Finally, this work suggests that thermal acclimation during embryogenesis might offer a practical method for easing heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Farghly
- Department of Poultry Production, Agriculture College, Asyut University, Asyut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Khalid Mahrose
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Technology and Development, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed Abougabal
- Department of Animal Production, Agriculture College, Al-Azher University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mossad Taboosha
- Department of Animal Production, Agriculture College, Al-Azher University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham Ali
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Agriculture and Natural Resources College, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
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Brannan K, Livingston M, Wall B, Livingston K, Jansen van Rensburg C. Embryonic thermal manipulation and dietary fat source during acute heat stress: 2. Effect on broiler carcass characteristics and breast muscle myopathies. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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26
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Yalcin S, Aksit M, Ozkan S, Hassanzadeh M, Bilgen G, Helva IB, Izzetoglu GT, Buyse J, Yılmaz MC. Effect of temperature manipulation during incubation on body weight, plasma parameters, muscle histology, and expression of myogenic genes in breast muscle of embryos and broiler chickens from two commercial strains. Br Poult Sci 2021; 63:21-30. [PMID: 34309443 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1958297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. This study evaluated the effect of a higher incubation temperature on body weight, plasma profile, histology and expression of myogenin (MYOG), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) genes in breast muscle of embryos and broilers from two commercial strains.2. A total of 784 eggs from Ross 308 and Cobb 500 broiler breeder flocks were used. Half of the eggs per strain were incubated at control temperature (37.8°C), whereas the other half were exposed to heat treatment (HT) of 38.8°C between embryonic day (ED) 10 and 14, for 6 h/day. Embryos and chicks were sampled on ED 19 and at hatch. A total of 480, one-day-old chicks per strain and incubation temperature were reared up to 42 d post-hatch.3. The HT increased hatch weight of Ross chicks and 42-d body weight of broilers from both strains. Lower plasma triacylglycerol levels were measured for HT embryos and broilers on ED 19 and 42 d post-hatch, respectively. HT reduced plasma T3 levels in Ross embryos and broilers for the same periods. Hepatic TBARS concentrations were elevated by HT compared to the control incubation.4. The HT reduced breast muscle VEGFA gene expression of Cobb embryos on ED 19, whereas expression was stimulated in day-old chicks. At 42 d post-hatch, fibre area was increased by HT regardless of strain. Compared to the control incubation, HT increased the breast yield of Ross broilers and leg yield of Cobb. Ross-HT broilers had a higher pH at 24 h after slaughter and better water holding capacity than Cobb-HT broilers.5. These results suggested that HT increased body weight, fibre area, IGF-I gene expression and lowered plasma triacylglycerol levels of broiler chickens from both strains at 42 d. However, HT influenced the expression of VEGF-A and MYOG genes and meat quality differently between the broiler strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yalcin
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - M Aksit
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - S Ozkan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - M Hassanzadeh
- Department of Poultry Health and Diseases, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - G Bilgen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - I B Helva
- Çine Vocational School, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - G T Izzetoglu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - J Buyse
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - M C Yılmaz
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Vitorino Carvalho A, Hennequet-Antier C, Brionne A, Crochet S, Jimenez J, Couroussé N, Collin A, Coustham V. Embryonic thermal manipulation impacts the postnatal transcriptome response of heat-challenged Japanese quails. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:488. [PMID: 34193035 PMCID: PMC8243606 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The thermal-manipulation (TM) during egg incubation is a cyclic exposure to hot or cold temperatures during embryogenesis that is associated to long-lasting effects on growth performance, physiology, metabolism and temperature tolerance in birds. An increase of the incubation temperature of Japanese quail eggs affected the embryonic and post-hatch survival, growth, surface temperatures and blood characteristics potentially related to thermoregulation capacities. To gain new insights in the molecular basis of TM in quails, we investigated by RNA-seq the hypothalamus transcriptome of 35 days-old male and female quails that were treated by TM or not (C, control) during embryogenesis and that were exposed (HC) or not (RT) to a 36 °C heat challenge for 7 h before sampling. Results For males, 76, 27, 47 and 0 genes were differentially expressed in the CHC vs. CRT, CRT vs. TMRT, TMHC vs. TMRT and CHC vs. TMHC comparisons, respectively. For females, 17, 0, 342 and 1 genes were differentially expressed within the same respective comparisons. Inter-individual variability of gene expression response was observed particularly when comparing RT and HC female animals. The differential expression of several genes was corroborated by RT-qPCR analysis. Gene Ontology functional analysis of the differentially expressed genes showed a prevalent enrichment of terms related to cellular responses to stimuli and gene expression regulation in both sexes. Gene Ontology terms related to the membrane transport, the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial functions as well as DNA metabolism and repair were also identified in specific comparisons and sexes. Conclusions TM had little to no effect on the regulation of gene expression in the hypothalamus of 35 days-old Japanese quails. However, the consequences of TM on gene expression were revealed by the HC, with sex-specific and common functions altered. The effects of the HC on gene expression were most prominent in TM females with a ~ 20-fold increase of the number of differentially expressed genes, suggesting that TM may enhance the gene response during challenging conditions in female quail hypothalamus. TM may also promote new cellular strategies in females to help coping to the adverse conditions as illustrated by the identification of differentially expressed genes related to the mitochondrial and heat-response functions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07832-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Vitorino Carvalho
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France.,IFCE, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Aurélien Brionne
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France.,INRAE, LPGP, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Sabine Crochet
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Anne Collin
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Vincent Coustham
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France. .,Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, INRAE, NUMEA, E2S UPPA, 64310, Saint- Pée-sur-Nivelle, France.
