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Vlasakova K, Bourque J, Bailey WJ, Patel S, Besteman EG, Gonzalez RJ, Sistare FD, Glaab WE. Universal Accessible Biomarkers of Drug-Induced Tissue Injury and Systemic Inflammation in Rat: Performance Assessment of TIMP-1, A2M, AGP, NGAL and Albumin. Toxicol Sci 2022; 187:219-233. [PMID: 35285504 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to monitor for general drug-induced tissue injury (DITI) or systemic inflammation in any tissue using blood-based accessible biomarkers would provide a valuable tool in early exploratory animal studies to understand potential drug liabilities. Here we describe the evaluation of four biomarkers of tissue remodeling and inflammation [α2-macroglobin (A2M), α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1)] as well as the traditional serum parameter albumin as potential blood-based biomarkers of DITI and systemic inflammatory response (SIR). Biomarker performance was assessed in 51 short-term rat in vivo studies with various end-organ toxicities or SIR and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to compare relative performances. All four biomarkers performed well in their ability to detect DITI and SIR with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82 - 0.78, however TIMP-1 achieved the best sensitivity (at 95% specificity) of 61%; AGP, NGAL, and A2M sensitivity was 51-52%. AUC for albumin was 0.72 with sensitivity of 39%. A2M was the best performer in studies with only SIR (AUC 0.91). In the subset of studies with drug-induced vascular injury, TIMP-1 performed best with an AUC of 0.96. Poor performance of all tested biomarkers was observed in samples with CNS toxicity. In summary, TIMP-1, A2M, AGP and NGAL demonstrated performance as sensitive accessible biomarkers of DITI and SIR, supporting their potential application as universal accessible tissue toxicity biomarkers to quickly identify dose levels associated with drug-induced injury in early exploratory rat safety and other studies.
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2
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Barone S, Cassese E, Alfano AI, Brindisi M, Summa V. Chasing a Breath of Fresh Air in Cystic Fibrosis (CF): Therapeutic Potential of Selective HDAC6 Inhibitors to Tackle Multiple Pathways in CF Pathophysiology. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3080-3097. [PMID: 35148101 PMCID: PMC8883472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Compelling new support
has been provided for histone deacetylase
isoform 6 (HDAC6) as a common thread in the generation of the dysregulated
proinflammatory and fibrotic phenotype in cystic fibrosis (CF). HDAC6
also plays a crucial role in bacterial clearance or killing as a direct
consequence of its effects on CF immune responses. Inhibiting HDAC6
functions thus eventually represents an innovative and effective strategy
to tackle multiple aspects of CF-associated lung disease. In this
Perspective, we not only showcase the latest evidence linking HDAC(6)
activity and expression with CF phenotype but also track the new dawn
of HDAC(6) modulators in CF and explore potentialities and future
perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Barone
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Cassese
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Ilenia Alfano
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
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3
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Pointon A, Maher J, Davis M, Baker T, Cichocki J, Ramsden D, Hale C, Kolaja KL, Levesque P, Sura R, Stresser DM, Gintant G. Cardiovascular microphysiological systems (CVMPS) for safety studies - a pharma perspective. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:458-472. [PMID: 33471007 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01040e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The integrative responses of the cardiovascular (CV) system are essential for maintaining blood flow to provide oxygenation, nutrients, and waste removal for the entire body. Progress has been made in independently developing simple in vitro models of two primary components of the CV system, namely the heart (using induced pluripotent stem-cell derived cardiomyocytes) and the vasculature (using endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells). These two in vitro biomimics are often described as immature and simplistic, and typically lack the structural complexity of native tissues. Despite these limitations, they have proven useful for specific "fit for purpose" applications, including early safety screening. More complex in vitro models offer the tantalizing prospect of greater refinement in risk assessments. To this end, efforts to physically link cardiac and vascular components to mimic a true CV microphysiological system (CVMPS) are ongoing, with the goal of providing a more holistic and integrated CV response model. The challenges of building and implementing CVMPS in future pharmacological safety studies are many, and include a) the need for more complex (and hence mature) cell types and tissues, b) the need for more realistic vasculature (within and across co-modeled tissues), and c) the need to meaningfully couple these two components to allow for integrated CV responses. Initial success will likely come with simple, bioengineered tissue models coupled with fluidics intended to mirror a vascular component. While the development of more complex integrated CVMPS models that are capable of differentiating safe compounds and providing mechanistic evaluations of CV liabilities may be feasible, adoption by pharma will ultimately hinge on model efficiency, experimental reproducibility, and added value above current strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Pointon
- Functional Mechanistic Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Maher
- Translational Safety Sciences, Theravance Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Myrtle Davis
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 3553 Lawrenceville Rd Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Thomas Baker
- Eli Lilly, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis IN 46285, USA
| | | | - Diane Ramsden
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 35 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02139, UK
| | - Christopher Hale
- Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Blvd., S. San Francisco, 94080, USA
| | - Kyle L Kolaja
- Investigative Toxicology and Cell Therapy, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 556 Morris Avenue, Summit NJ 07042, USA
| | - Paul Levesque
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 3553 Lawrenceville Rd Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | | | - David M Stresser
- Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Translational Modeling, AbbVie, 1 Waukegan Rd, N Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Gary Gintant
- Integrative Pharmacology, Integrated Science and Technology, AbbVie, 1 Waukegan Rd, N Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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4
