Effect of intraplaque angiogenesis to atherosclerotic rupture-prone plaque induced by high shear stress in rabbit model

Multidimensional excavation of the current status and trends of mechanobiology in cardiovascular homeostasis and remodeling within 20 years

Mechanobiology is essential for cardiovascular structure and function and regulates the normal physiological and pathological processes of the cardiovascular system. Cells in the cardiovascular system are extremely sensitive to their mechanical environment, and once mechanical stimulation is abnormal, the homeostasis mechanism is damaged or lost, leading to the occurrence of pathological remodeling diseases. In the past 20 years, many articles concerning the mechanobiology of cardiovascular homeostasis and remodeling have been published. To better understand the current development status, research hotspots and future development trends in the field, this paper uses CiteSpace software for bibliometric analysis, quantifies and visualizes the articles published in this field in the past 20 years, and reviews the research hotspots and emerging trends. The regulatory effects of mechanical stimulation on the biological behavior of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and the extracellular matrix, as well as the mechanical-related remodeling mechanism in heart failure, have always been research hotspots in this field. This paper reviews the research advances of these research hotspots in detail. This paper also introduces the research status of emerging hotspots, such as those related to cardiac fibrosis, homeostasis, mechanosensitive transcription factors and mechanosensitive ion channels. We hope to provide a systematic framework and new ideas for follow-up research on mechanobiology in the field of cardiovascular homeostasis and remodeling and promote the discovery of more therapeutic targets and novel markers of mechanobiology in the cardiovascular system.

Angiogenesis within atherosclerotic plaques: Mechanical regulation, molecular mechanism and clinical diagnosis

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a disease characterized by focal cholesterol accumulation and insoluble inflammation in arterial intima, leading to the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque consisting of lipids, cells, and fibrous matrix. The presence of plaque can restrict or obstruct blood flow, resulting in arterial stenosis and local mechanical microenvironment changes including flow shear stress, vascular matrix stiffness, and plaque structural stress. Neovascularization within the atherosclerotic plaque plays a crucial role in both plaque growth and destabilization, potentially leading to plaque rupture and fatal embolism. However, the exact interactions between neovessels and plaque remain unclear. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the origin of intraplaque neovessels, the contributing factors, underlying molecular mechanisms, and associated signaling pathways. We specifically emphasize the role of mechanical factors contributing to angiogenesis in atherosclerotic plaques. Additionally, we summarize the imaging techniques and therapeutic strategies for intraplaque neovessels to enhance our understanding of this field.

Predicting vulnerable carotid plaques by detecting wall shear stress based on ultrasonic vector flow imaging

OBJECTIVE

Carotid plaque vulnerability is a significant factor in the risk of cardiocerebrovascular events, with intraplaque neovascularization (IPN) being a crucial characteristic of plaque vulnerability. This study investigates the value of ultrasound vector flow imaging (V-flow) for measuring carotid plaque wall shear stress (WSS) in predicting the extent of IPN.

METHODS

We enrolled 140 patients into three groups: 53 in the plaque group (72 plaques), 23 in the stenosis group (27 plaques), and 64 in the control group. V-flow was used to measure WSS parameters, including the average WSS (WSS mean) and the maximum WSS (WSS max), across three plaque locations: mid-upstream, maximum thickness, and mid-downstream. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination was used in 76 patients to analyze IPN and its correlation with WSS parameters.

RESULTS

WSS max in the stenosis group was significantly higher than that in the control and plaque groups at the maximum thickness part (P < .05) and WSS mean in the stenosis group was significantly lower than that in the control group at the mid-upstream and mid-downstream segments (P < .05). WSS mean in the plaque group was significantly lower than that of the control group at all three locations (P < .05). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination revealed that plaques with neovascularization enhancement exhibited significantly higher WSS values (P < .05), with a positive correlation between WSS parameters and IPN enhancement grades, particularly WSS max at the thickest part (r = 0.508). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of WSS parameters for evaluating IPN showed that the efficacy of WSS max in evaluating IPN was better than that of WSS mean (P < .05), with an area under the curve of 0.7762 and 0.6973 (95% confidence intervals, 0.725-0.822 and 0.642-0.749, respectively). The cut-offs were 4.57 Pa and 1.12 Pa, sensitivities were 74.03% and 63.64%, and specificities were 75.00% and 68.18%.

CONCLUSIONS

V-flow effectively measures WSS in carotid plaques. WSS max provides a promising metric for assessing IPN, offering potential insights into plaque characteristics and showing some potential in predicting plaque vulnerability.

Advances in treatment strategies based on scavenging reactive oxygen species of nanoparticles for atherosclerosis

The development of atherosclerosis (AS) is closely linked to changes in the plaque microenvironment, which consists primarily of the cells that form plaque and the associated factors they secrete. The onset of inflammation, lipid deposition, and various pathological changes in cellular metabolism that accompany the plaque microenvironment will promote the development of AS. Numerous studies have shown that oxidative stress is an important condition that promotes AS. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is oxidative stress's most important pathological change. In turn, the effects of ROS on the plaque microenvironment are complex and varied, and these effects are ultimately reflected in the promotion or inhibition of AS. This article reviews the effects of ROS on the microenvironment of atherosclerotic plaques and their impact on disease progression over the past five years and focuses on the progress of treatment strategies based on scavenging ROS of nanoparticles for AS. Finally, we also discuss the prospects and challenges of AS treatment.