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Khaleel KE, Al-Zghoul MB, Saleh KMM. Molecular and morphometric changes in the small intestine during hot and cold exposure in thermally manipulated broiler chickens. Vet World 2021; 14:1511-1528. [PMID: 34316199 PMCID: PMC8304413 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1511-1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Thermal stress (hot or cold) is one of many environmental stressors that severely affects the health of broiler chickens. One negative effect of thermal stress is the disruption of the intestinal barrier function in broiler chickens. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of thermal manipulation (TM) on the small intestine in terms of histomorphometry as well as junctional, heat-shock, and immune response gene expression during post-hatch exposure to thermal stress. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted by dividing 928 fertile Ross eggs into three incubation groups: The control (C) group (incubated at 37.8°C and 56% relative humidity [RH] for the whole incubation period), the TM using low temperature TML group (incubated at 36°C and 56% RH for 18 h/day from embryonic days 7 to 16), and the TM using high temperature (TMH) group (incubated at 39°C and 65% RH for 18 h/day from embryonic days 7 to 16). On post-hatch day 21, 90 chicks were randomly selected from each incubation group and were equally subdivided into three subgroups for the post-hatch thermal stress experiment: The TN subgroup (room temperature maintained at 24°C), the heat stress (HS) subgroup (room temperature maintained at 35°C), and the cold stress (CS) subgroup (room temperature maintained at 16°C). After 1 day of thermal stress exposure (age 22 days), five birds from each subgroup were euthanized and ileum samples were collected to evaluate the transcription of the Claudin (CLDN1), CLDN-5, Occludin, Cadherin-1, heat shock factors (HSF1), HSF3, 70 kilodalton heat shock protein, 90 kilodalton heat shock protein, Interleukin6 (IL6), IL8, toll-like receptors-2 (TLR2), and TLR4 genes by Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Finally, after 4 and 7 days of thermal stress (age 25 and 28 days, respectively), nine chicks were euthanized, and their jejunum and ileum were collected for histomorphometric analysis. Results: After exposure to 1 day of thermal stress, the C subgroups exposed to thermal stress (HS and CS) possessed significantly increased expression of junctional, heat-shock, and immune response genes compared to the C-TN subgroup, and similar results were observed for the TMH. In contrast, thermally stressed TMH subgroups had significantly lower expression of the studied genes compared to C subgroups exposed to thermal stress. Furthermore, no significant changes were detected between the TML subgroups exposed to thermal stress and TML-TN. Moreover, significant alterations in villus height (VH), villus surface area, crypt depth (CD), and VH to CD ratio were observed between the TML, TMH, and C subgroups exposed to CS. Conclusion: It might be suggested that TM may have a protective impact on the small intestine histomorphometry and epithelial integrity of broilers during post-hatch exposure to thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleel Emad Khaleel
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Borhan Al-Zghoul
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
| | - Khaled Musa Mohammad Saleh
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Art, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
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Brannan K, Livingston K, Jansen van Rensburg C. Embryonic thermal manipulation and dietary fat source during acute heat stress: 1. effect on hatchability and broiler performance. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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30
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El-Shater SN, Rizk H, Abdelrahman HA, Awad MA, Khalifa EF, Khalil KM. Embryonic thermal manipulation of Japanese quail: effects on embryonic development, hatchability, and post-hatch performance. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:263. [PMID: 33864132 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic thermal manipulation led to several modifications in molecular, physiological, and biochemical parameters which affect pre- and post-hatch growth performance. The current study aims to elucidate the onset and long-term effects of intermittent thermal manipulations (TM) during two-time windows, early/late, of embryogenesis in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) on embryonic development, hatchability, muscle histogenesis, and post-hatch growth performance. Four groups were created; quail eggs in the control group were incubated at 37.7 °C and relative humidity (RH) 55%. Three thermally treated groups were incubated intermittently at 41 °C and 65% RH intermittently (3 h/day): early embryogenesis group (EE) was thermally treated during embryonic days (ED) 6-8, late embryogenesis group (LE) was thermally treated during (ED12-ED14), and early and late embryogenesis group (EL) was thermally manipulated in both time windows. Relative embryo weights in EL and EE were significantly lighter than those in LE and Ctrl groups. The hatched chicks were reared under optimal managemental conditions (three replicates per treatment). Average daily feed intake was recorded, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. Histological and quantitative analyses of muscle fibers were performed. The results revealed that TM led to significant hypertrophy of quail breast muscle in (EE). Intermittent short-term (3-6 h) thermal manipulation (39-40 °C) protocols during early embryogenesis (ED6-ED8) could be recommended to enhance muscle mass growth and breast muscle yield in the Japanese quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad N El-Shater