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Peng T, Qi B, He J, Ke H, Shi J. Advances in the Development of Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10594-10617. [PMID: 32255344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) specifically hydrolyzes cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and plays vital roles in biological processes such as cancer development. To date, PDE4 inhibitors have been widely studied as therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and many of them have progressed to clinical trials or have been approved as drugs. Herein, we review the advances in the development of PDE4 inhibitors in the past decade and will focus on their pharmacophores, PDE4 subfamily selectivity, and therapeutic potential. Hopefully, this analysis will lead to a strategy for development of novel therapeutics targeting PDE4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Peng
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Baowen Qi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jun He
- Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hengming Ke
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
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5
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Hütten MC, Fehrholz M, Konrad FM, Ophelders D, Kleintjes C, Ottensmeier B, Spiller OB, Glaser K, Kramer BW, Kunzmann S. Detrimental Effects of an Inhaled Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor on Lung Inflammation in Ventilated Preterm Lambs Exposed to Chorioamnionitis Are Dose Dependent. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2019; 32:396-404. [PMID: 31573405 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2019.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants is challenging due to its multifactorial origin. In rodent models of neonatal lung injury, selective inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory properties in the lung. We hypothesized that GSK256066, a highly selective, inhalable PDE4 inhibitor, would have beneficial effects on lung injury and inflammation in a triple hit lamb model of Ureaplasma parvum (UP)-induced chorioamnionitis, prematurity, and mechanical ventilation. Methods: Twenty-one preterm lambs were surgically delivered preterm at 129 days after 7 days intrauterine exposure to UP. Sixteen animals were subsequently ventilated for 24 hours and received endotracheal surfactant and intravenous caffeine citrate. Ten animals were randomized to receive twice a high (10 μg/kg) or low dose (1 μg/kg) of nebulized PDE4 inhibitor. Results: Nebulization of high, but not low, doses of PDE4 inhibitor led to a significant decrease in pulmonary PDE activity, and was associated with lung injury and vasculitis, influx of neutrophils, and increased proinflammatory cytokine messenger RNA levels. Conclusion: Contrary to our hypothesis, we found in our model a dose-dependent proinflammatory effect of an inhaled highly selective PDE4 inhibitor in the lung. Our findings indicate the narrow therapeutic range of inhaled PDE4 inhibitors in the preterm population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias C Hütten
- Neonatology, Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,University Children's Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fehrholz
- University Children's Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Franziska M Konrad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daan Ophelders
- Neonatology, Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Clementine Kleintjes
- Neonatology, Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Ottensmeier
- University Children's Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Owen Brad Spiller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten Glaser
- University Children's Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Boris W Kramer
- Neonatology, Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steffen Kunzmann
- University Children's Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Clinic of Neonatology, Bürgerhospital Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
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6
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Gurney ME, Nugent RA, Mo X, Sindac JA, Hagen TJ, Fox D, O'Donnell JM, Zhang C, Xu Y, Zhang HT, Groppi VE, Bailie M, White RE, Romero DL, Vellekoop AS, Walker JR, Surman MD, Zhu L, Campbell RF. Design and Synthesis of Selective Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) Allosteric Inhibitors for the Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome and Other Brain Disorders. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4884-4901. [PMID: 31013090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel pyridine- and pyrimidine-based allosteric inhibitors are reported that achieve PDE4D subtype selectivity through recognition of a single amino acid difference on a key regulatory domain, known as UCR2, that opens and closes over the catalytic site for cAMP hydrolysis. The design and optimization of lead compounds was based on iterative analysis of X-ray crystal structures combined with metabolite identification. Selectivity for the activated, dimeric form of PDE4D provided potent memory enhancing effects in a mouse model of novel object recognition with improved tolerability and reduced vascular toxicity over earlier PDE4 inhibitors that lack subtype selectivity. The lead compound, 28 (BPN14770), has entered midstage, human phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of Fragile X Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Gurney
- Tetra Discovery Partners, Inc. , 38 Fulton Street West , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , United States
| | - Richard A Nugent
- Tetra Discovery Partners, Inc. , 38 Fulton Street West , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , United States
| | - Xuesheng Mo
- Tetra Discovery Partners, Inc. , 38 Fulton Street West , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , United States
| | - Janice A Sindac
- Tetra Discovery Partners, Inc. , 38 Fulton Street West , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , United States
| | - Timothy J Hagen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Northern Illinois University , 1425 West Lincoln Highway , DeKalb , Illinois 60115 , United States
| | - David Fox
- Beryllium Discovery Corp. , 7869 NE Day Road West , Bainbridge Island , Washington 98110 , United States
| | - James M O'Donnell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14214-8033 , United States
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14214-8033 , United States
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14214-8033 , United States
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute , West Virginia University Health Sciences Center , 1 Medical Center Drive , Morgantown , West Virginia 26506 , United States
| | - Vincent E Groppi
- Michigan Drug Discovery, Life Sciences Institute , University of Michigan , 210 Washtenaw Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48103 , United States
| | - Marc Bailie
- INDS Inc. , 6111 Jackson Road, Suite 100 , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48103 , United States
| | - Ronald E White
- White Global Pharma Consultants , 31 Kinglet Drive , South Cranbury , New Jersey 08512 , United States
| | - Donna L Romero
- Pharma-Vation Consulting, LLC , 1201 Turnberry Ridge Court , Chesterfield , Missouri 63005 , United States
| | - A Samuel Vellekoop
- Albany Molecular Research, Inc. , 21 Corporate Circle , Albany , New York 12203 , United States
| | - Joel R Walker
- Albany Molecular Research, Inc. , 21 Corporate Circle , Albany , New York 12203 , United States
