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Abdel-Rahman Mohamed A, El-Kholy SS, Dahran N, El Bohy KM, Moustafa GG, Saber TM, Metwally MMM, Gaber RA, Alqahtani LS, Mostafa-Hedeab G, El-Shetry ES. Scrutinizing pathways of Nicotine effect on renal Alpha-7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor and Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing Mice: role of Chlorella vulgaris. Gene 2022; 837:146697. [PMID: 35764235 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is one of several physiologically stable and active chemicals found in tobacco. The mechanism through which nicotine causes kidney damage is still obscure. As a result, the goal of this research was to investigate how oral nicotine intake can lead to kidney damage. Naturaly occurring superfood green algae are immense supplements help us using extra chemicals during cancer prevalence if the patient is exposed to nicotine. Hence, the mitigating role of Chlorella vulgaris extract (CVE) against nicotine-nephrotoxic impact in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing mice was studied. For this purpose, four groups of Swiss female mice were assigned, nicotine group (NIC) (100 µg/ml/kg), CVE group (100 mg/kg), CVE+Nicotine, and a control group. Renal dysfunction was evaluated by estimating serum biomarkers ofrenal damage. The expression pattern of Nf-KB, MAPK, P53, and α7-nAchR, lipid peroxidation biomarker, and antioxidant enzyme activities were evaluated in kidney tissue. Also, micro-morphometric examination and apoptosis immunohistochemical reactivity of kidney tissue were applied. The obtained results indicated up-regulation of all estimated genes and oxidative stress. Moreover, a significant (P<0.05) increment in the apoptotic marker Caspase-3 and declined BCL-2 proteins were recorded. In serum, a significant (P<0.05) elevation of urea, creatinine, TNF-α, IL-1β, and Kim-1 were evident. Histological investigation reinforced the aforementioned data, revealing structural changes involving the tubules, glomeruli, and interstitium of mice kidneys. CVE may be a strong contender for protecting renal tissue damage since it reduces renal tissue injury and oxidative stress. Cancer patients who regularly use nicotine through direct smoking or second-hand exposure can benefit from CVE usage as a dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Abdel-Rahman Mohamed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Sanad S El-Kholy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Naief Dahran
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khlood M El Bohy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Gihan G Moustafa
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Taghred M Saber
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M M Metwally
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Rasha A Gaber
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Leena S Alqahtani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab
- Pharmacology department & Health Research Unit, Medical College, Jouf University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman S El-Shetry
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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2
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An NAD-Specific 6-Hydroxy-3-Succinoyl-Semialdehyde-Pyridine Dehydrogenase from Nicotine-Degrading Agrobacterium tumefaciens Strain S33. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0092421. [PMID: 34378958 PMCID: PMC8552603 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00924-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain S33 can catabolize nicotine via a hybrid of the pyridine and pyrrolidine pathways. Most of the enzymes involved in this biochemical pathway have been identified and characterized, except for the one catalyzing the oxidation of 6-hydroxy-3-succinoyl-semialdehyde-pyridine to 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine. Based on a previous genomic and transcriptomic analysis, an open reading frame (ORF) annotated to encode aldehyde dehydrogenase (Ald) in the nicotine-degrading cluster was predicted to be responsible for this step. In this study, we heterologously expressed the enzyme and identified its function by biochemical assay and mass spectrum analysis. It was found that Ald catalyzes the NAD-specific dehydrogenation of 6-hydroxy-3-succinoyl-semialdehyde-pyridine to 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine. With the nonhydroxylated analog 3-succinoyl-semialdehyde-pyridine (SAP) as a substrate, Ald had a specific activity of 10.05 U/mg at pH 9.0 and apparent Km values of around 58.68 μM and 0.41 mM for SAP and NAD+, respectively. Induction at low temperature and purification and storage in low-salt buffers were helpful to prevent its aggregation and precipitation. Disruption of the ald gene caused a lower growth rate and biomass of strain S33 on nicotine but not on 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine. Ald has a broad range of substrates, including benzaldehyde, furfural, and acetaldehyde. Recombinant Escherichia coli cells harboring the ald gene can efficiently convert furfural to 2-furoic acid at a specific rate of 0.032 mmol min−1 g dry cells−1, extending the application of Ald in the catalysis of bio-based furan compounds. These findings provide new insights into the biochemical mechanism of the nicotine-degrading hybrid pathway and the possible application of Ald in industrial biocatalysis. IMPORTANCE Nicotine is one of the major toxic N-heterocyclic aromatic alkaloids produced in tobacco plants. Manufacturing tobacco and smoking may lead to some environmental and public health problems. Microorganisms can degrade nicotine by various biochemical pathways, but the biochemical mechanism for nicotine degradation has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we identified an aldehyde dehydrogenase responsible for the oxidation of 6-hydroxy-3-succinoyl-semialdehyde-pyridine to 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine; this was the only uncharacterized enzyme in the hybrid of the pyridine and pyrrolidine pathways in Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33. Similar to the known aldehyde dehydrogenase, the NAD-specific homodimeric enzyme presents a broad substrate range with high activity in alkaline and low-salt-containing buffers. It can catalyze not only the aldehyde from nicotine degradation but also those of benzaldehyde, furfural, and acetaldehyde. It was found that recombinant Escherichia coli cells harboring the ald gene could efficiently convert furfural to valuable 2-furoic acid, demonstrating its potential application for enzymatic catalysis.
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Sami A, Elimairi I, Patangia D, Watkins C, Ryan CA, Ross RP, Stanton C. The ultra-structural, metabolomic and metagenomic characterisation of the sudanese smokeless tobacco 'Toombak'. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1498-1512. [PMID: 34401360 PMCID: PMC8355839 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Toombak, a form of moist smokeless tobacco from Sudan is placed as a dip in the oral cavity most commonly used by males. The microbiome of Toombak predominantly consists of the phyla, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria while abundant species include Corynebacterium casei, Atopostipes suicloacalis and Oceanobacillus chironomi. High concentrations of iron, volatile aldehydes and tobacco specific nitrosamines were found in Toombak and can lead to toxicity. Toombak has a non-homogenous abrasive surface with a high sodium level in the ready to buy form that can damage the oral mucosa. New measures must be taken in Sudan to limit harmful compounds in Toombak.
