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Nguyen PHD, Jayasinghe MK, Le AH, Peng B, Le MTN. Advances in Drug Delivery Systems Based on Red Blood Cells and Their Membrane-Derived Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5187-5210. [PMID: 36896898 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) and RBC membrane-derived nanoparticles have been historically developed as bioinspired drug delivery systems to combat the issues of premature clearance, toxicity, and immunogenicity of synthetic nanocarriers. RBC-based delivery systems possess characteristics including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and long circulation time, which make them suited for systemic administration. Therefore, they have been employed in designing optimal drug formulations in various preclinical models and clinical trials to treat a wide range of diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the biology, synthesis, and characterization of drug delivery systems based on RBCs and their membrane including whole RBCs, RBC membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles, RBC-derived extracellular vesicles, and RBC hitchhiking. We also highlight conventional and latest engineering strategies, along with various therapeutic modalities, for enhanced precision and effectiveness of drug delivery. Additionally, we focus on the current state of RBC-based therapeutic applications and their clinical translation as drug carriers, as well as discussing opportunities and challenges associated with these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Hoang Diem Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Immunology Programme, Cancer Programme and Nanomedicine Translational Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Migara Kavishka Jayasinghe
- Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Immunology Programme, Cancer Programme and Nanomedicine Translational Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Anh Hong Le
- Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Immunology Programme, Cancer Programme and Nanomedicine Translational Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Boya Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Immunology Programme, Cancer Programme and Nanomedicine Translational Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Minh T N Le
- Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Immunology Programme, Cancer Programme and Nanomedicine Translational Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
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2
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Cell-based drug delivery systems and their in vivo fate. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114394. [PMID: 35718252 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) have received attention recently because of their unique biological properties and self-powered functions, such as excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, long circulation time, tissue-homingcharacteristics, and ability to cross biological barriers. A variety of cells, including erythrocytes, stem cells, and lymphocytes, have been explored as functional vectors for the loading and delivery of various therapeutic payloads (e.g., small-molecule and nucleic acid drugs) for subsequent disease treatment. These cell-based DDSs have their own unique in vivo fates, which are attributed to various factors, including their biological properties and functions, the loaded drugs and loading process, physiological and pathological circumstances, and the body's response to these carrier cells, which result in differences in drug delivery efficiency and therapeutic effect. In this review, we summarize the main cell-based DDSs and their biological properties and functions, applications in drug delivery and disease treatment, and in vivo fate and influencing factors. We envision that the unique biological properties, combined with continuing research, will enable development of cell-based DDSs as friendly drug vectors for the safe, effective, and even personalized treatment of diseases.
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Li Y, Raza F, Liu Y, Wei Y, Rong R, Zheng M, Yuan W, Su J, Qiu M, Li Y, Raza F, Liu Y, Wei Y, Rong R, Zheng M, Yuan W, Su J, Qiu M. Clinical progress and advanced research of red blood cells based drug delivery system. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121202. [PMID: 34749072 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are biocompatible carriers that can be employed to deliver different bioactive substances. In the past few decades, many strategies have been developed to encapsulate or attach drugs to RBCs. Osmotic-based encapsulation methods have been industrialized recently, and some encapsulated RBC formulations have reached the clinical stage for treating tumors and neurological diseases. Inspired by the intrinsic properties of intact RBCs, some advanced delivery strategies have also been proposed. These delivery systems combine RBCs with other novel systems to further exploit and expand the application of RBCs. This review summarizes the clinical progress of drugs encapsulated into intact RBCs, focusing on the loading and clinical trials. It also introduces the latest advanced research based on developing prospects and limitations of intact RBCs drug delivery system (DDS), hoping to provide a reference for related research fields and further application potential of intact RBCs based drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Li
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Faisal Raza
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqi Wei
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruonan Rong
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyuan Zheng
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Weien Yuan
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Su
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingfeng Qiu
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Y Li
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - F Raza
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Liu
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Wei
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - R Rong
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - M Zheng
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - W Yuan
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - J Su
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - M Qiu
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