| | - Matthew D Surman
- Albany Molecular Research, Inc. , 21 Corporate Circle , Albany , New York 12203 , United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Albany Molecular Research, Inc. , 21 Corporate Circle , Albany , New York 12203 , United States
| | - Robert F Campbell
- Albany Molecular Research, Inc. , 21 Corporate Circle , Albany , New York 12203 , United States
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7
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Hoganson DM, Finkelstein EB, Owens GE, Hsiao JC, Eng KY, Kulig KM, Kim ES, Kniazeva T, Pomerantseva I, Neville CM, Turk JR, Fermini B, Borenstein JT, Vacanti JP. A bilayer small diameter in vitro vascular model for evaluation of drug induced vascular injury. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:054116. [PMID: 27795748 PMCID: PMC5065573 DOI: 10.1063/1.4964814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In pre-clinical safety studies, drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) is defined as an adverse response to a drug characterized by degenerative and hyperplastic changes of endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Inflammation may also be seen, along with extravasation of red blood cells into the smooth muscle layer (i.e., hemorrhage). Drugs that cause DIVI are often discontinued from development after considerable cost has occurred. An in vitro vascular model has been developed using endothelial and smooth muscle cells in co-culture across a porous membrane mimicking the internal elastic lamina. Arterial flow rates of perfusion media within the endothelial chamber of the model induce physiologic endothelial cell alignment. Pilot testing with a drug known to cause DIVI induced extravasation of red blood cells into the smooth muscle layer in all devices with no extravasation seen in control devices. This engineered vascular model offers the potential to evaluate candidate drugs for DIVI early in the discovery process. The physiologic flow within the co-culture model also makes it candidate for a wide variety of vascular biology investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric B Finkelstein
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute and Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University , Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - Gwen E Owens
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - James C Hsiao
- Draper Laboratories , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kurt Y Eng
- Pfizer Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Katherine M Kulig
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Ernest S Kim
- Draper Laboratories , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - Irina Pomerantseva
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Craig M Neville
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joseph P Vacanti
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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8
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Villetti G, Carnini C, Battipaglia L, Preynat L, Bolzoni PT, Bassani F, Caruso P, Bergamaschi M, Pisano AR, Puviani V, Stellari FF, Cenacchi V, Volta R, Bertacche V, Mileo V, Bagnacani V, Moretti E, Puccini P, Catinella S, Facchinetti F, Sala A, Civelli M. CHF6001 II: a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, suitable for topical pulmonary administration--in vivo preclinical pharmacology profile defines a potent anti-inflammatory compound with a wide therapeutic window. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 352:568-78. [PMID: 25576073 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.220558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CHF6001 [(S)-3,5-dichloro-4-(2-(3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-2-(3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(methylsulfonamido)benzoyloxy)ethyl)pyridine 1-oxide] is a novel phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor designed for use in pulmonary diseases by inhaled administration. Intratracheal administration of CHF6001 to ovalbumin-sensitized Brown-Norway rats suppressed the antigen-induced decline of lung functions (ED50 = 0.1 µmol/kg) and antigen-induced eosinophilia (ED50 = 0.03 µmol/kg) when administered (0.09 μmol/kg) up to 24 hours before antigen challenge, in agreement with CHF6001-sustained lung concentrations up to 72 hours after intratracheal treatment (mean residence time 26 hours). Intranasal, once daily administration of CHF6001 inhibited neutrophil infiltration observed after 11 days of tobacco smoke exposure in mice, both upon prophylactic (0.15-0.45 µmol/kg per day) or interventional (0.045-0.45 µmol/kg per day) treatment. CHF6001 was ineffective in reversing ketamine/xylazine-induced anesthesia (a surrogate of emesis in rat) up to 5 µmol/kg administered intratracheally, a dose 50- to 150-fold higher than anti-inflammatory ED50 observed in rats. When given topically to ferrets, no emesis and nausea were evident up to 10 to 20 µmol/kg, respectively, whereas the PDE4 inhibitor GSK-256066 (6-[3-(dimethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]sulfonyl-4-(3-methoxyanilino)-8-methylquinoline-3-carboxamide) induced nausea at 1 µmol/kg intratracheally. A 14-day inhalation toxicology study in rats showed a no-observed-adverse-effect level dose of 4.4 µmol/kg per day for CHF6001, lower than the 0.015 μmol/kg per day for GSK-256066. CHF6001 was found effective and extremely well tolerated upon topical administration in relevant animal models, and may represent a step forward in PDE4 inhibition for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Villetti
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Chiara Carnini
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Loredana Battipaglia
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Laurent Preynat
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Pier Tonino Bolzoni
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Franco Bassani
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Paola Caruso
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Marco Bergamaschi
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Anna Rita Pisano
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Veronica Puviani
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Fabio Franco Stellari
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Valentina Cenacchi
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Roberta Volta
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Vittorio Bertacche
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Valentina Mileo
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Valentina Bagnacani
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Elisa Moretti
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Paola Puccini
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Silvia Catinella
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Fabrizio Facchinetti
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Angelo Sala
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
| | - Maurizio Civelli
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy (G.V., C.C., L.B., L.P., P.T.B., F.B., P.C., M.B., A.R.P., V.P., F.F.S., V.C., R.V., Vi.B., V.M., Va.B., E.M., P.P, S.C., F.F., M.C.); Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (A.S.); and Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy (A.S.)