Toombak is a smokeless tobacco produced from the Nicotiana rustica tobacco plant from Sudan. Pre-prepared and ready to buy Toombak samples were analysed using mass spectrometry (heavy metals), gas and liquid chromatography (metabolomics), 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing (microbiome) and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and pH analysis. Chromium, cobalt, and copper were high in the pre-prepared form of Toombak while iron, tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were high in both types. Firmicutes and Actinobacteria dominated Toombak. Samples of ready to buy Toombak showed inter-variational differences depending on place of purchase. We found Virgibacillus were increased in the pre-prepared form while Corynebacterium casei, Atopococus tabaci, Atopostipes suicloacalis, Oceanobacillus chironomi and Staphylococcus gallinarum were the most abundant species in the ready to buy forms. PICRUSt analysis highlighted increased activity of metal transport systems in the ready to buy samples as well as an antibiotic transport system. SEM-EDX highlighted large non-homogenous, irregular particles with increased sodium, while pH of samples was in the alkaline range. The final composition of Toombak is affected by its method of preparation and the end product has the potential to impart many negative consequences on the health of its users. TSNA levels observed in Toombak were some of the highest in the world while the micro-environment of Toombak supports a distinct microbiota profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Sami
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, National Ribat University, Nile Street, Khartoum, 1111, Sudan
| | - Imad Elimairi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, National Ribat University, Nile Street, Khartoum, 1111, Sudan
| | - Dhrati Patangia
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Claire Watkins
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - C Anthony Ryan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, T12 DFK4, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
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Kadam S, Vandana M, Patwardhan S, Kaushik KS. Looking beyond the smokescreen: can the oral microbiome be a tool or target in the management of tobacco-associated oral cancer? Ecancermedicalscience 2021; 15:1179. [PMID: 33777172 PMCID: PMC7987485 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2021.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of microbes inhabit the oral cavity, and bacterial and fungal communities most often exist as structured communities or biofilms. The use of tobacco alters the structure of the oral microbiome, including that of potentially malignant lesions, and the altered oral microbiome influences key microenvironmental changes such as chronic inflammation, secretion of carcinogenic toxins, cellular and tissue remodelling and suppression of apoptosis. Given this, it is clear that the bacterial and fungal biofilms in potentially malignant states are likely not passive entities, but could play a critical role in shaping potential malignant and carcinogenic conditions. This holds potential towards leveraging the oral microbiome for the management of tobacco-associated potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer. Here, we explore this line of investigation by reviewing the effects of tobacco in shaping the oral microbiome, and analyse the available evidence in the light of the microbiome of oral potentially malignant and cancerous lesions, and the role of dysbiosis in carcinogenesis. Finally, we discuss possible interventions and approaches using which the oral microbiome could be leveraged towards precision-based oral cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Kadam
- Human-Relevant Infection Biology Group, Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Madhusoodhanan Vandana
- Human-Relevant Infection Biology Group, Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Sudhanshu Patwardhan
- Centre for Health Research and Education, University of Southampton Science Park, Chilworth, Hampshire SO16 7NP, UK
| | - Karishma S Kaushik
- Human-Relevant Infection Biology Group, Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
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5
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Huang H, Shang J, Wang S. Physiology of a Hybrid Pathway for Nicotine Catabolism in Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:598207. [PMID: 33281798 PMCID: PMC7688666 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.598207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is a major N-heterocyclic aromatic alkaloid produced in tobacco plants and the main toxic chemical in tobacco waste. Due to its complex physiological effects and toxicity, it has become a concern both in terms of public health and the environment. A number of bacteria belonging to the genera Arthrobacter and Pseudomonas can degrade nicotine via the pyridine and pyrrollidine pathways. Recently, a novel hybrid of the pyridine and pyrrolidine pathways (also known as the VPP pathway) was found in the Rhizobiale group bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33, Shinella sp. HZN7 and Ochrobactrum sp. SJY1 as well as in other group bacteria. The special mosaic pathway has attracted much attention from microbiologists in terms of the study of their molecular and biochemical mechanisms. This will benefit the development of new biotechnologies in terms of the use of nicotine, the enzymes involved in its catabolism, and the microorganisms capable of degrading the alkaloid. In this pathway, some metabolites are hydroxylated in the pyridine ring or modified in the side chain with active groups, which can be used as precursors for the synthesis of some important compounds in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. Moreover, some enzymes may be used for industrial biocatalysis to transform pyridine derivatives into desired chemicals. Here, we review the molecular and biochemical basis of the hybrid nicotine-degrading pathway and discuss the electron transport in its oxidative degradation for energy conservation and bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Jinmeng Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Mu Y, Chen Q, Parales RE, Lu Z, Hong Q, He J, Qiu J, Jiang J. Bacterial catabolism of nicotine: Catabolic strains, pathways and modules. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109258. [PMID: 32311908 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine, the major alkaloid in tobacco, is a toxic, carcinogenic, and addictive compound. In recent years, nicotine catabolism in prokaryotes, including the catabolic pathways for its degradation and the catabolic genes that encode the enzymes of these pathways, have been systemically investigated. In this review, the three known pathways for nicotine catabolism in bacteria are summarized: the pyridine pathway, the pyrrolidine pathway, and a variation of the pyridine and pyrrolidine pathway (VPP pathway). The three nicotine catabolic pathways appear to have evolved separately in three distantly related lineages of bacteria. However, the general mechanism for the breakdown of the nicotine molecule in all three pathways is conserved and can be divided into six major enzymatic steps or catabolic modules that involve hydroxylation of the pyridine ring, dehydrogenation of the pyrrolidine ring, cleavage of the side chain, cleavage of the pyridine ring, dehydrogenation of the side chain, and deamination of pyridine ring-lysis products. In addition to summarizing our current understanding of nicotine degradation pathways, we identified several potential nicotine-degrading bacteria whose genome sequences are in public databases by comparing the sequences of conserved catabolic enzymes. Finally, several uncharacterized genes that are colocalized with nicotine degradation genes and are likely to be involved in nicotine catabolism, including regulatory genes, methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein genes, transporter genes, and cofactor genes are discussed. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the catabolism of nicotine in prokaryotes and highlights aspects of the process that still require additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Mu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology for Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, China
| | - Rebecca E Parales
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zhenmei Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qing Hong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology for Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology for Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiguo Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology for Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology for Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Kaur J, Sharma A, Kumar A, Bhartiya D, Sinha DN, Kumari S, Gupta R, Mehrotra R, Singh H. SLTChemDB: A database of chemical compounds present in Smokeless tobacco products. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7142. [PMID: 31073139 PMCID: PMC6509116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco (SLT), a cause of potentially preventable diseases, has a diverse chemical composition encompassing toxicants as well as potent carcinogens. Though the chemical profile of SLT products has been analyzed earlier, this information is not available in a comprehensive and easily accessible format. Hence, there is an imperative felt need to develop a one-stop information source providing inclusive information on SLT products. SLTChemDB is the first such database that makes available detailed information on various properties of chemical compounds identified across different brands of SLT products. The primary information for the database was extracted through extensive literature search, which was further curated from popular chemical web servers and databases. At present, SLTChemDB contains comprehensive information on 233 unique chemical compounds and 82 SLT products. The database has been made user-friendly with facility for systematic search and filters. SLTChemDB would provide the initial data on chemical compounds in SLT products to various tobacco testing laboratories. The database also highlights research gaps and thus, would be a guide for researchers interested in chemistry and toxicology of SLT products. With regular update of information in the database, it shall be a valuable evidence base for policymakers to formulate stringent policies for SLT control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Kaur
- Informatics, Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, 110029, India.,Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Arun Sharma
- Informatics, Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, 110029, India.,Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Deeksha Bhartiya
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Dhirendra Narain Sinha
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub of Smokeless Tobacco, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Suchitra Kumari
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Ruchika Gupta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub of Smokeless Tobacco, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India.,ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Informatics, Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, 110029, India. .,Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India.