Temporal-spatial low shear stress induces heterogenous distribution of hematopoietic stem cell budding in zebrafish

Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) originate from endothelial cells (ECs) localized on the ventral side of the dorsal aorta (DA), and hemodynamic parameters may suffer sharp changes in DA at HSPCs development stage for intersegmental vessel formation. However, the temporal-spatial shear stress parameters and biomechanics mechanisms of HSPC budding remain unknown. Here, we found that the hematopoietic endothelium (HE) in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros was heterogeneous; that is, HEs were mainly distributed at the ventral side of the vascular bifurcation in zebrafish embryos, which was found to show low shear stress (LSS) through numerical simulation analysis. Furthermore, HSPCs localized in the posterior somite of aorta-gonad-mesonephros with slow velocity. On the temporal scale, there was a slow velocity and LSS during HE budding from 36 h post-fertilization and decreased shear stress with drug expanded HSPC numbers. Mechanistically, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and macrophage chemotaxis were significantly increased in HEs by RNA-seq. After treatment with an MMP13 inhibitor, HSPCs were significantly reduced in both the aorta-gonad-mesonephros and caudal hematopoietic tissue in embryos. Our results show that HSPC budding is heterogeneous, and the mechanism is that physiological LSS controls the emergence of HSPCs by promoting the accumulation of macrophages and subsequent MMP expression.

Modulation of Adhesion Process, E-Selectin and VEGF Production by Anthocyanins and Their Metabolites in an in vitro Model of Atherosclerosis

The present study aims to evaluate the ability of peonidin and petunidin-3-glucoside (Peo-3-glc and Pet-3-glc) and their metabolites (vanillic acid; VA and methyl-gallic acid; MetGA), to prevent monocyte (THP-1) adhesion to endothelial cells (HUVECs), and to reduce the production of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, E-selectin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a stimulated pro-inflammatory environment, a pivotal step of atherogenesis. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; 100 ng mL-1) was used to stimulate the adhesion of labelled monocytes (THP-1) to endothelial cells (HUVECs). Successively, different concentrations of Peo-3-glc and Pet-3-glc (0.02 µM, 0.2 µM, 2 µM and 20 µM), VA and MetGA (0.05 µM, 0.5 µM, 5 µM and 50 µM) were tested. After 24 h, VCAM-1, E-selectin and VEGF were quantified by ELISA, while the adhesion process was measured spectrophotometrically. Peo-3-glc and Pet-3-glc (from 0.02 µM to 20 µM) significantly (p < 0.0001) decreased THP-1 adhesion to HUVECs at all concentrations (-37%, -24%, -30% and -47% for Peo-3-glc; -37%, -33%, -33% and -45% for Pet-3-glc). VA, but not MetGA, reduced the adhesion process at 50 µM (-21%; p < 0.001). At the same concentrations, a significant (p < 0.0001) reduction of E-selectin, but not VCAM-1, was documented. In addition, anthocyanins and their metabolites significantly decreased (p < 0.001) VEGF production. The present findings suggest that while Peo-3-glc and Pet-3-glc (but not their metabolites) reduced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells through suppression of E-selectin production, VEGF production was reduced by both anthocyanins and their metabolites, suggesting a role in the regulation of angiogenesis.

The interplay of signaling pathway in endothelial cells-matrix stiffness dependency with targeted-therapeutic drugs

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been one of the major causes of human deaths in the world. The study of CVDs has focused on cell chemotaxis for decades. With the advances in mechanobiology, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the influence of mechanical stimuli on arterial pathophysiology and endothelial dysfunction that is a hallmark of atherosclerosis development. An increasing number of drugs have been exploited to decrease the stiffness of vascular tissue for CVDs therapy. However, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be explored. This review aims to summarize how matrix stiffness mediates atherogenesis through various important signaling pathways in endothelial cells and cellular mechanophenotype, including RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Hippo pathways. We also highlight the roles of putative mechanosensitive non-coding RNAs in matrix stiffness-mediated atherogenesis. Finally, we describe the usage of tunable hydrogel and its future strategy to improve our knowledge underlying matrix stiffness-mediated CVDs mechanism.

Advanced drug-delivery systems: mechanoresponsive nanoplatforms applicable in atherosclerosis management

Nanoplatforms have been used extensively as advanced carriers to enhance the effectiveness of drug delivery, mostly through passive aggregation provided by the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Mechanical stimuli provide a robust strategy to bolster drug delivery performance by increasing the accumulation of nanoplatforms at the lesion sites, facilitating on-demand cargo release and providing theranostic aims. In this review, we focus on recent advances of mechanoresponsive nanoplatforms that can accomplish targeted drug delivery, and subsequent drug release, under specific stimuli, either endogenous (shear stress) or exogenous (magnetic field and ultrasound), to synergistically combat atherosclerosis at the molecular level.