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9
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Page CP. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 165:152-64. [PMID: 25532037 DOI: 10.1159/000368800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthines like theophylline have long been recognised as being effective drugs for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They are of interest as they possess both anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator activity in the same molecule. Since the discovery of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in the late 1950s, it has been suggested that xanthines work, in part, by acting as non-selective PDE inhibitors. However, it has also been suggested that the ability of xanthines to non-selectively inhibit PDEs contributes to their many unwanted side effects, thus limiting their use since the arrival of inhaled drugs with more favourable safety profiles. As our understanding of PDEs has improved over the last 30 years, and with the recognition that the distribution of different PDEs varies across different cell types, this family of enzymes has been widely investigated as targets for novel drugs. In particular, PDE3 in airway smooth muscle and PDE4 and PDE7 in inflammatory cells have been targeted to provide new bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents, respectively. This review discusses the progress made in this field over the last decade in the development of selective PDE inhibitors to treat COPD and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
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10
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Vilahur G, Cubedo J, Padró T, Casaní L, Juan-Babot O, Crespo J, Bendjama K, Lawton M, Badimon L. Roflumilast-induced Local Vascular Injury Is Associated with a Coordinated Proteome and Microparticle Change in the Systemic Circulation in Pigs. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:569-80. [PMID: 25311372 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314551971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) is commonly associated with phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors. Despite histological characterization, qualified biomarkers for DIVI detection are lacking. We investigated whether a single administration of roflumilast (PDE-IV inhibitor) induces vascular damage and identified novel surrogate biomarkers of acute vascular injury. Pigs received postoperative 250, 375, or 500 μg of roflumilast or placebo/control. After 1.5 hr, coronary reactivity was determined by catheter-based administration of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in the coronary sinus. Immunohistochemical analysis of vessel integrity (von Willebrand factor [vWF]) and fibrin(ogen) deposition was performed in the coronary artery and aorta. Peripheral blood was collected for differential proteomics and microparticles analysis. Circulating interleukin (IL)-6 was analyzed. Roflumilast-treated animals displayed higher vasodilation to acetylcholine and SNP versus controls (p < .05). Roflumilast-treated animals showed a dose-dependent (p < .05) decrease in vessel integrity and dose-dependent increase in fibrin deposition forming a continuous layer at roflumilast-500 μg. Peripheral blood of roflumilast-500-μg-treated animals showed increased levels of total and endothelial-derived microparticles and exhibited a coordinated change in proteins kininogen-1, endothelin-1, gelsolin, apolipoprotein A-I, and apolipoprotein-J associated with vascular injury (p < .05 vs. controls). IL-6 remained unaltered. Roflumilast-induced vascular injury can be detected by novel markers in peripheral blood. Validation of these surrogate markers in human samples seems required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Cubedo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Casaní
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Juan-Babot
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Crespo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Michael Lawton
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Mikaelian I, Cameron M, Dalmas DA, Enerson BE, Gonzalez RJ, Guionaud S, Hoffmann PK, King NMP, Lawton MP, Scicchitano MS, Smith HW, Thomas RA, Weaver JL, Zabka TS. Nonclinical Safety Biomarkers of Drug-induced Vascular Injury. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:635-57. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314525686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Better biomarkers are needed to identify, characterize, and/or monitor drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) in nonclinical species and patients. The Predictive Safety Testing Consortium (PSTC), a precompetitive collaboration of pharmaceutical companies and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), formed the Vascular Injury Working Group (VIWG) to develop and qualify translatable biomarkers of DIVI. The VIWG focused its research on acute DIVI because early detection for clinical and nonclinical safety monitoring is desirable. The VIWG developed a strategy based on the premise that biomarkers of DIVI in rat would be translatable to humans due to the morphologic similarity of vascular injury between species regardless of mechanism. The histomorphologic lexicon for DIVI in rat defines degenerative and adaptive findings of the vascular endothelium and smooth muscles, and characterizes inflammatory components. We describe the mechanisms of these changes and their associations with candidate biomarkers for which advanced analytical method validation was completed. Further development is recommended for circulating microRNAs, endothelial microparticles, and imaging techniques. Recommendations for sample collection and processing, analytical methods, and confirmation of target localization using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization are described. The methods described are anticipated to aid in the identification and qualification of translational biomarkers for DIVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mikaelian