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Hamdy Rizk
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Hisham A Abdelrahman
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Awad
- Cytology and Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Elsayed F Khalifa
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Karim M Khalil
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
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Madkour M, Aboelenin MM, Aboelazab O, Elolimy AA, El-Azeem NA, El-Kholy MS, Alagawany M, Shourrap M. Hepatic expression responses of DNA methyltransferases, heat shock proteins, antioxidant enzymes, and NADPH 4 to early life thermal conditioning in broiler chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1890645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Madkour
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Osama Aboelazab
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Elolimy
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Mohamed S. El-Kholy
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shourrap
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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32
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Oviedo-Rondón EO, Velleman SG, Wineland MJ. The Role of Incubation Conditions in the Onset of Avian Myopathies. Front Physiol 2020; 11:545045. [PMID: 33041856 PMCID: PMC7530269 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.545045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
White striping, wooden breast, and spaghetti muscle have become common myopathies in broilers worldwide. Several research reports have indicated that the origin of these lesions is metabolic disorders. These failures in normal metabolism can start very early in life, and suboptimal incubation conditions may trigger some of the key alterations on muscle metabolism. Incubation conditions affect the development of muscle and can be associated with the onset of myopathies. A series of experiments conducted with broilers, turkeys, and ducks are discussed to overview primary information showing the main changes in breast muscle histomorphology, metabolism, and physiology caused by suboptimal incubation conditions. These modifications may be associated with current myopathies. Those effects of incubation on myopathy occurrence and severity have also been confirmed at slaughter age. The impact of egg storage, temperature profiles, oxygen concentrations, and time of hatch have been evaluated. The effects have been observed in diverse species, genetic lines, and both genders. Histological and muscle evaluations have detected that myopathies could be induced by extended hypoxia and high temperatures, and those effects depend on the genetic line. Thus, these modifications in muscle metabolic responses may make hatchlings more susceptible to develop myopathies during grow out due to thermal stress, high-density diets, and fast growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra G. Velleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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33
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Matos Júnior JB, Vicentini TI, Almeida AR, Morita VDS, Sgavioli S, Boleli IC. Hatching phase influences thermal preference of broilers throughout rearing. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235600. [PMID: 32628711 PMCID: PMC7337320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we aimed for the first time to analyse whether opposite hatching patterns associated or not to high incubation temperature from day 13 to hatching interferes with the thermal preference and response of broilers to heat stress throughout the rearing period. Fertile eggs from 56-week-old broiler breeders (Cobb-500®) were used in a completely randomized trial with a 2x2 factorial arrangement (Short-Long and Long-Short hatching patterns: short time interval between internal and external pipping followed by long time interval between external pipping and hatching, and long time interval between internal and external pipping followed by short time interval between external pipping and hatching, respectively; and control and high incubation temperatures: 37.5°C and 39°C from the 13rd day, respectively). Thermal manipulation from day 13 was chosen because it is known endocrine axes are already established at this time. At hatching, male chicks were reared in climatical chamber with 16 boxes, maintained at the temperature recommended for this strain, with 4 replicates of 18 chicks per treatment. Broilers with Long-Short hatching pattern and from eggs incubation at 37.5°C preferred the lowest ambient temperature at all analyzed ages, whereas broilers with Short-Long hatching pattern and from eggs incubated at 39°C preferred the highest temperatures from 21 days of age. Heat-exposed broilers showed increased respiratory frequency in all ages analyzed, which should have to contributed to maintainance of their rectal (body) temperature. The hatching patterns did not influence the feed intake, but broilers with Short-Long hatching pattern had better feed conversion, weight gain, and body weight. High incubation temperature reduced the feed consumption, as well as the weight gain and body weight by worsening the feed conversion. The results of this study reveal that hatching patterns associated or not to high incubation temperature influence the broiler thermal preference and heat response throughout the rearing period. Chicks with Long-Short and Short-Long hatching patterns should be reared separately, although this is not practical within a hatcher.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamiris Iara Vicentini
