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Du L, Yue H, Rorabaugh BR, Li OQY, DeHart AR, Toloza‐Alvarez G, Hong L, Denvir J, Thompson E, Li W. Thymidine Phosphorylase Deficiency or Inhibition Preserves Cardiac Function in Mice With Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e028023. [PMID: 36974758 PMCID: PMC10122909 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.028023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Ischemic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Current pharmacologic therapy has multiple limitations, and patients remain symptomatic despite maximal medical therapies. Deficiency or inhibition of thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP) in mice reduces thrombosis, suggesting that TYMP could be a novel therapeutic target for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods and Results A mouse AMI model was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in C57BL/6J wild-type and TYMP-deficient (Tymp-/-) mice. Cardiac function was monitored by echocardiography or Langendorff assay. TYMP-deficient hearts had lower baseline contractility. However, cardiac function, systolic left ventricle anterior wall thickness, and diastolic wall strain were significantly greater 4 weeks after AMI compared with wild-type hearts. TYMP deficiency reduced microthrombus formation after AMI. TYMP deficiency did not affect angiogenesis in either normal or infarcted myocardium but increased arteriogenesis post-AMI. TYMP deficiency enhanced the mobilization of bone marrow stem cells and promoted mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation, migration, and resistance to inflammation and hypoxia. TYMP deficiency increased the number of larger MSCs and decreased matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression, resulting in a high homing capability. TYMP deficiency induced constitutive AKT phosphorylation in MSCs but reduced expression of genes associated with retinoid-interferon-induced mortality-19, a molecule that enhances cell death. Inhibition of TYMP with its selective inhibitor, tipiracil, phenocopied TYMP deficiency, improved post-AMI cardiac function and systolic left ventricle anterior wall thickness, attenuated diastolic stiffness, and reduced infarct size. Conclusions This study demonstrated that TYMP plays an adverse role after AMI. Targeting TYMP may be a novel therapy for patients with AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Du
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall UniversityHuntingtonWVUSA
- Department of PathophysiologyCollege of Basic Medical Science, China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Hong Yue
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall UniversityHuntingtonWVUSA
| | - Boyd R. Rorabaugh
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall UniversityHuntingtonWVUSA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Pharmacy at Marshall UniversityHuntingtonWVUSA
| | - Oliver Q. Y. Li
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall UniversityHuntingtonWVUSA
| | - Autumn R. DeHart
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall UniversityHuntingtonWVUSA
| | - Gretel Toloza‐Alvarez
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall UniversityHuntingtonWVUSA
| | - Liang Hong
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall UniversityHuntingtonWVUSA
| | - James Denvir
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall UniversityHuntingtonWVUSA
| | - Ellen Thompson
- Department of MedicineJoan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall UniversityHuntingtonWVUSA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall UniversityHuntingtonWVUSA
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Joyo Y, Kawaguchi Y, Yonezu H, Senda H, Yasuma S, Shiraga H, Nozaki M, Aoyama M, Asai K, Murakami H, Waguri-Nagaya Y. The Janus kinase inhibitor (baricitinib) suppresses the rheumatoid arthritis active marker gliostatin/thymidine phosphorylase in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Immunol Res 2022; 70:208-215. [PMID: 35014010 PMCID: PMC8917024 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gliostatin/thymidine phosphorylase (GLS/TP) is known to have angiogenic and arthritogenic activities in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The novel oral Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor baricitinib has demonstrated high efficacy in RA. However, the effect of baricitinib on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), a key component of invasive synovitis, has not been still elucidated. This study investigated whether GLS/TP production could be regulated by JAK/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling in FLSs derived from patients with RA. FLSs were cultured and stimulated by interferon (IFN)γ in the presence of baricitinib. Expression levels of GLS/TP were determined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunocytochemistry. Phosphorylation of STAT proteins was investigated by Western blot. In cultured FLSs, GLS/TP mRNA and protein levels were significantly induced by treatment with IFNγ and these inductions were suppressed by baricitinib treatment. Baricitinib inhibited IFNγ-induced STAT1 phosphorylation, while JAK/STAT activation played a pivotal role in IFNγ-mediated GLS/TP upregulation in RA. These results suggested that baricitinib suppressed IFNγ-induced GLS/TP expression by inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling, resulting in the attenuation of neovascularization, synovial inflammation, and cartilage destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Joyo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University East Medical Center, Wakamizu 1, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8547, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawaguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.,Department of Glial Cell Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yonezu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroya Senda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University East Medical Center, Wakamizu 1, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8547, Japan
| | - Sanshiro Yasuma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University East Medical Center, Wakamizu 1, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8547, Japan
| | - Hiroo Shiraga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University East Medical Center, Wakamizu 1, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8547, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Mineyoshi Aoyama
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Asai
- Department of Glial Cell Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hideki Murakami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yuko Waguri-Nagaya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University East Medical Center, Wakamizu 1, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8547, Japan.