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Upadhyay M, Verma P, Sabharwal R, Subudhi SK, Jatol-Tekade S, Naphade V, Choudhury BK, Sahoo PD. Micronuclei in Exfoliated Cells: A Biomarker of Genotoxicity in Tobacco Users. Niger J Surg 2019; 25:52-59. [PMID: 31007513 PMCID: PMC6452766 DOI: 10.4103/njs.njs_10_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The aim of this study was to analyze the tobacco-related genotoxic effects in individual with habit of smoking and chewing tobacco. Materials and Methods: The present study sample consisted of 120 individuals attending the outpatient department of D. J. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh (UP). The sample was divided into four groups as follows: Group I (individuals with habit of smoking tobacco), Group II (individuals with habit of chewing tobacco), Group III (individuals with habit of smoking and chewing tobacco), and Group IV control group (nontobacco-exposed individuals). Patients were asked to rinse their mouth gently with water. The exfoliated cells were obtained by scraping the buccal mucosa of individuals with a wooden spatula. The scraped cells were placed on the precleaned slides. The smears were then stained with RAPID-PAP™ and analyzed under the microscope. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Results: In the present study, an arbitrary unit was obtained using frequency/day multiplied by the duration of years (risk multiplication factor [RMF], a positive and significant correlation were observed between the RMF and the mean percentage of micronucleated cell count in smokers, chewers, and in individuals with both smoking and chewing habit, respectively. A weak positive and nonsignificant correlation were observed between age and mean percentage of micronucleated cells in smokers and smokers + chewers, respectively, while it was weak negative and nonsignificant in chewers. In control group, correlation between age and percentage of micronucleated cells was weak positive and nonsignificant at 5% level of significance. Conclusion: The micronuclei in exfoliated mucosal cells from buccal mucosa can be used as a biomarker of genotoxicity in predicting the effects of carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Upadhyay
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Parul Verma
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, IDS, Sehora, Jammu, India
| | - Robin Sabharwal
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, MMCDSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | | | - Suruchi Jatol-Tekade
- Department of Orthodontics, Modern Dental College and Research Center, Gandhi Nagar, India
| | - Vihang Naphade
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Index Institute of Dental Sciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Choudhury
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Figueiró LR, Linden R, Ziulkoski AL, Dantas DCM. Cellular effects of thirdhand tobacco smoke from smokers’ homes. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 28:243-251. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1411411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Linden
- Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Ziulkoski
- Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
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Yu W, Wang R, Li H, Liang J, Wang Y, Huang H, Xie H, Wang S. Green route to synthesis of valuable chemical 6-hydroxynicotine from nicotine in tobacco wastes using genetically engineered Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:288. [PMID: 29213327 PMCID: PMC5713474 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0976-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco is widely planted as an important nonfood economic crop throughout the world, and large amounts of tobacco wastes are generated during the tobacco manufacturing process. Tobacco and its wastes contain high nicotine content. This issue has become a major concern for health and environments due to its toxicity and complex physiological effects. The microbial transformation of nicotine into valuable functionalized pyridine compounds is a promising way to utilize tobacco and its wastes as a potential biomass resource. Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33 is able to degrade nicotine via a novel hybrid of the pyridine and pyrrolidine pathways, in which several intermediates, such as 6-hydroxynicotine, can be used as renewable precursors to synthesize drugs and insecticides. This provides an opportunity to produce valuable chemical 6-hydroxynicotine from nicotine via biocatalysis using strain S33. RESULTS To accumulate the intermediate 6-hydroxynicotine, we firstly identified the key enzyme decomposing 6-hydroxynicotine, named 6-hydroxynicotine oxidase, and then disrupted its encoding gene in A. tumefaciens S33. With the whole cells of the mutant as a biocatalyst, we tested the possibility to produce 6-hydroxynicotine from the nicotine of tobacco and its wastes and optimized the reaction conditions. At 30 °C and pH 7.0, nicotine could be efficiently transformed into 6-hydroxynicotine by the whole cells cultivated with glucose/ammonium/6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine medium. The molar conversion and the specific catalytic rate reached approximately 98% and 1.01 g 6-hydroxynicotine h-1 g-1 dry cells, respectively. The product could be purified easily by dichloromethane extraction with a recovery of 76.8%, and was further confirmed by UV spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and NMR analysis. CONCLUSIONS We successfully developed a novel biocatalytic route to 6-hydroxynicotine from nicotine by blocking the nicotine catabolic pathway via gene disruption, which provides an alternative green strategy to utilize tobacco and its wastes as a biomass resource by converting nicotine into valuable hydroxylated-pyridine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongshui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, 250062 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, 250062 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huijun Xie
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
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Hu H, Wang W, Tang H, Xu P. Characterization of Pseudooxynicotine Amine Oxidase of Pseudomonas putida S16 that Is Crucial for Nicotine Degradation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17770. [PMID: 26634650 PMCID: PMC4669500 DOI: 10.1038/srep17770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudooxynicotine amine oxidase (Pnao) is essential to the pyrrolidine pathway of nicotine degradation of Pseudomonas putida strain S16, which is significant for the detoxification of nicotine, through removing the CH3NH2 group. However, little is known about biochemical mechanism of this enzyme. Here, we characterized its properties and biochemical mechanism. Isotope labeling experiments provided direct evidence that the newly introduced oxygen atom in 3-succinoylsemialdehyde-pyridine is derived from H2O, but not from O2. Pnao was very stable at temperatures below 50 °C; below this temperature, the enzyme activity increased as temperature rose. Site-directed mutagenesis studies showed that residue 180 is important for its thermal stability. In addition, tungstate may enhance the enzyme activity, which has rarely been reported before. Our findings make a further understanding of the crucial Pnao in nicotine degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic &Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic &Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic &Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic &Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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12
