Favism: divicine hemotoxicity in the rat

Disturbance of testosterone cycle in favism-induced male rats is prevented by pracaxi oil oral administration

OBJECTIVES

Favism is a metabolic disease while pracaxi oil is a strong antioxidant agent. This study evaluates anti-infertility activity and assists normal male fertilization of pracaxi oil in favism-induced male rats.

METHODS

A 36 male albino rats of six equal sets were each with 6 rats; Control, Pracaxi oil (1 mL), and Pracaxi oil (2 mL), Favism-induced male rats-, Pracaxi oil (1 mL) + Favism-induced male rats, and Pracaxi oil (2 mL) + Favism-induced male rats groups. Blood parameters, liver function, serum male hormones were determined. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, total protein, and cholesterol in testis were estimated. Sodium/potassium-ATPase and antioxidants in the hypothalamus, testis, and sperm were assessed. Sperm count, motility, and abnormality, and sperm monoclonal proliferating antibody Ki-67 were evaluated.

RESULTS

Favism decreased blood parameters, liver function, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, serum testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, sperm count and motility, sodium/potassium-ATPase activity while increased malondialdehyde, serum follicle stimulating hormone, sex hormone binding globulin, and luteinizing hormone, glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, cholesterol, total protein, sperm abnormality, the percentage of spermatogonia, 1st spermatocyte, 2nd spermatocyte, and spermatid in the testis. Furthermore, two doses of pracaxi oil to favism-induced male rats back all of aforementioned parameters to be close control values where a higher dose of pracaxi oil had an efficient impact than a lower dose.

CONCLUSIONS

Pracaxi oil protects the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis, and preserves sperm quality in favism-induced male rats.

Palm oil amends serum female hormones, ovarian antioxidants, inflammatory markers, and DNA fragmentation in favism-induced female rats

BACKGROUND

Favism is a metabolic disease and this study evaluates the effectiveness of palm oil and its triacylglycerol constituent in favism-induced female rats to restore serum female hormones, ovarian antioxidants, inflammatory markers, and DNA fragmentation.

METHODS

Animals were 36 female albino rats. They classified to two equal (normal and favism) groups. The normal group was divided into three equal subgroups: the control, palm oil, and triacylglycerol subgroups. The normal rats were given 1 mL of saline, 1 mL of palm oil, and 1 mL of triacylglycerol orally, respectively. The Favism group was classified also into three equal subgroups: the favism group, the favism + palm oil, the Favism + triacylglycerol. The favism rats were given 1 mL of saline, 1 mL of palm oil, and 1 mL of triacylglycerol orally. For four weeks, all treatments were administered orally via oral gavage once daily.

RESULTS

The hemoglobin, hematocrite, the blood cells, glucose and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and liver function were decreased in favism. Female hormones such as serum luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, Estrone, Estriol, 17α-Estradiol, 17β-Estradiol, and Estradiol-17-β-stearate were decreased in favism. Ovarian antioxidants were decreased while ovarian inflammatory markers were increased in favism. Favism induced ovarian DNA apoptosis. Furthermore, oral administration with palm oil or its triacylglycerol constituent in favism-induced female rats restored all these parameters to be approached the control levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Palm oil restored serum female hormones, ovarian antioxidants, inflammatory markers, and DNA fragmentation in favism-induced female rats and this effect related to oil triacylglycerol constituent.

Oxidative Stress in Healthy and Pathological Red Blood Cells

Red cell diseases encompass a group of inherited or acquired erythrocyte disorders that affect the structure, function, or production of red blood cells (RBCs). These disorders can lead to various clinical manifestations, including anemia, hemolysis, inflammation, and impaired oxygen-carrying capacity. Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant defense mechanisms, plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of red cell diseases. In this review, we discuss the most relevant oxidant species involved in RBC damage, the enzymatic and low molecular weight antioxidant systems that protect RBCs against oxidative injury, and finally, the role of oxidative stress in different red cell diseases, including sickle cell disease, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and pyruvate kinase deficiency, highlighting the underlying mechanisms leading to pathological RBC phenotypes.

Almond oil restores blood parameters, liver function, blood and liver antioxidants and DNA, and liver histology more efficiently than olive oil in favism

OBJECTIVES

Favism is a metabolic disease and this study aimed to compare between olive oil and almond oil to ameliorate blood parameters, liver function, blood and liver antioxidants and DNA, and liver histology in favism rats.

METHODS

Animals were 36 male albino rats. They classified to 2 equal (normal and favism) groups. Normal group classified to 3 equal subgroups; Control, Olive oil, and Almond oil subgroups: normal rats orally administrated with 1 mL/100 g of saline, olive oil, and almond oil, respectively. Favism group was subdivided into 3 equal subgroup; favism, favism + olive oil, and favism + almond oil subgroups: favism rats orally administrated with no treatment, 1 mL/100 g olive oil, and 1 mL/100 g almond oil, respectively. All treatments were administrated orally by oral gavage once a day for 1 month.