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Li W, Yue H. Thymidine Phosphorylase Is Increased in COVID-19 Patients in an Acuity-Dependent Manner. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:653773. [PMID: 33829029 PMCID: PMC8019714 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.653773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), is a human respiratory disease. Hitherto, there is no effective treatment has been established. Patients with cardiovascular or diabetes comorbidities are a high-risk cohort. COVID-19 is accompanied by excessive systemic thrombotic events, but the mechanism is not yet known. Recent studies have indicated that thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP) plays an important role in platelet activation, thrombosis, and TYMP expression is increased in diabetic patients. By using data provided by the MGH (Massachusetts General Hospital) Emergency Department COVID-19 Cohort with Olink Proteomics, here we show that plasma TYMP level is correlated with the COVID-19 associated thrombotic event, inflammation, and organ damage, as evidenced by the positive correlations with plasma D-dimer, CRP (C reactive protein), and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), as well as Interferons (IFN). Plasma TYMP is also positively correlated with COVID-19 patients who had respiratory symptoms. TYMP thus could be an acuity marker for COVID-19 diagnosis. Targeting TYMP with tipiracil, a selective TYMP inhibitor, which has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for clinical use, could be a novel effective medicine for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine of Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
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Li W, Yue H. Thymidine phosphorylase: A potential new target for treating cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2017; 28:157-171. [PMID: 29108898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We recently found that thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP), also known as platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, plays an important role in platelet activation in vitro and thrombosis in vivo by participating in multiple signaling pathways. Platelets are a major source of TYMP. Since platelet-mediated clot formation is a key event in several fatal diseases, such as myocardial infarction, stroke and pulmonary embolism, understanding TYMP in depth may lead to uncovering novel mechanisms in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Targeting TYMP may become a novel therapeutic for cardiovascular disorders. In this review article, we summarize the discovery of TYMP and the potential molecular mechanisms of TYMP involved in the development of various diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases. We also offer insights regarding future studies exploring the role of TYMP in the development of cardiovascular disease as well as in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall, University, Huntington, WV; Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, WV.
| | - Hong Yue
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall, University, Huntington, WV
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Tatematsu N, Waguri-Nagaya Y, Kawaguchi Y, Oguri Y, Ikuta K, Kobayashi M, Nozaki M, Asai K, Aoyama M, Otsuka T. Mithramycin has inhibitory effects on gliostatin and matrix metalloproteinase expression induced by gliostatin in rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Mod Rheumatol 2017; 28:495-505. [PMID: 28741989 DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2017.1350332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gliostatin (GLS) has angiogenic and arthritogenic activities and enzymatic activity as thymidine phosphorylase. Aberrant GLS production has been observed in the synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in joint destruction. Promoters of GLS and some MMP genes contain Sp1 binding sites. We examined the inhibitory effect of the Sp1 inhibitor mithramycin on GLS-induced GLS and MMP expression in cultured fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). METHODS Synovial tissue samples were obtained from patients with RA. FLSs pretreated with mithramycin were cultured with GLS. The mRNA expression levels of GLS and MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 were determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions. Protein levels were measured using enzyme immunoassay and gelatin zymography. RESULTS GLS upregulated the expression of GLS itself and of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13, an effect significantly reduced by treatment with mithramycin. GLS and mithramycin had no effect on MMP-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Mithramycin downregulated the increased expression of GLS and MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 in FLSs treated with GLS. Because GLS plays a pathological role in RA, blocking GLS stimulation using an agent such as mithramycin may be a novel approach to antirheumatic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoe Tatematsu
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yuko Waguri-Nagaya
- b Department of Joint Surgery for Rheumatic Diseases , Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yohei Kawaguchi
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yusuke Oguri
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Kenji Ikuta
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Masaaki Kobayashi
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Masahiro Nozaki
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Asai
- c Department of Molecular Neurobiology , Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Mineyoshi Aoyama
- d Department of Pathobiology , Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Takanobu Otsuka
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Nagoya , Japan