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Nicotine stimulation increases proliferation and matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -28 expression in human dental pulp cells. Life Sci 2015; 135:49-54. [PMID: 26048072 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Dental pulp is the specialized tissue responsible for maintaining tooth viability. When tooth mineralized matrix is damaged, pulp is exposed to a plethora of environmental stimuli. In particular, in smokers, pulp become exposed to very high concentrations of nicotine. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of direct nicotine stimulation on human dental pulp cell proliferation. Moreover, as it is known that nicotine could upregulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes involved in pulpal inflammation, the effects of nicotine stimulation on MMP-2 and MMP-28 gene expression have also been investigated. MAIN METHODS Human dental pulp cells were extracted from impacted third molars obtained from healthy patients undergoing routine orthodontic treatments. Such cells were treated with growing concentrations of nicotine in the presence or absence of a nicotine antagonist (hexamethonium chloride) or of a MEK signaling inhibitor (PD98059). Cell proliferation was evaluated by cell counting, while nicotine effects on MMP expression were evaluated by PCR. KEY FINDINGS The data obtained indicate that nicotine is able to increase human dental pulp cell proliferation by acting through nicotinic cholinergic receptors and downstream MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, it is also able to increase both MMP-2 and MMP-28 gene expression. SIGNIFICANCE In summary these results highlight that direct exposure of human dental pulp cells to nicotine results in an inflammatory response, that could have a role in pulpal inflammation onset, a pathological condition that, when ignored, could eventually spread to the surrounding alveolar bone and progress to pulp necrosis.
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13
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Gurusamy R, Natarajan S. Current status on biochemistry and molecular biology of microbial degradation of nicotine. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:125385. [PMID: 24470788 PMCID: PMC3891541 DOI: 10.1155/2013/125385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioremediation is one of the most promising methods to clean up polluted environments using highly efficient potent microbes. Microbes with specific enzymes and biochemical pathways are capable of degrading the tobacco alkaloids including highly toxic heterocyclic compound, nicotine. After the metabolic conversion, these nicotinophilic microbes use nicotine as the sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source for their growth. Various nicotine degradation pathways such as demethylation pathway in fungi, pyridine pathway in Gram-positive bacteria, pyrrolidine pathway, and variant of pyridine and pyrrolidine pathways in Gram-negative bacteria have been reported. In this review, we discussed the nicotine-degrading pathways of microbes and their enzymes and biotechnological applications of nicotine intermediate metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Gurusamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Sakthivel Natarajan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
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14
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Wang X, Tang L, Yao Y, Wang H, Min H, Lu Z. Bioremediation of the tobacco waste-contaminated soil by Pseudomonas sp. HF-1: nicotine degradation and microbial community analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:6077-88. [PMID: 23053086 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The highly effective nicotine-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas sp. HF-1 was augmented into the tobacco waste-contaminated soil to degrade nicotine and evaluate the effect of the bioremediation. Comparing with non-adding (NA) systems, the treatments with addition of strain HF-1 (TA) exhibited considerably stronger pollution disposal abilities and higher stability of pH value and moisture content, especially in groups containing a large quantity of tobacco waste. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles showed that the Shannon-Wiener index decreased with increasing wastes in the NA treatments, while a gradual increase was found in the TA groups. A comparison of sequences from DGGE bands demonstrated that there were differences in the dominant microbial species between the two treatments, suggesting that strain HF-1 could persist in the soil and enhance the efficiency of tobacco waste disposal. The results of real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) also indicated that strain HF-1 existed in the TA systems and grew with relative high quantities. In conclusion, the nicotine-degrading strain HF-1 played a leading role in the bioremediation of the tobacco waste-contaminated soil and influenced the dynamics and structure of the microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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15
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Basu S, Priya R, Singh TB, Srivastava P, Mishra PK, Shukla VK. Role of nicotine in gallbladder carcinoma: a preliminary report. J Dig Dis 2012; 13:536-40. [PMID: 22988927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2012.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the role of nicotine in gallbladder carcinoma and its association with the stage and degree of cancer differentiation. METHODS Tissue samples from gallbladder were obtained from 20 patients with gallbladder cancer and 20 age- and gender-matched patients with cholelithiasis who served as the control group. Gallbladder tissue (2 g) was extracted and analyzed for nicotine content using capillary gas chromatography. Nitrogen was used as the carrier gas. Standard curves of nicotine in methanol were made by injecting the internal standards. RESULTS A significantly higher tissue nicotine concentration was observed in the gallbladder carcinoma group than that in the control group (179.63 ng/mg vs 6.00 ng/mg, P < 0.001). The stage and degree of cancer differentiation did not seem to affect the nicotine levels. Gallbladder tissue contained a significantly higher nicotine concentration in smokers with cancer compared with those in the control group (1570.00 ng/mg vs 232.25 ng/mg, P < 0.001). Interestingly, non-smokers in cancer group also had a higher nicotine concentration than the control group (161.50 ng/mg vs 4.00 ng/mg, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Nicotine is selectively concentrated in malignant gallbladder tissue irrespective of smoking status, showing its strong association with gallbladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somprakas Basu
- Department of Surgery, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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16
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Ye Y, Wang X, Zhang L, Lu Z, Yan X. Unraveling the concentration-dependent metabolic response of Pseudomonas sp. HF-1 to nicotine stress by ¹H NMR-based metabolomics. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:1314-1324. [PMID: 22437205 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine can cause oxidative damage to organisms; however, some bacteria, for example Pseudomonas sp. HF-1, are resistant to such oxidative stress. In the present study, we analyzed the concentration-dependent metabolic response of Pseudomonas sp. HF-1 to nicotine stress using ¹H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis. We found that the dominant metabolites in Pseudomonas sp. HF-1 were eight aliphatic organic acids, six amino acids, three sugars and 11 nucleotides. After 18 h of cultivation, 1 g/L nicotine caused significant elevation of sugar (glucose, trehalose and maltose), succinate and nucleic acid metabolites (cytidine, 5'-CMP, guanine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and adenosine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate), but decrease of glutamate, putrescine, pyrimidine, 2-propanol, diethyl ether and acetamide levels. Similar metabolomic changes were induced by 2 g/L nicotine, except that no significant change in trehalose, 5'-UMP levels and diethyl ether were found. However, 3 g/L nicotine led to a significant elevation in the two sugars (trehalose and maltose) levels and decrease in the levels of glutamate, putrescine, pyrimidine and 2-propanol. Our findings indicated that nicotine resulted in the enhanced nucleotide biosynthesis, decreased glucose catabolism, elevated succinate accumulation, severe disturbance in osmoregulation and complex antioxidant strategy. And a further increase of nicotine level was a critical threshold value that triggered the change of metabolic flow in Pseudomonas sp. HF-1. These findings revealed the comprehensive insights into the metabolic response of nicotine-degrading bacteria to nicotine-induced oxidative toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfang Ye
