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Machado AF, Facioni Guimarães SE, Lollobrigida de S Netto D, Guimarães JD, Alves Torres CA, Sanglard LP, Gomez-Leon VE. Phenotypic and genetic relationships among anogenital distance, anti-Müllerian hormone, and in vitro embryo production in Gyr dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2512-2523. [PMID: 37863293 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration and number of recovered oocytes (ROOC) are phenotypic parameters associated with in vitro embryo production (IVEP). More recently, anogenital distance (AGD) has been proposed as a proxy for fertility in dairy cattle that is easy to collect at a low cost. The aim of this study was to characterize the AGD and its phenotypic and genetic associations with AMH and IVEP in Bos indicus Gyr dairy cattle. The hypothesis was that the number of ROOC, in vitro-produced embryos, and AMH concentration would increase as the AGD decreases. From July to December 2021, a single morphometrical measurement of AGD was collected in 552 donors from 6 herds in Brazil. A subset of donors had AMH assayed on the same day. Only ovum pick-up events that occurred up to 12 mo preceding and 7 mo succeeding the AGD measurement were used to assess the association between AGD, AMH, and IVEP. Thus, 472 donors (1,551 ovum pick-up events and 140 donors with AMH) were considered in the analysis. A raw average was calculated for each individual donor's ROOC, viable oocytes, total produced embryos, viability rate, and embryo rate (defined as total produced embryos/viable oocytes). Comparisons were conducted within the age categories of 3 to <6 yr or 6 to <10 yr. Phenotypic associations were performed in SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Genetic correlations were estimated using the BLUPF90 family of programs. The AGD (128.7 mm ± 14; mean ± standard deviation) had a normal distribution and was highly variable (83 to 172 mm) among the Gyr population. Our experimental hypothesis was partially supported by a phenotypic association of a greater number of total produced embryos (R2 = 0.023) as AGD decreased. Our results failed to support an increase in AMH concentration along with a decrease in AGD. In addition, positive and low genetic correlations were observed between AGD and viable oocytes (r = 0.08), and embryo rate (r = 0.20). A greater number of viable oocytes and embryos were observed in donors in the high compared with intermediate and low ROOC categories within both age categories. The age interval of 3 to <6 yr showed a greater number of recovered and viable oocytes for the high AMH compared with the low category, but no differences were observed among the AGD categories. In summary, for the Gyr breed, AGD was phenotypically inversely associated with a quantity-related parameter, such as the total number of produced embryos. In contrast, AGD showed a low genetic correlation with qualitative-related outcomes such as viable oocytes and embryo rate. Further studies should be performed to validate these retrospective analyses and to better understand the association between AGD and IVEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Ferreira Machado
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506; Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil 36570
| | | | | | - José Domingos Guimarães
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil 36570
| | - Ciro A Alves Torres
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil 36570
| | - Leticia P Sanglard
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Victor E Gomez-Leon
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506.
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2
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Trasande L, Sargis RM. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Mainstream recognition of health effects and implications for the practicing internist. J Intern Med 2024; 295:259-274. [PMID: 38037246 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly advancing evidence documents that a broad array of synthetic chemicals found ubiquitously in the environment contribute to disease and disability across the lifespan. Although the early literature focused on early life exposures, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are now understood to contribute substantially to chronic disease in adulthood, especially metabolic, cardiovascular, and reproductive consequences as well as endocrine cancers. The contribution to mortality is substantial, with over 90,000 deaths annually and at least $39 billion/year in lost economic productivity in the United States (US) due to exposure to certain phthalates that are used as plasticizers in food packaging. Importantly, exposures are disproportionately high in low-income and minoritized populations, driving disparities in these conditions. Though non-Hispanic Blacks and Mexican Americans comprise 12.6% and 13.5% of the US population, they bear 16.5% and 14.6% of the disease burden due to EDCs, respectively. Many of these exposures can be modified through safe and simple behavioral changes supported by proactive government action to both limit known hazardous exposures and to proactively screen new industrial chemicals prior to their use. Routine healthcare maintenance should include guidance to reduce EDC exposures, and a recent report by the Institute of Medicine suggests that testing be conducted, particularly in populations heavily exposed to perfluoroalkyl substances-chemicals used in nonstick coatings as well as oil- and water-resistant clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- NYU Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert M Sargis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Chicago Center for Health and Environment, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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3
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Pérez PA, Toledo J, Vitellini F, Cuello VN, Cantarelli V, Ponzio M, Mukdsi JH, Gutiérrez S. Environmentally relevant DEHP exposure during gestational and lactational period inhibits filamin a testicular expression. J Mol Histol 2023; 54:509-520. [PMID: 37572267 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-023-10144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological studies have revealed that DEHP exposure during pregnancy may induce developmental disorders, especially in male offspring, leading to morphological and functional alterations in the reproductive system by mechanisms that should be investigated. Thus, the aim of this work was to analyze the testicular toxicity induced by an environmentally relevant DEHP dose during development and its impact on FLNA, a protein that participates in the blood-testis barrier assembly. We used male Wistar rats exposed to DEHP during pregnancy and lactation. The results showed that DEHP exposure during development and lactation increased body weight, decreased gonadal weight and shortened anogenital distance. This phthalate induced morphological changes in the testis, suggestive of hypospermatogenesis. DEHP exposure decreased the number of FLNA positive cells and the expression of FLNA and claudin-1 in prepubertal testes. Furthermore, DEHP inhibited FLNA and claudin-1 protein expression in adult male rats. These results indicated that exposure to DEHP during gestation and lactation perturbed testis development and suggested that FLNA is a target protein of DEHP, possibly contributing to the phthalate-induced damage on BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jonathan Toledo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Facundo Vitellini
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victoria Navall Cuello
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Verónica Cantarelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marina Ponzio
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge H Mukdsi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvina Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina.
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Arnold AP, Chen X, Grzybowski MN, Ryan JM, Sengelaub DR, Mohanroy T, Furlan VA, Grisham W, Malloy L, Takizawa A, Wiese CB, Vergnes L, Skaletsky H, Page DC, Reue K, Harley VR, Dwinell MR, Geurts AM. A "Four Core Genotypes" rat model to distinguish mechanisms underlying sex-biased phenotypes and diseases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.09.527738. [PMID: 36798326 PMCID: PMC9934672 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.09.527738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Background We have generated a rat model similar to the Four Core Genotypes mouse model, allowing comparison of XX and XY rats with the same type of gonad. The model detects novel sex chromosome effects (XX vs. XY) that contribute to sex differences in any rat phenotype. Methods XY rats were produced with an autosomal transgene of Sry , the testis-determining factor gene, which were fathers of XX and XY progeny with testes. In other rats, CRISPR-Cas9 technology was used to remove Y chromosome factors that initiate testis differentiation, producing fertile XY gonadal females that have XX and XY progeny with ovaries. These groups can be compared to detect sex differences caused by sex chromosome complement (XX vs. XY) and/or by gonadal hormones (rats with testes vs. ovaries). Results We have measured numerous phenotypes to characterize this model, including gonadal histology, breeding performance, anogenital distance, levels of reproductive hormones, body and organ weights, and central nervous system sexual dimorphisms. Serum testosterone levels were comparable in adult XX and XY gonadal males. Numerous phenotypes previously found to be sexually differentiated by the action of gonadal hormones were found to be similar in XX and XY rats with the same type of gonad, suggesting that XX and XY rats with the same type of gonad have comparable levels of gonadal hormones at various stages of development. Conclusion The results establish a powerful new model to discriminate sex chromosome and gonadal hormone effects that cause sexual differences in rat physiology and disease.
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Morimoto S, Solís‐Lemus E, Jiménez‐Vivanco J, Castellanos‐Ruiz D, Díaz‐Díaz E, Mendoza‐Rodríguez CA. Maternal perinatal exposure to bisphenol S induces an estrogenic like effect in glucose homeostasis in male offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2189-2200. [PMID: 35596937 PMCID: PMC9543293 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS) has been introduced into the industry as a safer alternative to bisphenol A (BPA). However, the recent studies have reported a possible association between BPS and disturbed glucose homeostasis, indicating that it may be a risk factor for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, the role of BPS in glucose metabolism remains controversial. In this study, we investigated the glucose metabolism of male Wistar rats born from dams that were BPS-exposed (groups: BPS-L (0.05 mg/kg/day), BPS-H (20 mg/kg/day)) during pregnancy and lactation. We observed that both BPS treated groups of animals presented a significant decrease in anogenital distance/weight1/3 , as compared to control animals, although no alterations in testosterone levels were observed. Furthermore, the BPS-L group presented a significant decrease in body weight from postnatal day (PND) 21 to adult stage. In addition, a significant increase in glucose tolerance, pancreatic β-cell proliferation, the frequency of small islets, and the average β-cell size at PND 36 was observed in this group. However, no changes in insulin serum levels and percentage of β-cells were recorded. Furthermore, these changes were not preserved at the adult stage (PND 120). The results suggest that the administration of low doses of BPS during the perinatal period induced an estrogenic like effect, with males apparently becoming more female-like in their responses to a glucose challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiko Morimoto
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Edgar Solís‐Lemus
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Jesica Jiménez‐Vivanco
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Dafne Castellanos‐Ruiz
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Eulises Díaz‐Díaz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránCiudad de MéxicoMexico
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Pedersen EB, Christiansen S, Svingen T. AOP key event relationship report: Linking androgen receptor antagonism with nipple retention. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100085. [PMID: 36090961 PMCID: PMC9459418 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A full AOP KER description linking AR antagonism with nipple retention in rodents. Described KER 2133 is a non-adjacent KER of an intended AOP delineating anti-androgenicity as a mode for nipple retention. A case study for developing and publishing independent units of information under the AOP framework.