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Toyoda Y, Tabata S, Kishi J, Kuramoto T, Mitsuhashi A, Saijo A, Kawano H, Goto H, Aono Y, Hanibuchi M, Horikawa H, Nakajima T, Furukawa T, Sone S, Akiyama SI, Nishioka Y. Thymidine phosphorylase regulates the expression of CXCL10 in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:560-8. [PMID: 24574215 DOI: 10.1002/art.38263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) is induced by tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and other cytokines that have been reported to be major inflammation mediators in RA. We previously demonstrated that TP plays an important role in angiogenesis and tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the role of TP in the pathogenesis of RA is similar to its role in tumors. METHODS In FLS obtained from 2 patients with RA, the expression of TP, interferon-γ (IFNγ)-inducible protein 10 (CXCL10), and other cytokines was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Microarray analysis was performed using FLS transfected with TYMP complementary DNA and treated with a TP inhibitor. RESULTS The expression of TP in FLS was up-regulated by TNFα, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-17, IFNγ, and lipopolysaccharide. Microarray analysis of FLS overexpressing TP identified CXCL10 as a thymidine phosphorylase-related gene. The expression of CXCL10 was induced by TNFα, and this induction was suppressed by TYMP small interfering RNA and TP inhibitor. Furthermore, the combination of TNFα and IFNγ synergistically augmented the expression of TP and CXCL10. TP-induced CXCL10 expression was suppressed by the antioxidant EUK-8. In the synovial tissue of patients with RA, TP levels were significantly correlated with CXCL10 expression. CONCLUSION The combination of TNFα and IFNγ strongly induced the expression of thymidine phosphorylase in RA FLS. The induction of thymidine phosphorylase enhanced the expression of CXCL10, which may contribute to the Th1 phenotype and bone destruction observed in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Toyoda
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Ikuta K, Waguri-Nagaya Y, Kikuchi K, Yamagami T, Nozaki M, Aoyama M, Asai K, Otsuka T. The Sp1 transcription factor is essential for the expression of gliostatin/thymidine phosphorylase in rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R87. [PMID: 22534375 PMCID: PMC3446461 DOI: 10.1186/ar3811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gliostatin/thymidine phosphorylase (GLS/TP) has angiogenic and arthritogenic activities, and aberrant GLS production has been observed in the active synovial membranes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. The human GLS gene promoter contains at least seven consensus binding sites for the DNA binding protein Sp1. Here we examined whether Sp1 is necessary for GLS production in RA. We also studied the effects of the Sp1 inhibitor mithramycin on GLS production in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). METHODS FLSs from RA patients were treated with specific inhibitors. The gene and protein expression of GLS were studied using the quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and an enzyme immunoassay. Intracellular signalling pathway activation was determined by western blotting analysis, a luciferase assay, a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and a small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. RESULTS The luciferase and ChIP assays showed that Sp1 binding sites in the GLS promoter were essential for GLS messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. GLS production was suppressed in FLSs by siRNA against Sp1 transfection. Mithramycin decreased GLS promoter activity, mRNA and protein expression in FLSs. Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) significantly increased GLS expression in RA FLSs; this effect was reduced by pre-treatment with cycloheximide and mithramycin. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment of mithramycin and Sp1 silencing resulted in a significant suppression of GLS production in TNF-α-stimulated FLSs compared to controls. GLS gene expression enhanced by TNF-α was partly mediated through Sp1. As physiological concentrations of mithramycin can regulate GLS production in RA, mithramycin is a promising candidate for anti-rheumatic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ikuta
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, MuzuhoMizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
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FK506 inhibition of gliostatin/thymidine phosphorylase production induced by tumor necrosis factor-α in rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Rheumatol Int 2010; 31:903-9. [PMID: 20238216 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Gliostatin/thymidine phosphorylase (GLS/TP) is known to have angiogenic and arthritogenic activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibitory effects of FK506 (tacrolimus) on GLS production in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated the modulation of serum GLS by FK506 therapy and the effect of FK506 on the production of GLS in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). Serum samples were collected from 11 RA patients with active disease at baseline and after 12 weeks of FK506 treatment. Serum concentrations of GLS and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 were measured by ELISA and found to be down-regulated in responders evaluated with a disease activity score. Patient FLSs were cultured and stimulated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α with or without FK506. The expression levels of GLS were determined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme immunoassay and shown to be significantly increased. GLS levels in TNF-α-stimulated FLSs were reduced by FK506 treatment. Our data show a novel mechanism for the action of physiological concentrations of FK506 in RA that regulates the production of GLS in FLSs.