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China
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17
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Wang S, Huang H, Xie K, Xu P. Identification of nicotine biotransformation intermediates by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain S33 suggests a novel nicotine degradation pathway. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1567-78. [PMID: 22466953 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, a major alkaloid in tobacco plants and the main toxic chemical in tobacco wastes, can be transformed by bacteria into hydroxylated-pyridine intermediates, which are important precursors for the chemical synthesis of valuable drugs and insecticides. Such biotransformation could be a useful approach to utilize tobacco and its wastes. In this study, we explored nicotine degradation by a recently isolated Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33 by identifying the intermediates during its growth on nicotine and during transformation of nicotine with its resting cells. Five hydroxylated-pyridine intermediates were detected through multiple approaches, including GC-HR-MS, HPLC, and ESI-Q-TOF MS analyses. Surprisingly, these identified intermediates suggest that strain S33 employs a novel pathway that is different from the two characterized pathways described in Arthrobacter and Pseudomonas. Based on these findings, we propose that strain S33 is able to transform nicotine to 6-hydroxy-pseudooxynicotine first via the pyridine pathway through 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine and 6-hydroxy-N-methylmyosmine, and then, it turns to the pyrrolidine pathway with the formation of 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine and 2,5-dihydroxypyridine. The activities of the key enzymes, nicotine dehydrogenase, 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine oxidase, and 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine hydroxylase, were demonstrated in the cell extract of strain S33 and by partially enriched enzymes. Moreover, the cell extract could transform 6-hydroxy-pseudooxynicotine into 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine by coupling with 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine oxidation reaction by 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine oxidase. These results indicated that strain S33 can transform nicotine into renewable hydroxylated-pyridine intermediates by the special pathway, in which at least three intermediates, 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine, 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine, and 2,5-dihydroxypyridine, have potential to be further chemically modified into useful compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China,
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18
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Al-Obaidi S, Mathew TC, Dean E. Exercise may offset nicotine-induced injury in lung tissue: A preliminary histological study based on a rat model. Exp Lung Res 2012; 38:211-21. [DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2012.666331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Chattopadhyay K, Mondal S, Chattopadhyay B, Ghosh S. Ameliorative effect of sesame lignans on nicotine toxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:3215-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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20
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Prabhulkar S, Li CZ. Assessment of oxidative DNA damage and repair at single cellular level via real-time monitoring of 8-OHdG biomarker. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1743-9. [PMID: 20863679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is the most important and best-documented biomarker of oxidative stress, which is involved in the instigation of various diseases. 8-OHdG levels correlate to oxidative DNA damage which is known to be the root cause of a variety of age-related chronic diseases. The purpose of our research was to develop a detection strategy capable of measuring 8-OHdG in real-time at the surface of a single cell. Activated carbon fiber microelectrodes were used as the sensing platform. The microelectrodes were used to measure 8-OHdG release from single lung epithelial cells under the influence of nicotine. In order to evaluate the direct role of nicotine in tobacco induced genotoxicity, we studied the influence of parameters such as nicotine concentration and exposure times on 8-OHdG secretion. 2-8 mM nicotine solutions induced dose-dependent DNA damage in single cells, which was observed via amperometric measurements of secreted 8-OHdG biomarker. Real-time 8-OHdG measurements from single cells exposed to 4 mM nicotine solution revealed cessation of 8-OHdG secretion after 110 min. We have successfully outlined a methodology to detect 8-OHdG at the surface of single cells. A similar protocol can be used to evaluate oxidative DNA damage and repair mechanisms in other disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Prabhulkar
- Nanobioengineering/Bioelectronics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, United States
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21
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Haveric A, Haveric S, Ibrulj S. Micronuclei frequencies in peripheral blood and buccal exfoliated cells of young smokers and non-smokers. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:260-6. [PMID: 20450262 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2010.482962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic biomarkers, such as micronuclei in peripheral blood or oral mucosa, are widely used for evaluation of exposure to genotoxins or carcinogens. Tobacco is one of the strongest carcinogens, responsible for development of different types of cancers. The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxicity of cigarette consumption in young smokers and to correlate results of cytogenetic analysis in peripheral blood lymphocytes and exfoliated buccal cells. The study was conducted on samples taken from 43 smokers and 44 non-smokers, young individuals from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Significantly higher frequency of micronuclei in peripheral blood lymphocytes was observed in smokers (p < 0.05). No significant correlations were found for age, duration and intensity of smoking, and frequency of micronuclei in lymphocytes. Significantly higher frequency of degenerated (apoptotic) buccal cells was also revealed in smokers (p < 0.05). The frequency of apoptotic cells in smokers was significantly influenced by the age of participants (F = 8.649; p < 0.01) and duration of smoking (F = 5.389; p < 0.05). Results of cytogenetic analysis conducted in peripheral blood and exfoliated buccal cells are in significant positive correlation, indicating complementarities of those analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Haveric