In rat developmental and reproductive toxicity studies, nipple/areola retention (NR) in male offspring is a biomarker for reduced androgen signaling during development. This is because nipples normally regress in male rats in response to androgen signaling during critical stages of development. NR is thus included as a mandatory endpoint in several OECD test guidelines for assessment of chemicals, particularly as a readout for anti-androgenic effects relevant for reproductive toxicity. With the growing interest in developing Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) to aid in chemical risk assessment, a more pragmatic approach has been proposed, whereby essential units of knowledge could be developed independently of complete AOPs, not least emergent key event relationships (KERs). Herein, we have developed a KER linking “androgen receptor antagonism” and “increased areola/nipple retention”. The KER is based on a literature review conducted in a transparent semi-systematic manner in peer-reviewed databases with pre-defined inclusion criteria. Twenty-seven papers were included for development of the KER. The results support a qualitative relationship between the two key events (KEs) with a high weight of evidence; i.e., a causal relationship between androgen receptor (AR) antagonism and nipple retention in male rats exists.
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7
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Schwartz CL, Christiansen S, Hass U, Ramhøj L, Axelstad M, Löbl NM, Svingen T. On the Use and Interpretation of Areola/Nipple Retention as a Biomarker for Anti-androgenic Effects in Rat Toxicity Studies. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2021; 3:730752. [PMID: 35295101 PMCID: PMC8915873 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.730752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Areola/nipple retention (NR) is an established biomarker for an anti-androgenic mode of action in rat toxicity studies. It is a mandatory measurement under several OECD test guidelines and is typically assessed in combination with anogenital distance (AGD). Both NR and AGD are considered retrospective biomarkers of insufficient androgen signaling during the masculinization programming window in male fetuses. However, there are still aspects concerning NR as a biomarker for endocrine disruption that remains to be clarified. For instance, can NR be regarded a permanent adverse effect? Is it a redundant measurement if AGD is assessed in the same study? Is NR equally sensitive and specific to anti-androgenic chemical substances as a shortening of male AGD? In this review we discuss these and other aspects concerning the use of NR as a biomarker in toxicity studies. We have collected available literature from rat toxicity studies that have reported on NR and synthesized the data in order to draw a clearer picture about the sensitivity and specificity of NR as an effect biomarker for an anti-androgenic mode of action, including comparisons to AGD measurements. We carefully conclude that NR and AGD in rats for the most part display similar sensitivity and specificity, but that there are clear exceptions which support the continued assessment of both endpoints in relevant reproductive toxicity studies. Available literature also support the view that NR in infant male rats signifies a high risk for permanent nipples in adulthood. Finally, the literature suggests that the mechanisms of action leading from a chemical stressor event to either NR or short AGD in male offspring are overlapping with respect to canonical androgen signaling, yet differ with respect to other mechanisms of action.
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8
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Jorgensen A, Svingen T, Miles H, Chetty T, Stukenborg JB, Mitchell RT. Environmental Impacts on Male Reproductive Development: Lessons from Experimental Models. Horm Res Paediatr 2021; 96:190-206. [PMID: 34607330 DOI: 10.1159/000519964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male reproductive development in mammals can be divided into a gonadal formation phase followed by a hormone-driven differentiation phase. Failure of these processes may result in Differences in Sex Development (DSD), which may include abnormalities of the male reproductive tract, including cryptorchidism, hypospadias, infertility, and testicular germ cell cancer (TGCC). These disorders are also considered to be part of a testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) in males. Whilst DSDs are considered to result primarily from genetic abnormalities, the development of TDS disorders is frequently associated with environmental factors. SUMMARY In this review, we will discuss the development of the male reproductive system in relation to DSD and TDS. We will also describe the experimental systems, including studies involving animals and human tissues or cells that can be used to investigate the role of environmental factors in inducing male reproductive disorders. We will discuss recent studies investigating the impact of environmental chemicals (e.g., phthalates and bisphenols), lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking) and pharmaceuticals (e.g., analgesics) on foetal testis development. Finally, we will describe the evidence, involving experimental and epidemiologic approaches, for a role of environmental factors in the development of specific male reproductive disorders, including cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and TGCC. Key Messages: Environmental exposures can impact the development and function of the male reproductive system in humans. Epidemiology studies and experimental approaches using human tissues are important to translate findings from animal studies and account for species differences in response to environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jorgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Harriet Miles
- Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tarini Chetty
- Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jan-Bernd Stukenborg
- NORDFERTIL Research Lab Stockholm, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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9
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Gray LE, Furr JR, Lambright CS, Evans N, Hartig PC, Cardon MC, Wilson VS, Hotchkiss AK, Conley JM. Quantification of the Uncertainties in Extrapolating From In Vitro Androgen Receptor Antagonism to In Vivo Hershberger Assay Endpoints and Adverse Reproductive Development in Male Rats. Toxicol Sci 2021; 176:297-311. [PMID: 32421828 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple molecular initiating events exist that disrupt male sexual differentiation in utero including androgen receptor (AR) antagonism and inhibition of synthesis, and metabolism of fetal testosterone. Disruption of androgen signaling by AR antagonists in utero reduces anogenital distance (AGD) and induces malformations in F1 male rat offspring. We are developing a quantitative network of adverse outcome pathways that includes multiple molecular initiating events and key events linking anti-AR activities to permanent reproductive abnormalities. Here, our objective was to determine how accurately the EC50s for AR antagonism in vitro or ED50s for reduced tissue growth in the Hershberger assay (HA) (key events in the adverse outcome pathway) predict the ED50s for reduced AGD in male rats exposed in utero to AR antagonists. This effort included in-house data and published studies from the last 60 years on AR antagonism in vitro and in vivo effects in the HA and on AGD after in utero exposure. In total, more than 250 studies were selected and included in the analysis with data from about 60 potentially antiandrogenic chemicals. The ability to predict ED50s for key events and adverse developmental effects from the in vitro EC50s displays considerable uncertainty with R2 values for HA and AGD of < 6%. In contrast, there is considerably less uncertainty in extrapolating from the ED50s in the HA to the ED50s for AGD (R2 value of about 85%). In summary, the current results suggest that the key events measured in the HA can be extrapolated with reasonable certainty to predict the ED50s for the adverse in utero effects of antiandrogenic chemicals on male rat offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon E Gray
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, PHITD, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | | | - Christy S Lambright
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, PHITD, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Nicola Evans
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, PHITD, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Phillip C Hartig
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, PHITD, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Mary C Cardon
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, PHITD, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Vickie S Wilson
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, PHITD, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Andrew K Hotchkiss
- HPASB, HEEAD, CPHEA, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Justin M Conley
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, PHITD, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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Paternal Finasteride Treatment Can Influence the Testicular Transcriptome Profile of Male Offspring-Preliminary Study. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:868-886. [PMID: 34449557 PMCID: PMC8929076 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Hormone-dependent events that occur throughout spermatogenesis during postnatal testis maturation are significant for adult male fertility. Any disturbances in the T/DHT ratio in male progeny born from females fertilized by finasteride-treated male rats (F0:Fin) can result in the impairment of testicular physiology. The goal of this work was to profile the testicular transcriptome in the male filial generation (F1:Fin) from paternal F0:Fin rats. (2) Methods: The subject material for the study were testis from immature and mature male rats born from females fertilized by finasteride-treated rats. Testicular tissues from the offspring were used in microarray analyses. (3) Results: The top 10 genes having the highest and lowest fold change values were mainly those that encoded odoriferous (Olfr: 31, 331, 365, 633, 774, 814, 890, 935, 1109, 1112, 1173, 1251, 1259, 1253, 1383) and vomeronasal (Vmn1r: 50, 103, 210, 211; Vmn2r: 3, 23, 99) receptors and RIKEN cDNA 5430402E10, also known as odorant-binding protein. (4) Conclusions: Finasteride treatment of male adult rats may cause changes in the testicular transcriptome of their male offspring, leading to a defective function of spermatozoa in response to odorant-like signals, which are recently more and more often noticed as significant players in male fertility.