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayla Rosa Almeida
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane de Souza Morita
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Isabel Cristina Boleli
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Nyuiadzi D, Berri C, Dusart L, Travel A, Méda B, Bouvarel I, Guilloteau LA, Chartrin P, Coustham V, Praud C, Le Bihan-Duval E, Tona JK, Collin A. Short cold exposures during incubation and postnatal cold temperature affect performance, breast meat quality, and welfare parameters in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:857-868. [PMID: 32029166 PMCID: PMC7587810 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold stimulations during egg incubation were reported to limit the occurrence of ascites in broilers subjected to cold temperature after 14 d of age. However, data are lacking on the impacts of such strategy in case of cold temperature conditions at start. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of incubation and posthatch cold challenge on performance, breast muscle integrity, and meat processing quality in broiler chickens. Ross 308 eggs were incubated under control temperature (I0, 37.6°C) or subjected to 15°C during 30 min on day 18 and 19 of incubation (I1). Chicks from each group were reared in floor pens either at standard rearing temperature (T0), from 32°C at 0 d to 21°C at 21 d of age, or exposed to colder rearing temperature (T1), from 29°C at 0 to 21°C at 21 d of age. All birds were then kept at 21°C until slaughter (day 40), when body weights (BW), feed conversion ratio (FCR), breast muscle yield, meat processing quality, and the occurrences of meat defects, hock burns, and pododermatitis were recorded. No significant impact of incubation conditions on hatchability was observed. At day 40, BW was more under T1 than under T0 conditions, with T0 females (but not males) presenting more BW after I1 than after I0 conditions. In the whole period, T1 chickens presented lower FCR than T0 chickens and higher breast meat yields at day 40. The occurrence of white striping was more in I1T1 males than in all other groups, except for the I0T1 males. Hock burns were more frequent in I1T1 males than in all females and I0T0 males, whereas the occurrence of pododermatitis was lower in T0 males than in other groups. Despite some positive effects of I1 incubation on growth after starting under low ambient temperature, this study reveals the limits of such strategy concerning chicken health and welfare, demonstrating that early thermal environment is a major component of the quality and sustainability of chicken meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nyuiadzi
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France; Centre d'Excellence Régional sur les Sciences Aviaires (CERSA), Université de Lomé, B.P. 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | - C Berri
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - L Dusart
- Institut Technique de l'Aviculture, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - A Travel
- Institut Technique de l'Aviculture, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - B Méda
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - I Bouvarel
- Institut Technique de l'Aviculture, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - P Chartrin
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - V Coustham
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - C Praud
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | - J K Tona
- Centre d'Excellence Régional sur les Sciences Aviaires (CERSA), Université de Lomé, B.P. 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | - A Collin
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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35
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Tarkhan AH, Saleh KMM, Al-Zghoul MB. HSF3 and Hsp70 Expression during Post-Hatch Cold Stress in Broiler Chickens Subjected to Embryonic Thermal Manipulation. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020049. [PMID: 32331280 PMCID: PMC7356021 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of selective breeding for commercial purposes have rendered the broiler chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) highly susceptible to heat and cold stress. A multitude of studies have documented the effects of thermal manipulation (TM) on broiler thermotolerance during periods of post-hatch heat stress, but very few have focused on the effect of TM on a broiler’s ability to withstand cold stress. Therefore, the primary objective of the current study is to determine the effects of TM on the acquisition of thermotolerance in broilers via their expression of the stress-associated 70 kilodalton heat shock protein (Hsp70) gene and heat shock factor 3 (HSF3) gene. Briefly, Hubbard broiler embryos were subject to TM by increasing the incubation temperature to 39 °C and 65% relative humidity (RH) for 18 h daily, from embryonic days (ED) 10 to 18. Broilers were then exposed to cold stress by decreasing the room temperature to 16 °C during post-hatch days 32 to 37. After thermal challenge, broilers were euthanized and hepatic and splenic tissues were collected. Our results showed that TM decreased the hatchability rate and body temperature but improved the body weight gain. TM generally decreased the hepatic expression but did not change the splenic expression of HSF3 during cold stress. In contrast, both hepatic and splenic Hsp70 expression decreased during cold stress. The results of the present study may suggest that TM significantly affects a broiler’s genetic response to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amneh H. Tarkhan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (A.H.T.); (K.M.M.S.)
| | - Khaled M. M. Saleh
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (A.H.T.); (K.M.M.S.)