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Abbvie, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Raymond J. Gonzalez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co, Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Silvia Guionaud
- Shire, Hampshire International Business Park, Basingstoke, United Kingdom
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12
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Abbott-Banner KH, Page CP. Dual PDE3/4 and PDE4 inhibitors: novel treatments for COPD and other inflammatory airway diseases. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 114:365-76. [PMID: 24517491 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 and dual PDE3/4 inhibitors have attracted considerable interest as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of respiratory diseases, largely by virtue of their anti-inflammatory (PDE4) and bifunctional bronchodilator/anti-inflammatory (PDE3/4) effects. Many of these agents have, however, failed in early development for various reasons, including dose-limiting side effects when administered orally and lack of sufficient activity when inhaled. Indeed, only one selective PDE4 inhibitor, the orally active roflumilast-n-oxide, has to date received marketing authorization. The majority of the compounds that have failed were, however, orally administered and non-selective for either PDE3 (A,B) or PDE4 (A,B,C,D) subtypes. Developing an inhaled dual PDE3/4 inhibitor that is rapidly cleared from the systemic circulation, potentially with subtype specificity, may represent one strategy to improve the therapeutic index and also exhibit enhanced efficacy versus inhibition of either PDE3 or PDE4 alone, given the potential positive interactions with regard to anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator effects that have been observed pre-clinically with dual inhibition of PDE3 and PDE4 compared with inhibition of either isozyme alone. This MiniReview will summarize recent clinical data obtained with PDE inhibitors and the potential for these drugs to treat COPD and other inflammatory airways diseases such as asthma and cystic fibrosis.
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13
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Dysregulated proinflammatory and fibrogenic phenotype of fibroblasts in cystic fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64341. [PMID: 23734196 PMCID: PMC3667188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbi-mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) is mainly related to chronic lung infection and inflammation, uncontrolled tissue rearrangements and fibrosis, and yet the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We evaluated inflammatory and fibrosis responses to bleomycin in F508del homozygous and wild-type mice, and phenotype of fibroblasts explanted from mouse lungs and skin. The effect of vardenafil, a cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, was tested in vivo and in culture. Responses of proinflammatory and fibrotic markers to bleomycin were enhanced in lungs and skin of CF mice and were prevented by treatment with vardenafil. Purified lung and skin fibroblasts from CF mice proliferated and differentiated into myofibroblasts more prominently and displayed higher sensitivity to growth factors than those recovered from wild-type littermates. Under inflammatory stimulation, mRNA and protein expression of proinflammatory mediators were higher in CF than in wild-type fibroblasts, in which CFTR expression reached similar levels to those observed in other non-epithelial cells, such as macrophages. Increased proinflammatory responses in CF fibroblasts were reduced by half with submicromolar concentrations of vardenafil. Proinflammatory and fibrogenic functions of fibroblasts are upregulated in CF and are reduced by vardenafil. This study provides compelling new support for targeting cGMP signaling pathway in CF pharmacotherapy.
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Kobayashi M, Kubo S, Shiraki K, Iwata M, Hirano Y, Ohtsu Y, Takahashi K, Shimizu Y. Therapeutic potential of ASP3258, a selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, on chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation. Pharmacology 2012; 90:223-32. [PMID: 23038661 DOI: 10.1159/000342380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated and compared the pharmacological effects of a PDE4 inhibitor ASP3258 (3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-ethyl-7-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridin-3-yl] propanoic acid), with those of roflumilast, the most clinically advanced PDE4 inhibitor known. ASP3258 inhibited human PDE4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D with respective IC(50) values of 0.036, 0.050, 0.45, and 0.035 nmol/l, all approximately 3-6 times more potent than roflumilast. ASP3258 inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α production and PHA-induced IL-5 production in human whole blood cells with respective IC(50) values of 110 and 100 nmol/l, both approximately 10 times less potent than roflumilast. Repeatedly administered ASP3258 and roflumilast both suppressed chronic airway eosinophilia induced by repeated exposure to ovalbumin in Brown Norway rats with respective ED(50) values of 0.092 and 0.17 mg/kg. We also evaluated the toxicological profiles of ASP3258. Although PDE4 inhibitors induce emesis by mimicking the pharmacological action of an α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, repeated administration of ASP3258 (3 mg/kg) had no such inhibitory effect on rats anesthetized with α(2) - adrenoceptor agonist. PDE4 inhibitors are also known to induce vascular injury in rats. Although repeatedly administered ASP3258 (3 and 10 mg/kg) significantly increased plasma fibrinogen, a biomarker for toxicity, 1 mg/kg of ASP3258 did not. These results suggest that ASP3258 is an attractive PDE4 inhibitor for treating chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation due to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Kobayashi
- Drug Discovery Research, Pharmacology Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan.