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11
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Cargnelutti F, Di Nisio A, Pallotti F, Sabovic I, Spaziani M, Tarsitano MG, Paoli D, Foresta C. Effects of endocrine disruptors on fetal testis development, male puberty, and transition age. Endocrine 2021; 72:358-374. [PMID: 32757113 PMCID: PMC8128728 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are exogenous substances able to impair endocrine system; consequently, they may cause numerous adverse effects. Over the last years, particular focus has been given to their harmful effects on reproductive system, but very little is known, especially in males. The aim of this review is to discuss the detrimental effects of EDs exposure on fetal testis development, male puberty, and transition age. METHODS A search for the existing literature focusing on the impact of EDs on fetal testis development, male puberty, andrological parameters (anogenital distance, penile length, and testicular volume), and testicular cancer with particular regard to pubertal age provided the most current information available for this review. Human evidence-based reports were given priority over animal and in vitro experimental results. Given the paucity of available articles on this subject, all resources were given careful consideration. RESULTS Information about the consequences associated with EDs exposure in the current literature is limited and often conflicting, due to the scarcity of human studies and their heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that current evidence does not clarify the impact of EDs on human male reproductive health, although severe harmful effects had been reported in animals. Despite controversial results, overall conclusion points toward a positive association between exposure to EDs and reproductive system damage. Further long-term studies performed on wide number of subjects are necessary in order to identify damaging compounds and remove them from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cargnelutti
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Pallotti
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Iva Sabovic
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Spaziani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Tarsitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Paoli
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
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12
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Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the pathogenesis of hypospadias; developmental and toxicological perspectives. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:179-191. [PMID: 34345859 PMCID: PMC8320613 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Penis development is regulated by a tight balance of androgens and estrogens. EDCs that impact androgen/estrogen balance during development cause hypospadias. Cross-disciplinary collaborations are needed to define a mechanistic link.
Hypospadias is a defect in penile urethral closure that occurs in approximately 1/150 live male births in developed nations, making it one of the most common congenital abnormalities worldwide. Alarmingly, the frequency of hypospadias has increased rapidly over recent decades and is continuing to rise. Recent research reviewed herein suggests that the rise in hypospadias rates can be directly linked to our increasing exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), especially those that affect estrogen and androgen signalling. Understanding the mechanistic links between endocrine disruptors and hypospadias requires toxicologists and developmental biologists to define exposures and biological impacts on penis development. In this review we examine recent insights from toxicological, developmental and epidemiological studies on the hormonal control of normal penis development and describe the rationale and evidence for EDC exposures that impact these pathways to cause hypospadias. Continued collaboration across these fields is imperative to understand the full impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals on the increasing rates of hypospadias.
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Key Words
- Androgen
- BBP, benzyl butyl phthalate
- BPA, bisphenol A
- DBP, Σdibutyl phthalate
- DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- DEHP, Σdi-2(ethylhexyl)-phthalate
- DHT, dihydrotestosterone
- EDC, endocrine disrupting chemicals
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- ER, estrogen receptor
- Endocrine disruptors
- Estrogen
- GT, genital tubercle
- Hypospadias
- NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level
- PBB, polybrominated biphenyl
- PBDE, polybrominated diphenyl ether
- PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl
- PCE, tetrachloroethylene
- Penis
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13
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BinJadeed H, Alajlan A. Pregnancy and neonatal outcome with maternal exposure to finasteride: Case series. JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY & DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jdds.jdds_33_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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14
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Multigenerational reproductive assessment of 4-methylimidazole administered in the diet to Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 98:13-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Burger LL, Wagenmaker ER, Phumsatitpong C, Olson DP, Moenter SM. Prenatal Androgenization Alters the Development of GnRH Neuron and Preoptic Area RNA Transcripts in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5906406. [PMID: 33095238 PMCID: PMC7583650 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common form of infertility in women. The causes of PCOS are not yet understood and both genetics and early-life exposure have been considered as candidates. With regard to the latter, circulating androgens are elevated in mid-late gestation in women with PCOS, potentially exposing offspring to elevated androgens in utero; daughters of women with PCOS are at increased risk for developing this disorder. Consistent with these clinical observations, prenatal androgenization (PNA) of several species recapitulates many phenotypes observed in PCOS. There is increasing evidence that symptoms associated with PCOS, including elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) (and presumably gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH]) pulse frequency emerge during the pubertal transition. We utilized translating ribosome affinity purification coupled with ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing to examine GnRH neuron messenger RNAs from prepubertal (3 weeks) and adult female control and PNA mice. Prominent in GnRH neurons were transcripts associated with protein synthesis and cellular energetics, in particular oxidative phosphorylation. The GnRH neuron transcript profile was affected more by the transition from prepuberty to adulthood than by PNA treatment; however, PNA did change the developmental trajectory of GnRH neurons. This included families of transcripts related to both protein synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation, which were more prevalent in adults than in prepubertal mice but were blunted in PNA adults. These findings suggest that prenatal androgen exposure can program alterations in the translatome of GnRH neurons, providing a mechanism independent of changes in the genetic code for altered expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Burger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - David P Olson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Suzanne M Moenter
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Correspondence: Suzanne M. Moenter; 7725 Med Sci II; 1137 E Catherine St; Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622, USA. E-mail:
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16
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Maldarine JS, Sanches BDA, Cabral ÁS, Lima MLD, Guerra LHA, Baraldi CMB, Calmon MF, Rahal P, Góes RM, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Prenatal exposure to finasteride promotes sex-specific changes in gerbil prostate development. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1719-1729. [PMID: 31248476 DOI: 10.1071/rd19106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Finasteride is a drug that is widely used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, hair loss and even as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of prostatic adenocarcinoma. However, its use is known to cause several side effects in adults and it can also cause changes in the embryonic development of the male prostate, which is a cause for concern given the possibility of the accumulation of finasteride in the environment. Nevertheless, no studies have investigated the effects of finasteride on the development of the prostate in females, which occurs in several species of mammals. To evaluate the effects of intrauterine exposure to finasteride (500μgkg-1 day-1) on postnatal prostate development in the Mongolian gerbil in the present study, we used immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, serological analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques. Differences were observed in the effects of finasteride on periductal smooth muscle and cell proliferation between the sexes, as well as intersex differences in the presence of the androgen receptor, which was elevated in males, and the oestrogen receptor ERα, which was increased in females. Together, the data indicate that the female prostate has its own hormone dynamics and that there are sex-specific differences in the way in which the female prostate reacts to prenatal exposure to finasteride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Maldarine
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand Russel Avenue, 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno D A Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand Russel Avenue, 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ágata S Cabral
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria L D Lima
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz H A Guerra
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina M B Baraldi
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília F Calmon
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane M Góes
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia S L Vilamaior
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand Russel Avenue, 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; and Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and Corresponding author.
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17
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Sheinberg R, Siegel EL, Keidar R, Mandel D, Lubetzky R, Kohn E, Livneh A, Tovbin J, Betser M, Moskovich M, Marom R, Ovental A, Daniel S, Factor-Litvak P, Berkovitch M, Levy A. Associations between intrauterine exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls on neonatal ano-genital distance. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 96:67-75. [PMID: 32526315 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are widespread environmental contaminants. PCBs have endocrine disrupting properties which raises concerns regarding their effect on the developing fetus. This study aimed to examine the association between prenatal exposure to PCBs and anogenital distance (AGD) in newborns. Serum concentrations of PCB congeners -118, -138, -153 and -180 were measured in 175 pregnant women presenting to the delivery room. AGD was measured in their newborns. Regression models were used to estimate associations between maternal PCB exposure and infant anogenital measurements, controlling for possible confounding variables. Mean maternal serum concentrations were 2.95 ± 2.18 ng/g, 4.62 ± 3.54 ng/g, 7.67 ± 6.42 ng/g and 5.10 ± 3.91 ng/g for congeners -118, -138, -153 and -180, respectively. Higher maternal concentrations of PCBs were associated with reduced AGD measures in male infants. Higher maternal concentrations of PCB-138 and PCB-153 were associated with reduced ano-scrotal distances and higher maternal concentrations of all four PCB congeners were associated with reduced ano-penile distances. No significant associations were found between any PCB congener and any AGD measure in female newborns. This study demonstrates that intrauterine exposure to PCBs may be associated with reduced AGD in male newborns. More research is needed to reveal the implications for adult reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Sheinberg
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.