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Ramón J, Vila-Julià F, Molina-Granada D, Molina-Berenguer M, Melià MJ, García-Arumí E, Torres-Torronteras J, Cámara Y, Martí R. Therapy Prospects for Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6447. [PMID: 34208592 PMCID: PMC8234938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA depletion and multiple deletions syndromes (MDDS) constitute a group of mitochondrial diseases defined by dysfunctional mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and maintenance. As is the case for many other mitochondrial diseases, the options for the treatment of these disorders are rather limited today. Some aggressive treatments such as liver transplantation or allogeneic stem cell transplantation are among the few available options for patients with some forms of MDDS. However, in recent years, significant advances in our knowledge of the biochemical pathomechanisms accounting for dysfunctional mtDNA replication have been achieved, which has opened new prospects for the treatment of these often fatal diseases. Current strategies under investigation to treat MDDS range from small molecule substrate enhancement approaches to more complex treatments, such as lentiviral or adenoassociated vector-mediated gene therapy. Some of these experimental therapies have already reached the clinical phase with very promising results, however, they are hampered by the fact that these are all rare disorders and so the patient recruitment potential for clinical trials is very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ramón
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferran Vila-Julià
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Molina-Granada
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Molina-Berenguer
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús Melià
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Arumí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Torres-Torronteras
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Cámara
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Martí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Li W, Yue H. Thymidine Phosphorylase Is Increased in COVID-19 Patients in an Acuity-Dependent Manner. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:653773. [PMID: 33829029 PMCID: PMC8019714 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.653773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), is a human respiratory disease. Hitherto, there is no effective treatment has been established. Patients with cardiovascular or diabetes comorbidities are a high-risk cohort. COVID-19 is accompanied by excessive systemic thrombotic events, but the mechanism is not yet known. Recent studies have indicated that thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP) plays an important role in platelet activation, thrombosis, and TYMP expression is increased in diabetic patients. By using data provided by the MGH (Massachusetts General Hospital) Emergency Department COVID-19 Cohort with Olink Proteomics, here we show that plasma TYMP level is correlated with the COVID-19 associated thrombotic event, inflammation, and organ damage, as evidenced by the positive correlations with plasma D-dimer, CRP (C reactive protein), and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), as well as Interferons (IFN). Plasma TYMP is also positively correlated with COVID-19 patients who had respiratory symptoms. TYMP thus could be an acuity marker for COVID-19 diagnosis. Targeting TYMP with tipiracil, a selective TYMP inhibitor, which has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for clinical use, could be a novel effective medicine for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine of Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
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6
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Rossi L, Pierigè F, Bregalda A, Magnani M. Preclinical developments of enzyme-loaded red blood cells. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:43-54. [PMID: 32924643 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1822320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Therapeutic enzymes are currently used in the treatment of several diseases. In most cases, the benefits are limited due to poor in vivo stability, immunogenicity, and drug-induced inactivating antibodies. A partial solution to the problem is obtained by masking the therapeutic protein by chemical modifications. Unfortunately, this is not a satisfactory solution because frequent adverse events, including anaphylaxis, can arise. AREA COVERED Among the delivery systems, we focused on red blood cells for the delivery of therapeutic enzymes. Erythrocytes possess a long circulation time, a reduced immunogenicity, there is no need of chemical modifications and the encapsulated enzyme remains active because it is protected by the cell membrane. Here we discuss some representative applications of the preclinical developments of the field. Some of these are currently in clinic, others are approaching the clinic and others are illustrative of the development process. The selected examples are not always the most recent, but they are the most useful for a comparative approach. EXPERT OPINION The results discussed confirm the central role that red blood cells can play in the treatment of several conditions and suggest the benefit in using a natural cellular carrier in terms of pharmacokinetic, biodistribution, safety, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Rossi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino , Urbino, Italy.,EryDel SpA , Bresso, Italy
| | - Francesca Pierigè
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino , Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino , Urbino, Italy.,EryDel SpA , Bresso, Italy
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7
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Finsterer J. Clinical Therapeutic Management of Human Mitochondrial Disorders. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 113:66-74. [PMID: 33053453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the elucidation of etiology and pathogenesis of mitochondrial disorders, their therapeutic management remains challenging. This review focuses on currently available therapeutic options for human mitochondrial disorders. Current treatment of mitochondrial disorders relies on symptomatic, multidisciplinary therapies of various manifestations in organs such as the brain, muscle, nerves, eyes, ears, endocrine organs, heart, intestines, kidneys, lungs, bones, bone marrow, cartilage, immune system, and skin. If respiratory chain functions are primarily or secondarily impaired, antioxidants or cofactors should be additionally given one by one. All patients with mitochondrial disorders should be offered an individually tailored diet and physical training program. Irrespective of the pathogenesis, all patients with mitochondrial disorders should avoid exposure to mitochondrion-toxic agents and environments. Specific treatment can be offered for stroke-like episodes, mitochondrial epilepsy, mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, thiamine-responsive Leigh syndrome, primary coenzyme Q deficiency, primary carnitine deficiency, Friedreich ataxia, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, and hereditary vitamin E deficiency. Preventing the transmission of mitochondrial DNA-related mitochondrial disorders can be achieved by mitochondrion replacement therapy (spindle transfer, pronuclear transfer). In conclusion, specific and nonspecific therapies for human mitochondrial disorders are available, and beneficial effects have been anecdotally reported. However, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies to confirm effectiveness are lacking for the majority of the measures applied to mitochondrial disorders. Transmission of certain mitochondrial disorders can be prevented by mitochondrion replacement therapy. A multidisciplinary approach is required to meet the therapeutic challenges of patients with mitochondrial disorders.