| | - Mohammad Borhan Al-Zghoul
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +962-790-340-114
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Halevy O. Timing Is Everything-The High Sensitivity of Avian Satellite Cells to Thermal Conditions During Embryonic and Posthatch Periods. Front Physiol 2020; 11:235. [PMID: 32300304 PMCID: PMC7145400 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofiber formation is essentially complete at hatch, but myofiber hypertrophy increases posthatch through the assimilation of satellite cell nuclei into myofibers. Satellite cell proliferation and differentiation occur during the early growth phase, which in meat-type poultry terminates at around 8 days posthatch. Thus, any factor that affects the accumulation of satellite cells during late-term embryogenesis or early posthatch will dictate long-term muscle growth. This review will focus on the intimate relationship between thermal conditions during chick embryogenesis and the early posthatch period, and satellite cell myogenesis and pectoralis growth and development. Satellite cells are highly sensitive to temperature changes, particularly when those changes occur during crucial periods of their myogenic activity. Therefore, timing, temperature, and duration of thermal treatments have a great impact on satellite cell activity and fate, affecting muscle development and growth in the long run. Short and mild thermal manipulations during embryogenesis or thermal conditioning in the early posthatch period promote myogenic cell proliferation and differentiation, and have long-term promotive effects on muscle growth. However, chronic heat stress during the first 2 weeks of life has adverse effects on these parameters and may lead to muscle myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Halevy
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Embryonic thermal manipulation has short and long-term effects on the development and the physiology of the Japanese quail. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227700. [PMID: 31971994 PMCID: PMC6977749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the embryonic environment is known to affect the development and the health of individuals. In broiler chickens, the thermal-manipulation (TM) of eggs during the incubation period was shown to improve heat tolerance at slaughter age (35 days of age) in association with several modifications at the molecular, metabolic and physiological levels. However, little is known about the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), a closely related avian species widely used as a laboratory animal model and farmed for its meat and eggs. Here we developed and characterized a TM procedure (39.5°C and 65% relative humidity, 12 h/d, from days 0 to 13 of incubation) in quails by analyzing its short and long-term effects on zootechnical, physiological and metabolic parameters. Heat-tolerance was tested by a heat challenge (36°C for 7h) at 35 days of age. TM significantly reduced the hatching rate of the animals and increased mortality during the first four weeks of life. At hatching, TM animals were heavier than controls, but lighter at 25 days of age for both sexes. Thirty-five days after hatching, TM decreased the surface temperature of the shank in females, suggesting a modulation of the blood flow to maintain the internal temperature. TM also increased blood partial pressure and oxygen saturation percentage at 35 days of age in females, suggesting a long-term modulation of the respiration physiology. Quails physiologically responded to the heat challenge, with a modification of several hematologic and metabolic parameters, including an increase in plasma corticosterone concentration. Several physiological parameters such as beak surface temperature and blood sodium concentration revealed that TM birds responded differently to the heat challenge compared to controls. Altogether, this first comprehensive characterization of TM in Japanese quail showed durable effects that may affect the response of TM quails to heat.
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Saleh KMM, Tarkhan AH, Al-Zghoul MB. Embryonic Thermal Manipulation Affects the Antioxidant Response to Post-Hatch Thermal Exposure in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010126. [PMID: 31941014 PMCID: PMC7022970 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The broiler chicken is one of the most important livestock species in the world, as it occupies a major role in the modern human diet. Due to uneven artificial selection pressures, the broiler has increased in size over the past few decades at the expense of its ability to withstand oxidative damage, the latter of which is often a byproduct of thermal stress. In order to attenuate the effects of heat stress, thermal manipulation (TM), which involves changes in incubation temperature at certain points of embryonic development, is increasingly being presented as a way in which to improve broiler thermotolerance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate how TM might affect broiler response to post-hatch thermal stress in the context of the genes that help combat oxidative damage, namely the catalase, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) genes. Expression of all three aforementioned genes differed significantly between TM and control chickens after exposure to cold and heat stress. Conclusively, TM may act as a viable mode of preventative treatment for broilers at risk of thermally induced oxidative stress. Abstract Thermal stress is a major source of oxidative damage in the broiler chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) due to the latter’s impaired metabolic function. While heat stress has been extensively studied in broilers, the effects of cold stress on broiler physiologic and oxidative function are still relatively unknown. The present study aimed to understand how thermal manipulation (TM) might affect a broiler’s oxidative response to post-hatch thermal stress in terms of the mRNA expression of the catalase, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) genes. During embryonic days 10 to 18, TM was carried out by raising the temperature to 39 °C at 65% relative humidity for 18 h/day. To induce heat stress, room temperature was raised from 21 to 35 °C during post-hatch days (PD) 28 to 35, while cold stress was induced during PD 32 to 37 by lowering the room temperature from 21 to 16 °C. At the end of the thermal stress periods, a number of chickens were euthanized to extract hepatic and splenic tissue from the heat-stressed group and cardiac, hepatic, muscular, and splenic tissue from the cold-stressed group. Catalase, NOX4, and SOD2 expression in the heart, liver, and spleen were decreased in TM chickens compared to controls after both cold and heat stress. In contrast, the expression levels of these genes in the breast muscles of the TM group were increased or not affected. Moreover, TM chicks possessed an increased body weight (BW) and decreased cloacal temperature (TC) compared to controls on PD 37. In addition, TM led to increased BW and lower TC after both cold and heat stress. Conclusively, our findings suggest that TM has a significant effect on the oxidative function of thermally stressed broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M. M. Saleh
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (K.M.M.S.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Amneh H. Tarkhan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (K.M.M.S.); (A.H.T.)