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Wang M, Yang G, Min H, Lv Z, Jia X. Bioaugmentation with the nicotine-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas sp. HF-1 in a sequencing batch reactor treating tobacco wastewater: degradation study and analysis of its mechanisms. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:4187-4196. [PMID: 19665163 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The highly effective nicotine-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas sp. HF-1 was augmented in an SBR system that is used to treat tobacco wastewater. Compared to the non-bioaugmented (non-BA) system, the bioaugmented (BA) system exhibited considerably stronger pollution disposal abilities, with 100% nicotine degradation and more than 84% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal within 12h. Nicotine degradation had a significant effect on COD removal in SBRs (r=0.928, p<0.01). The mechanisms of bioaugmentation were systematically investigated using a combination of polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and a toxicity assay (protein carbonyl (PC) and DNA-protein crosslinking (DPC)). DGGE fingerprint profiles showed that the number of bands and the Shannon-Wiener index decreased at a nicotine load of 250mg/L compared to a 40-130mg/L nicotine load in the non-BA system. However, a stepwise increase in the Shannon-Wiener index was found during all periods in the BA system. A comparison of sequences excised from DGGE gels demonstrated significant differences in the dominant microbial species between the two SBRs. This result suggested that bioaugmentation of strain HF-1 could select cooperators for treating complicated tobacco wastewater. The PC content and the DPC coefficient increased significantly at levels higher than 80mg/L in the non-BA system; nevertheless, no increase was observed in the BA system during the stepwise nicotine load. This indicated that bioaugmentation of strain HF-1 resulted in the maintenance of high treatment activity by minimizing the nicotine toxicity for other microbes in the BA system. In conclusion, the rapid nicotine degradation of strain HF-1 performed a vital function in SBR by influencing the microbial community structure, dynamics and activity of the activated sludge system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Is nicotine a key player or spectator in the induction and progression of cardiovascular disorders? Pharmacol Res 2009; 60:361-8. [PMID: 19559087 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is common in societies worldwide and a growing body of evidence suggests that chronic cigarette smoking may affect the structure and function of cardiovascular system. The chronic exposure to high levels of nicotine, a major component of cigarette smoking, has been observed to play a pathogenic role in the induction and progression of cardiovascular disorders including cardiomyopathy and peripheral vascular disease. Nicotine alters the function of vascular endothelium, initiates the adhesion cascade and stimulates the vascular inflammatory events to induce atherosclerosis and hypertension. Moreover, nicotine has been noted to induce direct coronary spasm and ischemia, which develop coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. In addition, nicotine stimulates the excessive release of impulses from sinoatrial node that may account for the induction of cardiac arrhythmia. The present review critically discussed the possible detrimental role of chronic nicotine exposure in cardiac and vascular endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, the signaling mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of nicotine exposure-induced cardiovascular dysfunction have been discussed. In addition, the pharmacological interventions to ameliorate chronic nicotine exposure-induced cardiovascular abnormalities have been delineated.
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Das S, Gautam N, Dey SK, Maiti T, Roy S. Oxidative stress in the brain of nicotine-induced toxicity: protective role of Andrographis paniculata Nees and vitamin E. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009; 34:124-35. [PMID: 19370042 DOI: 10.1139/h08-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the crossroads of several crucial cellular activities; they produce considerable quantities of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide, which can damage important macromolecules. Nicotine affects a variety of cellular processes, from induction of gene expression to modulation of enzymatic activities. The aim of this study was to elucidate the protective effects of andrographolide (ANDRO) aqueous extract (AE-Ap) of Andrographis paniculata, and vitamin E on nicotine-induced brain mitochondria. In this investigation, nicotine (1 mg.kg body mass-1.day-1) was treated, for the period of 7 days, simultaneously with 2 A. paniculata products, ANDRO and AE-Ap (250 mg.kg body mass-1.day-1); and vitamin E (50 mg.kg body mass-1.day-1) was supplemented in different group of male Wistar rats. The activities of mitochondrial electron transport chain (Mito-ETC) complexes (I, II, III), nitric oxide production, superoxide anion, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and concentrations of reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione were measured in discrete regions of brain (the cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum, diencephalons, and brain stem). The study revealed that nicotine inhibits the Mito-ETC complexes and produces nitric oxide, which suppressed the mitochondrial oxidative stress scavenger system in different brain regions. In these circumstances, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation were noted in different discrete regions of brain mitochondria. ANDRO, AE-Ap, and vitamin E showed the protective potentiality against nicotine toxicity. The analysis of such alterations is important in determining the basis of normal dysfunction in the brain associated with nicotine toxicity, which could be ameliorated by A. paniculata and vitamin E, and may help to develop therapeutic means against nicotine-induced disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Das
- Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
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Mahapatra SK, Das S, Bhattacharjee S, Gautam N, Majumdar S, Roy S. In Vitro Nicotine-Induced Oxidative Stress in Mice Peritoneal Macrophages: A Dose-Dependent Approach. Toxicol Mech Methods 2009; 19:100-8. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510802255184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Demirel C, Kilçiksiz S, Ay OI, Gürgül S, Ay ME, Erdal N. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on radiation-induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in rat bone marrow. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2009; 50:43-50. [PMID: 19218780 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.08066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential radioprotective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. The effect of WR-2721, as a representative of clinically used radioprotector, was compared with that of NAC, using the chromosomal aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) test systems in the irradiated rat's femoral bone marrow cells. We also investigated the mitotic index (MI), and the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) to normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs). The rats (n = 16) were divided randomly and equally into four groups: Control (C), Radiation (R), R+NAC (received irradiation and 1000 mg/kg NAC) and R+WR-2721 (received irradiation and 200 mg/kg WR-2721) rats. All the irradiated groups received whole-body gamma irradiation as a single dose of 6 Gy. Group R showed higher CA and MN formation when compared to C. Group R showed higher frequency of MN formation when compared to both R+NAC and R+WR-2721. The mean MI and PCE/NCE ratios were lower in Group R when compared to those of Group C. The mean MI and PCE/NCE ratios of both R+NAC and R+WR-2721 groups were lower when compared to those of Group C. The MI in Group R was lower when compared to that of both R+NAC and R+WR-2721 groups. In this study, the results give clues about the beneficial effects of NAC against radiation-induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in rat bone marrow and its effect may be comparable to that observed for WR-2721.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Demirel
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, TR-27310 Gaziantep, Turkey.