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Nagahara M, Waguri-Nagaya Y, Yamagami T, Aoyama M, Tada T, Inoue K, Asai K, Otsuka T. TNF-alpha-induced aquaporin 9 in synoviocytes from patients with OA and RA. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49:898-906. [PMID: 20181673 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether aquaporins (AQPs) are expressed in the synovial tissues of patients with OA and RA, and to examine the patterns of expression in patients with and without hydrarthrosis. METHODS AQPs were detected in synovial tissue samples from patients with OA and RA using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) from patients with OA and RA were cultured and stimulated with TNF-alpha. The expression of AQPs in FLSs was examined using RT-PCR and western blot analyses and the function of aquaglyceroporins was examined by a glycerol uptake assay. RESULTS AQP1, -3 and -9 mRNAs were expressed in synovial tissues from patients with OA and RA. AQP1, -3 and -9 proteins were also detected by immunohistochemistry. AQP9 mRNA was expressed more strongly in the synovial tissues of OA patients with hydrarthrosis than those without. AQP9 mRNA and protein expression were strongly induced with TNF-alpha treatment in FLSs, whereas the expression of AQP1 and -3 mRNAs was not induced with TNF-alpha treatment. AQP9 as an aquaglyceroporin was induced by TNF-alpha. CONCLUSIONS AQP9 mRNA was detected in synovial tissues from OA and RA patients with hydrarthrosis. AQP9 expression was strongly induced in FLSs with TNF-alpha. Although the functions of AQP1, -3 and -9 in synovial tissues remain to be elucidated, it suggested that AQP9 might be related to the pathogenesis of hydrarthrosis and inflammatory synovitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashizu Nagahara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Bronckaers A, Gago F, Balzarini J, Liekens S. The dual role of thymidine phosphorylase in cancer development and chemotherapy. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:903-53. [PMID: 19434693 PMCID: PMC7168469 DOI: 10.1002/med.20159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP), also known as "platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor" (PD-ECGF), is an enzyme, which is upregulated in a wide variety of solid tumors including breast and colorectal cancers. TP promotes tumor growth and metastasis by preventing apoptosis and inducing angiogenesis. Elevated levels of TP are associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Therefore, TP inhibitors are synthesized in an attempt to prevent tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. TP is also indispensable for the activation of the extensively used 5-fluorouracil prodrug capecitabine, which is clinically used for the treatment of colon and breast cancer. Clinical trials that combine capecitabine with TP-inducing therapies (such as taxanes or radiotherapy) suggest that increasing TP expression is an adequate strategy to enhance the antitumoral efficacy of capecitabine. Thus, TP plays a dual role in cancer development and therapy: on the one hand, TP inhibitors can abrogate the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of TP; on the other, TP activity is necessary for the activation of several chemotherapeutic drugs. This duality illustrates the complexity of the role of TP in tumor progression and in the clinical response to fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Liekens S, Bronckaers A, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Balzarini J. Targeting platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase for cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:1555-67. [PMID: 17572389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is a key enzyme in the pyrimidine nucleoside salvage pathway, but it also recognizes and inactivates various anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover, TP is identical to platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF), an angiogenic factor with anti-apoptotic properties. Increased expression of PD-ECGF/TP is found in many tumor and stromal cells, and elevated TP levels are associated with aggressive disease and/or poor prognosis. Thus, progression and metastasis of TP-expressing tumors might be abrogated by TP inhibitors that are used as single agents or in combination with (TP-sensitive) nucleoside analogues. On the other hand, increased TP activity in tumors may be exploited for the tumor-specific activation of fluoropyrimidine prodrugs, such as capecitabine. This review will focus on the different biological activities of PD-ECGF/TP and their implications for cancer progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Liekens
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Tanikawa T, Waguri-Nagaya Y, Kusabe T, Aoyama M, Asai K, Otsuka T. Gliostatin/thymidine phosphorylase-regulated vascular endothelial growth-factor production in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Rheumatol Int 2006; 27:553-9. [PMID: 17103175 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-006-0258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gliostatin/thymidine phosphorylase (GLS/TP) is known to have angiogenic and arthritogenic activities. The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether GLS/TP is involved in the regulation of the angiogenic cytokine vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) from patients with RA were cultured and stimulated with recombinant human GLS (rHuGLS) and interleukin (IL)-1beta. Immunohistochemistry showed that GLS/TP and VEGF were detectable in the synovial lining cells. In cultured FLSs, both VEGF mRNA and protein levels were markedly increased by rHuIL-1beta treatment. rHuGLS increased VEGF mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. We detected high concentrations of VEGF165 protein in culture supernatants from FLSs treated with rHuGLS (300 ng/ml), which were comparable to GLS levels found in synovial fluid of RA patients. These findings indicate that GLS/TP and VEGF have synergistic effects on angiogenesis in rheumatoid synovitis, and that GLS/TP has a role in regulating VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tanikawa
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho chou, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