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15
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Homer L, Launay E, Joram N, Jacqueline C, Jarreau PH, Caillon J, Moyon T, Branger B, Potel G, Roze JC, Méhats C, Gras-Leguen C. Antenatal phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition restores postnatal growth and pulmonary development in a model of chorioamnionitis in rabbits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:620-8. [PMID: 22160266 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.179085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis is implicated in the pathophysiology of bronchopulmonary disease, and the associated inflammatory response is responsible for adverse effects on alveolar development. The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4)-selective inhibitor, rolipram (a modulator of the inflammatory response), in an experimental model of chorioamnionitis on pulmonary development and on the processes of infection and inflammation. Rabbit mothers were assigned to four groups: 1) saline serum inoculation (controls); 2) Escherichia coli intrauterine inoculation (C+); 3) rolipram infusion (R+); and 4) E. coli inoculation + rolipram infusion (C+R+). High rates of morbility and mortality were noticed in mothers and pups (5 of 13 pregnant rabbits in groups with rolipram). Alveolar development, inflammation, and infection were analyzed in pups at day 0 and day 5. At day 0, in the context of chorioamnionitis, rolipram significantly decreased birth weight (p < 0.01) relative to that of controls (p < 0.05). At day 5, weight normalized in group C+R+ but not in group C+ relative to controls (p < 0.001); moreover, alveolar airspace volume was preserved in group C+R+ but not in group C+ (p < 0.05). Interstitial volume decreased in group C+ versus controls (p < 0.05) but was preserved in group C+R+. Specific alveolar area was not significantly modified by rolipram. No significant difference was found concerning bronchoalveolar lavage cellularity, and all blood cultures remained sterile. In this model of impaired alveologenesis, rolipram significantly preserved specific alveolar density. However, PDE4 inhibition induced antenatal fetal demise and growth retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Homer
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brest, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Médecine de la Reproduction, Brest, France
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16
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Zhang J, Hanig JP, De Felice AF. Biomarkers of endothelial cell activation: candidate markers for drug-induced vasculitis in patients or drug-induced vascular injury in animals. Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 56:14-25. [PMID: 21968053 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a pressing need for vascular biomarkers for studies of drug-induced vasculitis in patients and drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) in animals. We previously reviewed a variety of candidate biomarkers of endothelial cell (EC) activation (Zhang et al., 2010). Now we update information on EC activation biomarkers from animal data on DIVI and clinical data of vasculitic patients, particularly patients with primary antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated small vessel vasculitis (primary AAVs), including Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome and necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis. Drug-associated ANCA-positive small vessel vasculitis (drug-AAVs) can closely resemble primary AAVs, suggesting the large overlap between primary idiopathic systemic vasculitis and drug-induced vasculitis. AAVs in patients and DIVI in animals vary considerably; however, there is close resemblance between AAVs and DIVI in some respects: (1) the immunopathogenetic mechanisms (activation of primed neutrophils, ECs and T cells by ANCA in patients and activation of ECs, mast cells, and macrophages by drugs in animals); (2) the morphologic changes (fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel wall and neutrophilic infiltration); (3) the preferable sites (small arteries, arterioles, capillaries and venules); and (4) elevation of vascular biomarkers suggestive of an endothelial origin. The present review discusses soluble and cell component biomarkers and provides a rationale for the potential utility of EC activation biomarkers in nonclinical and clinical studies during new drug development. Further investigation, however, is needed to assess their potential utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Division of Drug Safety Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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17
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Peter D, Göggel R, Colbatzky F, Nickolaus P. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 prevents adverse effects induced by phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:415-27. [PMID: 20846137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitors such as roflumilast are currently being developed as anti-inflammatory treatments for chronic airway disorders. However, high doses of PDE4 inhibitors have also been linked to several side effects in different animal species, including pro-inflammatory effects in the rat. Here, we analysed PDE4-related toxicological findings in a rat model and how these side effects might be therapeutically prevented. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Wistar rats were treated orally once daily with 10 mg·kg⁻¹ roflumilast for 4 days. Macroscopic changes were monitored throughout the study and further parameters were analysed at the end of the experiment on day 5. In addition, the effects of concomitant treatment with cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors were assessed. KEY RESULTS Supratherapeutical treatment with roflumilast induced marked body and spleen weight loss, diarrhea, increased secretory activity of the harderian glands, leukocytosis, increased serum cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) levels, and histopathological changes in thymus, spleen, mesentery and mesenteric lymph nodes. All these toxicological findings could be prevented by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and non-selective COX inhibitor, diclofenac, given orally. Similar protective effects could be achieved by the COX-2 selective inhibitor lumiracoxib, whereas the COX-1 selective inhibitor SC-560 was generally not effective. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Treatment with an NSAID inhibiting COX-2 prevents the major effects found after subchronic overdosing with the PDE4-specific inhibitor roflumilast. If this effect translates into humans, such combined treatment may increase the therapeutic window of PDE4 inhibitors, currently under clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Peter