| | - Eva Laura Siegel
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Rimona Keidar
- Department of Neonatology, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Dror Mandel
- Department of Neonatology, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Lubetzky
- Department of Neonatology, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Elkana Kohn
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Ayelet Livneh
- Department of Neonatology, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Josef Tovbin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Moshe Betser
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Miki Moskovich
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Division, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Ronella Marom
- Department of Neonatology, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Amit Ovental
- Department of Neonatology, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Daniel
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Matitiahu Berkovitch
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Amalia Levy
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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18
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Dhurat R, Sharma A, Rudnicka L, Kroumpouzos G, Kassir M, Galadari H, Wollina U, Lotti T, Golubovic M, Binic I, Grabbe S, Goldust M. 5‐Alpha reductase inhibitors in androgenetic alopecia: Shifting paradigms, current concepts, comparative efficacy, and safety. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13379. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aseem Sharma
- Department of Dermatology L.T.M.M.C. and L.T.M.G.H., Sion Hospital Mumbai India
| | - Lidia Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - George Kroumpouzos
- Department of Dermatology Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
- Department of Dermatology Medical School of Jundiaí São Paulo Brazil
- GK Dermatology, PC South Weymouth Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Hassan Galadari
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences United Arab Emirates University Al Ain United Arab Emirates
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden Academic Teaching Hospital of the Technical University of Dresden Dresden Germany
| | | | - Masa Golubovic
- Clinic for Dermatovenerology Clinical Center Nis Nis Serbia
| | - Iva Binic
- Psychiatry Clinic Clinical Center Nis Nis Serbia
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- University of Rome G. Marconi Rome Italy
- Department of Dermatology University Medical Center Mainz Mainz Germany
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
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19
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Schwartz CL, Vinggaard AM, Christiansen S, Darde TA, Chalmel F, Svingen T. Distinct Transcriptional Profiles of the Female, Male, and Finasteride-Induced Feminized Male Anogenital Region in Rat Fetuses. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:303-311. [PMID: 30768126 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A short anogenital distance (AGD) in males is a marker for incomplete masculinization and a predictor of adverse effects on male reproductive health. For this reason, AGD is used to assess the endocrine disrupting potential of chemicals for risk assessment purposes. The molecular mechanisms underpinning this chemically induced shortening of the AGD, however, remains unclear. Although it is clear that androgen receptor-mediated signaling is essential, evidence also suggest the involvement of other signaling pathways. This study presents the first global transcriptional profile of the anogenital tissue in male rat fetuses with chemically induced short AGD, also including comparison to normal male and female control animals. The antiandrogenic drug finasteride (10 mg/kg bw/day) was used to induce short AGD by exposing time-mated Sprague Dawley rats at gestation days 7-21. The AGD was 37% shorter in exposed male fetuses compared with control males at gestation day 21. Transcriptomics analysis on anogenital tissues revealed a sexually dimorphic transcriptional profile. More than 350 genes were found to be differentially expressed between the 3 groups. The expression pattern of 4 genes of particular interest (Esr1, Padi2, Wnt2, and Sfrp4) was also tested by RT-qPCR analyses, indicating that estrogen and Wnt2 signaling play a role in the sexually dimorphic development of the anogenital region. Our transcriptomics profiles provide a stepping-stone for future studies aimed at characterizing the molecular events governing development of the anogenital tissues, as well as describing the detailed Adverse Outcome Pathways for short AGD; an accepted biomarker of endocrine effects for chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Lindgren Schwartz
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sofie Christiansen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Alain Darde
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Chalmel
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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Maldarine JS, Sanches BDA, Santos VA, Cabral ÁS, Lima MLD, Bedolo CM, Calmon MF, Rahal P, Góes RM, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Postnatal exposure to finasteride causes different effects on the prostate of male and female gerbils. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1341-1352. [PMID: 32100915 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The development and maintenance of prostate function depend on a fine balance between oestrogen and androgen levels. Finasteride inhibits 5α-reductase, which is responsible for the conversion of testosterone into its most active form, dihydrotestosterone. Enzymes that metabolize these hormones have a highly relevant role in both the normal prostate metabolism and in the occurrence of pathological conditions. There are few studies on the impact of finasteride on male prostate development and fewer studies on the female prostate and possible intersexual differences. Therefore, we treated male and female gerbils from 7 to 14 days in postnatal life with a high dose of finasteride (500 μg/kg/day); the prostate complexes were then removed and submitted to immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and three-dimensional reconstruction. In addition, hormonal serum dosages were administered. Treatment with finasteride resulted in an increased thickness of the periductal smooth musculature in the prostate of both male and female gerbils, such as well as a reduction in the thickness of developing prostate alveoli in both sexes. In addition, intersexual differences were observed as increased epithelial proliferation and decreases in the number of developing alveoli in females. Together, the data indicate that postnatal exposure to finasteride causes greater changes in the female gerbil prostate than in the male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Maldarine
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand RusseLl Av., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno D A Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand RusseLl Av., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitória A Santos
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Ágata S Cabral
- Laboratory of Genome Studies, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Maria L D Lima
- Laboratory of Genome Studies, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Carolina M Bedolo
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Marília F Calmon
- Laboratory of Genome Studies, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Laboratory of Genome Studies, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Rejane M Góes
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Patricia S L Vilamaior
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand RusseLl Av., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
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21
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O'Kelly F, DeCotiis K, Zu'bi F, Farhat WA, Koyle MA. Increased hand digit length ratio (2D:4D) is associated with increased severity of hypospadias in pre-pubertal boys. Pediatr Surg Int 2020; 36:247-253. [PMID: 31748946 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-019-04600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypospadias is a common congenital male disorder, with much research focusing on prenatal androgen exposure as a causative factor. Whilst digit length ratios were apparent in sexual dimorphism since the nineteenth century, their role in hypospadias remains unknown. The objective of our study was to determine the correlation between digit length (2D:4D) ratio, hypospadias severity, and anogenital distance. METHODS Pre-pubertal boys (<3 years old) seen intra/postoperatively following hypospadias repair (June 2018-January 2019 inc.) were included. These were age-matched to non-hypospadias controls. Anthropomorphic measurements of digit lengths, penile/glans width, and anogenital distance were measured using digital calipers. RESULTS Data measurements were collected for 105 boys with hypospadias (60 distal; 45 proximal) and 55 controls. There were significant differences in 2D:4D ratios in each hand (p < 0.001), as well as individual digits (p < 0.001), and a reduced anogenital distance (p < 0.001), when comparing the proximal group with distal or control groups. There were no significant differences in glans width, or between term- and preterm births. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate increased 2D:4D ratios with proximal hypospadias, which also correlate with a shortened anogenital distance. This may provide a non-invasive, potentially antenatal, anthropomorphic measurement, as an indirect indicator of aberrant urogenital development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardod O'Kelly
- Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada.