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Novel nicotine oxidoreductase-encoding gene involved in nicotine degradation by Pseudomonas putida strain S16. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:772-8. [PMID: 19060159 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02300-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are quite a few ongoing biochemical investigations of nicotine degradation in different organisms. In this work, we identified and sequenced a gene (designated nicA) involved in nicotine degradation by Pseudomonas putida strain S16. The gene product, NicA, was heterologously expressed and characterized as a nicotine oxidoreductase catalyzing the initial steps of nicotine metabolism. Biochemical analyses using resting cells and the purified enzyme suggested that nicA encodes an oxidoreductase, which converts nicotine to 3-succinoylpyridine through pseudooxynicotine. Based on enzymatic reactions and direct evidence obtained using H(2)(18)O labeling, the process may consist of enzyme-catalyzed dehydrogenation, followed by spontaneous hydrolysis and then repetition of the dehydrogenation and hydrolysis steps. Sequence comparisons revealed that the gene showed 40% similarity to genes encoding NADH dehydrogenase subunit I and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I in eukaryotes. Our findings demonstrate that the molecular mechanism for nicotine degradation in strain S16 involves the pyrrolidine pathway and is similar to the mechanism in mammals, in which pseudooxynicotine, the direct precursor of a potent tobacco-specific lung carcinogen, is produced.
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Muthukumaran S, Sudheer AR, Nalini N, Menon VP. Effect of quercetin on nicotine-induced biochemical changes and DNA damage in rat peripheral blood lymphocytes. Redox Rep 2008; 13:217-24. [PMID: 18796241 DOI: 10.1179/135100008x308948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We elucidated the protective effect of quercetin, a polyphenolic flavonoid, on lipid peroxidation, endogenous antioxidant status and DNA damage during nicotine-induced toxicity in cultured rat peripheral blood lymphocytes as compared to N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a well-known antioxidant. Lymphocytes were exposed to nicotine (3 mM) with and without quercetin and NAC (1 mM) in RPMI-1640 medium for 1 h. In preliminary experiments to fix the effective dose of quercetin, different doses of quercetin (25, 50, 75, 100 and 200 microM) were administered to lymphocytes with nicotine, and lipid peroxidation markers (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and hydroperoxides) were analysed. A 75 microM dose of quercetin was found to be effective as evidenced by decreased lipid peroxidation. To evaluate the protective potential of quercetin against genotoxic effects of nicotine we used comet and micronucleus assays, which are valid parameters to assess genetic damage. In addition, biochemical changes including lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status were assessed. There were significant increases in the levels of lipid peroxidation, comet parameters and micronuclei frequencies, followed by decrease in the endogenous antioxidant status, in nicotine-treated lymphocytes, which were brought back to near normal by quercetin or NAC treatment. The protective effect of quercetin against nicotine toxicity was comparable to that of NAC. These findings suggest that quercetin can be as effective as NAC in protecting rat peripheral lymphocytes against nicotine-induced cellular and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugavelu Muthukumaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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Neogy S, Das S, Mahapatra SK, Mandal N, Roy S. Amelioratory effect of Andrographis paniculata Nees on liver, kidney, heart, lung and spleen during nicotine induced oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 25:321-328. [PMID: 21783869 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2007.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 10/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The ameliorative properties of bioactive compound andrographolide (ANDRO), aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata (AE-AP) and vitamin E (vit.E) were tested against nicotine induced liver, kidney, heart, lung and spleen toxicity. A group of male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally administered vehicle, nicotine (1mg/kg body weight/day), nicotine+ANDRO (250mg/kg body weight/day), nicotine+AE-AP (250mg/kg body weight/day) and nicotine+vit.E (50mg/kg body weight/day) for the period of 7 days. The significantly increased levels of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and the decreased antioxidant enzyme status were noted in nicotine treated group as compared to vehicle treated group. ANDRO, AE-AP and vit.E significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and increased the antioxidant enzyme status. This indicates A. paniculata and vit.E may act as putative protective agent against nicotine induced tissue injury and may pave a new path to develop suitable drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeparna Neogy
- Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
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A novel gene, encoding 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine hydroxylase, involved in nicotine degradation by Pseudomonas putida strain S16. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:1567-74. [PMID: 18203859 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02529-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research suggested that Pseudomonas spp. may attack the pyrrolidine ring of nicotine in a way similar to mammalian metabolism, resulting in the formation of pseudooxynicotine, the direct precursor of a potent tobacco-specific lung carcinogen. In addition, the subsequent intermediates, 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine (HSP) and 2,5-dihydroxypyridine (DHP) in the Pseudomonas nicotine degradation pathway are two important precursors for drug syntheses. However, there is little information on the molecular mechanism for nicotine degradation via the pyrrolidine pathway until now. In this study we cloned and sequenced a 4,879-bp gene cluster involved in nicotine degradation. Intermediates N-methylmyosmine, pseudooxynicotine, 3-succinoylpyridine, HSP, and DHP were identified from resting cell reactions of the transformant containing the gene cluster and shown to be identical to those of the pyrrolidine pathway reported in wild-type strain Pseudomonas putida S16. The gene for 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine hydroxylase (HSP hydroxylase) catalyzing HSP directly to DHP was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified HSP hydroxylase (38 kDa) is NADH dependent. DNA sequence analysis of this 936-bp fragment reveals that the deduced amino acid shows no similarity with any protein of known function.