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Kusabe T, Waguri-Nagaya Y, Tanikawa T, Aoyama M, Fukuoka M, Kobayashi M, Otsuka T, Asai K. The inhibitory effect of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and steroids on gliostatin/platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor production in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Rheumatol Int 2005; 25:625-30. [PMID: 15990992 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-005-0624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gliostatin/platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (GLS/PD-ECGF) is known to have both angiogenic and arthritogenic activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and steroids are involved in the regulation of GLS expression. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were cultured and stimulated by interleukin (IL)-1beta with or without DMARDs and steroids. The expression levels of GLS were determined using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and an ELISA. In cultured rheumatoid FLSs, the expression of GLS mRNA was significantly increased by stimulation with IL-1beta. By contrast, GLS mRNA levels in IL-1beta-stimulated FLSs were reduced by treatment with aurothioglucose (AuTG) and dexamethasone (DEX). These findings indicate that AuTG and DEX have anti-rheumatic activity, which is mediated via the suppression of GLS production. Neither methotrexate (MTX) nor sulfasalazine (SSZ) had a significant influence on GLS levels in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kusabe
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya , 467-8601, Japan
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14
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de Bruin M, Peters GJ, Oerlemans R, Assaraf YG, Masterson AJ, Adema AD, Dijkmans BAC, Pinedo HM, Jansen G. Sulfasalazine down-regulates the expression of the angiogenic factors platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase and interleukin-8 in human monocytic-macrophage THP1 and U937 cells. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 66:1054-60. [PMID: 15269287 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase (PD-ECGF/TP) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) are angiogenic factors produced by tumor infiltrating macrophages. Here, we show that prolonged exposure of human monocytic/macrophage THP1 and U937 cells to sulfasalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug and inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), resulted in down-regulation of PD-ECGF/TP and IL-8 (mRNA, protein and activity) along with elimination of their induction by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma. Concomitantly, sulfasalazine-exposed cells were markedly resistant to 5'-deoxyfluorouridine, the last intermediate of capecitabine requiring activation by PD-ECGF/TP. This is the first report suggesting that disruption of NF-kappaB-dependent signaling pathways can provoke a marked and sustained down-regulation of macrophage-related angiogenic factors. However, this may also negatively affect capecitabine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel de Bruin
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Hasui K, Li F, Jia XS, Nakagawa M, Nakamura T, Yonezawa S, Izumo S, Akiyama SI, Sato E, Murata F. An Immunohistochemical Analysis of Gastric B-cell Lymphomas: Stromal Cells Exhibit Peculiar Histogenesis in Gastric B-cell Lymphomas. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2003. [DOI: 10.1267/ahc.36.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Hasui
- The Second Department of Anatomy, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University
| | - Xin-Shan Jia
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University
| | - Masanori Nakagawa
- Department of Neurology and Gerontology, Research Institute for Neurological Diseases and Geriatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | | | - Suguru Yonezawa
- The Second Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Shuji Izumo
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Genetic Epidemiology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Shin-ichi Akiyama
- The Institute of Chemotherapy, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine
| | | | - Fusayoshi Murata
- The Second Department of Anatomy, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine
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16
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Ishikaw J, Okada Y, Bird IN, Jasani B, Spragg JH, Yamada T. Use of anti-platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 antibody in the control of disease progression in established collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 88:332-40. [PMID: 11949889 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.88.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) is expressed on the membrane of leukocytes and vascular endothelial cells. PECAM-1 has been shown to play an important role in the process of leukocyte transmigration in various animal models of acute inflammation. We investigated the role of PECAM-1 in the progression of arthritis by systemically administering anti-murine PECAM-1 monoclonal antibody, 2H8, to DBA/1J mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Subcutaneous administration of dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg per 2 days) significantly reduced hindpaw swelling and the clinical score of established CIA. Intraperitoneal administration of 2H8 (0.25 mg/mouse per 2 days) significantly inhibited hindpaw swelling in a time-dependent manner. 2H8 also significantly prevented further deterioration in the clinical score, but failed to reverse joint destruction discernible at the histological level. Both dexamethasone and 2H8 inhibited body weight decrease by preventing the further development of arthritis. Histopathological assessment revealed that 2H8, as well as dexamethasone, inhibited inflammatory cell transmigration into the synovium of the hind paw joint and ameliorated synovitis and cartilage erosion. These results suggest that PECAM-1 plays an important role in the progression of CIA and that an inhibitor of PECAM-1 might have therapeutic value for clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ishikaw
- Inflammation Research, Pharmacology Laboratories, Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan.