| | - Mohammad Borhan Al-Zghoul
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +962-79034-0114
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Al-Zghoul MB, Alliftawi ARS, Saleh KMM, Jaradat ZW. Expression of digestive enzyme and intestinal transporter genes during chronic heat stress in the thermally manipulated broiler chicken. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4113-4122. [PMID: 31065718 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress has a serious impact on nutrient digestion and absorption in broiler chickens. This study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic heat stress (CHS) on the mRNA expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporter genes in thermally manipulated (TM) broiler chickens. The evaluated genes encompassed pancreatic lipase, trypsin, amylase, maltase, and alkaline phosphatase as well as certain glucose transporter (GLUT2, SGLT1), amino acid transporter (y+LAT1, CAT1), and fatty acid transporter (FABP1, CD36) genes in the jejunal mucosa. Thermal manipulation was carried out at 39°C and 65% relative humidity for 18 h daily from embryonic days (ED) 10-18, while CHS was induced by raising the temperature to 35°C for 7 D throughout post-hatch days 28 to 35. After 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 D of CHS, the pancreas and jejunal mucosa were collected from the control and TM groups to evaluate the mRNA expression by relative-quantitative real-time qRT-qPCR. Thermal manipulation significantly decreased the cloacal temperature (Tc) and the hatchling weight, and improved weight gain in broilers during post-hatch life and CHS. In addition, TM decreased the mortality rate during CHS. During CHS, the mRNA expression levels of SGLT1, GLUT2, FABP1, and trypsin were significantly decreased after 1 D in control chickens, and this lower expression persisted until day 7, after which it further decreased. In contrast, in TM chickens, SGLT1, GLUT2, and FABP1 expression decreased after 3, 5, and 7 D of CHS, respectively, while no significant change in trypsin expression was observed throughout the CHS period. Moreover, it was found that TM significantly modulated the mRNA expression dynamics of CD36, alkaline phosphatase, y+LAT1, CAT1, lipase, amylase, and maltase during CHS exposure. The findings of this study suggest that, in broiler chickens, TM has a long-lasting impact on nutrient digestion and absorption capabilities as well as Tc, mortality rates, and BW during CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Borhan Al-Zghoul
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Aseel Ra'ed Said Alliftawi
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Art, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Khaled Musa Mohammad Saleh
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Art, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ziad Waheed Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Art, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Nideou D, N`nanle O, Kouame Y, Chrysostom C, Gbeassor M, Decuypere E, Tona K. Effect of High Temperature During First and Second Halves of Incubation on Layer Chicken Embryo Physiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2019.626.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Effect of Acute Heat Stress on the mRNA Levels of Cytokines in Broiler Chickens Subjected to Embryonic Thermal Manipulation. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080499. [PMID: 31362400 PMCID: PMC6719976 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Heat stress affects animal husbandry by impeding the health and production of livestock and leads to commercial losses during the hot summer season. The broiler chicken is one variety of poultry that is bred and reared for commercial meat production, but exposing this breed to high environmental temperatures causes immunosuppression. To improve heat stress tolerance in broilers, thermal manipulation (TM), a process which involves timed changes in incubation temperature during embryonic development, has been suggested as a way to enhance thermotolerance acquisition and immune response. Cytokines are small extracellular signaling peptides with critical roles in immunity by enabling cell communication during immunological development and an immune response. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of TM during broiler chicken embryonic development on splenic mRNA levels of the Interferon-α (IFN-α), Interferon- β (IFN-β), Interferon- γ (IFN-γ), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Interleukin-15 (IL-15), Interleukin-16 (IL-16), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), and Interleukin-18 (IL-18) genes during acute heat stress (AHS). Our findings suggest that TM has a long-term effect on cytokine expression dynamics during AHS. Consequently, TM may improve heat tolerance acquisition by increasing the expression of signaling proteins important to tissue stability as well as to repair mechanisms that are employed during and/or after heat stress recovery. Abstract Heat stress significantly impacts the immunity and cytokine expression of chickens. However, the effects of embryonic thermal manipulation (TM) on cytokine expression in broiler chickens (broilers) is unclear. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of TM on the splenic mRNA expression dynamics of certain cytokines—namely, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-8, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, and IL-18—in broilers during subsequent exposure to acute heat stress (AHS). TM was performed by elevating the incubation temperature to 39 °C at 65% relative humidity (RH) for 18 h daily during embryonic days (ED) 10–18. On post-hatch day 28, AHS was carried out for 7 h at 40 °C. At 0 h and after 1, 3, 5, and 7 h of AHS, splenic tissues were collected from all study groups to evaluate mRNA expression by relative-quantitative real-time (RT)-PCR. Plasma was collected to measure IL-4, IL-8, and IFN-γ levels. At 0 h, TM significantly reduced the basal mRNA level of IFN-β and the plasma level of IFN-γ and IL-8. Moreover, AHS significantly decreased IFN-β in control chicks, decreased IL-4 in both TM and control chicks, and increased IFN-γ and IL-16 in TM chicks. IFN-α, IL-8, IL-15, IL-17, and IL-18 expression all significantly increased during AHS in both TM and control chicks, but expression dynamics were improved in TM chicks for all cytokines (except IL-17). AHS resulted in increased plasma IFN-γ levels in TM chicks only, and increased IL-8 levels at 3 and 5 h of AHS in TM chicks, but at 7 h in control chicks. Lastly, 3 h of AHS increased IL-4 plasma levels in control chicks. The results of this study may indicate that TM has a long-term effect on cytokine expression dynamics of broilers, especially during AHS. Therefore, TM may improve heat tolerance acquisition by increasing the expression of signaling proteins important to tissue stability and to repair mechanisms that are employed during and/or after heat stress recovery.
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Belnap SC, Currea JP, Lickliter R. Prenatal incubation temperature affects neonatal precocial birds' locomotor behavior. Physiol Behav 2019; 206:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Al-Zghoul MB, Saleh KM, Ababneh MMK. Effects of pre-hatch thermal manipulation and post-hatch acute heat stress on the mRNA expression of interleukin-6 and genes involved in its induction pathways in 2 broiler chicken breeds. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1805-1819. [PMID: 30365012 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to heat stress, interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression is upregulated in broiler chickens. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the cumulative effects of thermal manipulation (TM) and subsequent acute heat stress (AHS) on the mRNA expression of IL-6 and genes involved in its induction pathways. The studied genes include IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, TLR2, TLR4, NFκB50, NFκB65, Hsp70, and HSF3 in the spleen and liver tissues. TM was carried out at 39°C for 18 h and 65% relative humidity during days 10 to 18 of embryonic development, while AHS was stimulated by raising the temperature to 40°C for 7 h on post-hatch day 28. During AHS at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 h, the spleen and liver were collected from all groups to measure the mRNA expression by relative-quantitation real-time RT-PCR, and the blood was collected to measure plasma IL-6 level. TM significantly reduced Tc during AHS for both breeds from 1 to 7 h time intervals. TM resulted in enhanced basal mRNA expression of IL-6, HSF3, and Hsp70, but decreased the basal mRNA level of TLR4. During heat stress, TM enhanced the expression dynamics of Hsp70, HSF3, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, TLR2, TLR4, NFκB50, and NFκB65. The results of the current study indicate that TM enhanced the heat tolerance through improving the protective immunological response to heat stress by enhancing the expression of IL-6 and modulating the expression of genes important in its induction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khaled Musa Saleh
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Art, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110
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Al-Zghoul MB, El-Bahr SM. Basal and dynamics mRNA expression of muscular HSP108, HSP90, HSF-1 and HSF-2 in thermally manipulated broilers during embryogenesis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:83. [PMID: 30849975 PMCID: PMC6408791 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limited data are available about the kinetics of mRNA expressions of Heat shock proteins (HSPs) and heat shock factors (HSFs) in the thermally manipulated (TM) broiler chicks during acute heat stress. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate effects of thermal manipulation (TM) of broiler chicken during embryonic days (ED) 12–18 on the basal and dynamics mRNA expression of heat shock proteins (HSP108 and HSP90) and heat shock factors (HSF-1 and HSF-2) in the muscle tissue during late embryogenesis, first week of life and during heat stress (HS) on post-hatch days 14 and 28. One thousand and five hundred fertile Ross 315 broiler eggs were randomly allocated to five groups: control group (37.8 °C), TM1 (38.5 °C for 18 h), TM2 (39 °C for 18 h), TM3 (39.5 °C for 18 h) and TM4 (40 °C for 18 h). Chicks from each treatment group were then randomly sub-divided into two further treatment groups, naïve and thermal challenged (TC). On post-hatch days 14 and 28, thirty chicks from each TC group were subjected to heat stress (41 °C for 6 h), while naïve chicks of each group (n = 30) were kept under regular conditions. The response of chicks to heat stress was investigated by evaluating the change in mRNA expressions of HSP108, HSP90, HSF-1 and HSF-2 in muscle tissue after 1, 3 and 5 h of heat stress. Results When compared to the control group, TM resulted in significant increases in the basal mRNA expression of HSPs and HSFs during embryogenesis and altered their dynamic expressions in the muscle tissue after heat stress on post-hatch days 14 and 28. Conclusion the current study indicated short- and long-term enhancement of HSPs and HSFs gene expression which was associated with acquisition of improved thermotolerance in thermally manipulated chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Borhan Al-Zghoul