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Influence of ferulic acid on nicotine-induced lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and inflammation in experimental rats as compared to N-acetylcysteine. Toxicology 2008; 243:317-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Protective effect of quercetin on nicotine-induced prooxidant and antioxidant imbalance and DNA damage in Wistar rats. Toxicology 2008; 243:207-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 10/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sudheer AR, Muthukumaran S, Kalpana C, Srinivasan M, Menon VP. Protective effect of ferulic acid on nicotine-induced DNA damage and cellular changes in cultured rat peripheral blood lymphocytes: A comparison with N-acetylcysteine. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:576-85. [PMID: 17222527 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is the major pharmacologically active substance in cigarette smoke and plays an important etiological role in the development of lung cancer. Incidence of cancer may be related to oxidative damage to host genome by nicotine. These oxidative actions may be modified by the phytochemicals present in food. The present study describes the protective effect of ferulic acid (FA), a naturally occurring nutritional compound on nicotine-induced DNA damage and cellular changes in cultured rat peripheral blood lymphocytes in comparison with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a well-known antioxidant. One-hour exposure of lymphocytes to nicotine at the doses of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mM induced a statistically significant dose-dependent increase in the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), a lipid peroxidative marker and decrease in the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), an important endogenous antioxidant. The lowest concentration eliciting significant damage was 1 mM nicotine and maximum damage was observed with 3 mM concentration. Hence, the test concentration was fixed at 3 mM nicotine. We have used 5 different doses of FA (10, 50, 100, 150 and 300 microM) and NAC (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mM) to test their protective effects. In all the groups, FA and NAC showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect. Maximum protection was observed at the dose of 150 microM FA and 1mM NAC. So, 150 microM FA and 1mM NAC were used for further studies. There was a significant increase in the levels of lipid peroxidative index (TBARS and hydroperoxides (HP)), severity of DNA damage (evaluated by comet assay) in nicotine-treated group, which were significantly decreased in FA and NAC-treated groups. Nicotine treatment significantly decreased the endogenous antioxidant status viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), GSH, vitamin A, E and C. Co-administration of FA and NAC to nicotine-treated lymphocytes showed a significant increase in the antioxidant status. The protective effect of FA was merely equal to that of NAC effect. FA and NAC treatment alone did not produce any toxicity to the normal lymphocytes at their effective doses. On the whole, there is overwhelming evidence that FA has the ability to modulate DNA damage and a variety of cellular changes that occur during nicotine-induced toxicity in rat peripheral blood lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adluri Ram Sudheer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Center for Micronutrient Research, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Hilbe W, Aigner K, Dittrich C, Eckmayr J, Fiegl M, Flicker M, Forstner B, Greil R, Jamnig H, Krajnik G, Lang A, Mohn-Staudner A, Schinko H, Studnicka M, Pirker R, Ploner F, Rothmund J, Schiller L, Zabernigg A, Zöchbauer-Müller S. Expertenempfehlung 2006 zur rationalen Zweitlinien-Therapie beim nicht-kleinzelligen Bronchuskarzinom. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2007; 119:259-66. [PMID: 17492355 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-007-0792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Hilbe
- Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Klinische Abteilung für Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Schwerpunkt Onkologie, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Ginzel KH, Maritz GS, Marks DF, Neuberger M, Pauly JR, Polito JR, Schulte-Hermann R, Slotkin TA. Critical review: nicotine for the fetus, the infant and the adolescent? J Health Psychol 2007; 12:215-24. [PMID: 17284486 DOI: 10.1177/1359105307074240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent expansion of Nicotine Replacement Therapy to pregnant women and children ignores the fact that nicotine impairs, disrupts, duplicates and/or interacts with essential physiological functions and is involved in tobacco-related carcinogenesis. The main concerns in the present context are its fetotoxicity and neuroteratogenicity that can cause cognitive, affective and behavioral disorders in children born to mothers exposed to nicotine during pregnancy, and the detrimental effects of nicotine on the growing organism. Hence, the use of nicotine, whose efficacy in treating nicotine addiction is controversial even in adults, must be strictly avoided in pregnancy, breastfeeding, childhood and adolescence.
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Sudheer AR, Muthukumaran S, Devipriya N, Menon VP. Ellagic acid, a natural polyphenol protects rat peripheral blood lymphocytes against nicotine-induced cellular and DNA damage in vitro: With the comparison of N-acetylcysteine. Toxicology 2007; 230:11-21. [PMID: 17188416 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present work is aimed at evaluating the protective effect of ellagic acid (EA), a natural polyphenolic compound that is widely distributed in fruits and nuts against nicotine-induced toxicity in rat peripheral blood lymphocytes. The effect of EA against nicotine toxicity was compared with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a well-known antioxidant. Lymphocytes were exposed to nicotine at the doses of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mM for 1h in culture media. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), a lipid peroxidative marker and reduced glutathione (GSH), as indicative of endogenous antioxidant status were analyzed to fix the optimum dose. The lowest concentration eliciting significant damage was 1 mM nicotine and maximum damage was observed with 3 mM concentration, as evidenced by increased levels of TBARS and decreased levels of GSH. Hence, the test concentration was fixed at 3 mM nicotine. To establish most effective protective support we used five different concentrations of EA (10, 50, 100, 150 and 300 microM) against 3 mM nicotine. A dose-dependent inhibitory effect was observed with all doses of EA. Maximum protection was observed at the dose of 100 microM EA. So, 100 microM dose was used for further studies. We have tested five different concentrations of NAC-0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mM to elucidate the optimum protective dose against nicotine toxicity. One millimolar NAC showed a significant protection against nicotine toxicity. Protective effect of EA against nicotine toxicity was elucidated by analyzing the lipid peroxidative index, viz., TBARS, hydroperoxides (HP) and endogenous antioxidant status, viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), Vitamins A, E and C. DNA damage and repair were assessed by using alkaline single-cell microgel electrophoresis (Comet assay) and micronucleus assay. There was a significant increase in the levels of lipid peroxidative index, severity in DNA damage and micronuclei number in nicotine-treated group, which was positively modulated by EA treatment. Antioxidant status was significantly depleted in nicotine-treated group, which was effectively restored by EA treatment. The protection of EA against nicotine toxicity was equally effective to that of NAC. EA and NAC treatment alone did not produce any damage to the normal lymphocytes at their effective doses. These findings suggest the potential use and benefit of EA as a modifier of nicotine-induced genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adluri Ram Sudheer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Barr J, Sharma CS, Sarkar S, Wise K, Dong L, Periyakaruppan A, Ramesh GT. Nicotine induces oxidative stress and activates nuclear transcription factor kappa B in rat mesencephalic cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 297:93-9. [PMID: 17021677 PMCID: PMC2758082 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of more than 4700 chemical compounds including free radicals and oxidants. Toxicity exhibited by cigarette smoke may be due to combined action of these compounds inducing many cellular processes mediated through reactive oxygen species (ROS). Major player probably nicotine as it is present in tobacco, in higher concentrations. The compounds that induce intracellular oxidative stress recognized as the important agents involved in the damage of biological molecules. Experiments using animal and cell culture model systems suggested that moderately higher concentrations of some forms of ROS like NO and H(2)O(2) can act as signal transducing agents. Nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) an inducible transcription factor detected in neurons found to be involved in many biological processes such as inflammation, innate immunity, development, apoptosis, and antiapoptosis. Our present study demonstrates that nicotine induces ROS levels in a dose dependent manner in rat mesencephalic cells. Electro mobility shift analysis showed that nicotine activates inducible NF-kappaB by binding to consensus sequence of DNA. Nicotine added to cell culture stimulates the degradation of IkappaB-alpha subunit in 2 h. Further activation of c-Jun terminal kinase indicates that nicotine induces oxidative stress leading to activation of stress dependent NF-kappaB pathway in mesencephalic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Barr
- Department of Biology, Molecular Neurotoxicology Laboratory/Proteomics Core, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne St, Houston, TX 77004, USA
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