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Son YW, Choi HN, Che JH, Kang BC, Yun JW. Advances in selecting appropriate non-rodent species for regulatory toxicology research: Policy, ethical, and experimental considerations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 116:104757. [PMID: 32758521 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vivo animal studies are required by regulatory agencies to investigate drug safety before clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the process of selecting a relevant non-rodent species for preclinical studies. The dog is the primary, default non-rodent used in toxicology studies with multiple scientific advantages, including adequate background data and availability. Rabbit has many regulatory advantages as the first non-rodent for the evaluation of reproductive and developmental as well as local toxicity. Recently, minipigs have increasingly replaced dogs and rabbits in toxicology studies due to ethical and scientific advantages including similarity to humans and breeding habits. When these species are not relevant, nonhuman primates (NHPs) can be used as the available animal models, especially in toxicology studies investigating biotherapeutics. Particularly, based on the phylogenetic relationships, the use of New-World marmosets can be considered before Old-World monkeys, especially cynomolgus with robust historical data. Importantly, the use of NHPs should be justified in terms of scientific benefits considering target affinity, expression pattern, and pharmacological cross-reactivity. Strict standards are required for the use of animals. Therefore, this review is helpful for the selection of appropriate non-rodent in regulatory toxicology studies by providing sufficient regulatory, ethical, and scientific data for each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Wook Son
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Ha-Ni Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea.
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Gardner TJ, Bourne CM, Dacek MM, Kurtz K, Malviya M, Peraro L, Silberman PC, Vogt KC, Unti MJ, Brentjens R, Scheinberg D. Targeted Cellular Micropharmacies: Cells Engineered for Localized Drug Delivery. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2175. [PMID: 32764348 PMCID: PMC7465970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of engineered cellular therapies, such as Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) CAR T and T cell receptor (TCR) engineered T cells, has shown great promise in the treatment of various cancers. These agents aggregate and expand exponentially at the tumor site, resulting in potent immune activation and tumor clearance. Moreover, the ability to elaborate these cells with therapeutic agents, such as antibodies, enzymes, and immunostimulatory molecules, presents an unprecedented opportunity to specifically modulate the tumor microenvironment through cell-mediated drug delivery. This unique pharmacology, combined with significant advances in synthetic biology and cell engineering, has established a new paradigm for cells as vectors for drug delivery. Targeted cellular micropharmacies (TCMs) are a revolutionary new class of living drugs, which we envision will play an important role in cancer medicine and beyond. Here, we review important advances and considerations underway in developing this promising advancement in biological therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Gardner
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; (T.J.G.); (C.M.B.); (M.M.D.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (P.C.S.); (K.C.V.)
| | - Christopher M. Bourne
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; (T.J.G.); (C.M.B.); (M.M.D.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (P.C.S.); (K.C.V.)
- Immunology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Megan M. Dacek
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; (T.J.G.); (C.M.B.); (M.M.D.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (P.C.S.); (K.C.V.)
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Keifer Kurtz
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; (T.J.G.); (C.M.B.); (M.M.D.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (P.C.S.); (K.C.V.)