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17
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Liekens S, Bilsen F, De Clercq E, Priego EM, Camarasa MJ, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Balzarini J. Anti-angiogenic activity of a novel multi-substrate analogue inhibitor of thymidine phosphorylase. FEBS Lett 2002; 510:83-8. [PMID: 11755536 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
7-Deazaxanthine (7-DX) was recently identified as the first purine derivative with pronounced inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and angiogenesis. In order to "freeze" the enzyme in an open, inactive conformation, a novel multi-substrate analogue inhibitor of TP, containing an alkyl phosphonate moiety covalently linked to 7-DX, was synthesized. The prototype compound TP65 (9-(8-phosphonooctyl)-7-deazaxanthine) (at 250 microM) completely inhibited TP-induced formation of microvascular sprouts from endothelial cell aggregates in a three-dimensional fibrin gel. In the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, TP caused a dose-dependent stimulation of angiogenesis, which was completely inhibited by 250 nmol TP65. This dose proved to be non-toxic for the developing chick embryo. TP65 thus emerges as a potent and specific inhibitor of TP and TP-induced angiogenesis, which opens new perspectives for multi-substrate analogue inhibitors of TP as potential anti-cancer agents and as inhibitors of angiogenesis and of diseases with enhanced expression of TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Matsui N, Waguri-Nagaya Y, Taneda Y. Diagnosis and therapy of rheumatoid arthritis in the future. Mod Rheumatol 2001; 11:286-91. [PMID: 24383771 DOI: 10.3109/s10165-001-8057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, systemic disease characterized by joint pain and destruction. We describe the importance of early diagnosis, recording magnetic resonance images images at an early stage, monitoring disease progression using gliostatin purified in our laboratory, and sugar-chain analysis of RA serum IgG. For treatment of RA, cyclooxygenase-2-selective inhibitors, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, biological products, and the possibility of gene therapy are discussed. The development of therapeutic methods based on the elucidation of the pathology of RA has progressed markedly in the past decade, and further progress and the development of an early diagnostic method are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Matsui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University, Medical School , 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601 , Japan
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19
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Giatromanolaki A, Sivridis E, Athanassou N, Zois E, Thorpe PE, Brekken RA, Gatter KC, Harris AL, Koukourakis IM, Koukourakis MI. The angiogenic pathway "vascular endothelial growth factor/flk-1(KDR)-receptor" in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. J Pathol 2001; 194:101-8. [PMID: 11329148 DOI: 10.1002/path.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Active angiogenesis, together with an up-regulation of angiogenic factors, is evident in the synovium of both rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). The present study assessed, by immunohistochemistry, the microvessel density in the synovium of these arthritides and in normal controls, in relation to the expression of the angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) and the apoptosis-related proteins bcl-2 and p53. More importantly, using the novel 11B5 MAb, the activated "VEGF/flk-1(KDR)-receptor" microvessel density was assessed. VEGF expression in fibroblasts was diffuse in both RA and OA. Diffuse PD-ECGF expression of fibroblasts was noted in all cases of RA, while fibroblast reactivity was focal in the OA material. The standard microvessel density (sMVD), as assessed with the anti-CD31 monoclonal antibody (MAb), was higher in RA (64+/-12) and in OA (65+/-16) than in normal tissues (52+/-8; p=0.008 and 0.0004, respectively). The activated microvessel density (aMVD), assessed with the 11B5 MAb, was significantly higher in RA (29+/-10) than in OA (17+/-4; p<0.0001) and than in normal tissues (14+/-2; p<0.0001). The "activation ratio" (aMVD/sMVD) was statistically higher in RA (0.46+/-0.17) than in OA and normal synovial tissues, the latter two having a similar ratio (0.28+/-0.08 and 0.26+/-0.03, respectively). Cytoplasmic bcl-2 expression was frequent in the synovial cells of OA, but rare in RA. Nuclear p53 protein accumulation was never observed. It is suggested that the angiogenic pathway VEGF/flk-1(KDR) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA and OA. Thus, failure of VEGF/flk-1(KDR) activation, in the presence of increased VEGF expression, may indicate a synovium with an impaired capacity to establish a viable vasculature, consistent with the degenerative nature of OA. On the other hand, the activated angiogenesis in RA shows a functional, still pathologically up-regulated VEGF/flk-1(KDR) pathway. Whether restoration of an impaired VEGF/flk-1(KDR) pathway in OA, or inhibition of this in RA, would prove of therapeutic importance requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giatromanolaki
- Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace, P.O. Box 12, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
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20
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Mori S, Fujieda S, Sunaga H, Fox SB, Saito H. Expression of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor and vascularity in the nasal mucosa from allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30:1637-44. [PMID: 11069574 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis plays critical roles in various pathological mechanisms. It has been hypothesized that the vascularity in allergic nasal mucosa is different from that in normal mucosa, and that changes in the vascular network contributes the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. OBJECTIVE To determine whether hypervascularity and overexpression of the platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF), an angiogenic factor, are found in allergic nasal mucosa and whether these two factors are associated with the allergic reaction. METHODS We investigated the expression of PD-ECGF and counted microvessels in 51 nasal mucosae (30 samples from patients with allergic rhinitis and 21 samples as control from normal subjects) using an immunohistochemical technique. RESULTS PD-ECGF expression in allergic nasal mucosae was significantly higher than that in control mucosae at the interstitium of the lamina propria (P = 0.0024) and nasal gland (P = 0.024). PD-ECGF positive areas were coincident with areas of high vascularity in the sections. The microvessel count in the lamina propria of allergic mucosae was higher than that of control mucosae (P = 0.050). Regarding the correlation with various clinical factors, the total nasal symptom score was significantly associated with both the PD-ECGF expression in the interstitium of the lamina propria (P < 0.05) and in the nasal gland (P < 0.005), as well as with the number of vessels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION PD-ECGF and hypervascularity in the nasal mucosa may be involved in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fukui Medical University, Matsuoka, Fukui, Japan
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21
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Muro H, Waguri-Nagaya Y, Mukofujiwara Y, Iwahashi T, Otsuka T, Matsui N, Moriyama A, Asai K, Kato T. Autocrine induction of gliostatin/platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (GLS/PD-ECGF) and GLS-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases in rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999; 38:1195-202. [PMID: 10587545 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/38.12.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine how gliostatin/platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (GLS/PD-ECGF) is involved in the molecular mechanism of cartilage degradation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with special reference to the GLS-induced gene expression and protein synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 (collagenase-1) and MMP-3 (stromelysin-1). METHODS Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) obtained from RA patients were cultured and stimulated by GLS. Changes in the expression levels of GLS, MMP-1 and MMP-3 were assessed by Northern blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for GLS, and by RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for MMPs and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1. RESULTS GLS demonstrated a self-induction of mRNA in cultured RA FLSs. GLS evoked a dose-dependent induction of MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNAs, and subsequently their extracellular secretion. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that GLS is a plausible pathogenic factor causing the extensive joint destruction in RA mediated via MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Muro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Department of Bioregulation Research, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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22
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Paleolog EM, Fava RA. Angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for future therapeutic strategies. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1998; 20:73-94. [PMID: 9836370 DOI: 10.1007/bf00832000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibody Specificity
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/etiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/therapy
- Biological Factors/physiology
- Biopsy
- Bursa, Synovial/cytology
- Bursa, Synovial/immunology
- Chemokines/analysis
- Chemokines/pharmacology
- Fibroblasts/chemistry
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Growth Substances/physiology
- Humans
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/therapy
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology
- Receptors, Vitronectin/immunology
- Time Factors
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