Shear-Sensitive lncRNA AF131217.1 Inhibits Inflammation in HUVECs via Regulation of KLF4

Atherosclerosis is one of the most common vascular diseases, and inflammation participates in all stages of its progression. Laminar shear stress protects arteries from atherosclerosis and reduces endothelial inflammation. Long noncoding RNAs have emerged as critical regulators in many diseases, including atherosclerosis. However, the expression and functions of long noncoding RNAs subjected to laminar shear stress in endothelial cells remain unclear. This study aimed to reveal the mechanism by which shear stress-regulated long noncoding RNAs contribute to anti-inflammation. In this study, we identified a novel long noncoding RNA AF131217.1, which was upregulated after laminar shear stress treatment in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Knockdown of AF131217.1 inhibited flow-mediated reduction of monocyte adhesion VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) expression and inhibited flow-mediated enhancement of flow-responsive expression of KLF (Kruppel-like factor) 2 and eNOS (endothelial NO synthase). Furthermore, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) was used to induce an inflammatory response in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Knockdown of AF131217.1 promoted ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, as well as changes in monocyte adhesion and KLF2 and eNOS expression induced by TNF-α. Mechanistic investigations indicated that AF131217.1 acted as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-128-3p, leading to regulation of its target gene KLF4. In conclusion, our study demonstrates for the first time that laminar shear stress regulates the expression of AF131217.1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and the AF131217.1/miR-128-3p/KLF4 axis plays a vital role in atherosclerosis development.

Associations between local haemodynamics and carotid intraplaque haemorrhage with different stenosis severities: A preliminary study based on MRI and CFD

The relationship between carotid blood flow and carotid intraplaque haemorrhage (IPH) is not fully understood. This study was to investigate the relationship between local haemodynamics and carotid plaques with IPH associated with severe artery stenosis. Fifty-nine patients with carotid atherosclerosis were enrolled in this study and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement. IPH and non-IPH compositions were differentiated based on plaque sequences. Haemodynamic simulations were performed by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). All the carotids were categorised into IPH and non-IPH groups. In each group, the artery stenosis was divided into mild (<50%), moderate (50-70%) and severe (>70%) subgroups. Maximum wall shear stress (mWSS) was calculated and comparisons made between IPH and non-IPH groups using independent t-test. Furthermore, the relationship between mWSS and IPH volume was examined using Pearson's correlation. The mWSS result calculated from the IPH group was significantly higher than that of the non-IPH group; at mild stenosis (P = 0.001) and moderate stenosis (P = 0.002) respectively. However, there was no significant difference in cases of severe stenosis (P = 0.42). Furthermore, the results showed a positive correlation between mWSS and IPH volume (r = 0.763, P < 0.001) in the cases of stenosis of less than 70%. mWSS was found to be significantly associated with IPH for carotids with stenosis of less than 70%. This highlights that mWSS is a potential quantitative parameter for the risk diagnosis of the carotid atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis Treatment with Stimuli-Responsive Nanoagents: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

Atherosclerosis is the root of approximately one-third of global mortalities. Nanotechnology exhibits splendid prospects to combat atherosclerosis at the molecular level by engineering smart nanoagents with versatile functionalizations. Significant advances in nanoengineering enable nanoagents to autonomously navigate in the bloodstream, escape from biological barriers, and assemble with their nanocohort at the targeted lesion. The assembly of nanoagents with endogenous and exogenous stimuli breaks down their shells, facilitates intracellular delivery, releases their cargo to kill the corrupt cells, and gives imaging reports. All these improvements pave the way toward personalized medicine for atherosclerosis. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in stimuli-responsive nanoagents for atherosclerosis management and its progress in clinical trials.

Endovascular stent-induced alterations in host artery mechanical environments and their roles in stent restenosis and late thrombosis

Cardiovascular stent restenosis remains a major challenge in interventional treatment of cardiovascular occlusive disease. Although the changes in arterial mechanical environment due to stent implantation are the main causes of the initiation of restenosis and thrombosis, the mechanisms that cause this initiation are still not fully understood. In this article, we reviewed the studies on the issue of stent-induced alterations in arterial mechanical environment and discussed their roles in stent restenosis and late thrombosis from three aspects: (i) the interaction of the stent with host blood vessel, involve the response of vascular wall, the mechanism of mechanical signal transmission, the process of re-endothelialization and late thrombosis; (ii) the changes of hemodynamics in the lumen of the vascular segment and (iii) the changes of mechanical microenvironment within the vascular segment wall due to stent implantation. This review has summarized and analyzed current work in order to better solve the two main problems after stent implantation, namely in stent restenosis and late thrombosis, meanwhile propose the deficiencies of current work for future reference.