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Manish Malviya
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; (T.J.G.); (C.M.B.); (M.M.D.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (P.C.S.); (K.C.V.)
| | - Leila Peraro
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; (T.J.G.); (C.M.B.); (M.M.D.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (P.C.S.); (K.C.V.)
| | - Pedro C. Silberman
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; (T.J.G.); (C.M.B.); (M.M.D.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (P.C.S.); (K.C.V.)
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Kristen C. Vogt
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; (T.J.G.); (C.M.B.); (M.M.D.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (P.C.S.); (K.C.V.)
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mildred J. Unti
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Renier Brentjens
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - David Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; (T.J.G.); (C.M.B.); (M.M.D.); (K.K.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (P.C.S.); (K.C.V.)
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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10
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Bax BE. Erythrocytes as Carriers of Therapeutic Enzymes. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E435. [PMID: 32397259 PMCID: PMC7284836 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic enzymes are administered for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. They exert their effects through binding with a high affinity and specificity to disease-causing substrates to catalyze their conversion to a non-noxious product, to induce an advantageous physiological change. However, the metabolic and clinical efficacies of parenterally or intramuscularly administered therapeutic enzymes are very often limited by short circulatory half-lives and hypersensitive and immunogenic reactions. Over the past five decades, the erythrocyte carrier has been extensively studied as a strategy for overcoming these limitations and increasing therapeutic efficacy. This review examines the rationale for the different therapeutic strategies that have been applied to erythrocyte-mediated enzyme therapy. These strategies include their application as circulating bioreactors, targeting the monocyte-macrophage system, the coupling of enzymes to the surface of the erythrocyte and the engineering of CD34+ hematopoietic precursor cells for the expression of therapeutic enzymes. An overview of the diverse biomedical applications for which they have been investigated is also provided, including the detoxification of exogenous chemicals, thrombolytic therapy, enzyme replacement therapy for metabolic diseases and antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget E Bax
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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11
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Koleva L, Bovt E, Ataullakhanov F, Sinauridze E. Erythrocytes as Carriers: From Drug Delivery to Biosensors. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E276. [PMID: 32197542 PMCID: PMC7151026 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery using natural biological carriers, especially erythrocytes, is a rapidly developing field. Such erythrocytes can act as carriers that prolong the drug's action due to its gradual release from the carrier; as bioreactors with encapsulated enzymes performing the necessary reactions, while remaining inaccessible to the immune system and plasma proteases; or as a tool for targeted drug delivery to target organs, primarily to cells of the reticuloendothelial system, liver and spleen. To date, erythrocytes have been studied as carriers for a wide range of drugs, such as enzymes, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antiviral drugs, etc., and for diagnostic purposes (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging). The review focuses only on drugs loaded inside erythrocytes, defines the main lines of research for erythrocytes with bioactive substances, as well as the advantages and limitations of their application. Particular attention is paid to in vivo studies, opening-up the potential for the clinical use of drugs encapsulated into erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Koleva
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Samory Mashela str., 1, GSP-7, Moscow 117198, Russia; (E.B.); (F.A.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biophysics of the Cell, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya, 30, Moscow 109029, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Bovt
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Samory Mashela str., 1, GSP-7, Moscow 117198, Russia; (E.B.); (F.A.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biophysics of the Cell, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya, 30, Moscow 109029, Russia
| | - Fazoil Ataullakhanov
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Samory Mashela str., 1, GSP-7, Moscow 117198, Russia; (E.B.); (F.A.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biophysics of the Cell, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya, 30, Moscow 109029, Russia
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, build. 2, GSP-1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena Sinauridze
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Samory Mashela str., 1, GSP-7, Moscow 117198, Russia; (E.B.); (F.A.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biophysics of the Cell, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya, 30, Moscow 109029, Russia
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12