| | - Keara DeCotiis
- Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Fadi Zu'bi
- Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Walid A Farhat
- Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Martin A Koyle
- Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada
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22
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Maldarine JS, Sanches BDA, Santos VA, Amaro GM, Calmon MF, Rahal P, Góes RM, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Low-dose in utero exposure to finasteride promotes developmental changes in both male and female gerbil prostates. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:15-26. [PMID: 31454150 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The prostate is an accessory reproductive gland that is sensitive to the action of exogenous compounds known as endocrine disrupters that alter normal hormonal function. Finasteride is a widely used chemical that acts to inhibit the conversion of testosterone in its most active form, dihydrotestosterone. It is known that intrauterine exposure to finasteride causes changes in the male prostate even at low dosages; however, it is not known whether these dosages are capable of causing changes in the female prostate, which is present in a large number of mammalian species, including humans. In the present study, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, serological dosages, and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques were employed to evaluate the effects of intrauterine exposure to a low dose of finasteride (100 μg.BW/d) on postnatal prostate development in male and female Mongolian gerbils. The results indicate that the gerbil female prostate also undergoes alterations following intrauterine exposure to finasteride, exhibiting a thickening of periductal smooth muscle and increased stromal proliferation. There are also intersex differences in the impact of exposure on the expression of the androgen receptor, which was increased in males, and of the estrogen-α receptor, which was decreased in the male prostate but unchanged in females. Altogether, this study indicates there are sex differences in the effects of finasteride exposure even at low dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Maldarine
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno D A Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitória A Santos
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M Amaro
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília F Calmon
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane M Góes
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia S L Vilamaior
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nelson W, Liu DY, Yang Y, Zhong ZH, Wang YX, Ding YB. In utero exposure to persistent and nonpersistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals and anogenital distance. A systematic review of epidemiological studies†. Biol Reprod 2019; 102:276-291. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Anti-androgenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can cross the placenta to modify early offspring sexual dimorphic markers. These changes are linked to anogenital distance (AGD), which is an androgen-sensitive anthropometric parameter used as a biomarker of perineal growth and caudal migration of the genital tubercle. This review aimed to summarize strength of evidence for associations of in utero exposure to EDCs with AGD and to identify gaps and limitations in the literature so as to inform future research. We performed an electronic search of English literature in September 2019 in medical literature analysis and retrieval system online (MEDLINE), Web of Science and Toxline. We included epidemiological studies that examined in utero exposure to persistent and nonpersistent EDCs and considered AGD in offspring as an outcome. Our review contained 16 investigations examining exposure to persistent EDCs (nine studies) and nonpersistent EDCs (seven studies). Some individual studies reported an inverse association between exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), dioxins, perfluoroalkyl substances, and organochlorides and AGD in both male and female offspring. Meta-analysis of three studies found a small reduction of AGD in female offspring exposed to BPA. The number of studies per chemical is small, and number of subjects examined is limited; so, replication of these results is needed. To achieve more specificity and better replication of results, future studies should establish the association of nonpersistent EDCs using multiple urine samples, evaluate the cumulative impact of exposure to a mixture of anti-androgenic chemicals, and offer adequate consideration of more maternal- and children-related confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Nelson
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ding-Yuan Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Hui Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Xiong Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yu-bin Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
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Cripps SM, Mattiske DM, Black JR, Risbridger GP, Govers LC, Phillips TR, Pask AJ. A loss of estrogen signaling in the aromatase deficient mouse penis results in mild hypospadias. Differentiation 2019; 109:42-52. [PMID: 31520742 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypospadias is the abnormal opening of the urethra on the underside of the penis and occurs in approximately 1/125 live male births worldwide. The incidence rate of hypospadias has dramatically increased over the past few decades. This is now attributed, at least in part, to our exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) which alter the hormonal signals required for development of the penis. In humans androgens are the main drivers of fusion of the urethral folds to form the urethra within the shaft of the penis, a process required for termination of the urethra in its normal location at the tip of the penis. However, recent research has suggested that estrogen also plays a role in this process. To better understand how EDCs impact urethral development it is essential that we understand the normal function of hormones during development of the penis. To define the role of estrogen in urethral development we examined development of the penis in the aromatase (Cyp19a1) Knockout (ArKO) mouse strain in which endogenous estrogen production is completely ablated. We found that the ArKO penis had a mild hypospadias phenotype. The developing ArKO postnatal penis displayed an early disruption in preputial development, which likely causes the mild hypospadias observed in adults. Using qPCR, we found altered expression of keratin genes and key urethral patterning genes in response to the disrupted estrogen signaling. The hypospadias phenotype was almost identical to that reported for the estrogen receptor α (ERα) knockout confirming that ERα is the predominant receptor for mediating estrogen action during development of the mouse penis. Our results show that estrogen is required for normal prepucial development and placement of the mature urethral opening at the distal aspect of the penis. We also identified several genes which are potential downstream targets of estrogen during normal urethral closure. With this knowledge, we can now better understand how anti-estrogenic as well as estrogenic EDCs disrupt urethral closure to cause mild hypospadias in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cripps
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deidre M Mattiske
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jay R Black
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luke C Govers
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andrew J Pask
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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25
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Mustapha OA, Olude MA, Ezekiel S, Seeger J, Fietz SA, Olopade JO. Developmental horizons in the pre-natal development of the Greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus). Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 48:486-497. [PMID: 31314146 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Greater cane rat (GCR, Thyronomys swinderianus) is a precocial rodent predominantly found within Africa. Economic and scientific interests have led to several research efforts towards the domestication and better understanding of the biology and development of this rodent. Despite these efforts, information on the pre-natal development of this rodent is currently lacking. This study characterises distinct developmental milestones including skin pigmentation, emergence and distributions of hairs, calvarium consistency, teeth eruption, development of appendages, sensory organs and external genitalia in the pre-natal GCR and assesses quantitative body parameters, that is body weight, body and crown-rump lengths across its entire gestation length (gestation days [GDs] 10-140). Using these external features, we provide baseline reference ontogenetic scales for GCR embryos and fetuses, employable for stage, age and sex estimation of the pre-natal GCR in future studies. We observed that the first evidence of an embryo was not seen before the end of the first trimester (GD50) and that the late second trimester (GD80-GD100) marks the transition from embryogenesis to fetogenesis in the GCR. As both events occur at a much later developmental time point when compared to precocial non-rodents including human, sheep and pig and slightly later when compared to other precocial rodents such as guinea pig, our data provide first indication that the pre-natal GCR development might be associated with a reproductive delay. Together, this study expands our knowledge of the development and biology of the GCR, which will improve reproductive and breeding management, and native species conservation of this hystricomorph mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun A Mustapha
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.,Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.,Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthew A Olude
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Ezekiel
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Johannes Seeger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone A Fietz
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - James O Olopade
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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26
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Souza NP, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Nascimento E Pontes MG, Miot HA, de Camargo JLV, Cohen SM. Isolation and molecular characterization of spermatogonia from male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed in utero and postnatally to dibutyl phthalate or acrylamide. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:488-498. [PMID: 31050326 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1611981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The increased incidence of testicular disorders in young men and the possible influence of environmental chemicals, such as dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and acrylamide (AA), requires experimental models for identifying modes of action. Most published reproductive toxicologic studies use RNA samples from the total testis to evaluate testicular gene expression; however, analyses of isolated cell types could provide a more specific tool. Among testicular germ cells, spermatogonia are critical since they represent the onset of spermatogenesis. This study aimed, (1) to establish a technique for spermatogonia isolation; (2) to apply this isolation technique to verify possible gene expression alterations (Pou5f1, Kitlg, Mki-67, Bak1 and Spry4) in prepubertal post-natal day, (PND24) and pubertal (PND45) testes after in utero and postnatal exposure to DBP or AA. The technique was efficient for isolation of a majority of spermatogonia. In utero DBP exposure led to reduced litter body weight at birth, reduced anogenital distance of male pups on PND4, and increased frequency of male nipple retention on PND14 compared to controls. DBP-exposed relative testes weights were reduced only at PND24 compared to control but they did not differ at PND45. DBP-exposed animals showed reduced expression levels of Pou5f1 and Mki67 on PND24, and reduced expression of Pou5f1 and Spry4 on PND45. AA exposure reduced expression of Pou5f1, Mki67, and Spry4 at PND45 although not significantly. Our results suggest that DBP acts by reducing cell proliferation and impairing differentiation in prepubertal and pubertal testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália P Souza
- a Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu Campus, Department of Pathology, Center for the Evaluation of the Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM) , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - Lora L Arnold
- b Department of Pathology and Microbiology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Karen L Pennington
- b Department of Pathology and Microbiology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Merielen G Nascimento E Pontes
- a Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu Campus, Department of Pathology, Center for the Evaluation of the Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM) , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - Helio A Miot
- a Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu Campus, Department of Pathology, Center for the Evaluation of the Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM) , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - João Lauro V de Camargo
- a Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu Campus, Department of Pathology, Center for the Evaluation of the Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM) , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- b Department of Pathology and Microbiology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,c Havlik - Wall Professor of Oncologyan endowed chair at the University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgender individuals experience common and unique dermatologic concerns from severe acne associated with testosterone therapy in transmen to complications due to illicit silicone injections in transwomen. Currently, 2 survey studies and 4 reviews have addressed the dermatologic care of transgender individuals. However, none of them provide a focus on the dermatologic surgeon. OBJECTIVE To assess the dermatologic considerations in transgender individuals and the role of dermatologic surgeon in their care. METHODS The PubMed and MEDLINE databases were reviewed in June 2018 using keywords, such as transgender, procedures, hair removal, laser, and hormone therapy. RESULTS In total, 48 relevant publications addressing dermatologic care in transgender patients were reviewed. According to the literature, there are several critical dermatologic considerations in transgender patients, including hair growth and removal, acne vulgaris, facial procedures to masculinize and feminize the face, scar removal, and sexually transmitted infections. CONCLUSION As dermatologic surgeons have the privilege to improve the health care of transgender patients, they must understand the common and unique concerns of transgender individuals. Given the considerable spectrum of physical goals expressed by transmen and transwomen, individual patient preference must ultimately guide his/her/their dermatologic care.
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28
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Martínez-Peña AA, Peña-Castillo A, Parra-Forero LY, Hernández-Ochoa I, Hernández-Barrientos LR, Morimoto S, Mendoza-Rodríguez CA. Parental perinatal exposure to bisphenol A reduces the threshold to disrupt blastocyst implantation via decreasing talin, occudin and E-cadherin levels. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 86:86-97. [PMID: 31028817 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the effect of perinatal BPA exposure of one or both parents on the implantation index and expression of talin, occludin and E-cadherin in the uterine epithelial cells (UEC) of the offspring. Pregnant Wistar dams (F0) received BPA or vehicle from gestational day (GD) 6 to lactation day 21. F1 animals were mated forming four groups: Control dam-Control sire (C♀-C♂), BPA dam -Control sire (B♀-C♂), Control dam -BPA sire (C♀-B♂), BPA dam -BPA sire (B♀-B♂). F1 dams were sacrificed at GD 6. Significantly decreased number of implantation sites was observed in the B♀-B♂ group as compared to the C♀-C♂ group, which correlated with decreased talin apical/basal expression ratio, occludin apical expression, and E-cadherin apical/lateral expression ratio in the UEC. Furthermore, decreased E-cadherin expression in the blastocyst was observed. Our data suggest that reduced protein expressions in F1 BPA offspring could result from decreased progesterone serum levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annia A Martínez-Peña
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Andrea Peña-Castillo
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - L Yuliana Parra-Forero
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - Isabel Hernández-Ochoa
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - Luis R Hernández-Barrientos
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Sumiko Morimoto
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
| | - C Adriana Mendoza-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico.