RESULTS

The hemoglobin, hematocrite, the blood cells, glucose and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, total proteins, albumin, and globulin in serum were decreased in favism. The glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in blood and liver were decreased in favism while alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin in serum were increased in favism. The blood and liver malondialdehyde was increased in favism. Furthermore, oral administration with both oils in favism rats restored all these parameters to be approached the control levels. Also, both oils preserved blood and liver DNA and liver histology.

CONCLUSIONS

Almond oil restored blood parameters, liver function, blood and liver antioxidants and DNA, and liver histology more efficiently than olive oil in favism.

Metabolic profiling reveals alterations in the erythrocyte response to fava bean ingestion in G6PD-deficient mice

BACKGROUND

Favism is an acute hemolytic syndrome caused by fava bean (FB) ingestion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible influences of FB on the metabonomic profile of erythrocytes in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient (G6PDx) and wild-type (WT) mice.

RESULTS

Ninety-two metabolites were identified in the comparison of the G6PDx and WT groups. Eighty-seven metabolites were identified in the erythrocytes of WT and G6PDx mice after FB ingestion. Thirty-eight metabolites were identified in the comparison of the FB-treated G6PDx and the FB-treated WT mouse groups. Among them, the number of glycerophospholipids (GPLs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) changed significantly, which suggests that GPLs and PUFAs may be responsible for FB stress.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that G6PD deficiency might affect the metabonomic profile of erythrocytes in response to FB. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Intestinal transcriptional profiling reveals fava bean-induced immune response in DBA/1 mice

Background

Fava beans (FBs) have long been used as food, and their principal disadvantage is derived from their haemotoxicity. We hypothesized that FB ingestion alters the intestinal gene expression pattern, thereby inducing an immune response.

Results

In-depth sequence analysis identified 769 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the intestine in FB-treated DBA/1 mouse intestines. The identified genes were shown to be associated with biological processes (such as response to stimulus and immune system processes), human disease pathways (such as infectious diseases, endocrine and metabolic diseases, and immune diseases), and organismal system pathways (such as the digestive system, endocrine system, environmental adaptation, and immune system). Moreover, plasma total immunoglobulin E (IgE), histamine, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 levels were significantly increased when the mice were treated with FBs.

Conclusions

These results demonstrated that FBs affect the intestinal immune response and IgE and cytokine secretion in DBA/1 mice.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s40659-019-0216-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Evaluating of β-carotene role in ameliorating of favism-induced disturbances in blood and testis

Background

Favism is an acute hemolytic anemia occurs in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6-PD) deficient individuals. β-Carotene occurs in vegetables such as carrots. This study aimed to establish the therapeutic effect of β-carotene to rebalance the testicular and blood proteins disturbances in favism.

Methods

Forty-eight male rats were divided into six equal groups; Groups 1, 2 and 3: normal rats were daily oral administrated with 1 ml saline, 1 ml corn oil and β-carotene (60 mg/kg dissolved in 1 ml corn oil), respectively, once a day over 15 days period. Group 4 (favism-induced group): normal rats injected intraperitoneal (ip) with diethyl maleate (5 μl/rat) and after 1 h injected ip with 1/3 LD50 of faba beans ethanolic extract for 15 day to induce favism. Groups 5 and 6: favism-induced rats were daily oral administered with 30 and 60 mg/kg β-carotene dissolved in 1 ml corn oil, respectively, once a day over 15 days.

Results

The results revealed that oral administration of corn oil or β-carotene into normal rats over 15 days period did not induce any change. In favism-induced groups, hematological parameters, liver function, serum glucose, G6-PD, luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones and sex-hormone binding globulin showed significant increase. Moreover, serum testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, testicular G6-PD, 3β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase, cholesterol and total protein were decreased. Treatment with both doses of β-carotene into favism groups restored all the abovementioned parameters to approach normal values. Favism inhibited blood proteins while β-carotene treatment into favism group stopped blood cells damage and blood proteins inhibition. These results were supported by histological studies.

Conclusions

In conclusion, taken β-carotene into favism group abolished testicular and blood proteins disturbances and this effect was dose dependent.

Supplementation of α-Tocopherol Attenuates Minerals Disturbance, Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Occurring in Favism

The favism is a metabolic disease that characterized with an acute hemolytic anemia where α-tocopherol is a type of tocopherol accumulated inside the human body. The objective of such a study was established to evaluate the effect of α-tocopherol in favism disorders. A total of 75 human cases were divided into 5 groups as follow; group 1 normal cases without any treatment and group 2 normal cases orally administrated α-tocopherol (200 mg/kg) once a day over 30 days period. Group 3 favism patients without any treatment. Groups 4 and 5 favism patients orally administrated 100 and 200 mg α-tocopherol/kg, respectively once a day over 30 days period. The results obtained revealed that oral administration of α-tocopherol into normal cases over 30 days period did not induce any biological change. In favism, hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cells, serum glucose, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, blood glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and serum calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium and chloride levels were significantly decreased. On the other hand, serum alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, selenium, zinc, manganese, copper and iron, malondialdehyde levels showed significant increase in favism. Supplementation with α-tocopherol into favism restores all the above mentioned parameters to approach the normal levels. Also, α-tocopherol has anti-apoptotic effect in favism. In conclusion, α-tocopherol attenuates minerals disturbance, oxidative stress and apoptosis occurring in favism.

Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Alterations in Mouse Plasma and Liver in Response to Fava Beans

Favism is a life-threatening hemolytic anemia resulting from the intake of fava beans by susceptible individuals with low erythrocytic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity. However, little is known about the metabolomic changes in plasma and liver after the intake of fava beans in G6PD normal and deficient states. In this study, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyze the plasma and liver metabolic alterations underlying the effects of fava beans in C3H- and G6PD-deficient (G6PDx) mice, and to find potential biomarkers and metabolic changes associated with favism. Our results showed that fava beans induced oxidative stress in both C3H and G6PDx mice. Significantly, metabolomic differences were observed in plasma and liver between the control and fava bean treated groups of both C3H and G6PDx mice. The levels of 7 and 21 metabolites in plasma showed significant differences between C3H-control (C3H-C)- and C3H fava beans-treated (C3H-FB) mice, and G6PDx-control (G6PDx-C)- and G6PDx fava beans-treated (G6PDx-FB) mice, respectively. Similarly, the levels of 7 and 25 metabolites in the liver showed significant differences between C3H and C3H-FB, and G6PDx and G6PDx-FB, respectively. The levels of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and creatinine were significantly increased in the plasma of both C3H-FB and G6PDx-FB mice. In the liver, more metabolic alterations were observed in G6PDx-FB mice than in C3H-FB mice, and were involved in a sugar, fatty acids, amino acids, cholesterol biosynthesis, the urea cycle, and the nucleotide metabolic pathway. These findings suggest that oleic acid, linoleic acid, and creatinine may be potential biomarkers of the response to fava beans in C3H and G6PDx mice and therefore that oleic acid and linoleic acid may be involved in oxidative stress induced by fava beans. This study demonstrates that G6PD activity in mice can affect their metabolic pathways in response to fava beans.

Effect of the antibiotic neomycin on the toxicity of the glycoside vicine in rats

Vicine is hydrolyzed by microflora to highly reactive free radical generating compound divicine which causes mortality and other adverse effects. This study in the rats established the effect of a broad spectrum and poorly absorbed antibiotic, neomycin sulfate on the toxicity of vicine. The results showed extremely decrease in mortality rate in the group pretreated with neomycin. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, hematocrit (Hct) value, and red blood cells (RBCs) count were significantly decreased after injection of vicine and the improvement of these values in the group pretreated with neomycin. The same results were observed in white blood cells (WBCs). The results showed a significant decrease in glucose level and returned to normal in group pretreated with neomycin. Glutathione (GSH) was significantly decreased in the vicine group and returned to normal value in the group pretreated with neomycin. Lipid peroxide (TBARs) was significantly increased in the group treated with vicine and neomycin pretreated group decreased to the normal level. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6-PD) activity was significantly decreased and returned to normal level in rats pretreated with neomycin. Serum protein and globulin were significantly decreased but serum albumin showed insignificant decrease in vicine and neomycin groups compared to control. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly decreased in the vicine group. The group pretreated with neomycin showed significantly increased activities of AST and ALT compared with vicine group. In conclusion, neomycin pretreatment of rats injected with glycoside vicine decreased to a great extent of its toxic and mortality effects and is useful in favism and hemolytic anemia.

Lipids versus proteins as major targets of pro-oxidant, direct-acting hemolytic agents

Lipid peroxidation and the accompanying translocation of phosphatidylserine (PS) from the inner to the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer have recently been identified as key components of a signaling pathway for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Drug-induced hemolytic anemia has long been known to be caused by an accelerated uptake of damaged (but intact) erythrocytes by macrophages in the spleen, and this process has been associated with enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the role of lipid peroxidation in hemolytic injury has remained unclear, and the effect of hemolytic agents on the distribution of PS in the erythrocyte membrane is unknown. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether lipid peroxidation and PS translocation could be detected in rat and human erythrocytes by three types of direct-acting hemolytic agents--dapsone hydroxylamine, divicine hydroquinone, and phenylhydrazine. 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate was employed as a probe for intracellular ROS formation; lipid peroxidation was assessed by GC/MS analysis of F2-isoprostanes; and PS externalization was measured by annexin V labeling and the prothrombinase assay. The data confirmed that all three hemolytic agents generate ROS within erythrocytes under hemolytic conditions; however, no evidence for lipid peroxidation or PS translocation was detected. Instead, ROS production by these hemolytic agents was associated with extensive binding of oxidized and denatured hemoglobin to the membrane cytoskeleton. The data suggest that the transmembrane signal for macrophage recognition of hemolytic injury may be derived from oxidative alterations to erythrocyte proteins rather than to membrane lipids.