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Sabry Mohamed El-Bahr
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Hufof, 31982, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Al-Zghoul MB, Sukker H, Ababneh MM. Effect of thermal manipulation of broilers embryos on the response to heat-induced oxidative stress. Poult Sci 2019; 98:991-1001. [PMID: 30137537 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of embryonic thermal manipulation (TM) on mRNA expressional levels and total antioxidant capacity of genes associated with heat-induced oxidative stress (NOX4, GpX2, SOD2, catalase, and AvUCP) in 2 breeds of broiler chicken were investigated. Fertile Cobb and Hubbard eggs (n = 1,200) were divided into 4 treatment groups: Cobb control, Cobb TM, Hubbard control, and Hubbard TM. Control groups were maintained under standard conditions (37.8°C; 56% relative humidity), whereas TM groups were incubated at 39°C and 65% relative humidity for 18 h a day from embryonic days (ED) 10 to 18. On post-hatch day 28, the broilers were subject to acute heat stress (AHS) at 40°C for 7 h. At certain intervals (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 h), 12 chickens from each of the 4 groups were humanely euthanized, and liver samples were immediately isolated. During AHS, in both breeds, the mRNA expression levels of NOX4, GPx2, SOD2, and catalase in TM chickens were significantly lower than in controls, but AvUCP mRNA expression in the TM group was higher. The total antioxidant capacity and activity of superoxidase dismutase and catalase were significantly lower in the TM than in the control group in both breeds. The results of this study suggest that TM has a long-lasting effect on the acquisition of thermotolerance in 2 broiler chicken breeds as indicated by the reduction of system genes associated with heat-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Al-Zghoul
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - H Sukker
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - M M Ababneh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Shanmugasundaram R, Wick M, Lilburn MS. Effect of embryonic thermal manipulation on heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression and subsequent immune response to post-hatch lipopolysaccharide challenge in Pekin ducklings. Poult Sci 2019; 98:722-733. [PMID: 30285148 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of multi-stage incubation, small locational differences in incubation temperature within a machine are not uncommon and so the goal of this study was to study the immune response of ducklings exposed to thermal manipulation during incubation. Commercial Pekin duck eggs (n = 200) were distributed among four treatment: SS-Control (37.5°C from embryonic day [ED] 1 to 25); SS-LPS (37.5°C from ED1 to 25 + LPS at D0 [hatch]); HH-LPS (38°C from ED1 to 25+ LPS at D0); SH-LPS (37.5°C from ED1 to 10 and 38°C from ED 11 to 25 + LPS at D0). At D0, ducklings received a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. At D1 and D5, the HH-LPS treatment significantly reduced body weight (P ≤ 0.05). At D1 and D3 post-LPS injection, the SH-LPS and HH-LPS treatments significantly reduced splenic and bursal heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), mRNA abundance, and macrophage nitric oxide production compared with the SS-LPS treatment (P ≤ 0.05). At D1, the HH-LPS and SH-LPS treatments had increased splenic IL-10 mRNA and lower MHC I mRNA compared with the SS-LPS treatment (P ≤ 0.05). At D1, the HH-LPS treatment increased splenic IL-6 mRNA and bursal IFNγ mRNA transcription while the SH-LPS treatment reduced splenic IL-6 mRNA compared with the SS-LPS treatment (P ≤ 0.05). The HH-LPS treatment reduced thymocyte proliferation efficiency, while at D1, D3, and D5, the SH-LPS treatment increased thymocyte proliferation efficiency compared with the SS-LPS treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Ducklings in the HH-LPS treatment had a higher splenic CD8+/CD4+ ratio compared to the SS-LPS treatment at D3 post-LPS injection (P ≤ 0.05). In summary, the HH-LPS treatment compromised immunocompetence via decreased NO production and thymocyte proliferation efficiency, while the SH-LPS treatment increased body weight and thymocyte proliferation and reduced IL-6 mRNA abundance. This suggests that an embryonic temperature stress during the latter half of incubation may prime the immune system which may be beneficial during secondary post-hatch inflammatory challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, United States of America
| | - M Wick
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, United States of America
| | - M S Lilburn
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, United States of America
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