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29
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Gobikrushanth M, Purfield D, Kenneally J, Doyle R, Holden S, Martinez P, Canadas E, Bruinjé T, Colazo M, Ambrose D, Butler S. The relationship between anogenital distance and fertility, and genome-wide associations for anogenital distance in Irish Holstein-Friesian cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1702-1711. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
The use of antiandrogen drugs such as finasteride during pregnancy may carry the risk of birth defects, especially hypospadias. We report a 39-year-old woman, with 5 weeks unplanned pregnancy, the patient conceived while receiving daily dose of finasteride 2.5 mg for treatment of alopecia. The patient's partner was concurrently using finasteride for the same purpose. Ultrasound scans including detailed anatomy were normal throughout pregnancy and the fetal gender was detected to be male. The patient had her delivery at 38+5 weeks' gestation, by elective cesarean section, a male infant with a weight of 3.58 kg and Apgar score of 9 and 10 at 1 and 5-min, respectively. The infant was healthy with no obvious dysmorphic features. In this case report, maternal use of finasteride in early pregnancy was not associated with external genitalia abnormalities of a male baby. Moreover, maternal exposure to the semen of partner who received finasteride did not adversely affect the short term neonatal outcomes. However, absence of apparent neonatal adverse effects in a single case report does not indicate safety of use. Population-based long term neonatal outcomes are yet to be established.
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31
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Schwartz CL, Christiansen S, Vinggaard AM, Axelstad M, Hass U, Svingen T. Anogenital distance as a toxicological or clinical marker for fetal androgen action and risk for reproductive disorders. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:253-272. [PMID: 30430187 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Male reproductive development is intricately dependent on fetal androgen action. Consequently, disrupted androgen action during fetal life can interfere with the development of the reproductive system resulting in adverse effects on reproductive function later in life. One biomarker used to evaluate fetal androgen action is the anogenital distance (AGD), the distance between the anus and the external genitalia. A short male AGD is strongly associated with genital malformations at birth and reproductive disorders in adulthood. AGD is therefore used as an effect readout in rodent toxicity studies aimed at testing compounds for endocrine activity and anti-androgenic properties, and in human epidemiological studies to correlate fetal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals to feminization of new-born boys. In this review, we have synthesized current data related to intrauterine exposure to xenobiotics and AGD measurements. We discuss the utility of AGD as a retrospective marker of in utero anti-androgenicity and as a predictive marker for male reproductive disorders, both with respect to human health and rodent toxicity studies. Finally, we highlight four areas that need addressing to fully evaluate AGD as a biomarker in both a regulatory and clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Lindgren Schwartz
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sofie Christiansen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marta Axelstad
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulla Hass
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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32
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Zhou Y, Peng J, Cao X, Yan C, Huang F, Shen L, Long C, Liu X, Wei G. Retardation of Preputial Wound Healing in Rats with Hypospadias Induced by Flutamide. J INVEST SURG 2018; 33:164-171. [PMID: 30380353 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2018.1483448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinpu Peng
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Xining Cao
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangyuan Huang
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Lianju Shen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunlan Long
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China,
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,
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Asafo-Agyei SB, Ameyaw E, Chanoine JP, Zacharin M, Nguah SB, Jarrett OO. Anogenital Distance in Term Newborns in Kumasi, Ghana. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 88:396-400. [PMID: 28942447 DOI: 10.1159/000479689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anogenital distance (AGD) is a simple noninvasive measure of foetal androgen exposure. This study was done to generate normative data on AGD in Ghanaian newborns. METHODS AGD was measured in 644 male and 612 female term newborns; including the distance between the anterior base of the penis and the centre of the anus, the posterior base of the penis and the centre of the anus, and the posterior base of the scrotum and the centre of the anus (ASD) in males and the distance from the anus to the fourchette (AF) and from the anus to the base of the clitoris in females. Other anthropometric and parental socio-demographic indices were also documented. RESULTS AGD was sexually dimorphic; with a mean ± SD ASD and AF of 25.5 ± 5.1 and 13.6 ± 2.7 mm, respectively. There was a significant correlation between AGD and birth weight, birth length, and occipitofrontal circumference (p < 0.05). ASD was significantly longer (p < 0.001) in newborns (83/644; 12.9%) of mothers who had ingested herbs during pregnancy. CONCLUSION AGD was approximately twice as long in males compared to females and can serve as a useful indicator of androgen exposure. Measurements of AGD also need to factor in anthropometric parameters, which are important correlates of AGD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Ameyaw
- Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jean-Pierre Chanoine
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Margaret Zacharin
- The Royal Children's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuel Blay Nguah
- Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Olumide Olatokunbo Jarrett
- Department of Paediatrics, University College Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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García-Villarino M, Riaño-Galán I, Rodriguez-Dehli AC, Vizcaíno E, Grimalt JO, Tardón A, Fernández-Somoano A. Prenatal Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Anogenital Distance in Children at 18 Months. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 90:116-122. [PMID: 30212819 PMCID: PMC6214604 DOI: 10.1159/000492236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anogenital distance (AGD) is a measure of in utero exposure to hormonally active agents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and AGD. METHODS POP levels were measured in pregnant women, and the AGD was recorded in 43 offspring at 18 months. We used linear regression models to analyze the association between maternal POP exposure and offspring AGD. We defined the anogenital index (AGI) as AGD divided by weight at 18 months (AGI = AGD / weight at 18 months [mm/kg]) and included this variable in the regression models. RESULTS AGI measure was 2.35 (0.61) and 1.38 (0.45) in males and females, respectively. AGI was inversely associated with lipid-adjusted concentrations of PBDE-99 (β = -0.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.51, -0.04) and PBDE-153 (β = -0.61, 95% CI: -1.11, -0.11) in males. We did not find any statistically significant relationship between any POPs and AGI in females. CONCLUSIONS Environmental exposure to POPs may affect genital development and result in reproductive tract alterations with potentially relevant health consequences in maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel García-Villarino
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain,Unit of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology, University Institute of Oncology of the Principality of Asturias (IUOPA), Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain,*Miguel García-Villarino, Unit of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology, University Institute of Oncology of the Principality of Asturias (IUOPA), Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Campus del Cristo s/n, ES-33006 Oviedo, Asturias (Spain), E-Mail
| | - Isolina Riaño-Galán
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain,Pediatric Endocrinology, HUCA, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Esther Vizcaíno
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan O. Grimalt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adonina Tardón
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain,Unit of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology, University Institute of Oncology of the Principality of Asturias (IUOPA), Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-Somoano
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain,Unit of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology, University Institute of Oncology of the Principality of Asturias (IUOPA), Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Hua XG, Hu R, Hu CY, Li FL, Jiang W, Zhang XJ. Associations between hypospadias, cryptorchidism and anogenital distance: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrologia 2018; 50:e13152. [PMID: 30251425 DOI: 10.1111/and.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypospadias and cryptorchidism are potential manifestations of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) at birth. Anogenital distance (AGD) has been presumed as an indicator related to endocrine disruptors proposed as one of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying male reproductive disorders. In humans, recent studies have correlated AGD in boys to testicular anomalies. However, the associations between hypospadias, cryptorchidism and AGD remain inconsistent and have not been combined. Hence, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess gradations in the severity of the endocrine disruption in cryptorchidism or hypospadias by using AGD. A total of 2,119 boys from five birth cohort studies and two cross-sectional studies were subjected to meta-analysis. Random-effect model was used to calculate the standardised mean difference (SMD) of AGD. Our results reveal that boys with hypospadias or cryptorchidism have shorter AGD ([SMD, -2.63; 95% CI, -4.65 to -0.62] and [SMD, -0.69; 95% CI, -1.36 to -0.02]) respectively. There was no indication of a publication bias either from the result of Egger's test or Begg's test for hypospadias and cryptorchidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Guo Hua
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Hu
- School of Health Services Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng-Yang Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Feng-Li Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiu-Jun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Rehman S, Usman Z, Rehman S, AlDraihem M, Rehman N, Rehman I, Ahmad G. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and impact on male reproductive health. Transl Androl Urol 2018; 7:490-503. [PMID: 30050807 PMCID: PMC6043754 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2018.05.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been known to adversely affect the endocrine system leading to compromised functions of hormones. The presence of these compounds in everyday products such as canned food, water bottles, plastics, cosmetics, fertilizers, kid’s toys and many others goods is a greater concern for general population. The persistent and long-term use of EDCs has deleterious effects on human reproductive health by interfering with the synthesis and mechanism of action of sex hormones. Any change during the synthesis or action of the sex hormones may result in abnormal reproductive functions which includes developmental anomalies in the reproductive tract and decline in semen quality. The present paper provides an overview of the EDCs and their possible impact on male reproductive health with major focus on semen quality which leads to male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Rehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Zeenat Usman