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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Sheth CM, Enerson BE, Peters D, Lawton MP, Weaver JL. Effects of Modulating In Vivo Nitric Oxide Production on the Incidence and Severity of PDE4 Inhibitor–Induced Vascular Injury in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Toxicol Sci 2011; 122:7-15. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Ettlin RA, Kuroda J, Plassmann S, Hayashi M, Prentice DE. Successful drug development despite adverse preclinical findings part 2: examples. J Toxicol Pathol 2010; 23:213-34. [PMID: 22272032 PMCID: PMC3234630 DOI: 10.1293/tox.23.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To illustrate the process of addressing adverse preclinical findings (APFs) as
outlined in the first part of this review, a number of cases with unexpected APF
in toxicity studies with drug candidates is discussed in this second part. The
emphasis is on risk characterization, especially regarding the mode of action
(MoA), and risk evaluation regarding relevance for man. While severe APFs such
as retinal toxicity may turn out to be of little human relevance, minor findings
particularly in early toxicity studies, such as vasculitis, may later pose a
real problem. Rodents are imperfect models for endocrine APFs, non-rodents for
human cardiac effects. Liver and kidney toxicities are frequent, but they can
often be monitored in man and do not necessarily result in early termination of
drug candidates. Novel findings such as the unusual lesions in the
gastrointestinal tract and the bones presented in this review can be difficult
to explain. It will be shown that well known issues such as phospholipidosis and
carcinogenicity by agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
(PPAR) need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The latter is of particular
interest because the new PPAR α and dual α/γ agonists resulted in a change of
the safety paradigm established with the older PPAR α agonists. General
toxicologists and pathologists need some understanding of the principles of
genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity testing. Both types of preclinical
toxicities are major APF and clinical monitoring is difficult, generally leading
to permanent use restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Ettlin
- Ettlin Consulting Ltd., 14 Mittelweg, 4142 Muenchenstein,
Switzerland
| | - Junji Kuroda
- KISSEI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320-1 Maki, Hotaka, Azumino,
Nagano 399-8305, Japan
| | - Stephanie Plassmann
- PreClinical Safety (PCS) Consultants Ltd., 7 Gartenstrasse, 4132
Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Biosafety Research Center, Foods, Drugs, and Pesticides (BSRC),
582-2 Shioshinden, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
| | - David E. Prentice
- PreClinical Safety (PCS) Consultants Ltd., 7 Gartenstrasse, 4132
Muttenz, Switzerland
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Wang X, Wang Y, Zhao X, Andersson R, Song Z, Yang D. Potential effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activator on LPS-induced lung injury in rats. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009; 22:318-25. [PMID: 19489131 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiple factors contribute to the pathogenesis and prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), still requiring new therapeutic strategies and medications for the disease. The aim of the present study is to investigate the model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chronic lung injury and hyperinflation and test therapeutic effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonist. Wister rats were challenged with intra-tracheal instillation of LPS at concentrations of 0.006, 0.060, 0.600, and 6.000 mg/ml per kg, twice a week, for 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks. PPAR activator, 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15D-PGJ2), or vehicle (PBS) was administered orally and daily at the dose of 1 and 10 mg/ml per kg in animals challenged with LPS or PBS at the dose of 0.060 mg/ml per kg body weight twice a week for 4 weeks. We found that intra-tracheal exposure of LPS resulted in a dose-dependent pattern of chronic lung hyperinflation and hypertrophy, increased alveolar enlargement, reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and elevated tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and early changes of leukocyte influx and interferon (IFN)-gamma levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. PPAR-gamma agonist ameliorated these changes related with the dose used.LPS-induced lung disease model shows some similarities with human disease, and PPAR-gamma agonist maybe an alternative for COPD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
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Muller PY, Dieterle F. Tissue-specific, non-invasive toxicity biomarkers: translation from preclinical safety assessment to clinical safety monitoring. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5:1023-38. [DOI: 10.1517/17425250903114174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Banner KH, Press NJ. Dual PDE3/4 inhibitors as therapeutic agents for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:892-906. [PMID: 19508401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE)4, and to a lesser extent, PDE3/4 inhibitors have attracted considerable interest as potential therapeutic agents for diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Indeed, ibudilast and theophylline are utilized clinically, and roflumilast is in late-stage clinical development. Unfortunately, however many PDE4 and dual PDE3/4 inhibitors have failed in early development due to low therapeutic ratios. The majority of these compounds are however orally administered and non-selective for either PDE3(A, B) or PDE4(A, B, C, D) subtypes. Developing an inhaled dual PDE3/4 inhibitor with subtype specificity may represent one strategy to improve the therapeutic index. Indeed combined inhibition of PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitor has additive and synergistic anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects versus inhibition of either PDE3 or PDE4 alone. Given that synergy has been seen in terms of efficacy end points, an obvious concern is that synergy may also be observed in side effects. Interestingly, however, no synergy or additive effects with a combination of a PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitor in a cardiomyocyte assay were observed. This review will summarize the rationale for developing an inhaled dual PDE3/4 inhibitor, as a treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease together with recent advances in trying to understand the pathogenesis of PDE inhibitor-induced mesenteric vasculitis (a key potential dose-limiting side effect of these agents), highlighting potential early and sensitive predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine H Banner
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 5AB, UK.