- Department of Physiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sabeen Rehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Noor Rehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, NY, USA
| | - Ibraheem Rehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gulfam Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.,Human Reproduction Unit, Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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Nishioka Y, Tamai K, Onda M, Hiromori Y, Kimura T, Hu J, Nagase H, Nakanishi T. Potential Interference of Oil Vehicles on Genital Tubercle Development during the Fetal Period in ICR Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:266-271. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Nishioka
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kazuki Tamai
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Masanari Onda
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Youhei Hiromori
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Tomoki Kimura
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University
| | - Jianying Hu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University
| | - Hisamitsu Nagase
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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Gobikrushanth M, Bruinjé T, Colazo M, Butler S, Ambrose D. Characterization of anogenital distance and its relationship to fertility in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9815-9823. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Picut CA, Ziejewski MK, Stanislaus D. Comparative Aspects of Pre- and Postnatal Development of the Male Reproductive System. Birth Defects Res 2017; 110:190-227. [PMID: 29063715 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review describes pre- and postnatal development of the male reproductive system in humans and laboratory animals, and highlights species differences in the timing and control of hormonal and morphologic events. Major differences are that the fetal testis is dependent on gonadotropins in humans, but is independent of such in rats; humans have an extended postnatal quiescent period, whereas rats exhibit no quiescence; and events such as secretion by the prostate and seminal vesicles, testicular descent, and the appearance of spermatogonia are all prenatal events in humans, but are postnatal events in rats. Major differences in the timing of the developmental sequence between rats and humans include: gonocyte transformation period (rat: postnatal day 0-9; human: includes gestational week 22 to 9 months of age); masculinization programming window (rat: gestational day 15.5-17.5; human: gestational week 9-14); and mini-puberty (rat: 0-6 hr after birth; human: 3-6 months of age). Endocrine disruptors can cause unique lesions in the prenatal and early postnatal testis; therefore, it is important to consider the differences in the timing of the developmental sequence when designing preclinical studies as identification of windows of sensitivity for endocrine disruption or toxicants will aid in interpretation of results and provide clues to a mode of action. Birth Defects Research 110:190-227, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Picut
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mary K Ziejewski
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - D Stanislaus
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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Nepelska M, Odum J, Munn S. Adverse Outcome Pathway: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Activation and Reproductive Toxicity—Development and Application in Assessment of Endocrine Disruptors/Reproductive Toxicants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Nepelska
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate F–Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods, Ispra, Italy
| | - Jenny Odum
- Regulatory Science Associates, Kip Marina, Inverkip, Renfrewshire, England
| | - Sharon Munn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate F–Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods, Ispra, Italy
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Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is characterized by a non-scarring progressive miniaturization of the hair follicle in predisposed men and women with a pattern distribution. Although AGA is a very prevalent condition, approved therapeutic options are limited. This article discusses the current treatment alternatives including their efficacy, safety profile, and quality of evidence. Finasteride and minoxidil for male androgenetic alopecia and minoxidil for female androgenetic alopecia still are the therapeutic options with the highest level evidence. The role of antiandrogens for female patients, the importance of adjuvant therapies, as well as new drugs and procedures are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Kelly
- Department of Dermatology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Dermatology, Hospital do Servidor Publico Municipal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,, 1364, Oscar Freire Street, São Paulo, SP, 05409-010, Brazil.
| | - Aline Blanco
- Department of Dermatology, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Antonella Tosti
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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42
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Flutamide-induced hypospadias in rats: A critical assessment. Differentiation 2017; 94:37-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Brough KR, Torgerson RR. Hormonal therapy in female pattern hair loss. Int J Womens Dermatol 2017; 3:53-57. [PMID: 28492055 PMCID: PMC5419033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Karnaukhov VK, Lukyanova AA, Lukashina MI, Vorobeva ES, Afanasov IM. Тіе Modern treatment of androgenetic alopecia. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2017. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2017-93-1-21-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common reason for hair loss. Its frequency in Caucasian population is up to 80% in men and 42% in women. Current gold standard for AGA treatment includes minoxidil and/or finasteride. Both drugs have moderate treatment efficacy and can cause significant side effects. Minoxidil is the only option for treatment of AGA in women since finasteride has no efficacy. This review considers actual concepts of molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis and current treatment options of AGA with their limitations and shortcomings. Current state and perspectives of novel approaches to AGA treatment, potentially more effective and safe than minoxidil and finasteride, are described. The review discusses growth factors and cytokines, topical 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, androgen receptor antagonists, prostaglandin analogs and antagonists, Wnt signaling activators and platelet-rich plasma injections.
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Cox K, Kyriakou A, Amjad B, O'Toole S, Flett ME, Welsh M, Ahmed SF, Cascio S. Shorter anogenital and anoscrotal distances correlate with the severity of hypospadias: A prospective study. J Pediatr Urol 2017; 13:57.e1-57.e5. [PMID: 27670783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anogenital distance (AGD) is a recognised marker of in utero androgen action. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between severity of hypospadias and AGD. STUDY DESIGN Boys undergoing hypospadias repair in a single tertiary centre between May 2012 and February 16 were included in the study. Anogenital distance was measured from the centre of the anus to the base of the penis, and anoscrotal distance (ASD) from the centre of the anus to the junction between the smooth perineal skin and scrotal skin. Trained paediatric urologists made all measurements using digital callipers. RESULTS Fifty-nine boys with hypospadias and 31 age-matched controls undergoing circumcision (median age 1.37 years, range 1.01-1.96) had AGD and ASD measured under anaesthetic. The patients were divided into two groups, according to hypospadias severity: group 1 - distal penile/subcoronal/glandular (n = 40); and group 2 - perineal/penoscrotal/midshaft (n = 19). The median AGD for controls was 74.0 mm (range 53.2-87.8) and for hypospadias it was 72.3 mm (range 50.7-90.0) (P = 0.816). The median ASD for controls was 42.3 mm (range 31.0-56.1) and for hypospadias it was 39.4 mm (range 20.7-77.0) (P = 0.224). Considering severity of hypospadias, the median AGD for group 1 and group 2 was 73.7 mm (range 50.7-90.0) and 63.3 mm (range 53.6-77.0), respectively (P < 0.001). The median ASD was also higher in group 1, at 41.3 mm (range 20.7-65.0), compared to 35.2 mm (range 23.5-77.0) in group 2 (P = 0.119) (Summary Fig.). DISCUSSION This study showed that more severe forms of hypospadias are associated with shorter AGD and ASD. These findings agree with two previous studies that identified reduced AGD in boys with hypospadias. However, these studies did not investigate an association with severity of hypospadias. As hypospadias is multifactorial, only a small proportion of cases are thought to be associated with impaired in utero androgen exposure. The shorter AGD in boys with severe hypospadias compared with mild hypospadias would indicate that AGD is a marker of the severity of androgen production. This may also suggest that less severe forms of hypospadias have a different aetiology involving a later stage of development, and that they are not the result of reduced androgen exposure in the male programming window between the 8-14 weeks gestation. CONCLUSION This study identified that boys with more severe hypospadias are more likely to have a shorter AGD and ASD than boys with mild hypospadias. This may indicate that there is a more profound impairment of in utero androgen action in severe hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cox
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Child Health, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, 1345 Govan Street, Glasgow, G51 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - A Kyriakou
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Child Health, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, 1345 Govan Street, Glasgow, G51 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - B Amjad
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Royal Hospital for Children, 1345 Govan Street, G51 4TF, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - S O'Toole
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Royal Hospital for Children, 1345 Govan Street, G51 4TF, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - M E Flett
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Royal Hospital for Children, 1345 Govan Street, G51 4TF, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - M Welsh
- School of Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - S F Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Child Health, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, 1345 Govan Street, Glasgow, G51 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - S Cascio