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Press NJ, Banner KH. PDE4 inhibitors - a review of the current field. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2009; 47:37-74. [PMID: 19328289 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)00202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Press
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, UK
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Effects of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition on alveolarization and hyperoxia toxicity in newborn rats. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3445. [PMID: 18941502 PMCID: PMC2563688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged neonatal exposure to hyperoxia is associated with high mortality, leukocyte influx in airspaces, and impaired alveolarization. Inhibitors of type 4 phosphodiesterases are potent anti-inflammatory drugs now proposed for lung disorders. The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of the prototypal phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor rolipram on alveolar development and on hyperoxia-induced lung injury. METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS Rat pups were placed under hyperoxia (FiO2>95%) or room air from birth, and received rolipram or its diluent daily until sacrifice. Mortality rate, weight gain and parameters of lung morphometry were recorded on day 10. Differential cell count and cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage and cytokine mRNA levels in whole lung were recorded on day 6. Rolipram diminished weight gain either under air or hyperoxia. Hyperoxia induced huge mortality rate reaching 70% at day 10, which was prevented by rolipram. Leukocyte influx in bronchoalveolar lavage under hyperoxia was significantly diminished by rolipram. Hyperoxia increased transcript and protein levels of IL-6, MCP1, and osteopontin; rolipram inhibited the increase of these proteins. Alveolarization was impaired by hyperoxia and was not restored by rolipram. Under room air, rolipram-treated pups had significant decrease of Radial Alveolar Count. CONCLUSIONS Although inhibition of phosphodiesterases 4 prevented mortality and lung inflammation induced by hyperoxia, it had no effect on alveolarization impairment, which might be accounted for by the aggressiveness of the model. The less complex structure of immature lungs of rolipram-treated pups as compared with diluent-treated pups under room air may be explained by the profound effect of PDE4 inhibition on weight gain that interfered with normal alveolarization.
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Korkmaz S, Maupoil V, Sobry C, Brunet C, Chevalier S, Freslon JL. An Increased Regional Blood Flow Precedes Mesenteric Inflammation in Rats Treated by a Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor. Toxicol Sci 2008; 107:298-305. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Zhang J, Snyder RD, Herman EH, Knapton A, Honchel R, Miller T, Espandiari P, Goodsaid FM, Rosenblum IY, Hanig JP, Sistare FD, Weaver JL. Histopathology of vascular injury in Sprague-Dawley rats treated with phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor SCH 351591 or SCH 534385. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36:827-39. [PMID: 18776163 DOI: 10.1177/0192623308322308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies were conducted to characterize vascular injuries in rats treated with phosphodiesterase (PDE) IV inhibitors SCH 351591 or SCH 534385. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered PDE IV inhibitors by gavage at a range of doses and times. The two PDE IV inhibitors induced comparable levels of vascular injury, primarily in the mesentery and to a lesser extent in the pancreas, kidney, liver, small intestine, and stomach. Mesenteric vascular changes occurred as early as one hour, progressively developed over twenty-four to forty-eight hours, peaked at seventy-two hours, and gradually subsided from seven to nine days. The typical morphology of the vascular toxicity consisted of hemorrhage and necrosis of arterioles and arteries, microvascular injury, fibrin deposition, and perivascular inflammation of a variety of blood vessels. The incidence and severity of mesenteric vascular injury increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner in SCH 351591- or SCH 534385-treated rats. Mesenteric vascular injury was frequently associated with activation of mast cells (MC), endothelial cells (EC), and macrophages (MØ). Immunohistochemical studies showed increases in CD63 immunoreactivity of mesenteric MC and in nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity of mesenteric EC and MØ. The present study also provides a morphological and cellular basis for evaluating candidate biomarkers of drug-induced vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Division of Applied Pharmacology Research (HFD-910), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, USA.
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Kodimuthali A, Jabaris SSL, Pal M. Recent advances on phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5471-89. [PMID: 18686943 DOI: 10.1021/jm800582j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Kodimuthali
- New Drug Discovery, R & D Center, Matrix Laboratories Limited, Anrich Industrial Estate, Bollaram, Jinnaram Mandal, Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, 502 325, India
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Hanton G, Sobry C, Daguès N, Provost JP, Le Net JL, Comby P, Chevalier S. Characterisation of the vascular and inflammatory lesions induced by the PDE4 inhibitor CI-1044 in the dog. Toxicol Lett 2008; 179:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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