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Royal Hospital for Children, 1345 Govan Street, G51 4TF, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Gilboa Y, Perlman S, Kivilevitch Z, Messing B, Achiron R. Prenatal Anogenital Distance Is Shorter in Fetuses With Hypospadias. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2017; 36:175-182. [PMID: 27925677 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.16.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent research provides evidence that anogenital distance may serve as a novel metric to assess reproductive potential in men. In children, a shorter anogenital distance was linked with cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and micropenis. Scarce data exist in the literature regarding anogenital distance measurement in the fetus. The aim of our study was to assess whether intrauterine measurement of fetal anogenital distance could assist in the differential diagnosis of male genital anomalies. METHODS Anogenital distance was prospectively measured in all cases referred for suspected isolated abnormal male genitalia. Final diagnoses, confirmed by a pediatric urologist, were compared with anogenital distance prenatal measurements. RESULTS Fifty-two cases were referred for evaluation because of suspected male external genital malformation during a 12-month period. Cases with normal-appearing genitalia, associated major malformations, and early severe fetal growth restriction were excluded from the study. Postnatal examination revealed 14 cases of hypospadias in varying severity and 8 cases of a buried penis. All fetuses with hypospadias had an anogenital distance measurement below the fifth percentile. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between the normal mean anogenital distance for gestational age versus those with hypospadias (mean ± SD, 16.90 ± 4.08 and 11.68 ± 3.31 mm, respectively; P = .001). No significant difference was found between the normal mean anogenital distance for gestational age versus those with a buried penis (18.85 ± 2.76 and 19.46 ± 3.41 mm; P = .700). CONCLUSIONS Fetuses with hypospadias have a statistically significant shorter anogenital distance compared with the general population. Therefore, anogenital distance may serve as a complementary objective sonographic parameter in the prenatal assessment and counseling of male external genital anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinon Gilboa
- Prenatal Diagnostic Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Perlman
- Prenatal Diagnostic Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Zvi Kivilevitch
- Prenatal Diagnostic Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Baruch Messing
- Prenatal Diagnostic Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Reuven Achiron
- Prenatal Diagnostic Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Lent EM, Crouse LCB, Jackovitz AM, Carroll EE, Johnson MS. An extended one-generation reproductive toxicity test of 1,2,4-Triazol-5-one (NTO) in rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:1159-1178. [PMID: 27754820 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1219893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrotriazolone (1,2,4-triazol-5-one; NTO), an insensitive, energetic material used in explosive formulations, induced testicular toxicity and oligospermia in repeated-dose oral toxicity tests in rats. To evaluate whether NTO produces additional reproductive and developmental effects, a modified extended one-generation reproductive toxicity test was conducted. Rats were provided ad libitum access to NTO in drinking water at 0-, 144-, 720-, or 3600-mg/L NTO. Treatment of the parental generation began 2 (females) and 4 (males) wk premating and continued until weaning of litters. Direct dosing of offspring (F1) occurred from weaning through puberty. Pups were counted and weighed on postnatal day (PND) 0/1. Anogenital distance (AGD) was measured on PND 4 and males were examined for presence of nipples on PND 13. F1 offspring were examined daily for attainment of puberty. NTO did not markedly affect measures of fertility, including mating indices, gestation index, litter size, and sex ratio. Seminiferous tubule degeneration or atrophy was observed in P1 and F1 3600-mg/L NTO males. F1 males in the 3600 mg/L group exhibited reduced reproductive organ mass (testes, epididymides, and accessory sex organs). Nipple retention was increased in NTO exposed F1 males compared to controls. Attainment of puberty was delayed by 2.6 d in the 3600-mg/L NTO-exposed males relative to controls. Comparison of the effects of NTO with those of antiandrogens suggests absence of malformations of the genital tract in NTO-exposed males. This study supports previous findings indicating that NTO is a testicular toxicant with male developmental effects that may be secondary to testicular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily May Lent
- a Toxicology Directorate , U.S. Army Public Health Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland , USA
| | - Lee C B Crouse
- a Toxicology Directorate , U.S. Army Public Health Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland , USA
| | - Allison M Jackovitz
- a Toxicology Directorate , U.S. Army Public Health Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland , USA
| | - Erica E Carroll
- a Toxicology Directorate , U.S. Army Public Health Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland , USA
| | - Mark S Johnson
- a Toxicology Directorate , U.S. Army Public Health Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland , USA
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Thankamony A, Pasterski V, Ong KK, Acerini CL, Hughes IA. Anogenital distance as a marker of androgen exposure in humans. Andrology 2016; 4:616-25. [PMID: 26846869 PMCID: PMC6225986 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal foetal testis development has been proposed to underlie common disorders of the male reproductive system such as cryptorchidism, hypospadias, reduced semen quality and testicular germ cell tumour, which are regarded as components of a 'testicular dysgenesis syndrome'. The increasing trends and geographical variation in their incidence have been suggested to result from in utero exposure to environmental chemicals acting as endocrine disruptors. In rodents, the anogenital distance (AGD), measured from the anus to the base of genital tubercle, is a sensitive biomarker of androgen exposure during a critical embryonic window of testis development. In humans, several epidemiological studies have shown alterations in AGD associated with prenatal exposure to several chemicals with potential endocrine disrupting activity. However, the link between AGD and androgen exposure in humans is not well-defined. This review focuses on the current evidence for such a relationship. As in rodents, a clear gender difference is detected during foetal development of the AGD in humans which is maintained thereafter. Reduced AGD in association with clinically relevant outcomes of potential environmental exposures, such as cryptorchidism or hypospadias, is in keeping with AGD as a marker of foetal testicular function. Furthermore, AGD may reflect variations in prenatal androgen exposure in healthy children as shorter AGD at birth is associated with reduced masculine play behaviour in preschool boys. Several studies provide evidence linking shorter AGD with lower fertility, semen quality and testosterone levels in selected groups of adults attending andrology clinics. Overall, the observational data in humans are consistent with experimental studies in animals and support the use of AGD as a biomarker of foetal androgen exposure. Future studies evaluating AGD in relation to reproductive hormones in both infants and adults, and to gene polymorphisms, will help to further delineate the effect of prenatal and postnatal androgen exposures on AGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Thankamony
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Vickie Pasterski
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3RQ, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carlo L Acerini
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ieuan A Hughes
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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49
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Poulet FM, Veneziale R, Vancutsem PM, Losco P, Treinen K, Morrissey RE. Ziracin-Induced Congenital Urogenital Malformations in Female Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 33:320-8. [PMID: 15814361 DOI: 10.1080/01926230590925061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous hypospadias is seldom observed in rats in contrast to its occurrence in 1 out of 250 human births. Ziracin, an antibacterial of the everninomycin class under development for serious enterococcal, staphylococcal, and streptococcal infections, caused anomalies of the external genitalia in F1 female rats and decreased reproductive performance. To characterize the urogenital malformations and determine the period of sensitivity to the effects of Ziracin during development, pregnant rats (F0) were administered 60 mg/kg IV of Ziracin from GD6 to LD21, GD6 to 13, GD14 to the last day of gestation or LD0 to 21. Controls received saline or placebo from GD6 to LD21. Ziracin-induced changes occurred in F1 rats exposed from GD6 to LD21 and GD14 to the last day of gestation, indicating that the period of sensitivity to Ziracin was from GD 14 to the last day of gestation. The urogenital abnormalities consisted of cranial displacement of the urethral opening within the vagina from its normal location at the tip of the genital tubercle. When the urethrovaginal junction occurred at the distal third of the vagina, it created an urogenital cloaca. As a result, ascending infections were seen in the urinary and genital tract. No differences in survivability, body weight, and date of vaginal opening were observed in F1 females. The estrous cycles were slightly prolonged. The mating and fertility indices were decreased as a result of the urogenital anomalies. The mammary glands of pregnant F1 females were underdeveloped, thus F2 pups from affected F1 females had a decreased survival rate. Although the cause of these effects is not known, the findings are consistent with a potential hormonal mechanism.
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50
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Afifi L, Maranda EL, Zarei M, Delcanto GM, Falto-Aizpurua L, Kluijfhout WP, Jimenez JJ. Low-level laser therapy as a treatment for androgenetic alopecia. Lasers Surg Med 2016; 49:27-39. [PMID: 27114071 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) affects 50% of males by age 50 and 50% of females by age 80. Recently, the use of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been proposed as a treatment for hair loss and to stimulate hair regrowth in AGA. This paper aims to review the existing research studies to determine whether LLLT is an effective therapy for AGA based on objective measurements and patient satisfaction. STUDY DESIGN A systematic literature review was done to identify articles on Medline, Google Scholar, and Embase that were published between January 1960 and November 2015. All search hits were screened by two reviewers and examined for relevant abstracts and titles. Articles were divided based on study design and assessed for risk of bias. RESULTS Eleven studies were evaluated, which investigated a total of 680 patients, consisting of 444 males and 236 females. Nine out of 11 studies assessing hair count/hair density found statistically significant improvements in both males and females following LLLT treatment. Additionally, hair thickness and tensile strength significantly improved in two out of four studies. Patient satisfaction was investigated in five studies, and was overall positive, though not as profound as the objective outcomes. CONCLUSION The majority of studies covered in this review found an overall improvement in hair regrowth, thickness, and patient satisfaction following LLLT therapy. Although we should be cautious when interpreting these findings, LLLT therapy seems to be a promising monotherapy for AGA and may serve as an effective alternative for individuals unwilling to use medical therapy or undergo surgical options. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:27-39, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Afifi
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Eric L Maranda
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Mina Zarei
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Gina M Delcanto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Leyre Falto-Aizpurua
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Wouter P Kluijfhout
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joaquin J Jimenez
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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