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Pacitti D, Levene M, Garone C, Nirmalananthan N, Bax BE. Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalomyopathy: Into the Fourth Decade, What We Have Learned So Far. Front Genet 2018; 9:669. [PMID: 30627136 PMCID: PMC6309918 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is an ultra-rare metabolic autosomal recessive disease, caused by mutations in the nuclear gene TYMP which encodes the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase. The resulting enzyme deficiency leads to a systemic accumulation of the deoxyribonucleosides thymidine and deoxyuridine, and ultimately mitochondrial failure due to a progressive acquisition of secondary mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and mtDNA depletion. Clinically, MNGIE is characterized by gastrointestinal and neurological manifestations, including cachexia, gastrointestinal dysmotility, peripheral neuropathy, leukoencephalopathy, ophthalmoplegia and ptosis. The disease is progressively degenerative and leads to death at an average age of 37.6 years. As with the vast majority of rare diseases, patients with MNGIE face a number of unmet needs related to diagnostic delays, a lack of approved therapies, and non-specific clinical management. We provide here a comprehensive collation of the available knowledge of MNGIE since the disease was first described 42 years ago. This review includes symptomatology, diagnostic procedures and hurdles, in vitro and in vivo disease models that have enhanced our understanding of the disease pathology, and finally experimental therapeutic approaches under development. The ultimate aim of this review is to increase clinical awareness of MNGIE, thereby reducing diagnostic delay and improving patient access to putative treatments under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pacitti
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Levene
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Garone
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bridget E. Bax
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Levene M, Pacitti D, Gasson C, Hall J, Sellos-Moura M, Bax BE. Validation of an Immunoassay for Anti-thymidine Phosphorylase Antibodies in Patients with MNGIE Treated with Enzyme Replacement Therapy. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2018; 11:1-8. [PMID: 30294618 PMCID: PMC6170929 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Erythrocyte encapsulated thymidine phosphorylase is recombinant Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase encapsulated within human autologous erythrocytes and is under development as an enzyme replacement therapy for the ultra-rare inherited metabolic disorder mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy. This study describes the method validation of a two-step bridging electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for the detection of anti-thymidine phosphorylase antibodies in human serum according to current industry practice and regulatory guidelines. The analytical method was assessed for screening cut point, specificity, selectivity, precision, prozone effect, drug tolerance, and stability. Key findings were a correction factor of 129 relative light units for the cut-point determination; a specificity cut point of 93% inhibition; confirmed intra-assay and inter-assay precision; assay sensitivity of 356 ng/mL; no matrix or prozone effects up to 25,900 ng/mL; a drug tolerance of 156 ng/mL; and stability at room temperature for 24 hr and up to five freeze-thaws. Immunogenicity evaluations of serum from three patients who received erythrocyte encapsulated thymidine phosphorylase under a compassionate treatment program showed specific anti-thymidine phosphorylase antibodies in one patient. To conclude, a sensitive, specific, and selective immunoassay has been validated for the measurement of anti-thymidine phosphorylase antibodies; this will be utilized in a phase II pivotal clinical trial of erythrocyte encapsulated thymidine phosphorylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Levene
- Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Dario Pacitti
- Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Gasson
- Biomarker, Bioanalysis and Clinical Sciences, Envigo CRS, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Jamie Hall
- Biomarker, Bioanalysis and Clinical Sciences, Envigo CRS, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Bridget E. Bax
- Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Corresponding author: Bridget E. Bax, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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14
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Identification of beagle food taking patterns and protocol for food effects evaluation on bioavailability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12765. [PMID: 30143653 PMCID: PMC6109188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Food is a known primary role to the exposure of the drugs orally administered. Since each animal may have unique food taking pattern and it is difficult to manipulate the food taking to animals, there lacks rationalized protocol for the food effects in pre-clinic study. The objective of this study was to identify the beagle food taking patterns and demonstrate their effects on bioavailability in valsartan. Herein, four types of food taking patterns of beagle were identified via inter-day and intra-day analysis, and named as Persisting, Pulsing, Postponing, Pushing (“4P Modes”), respectively, which were also validated by principal component analysis (PCA). Interestingly, food intake resulted in a reduced area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0–12h), maximum concentration (Cmax) and absorption rate, whilst the reduction varied in “4P Modes” of food taking. General considerations in the design of experiment for food effect to the bioavailability in beagles have been established as: to recognize the food taking patterns in each animal, to confirm the inter-day stability of the food taking behaviors, to trace the food taking patterns in parallel with plasma sampling. In conclusion, the right animals with proper food taking patterns should be assessed and selected for pre-clinic bioavailability evaluations.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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16
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Li W, Yue H. Thymidine phosphorylase: A potential new target for treating cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2017; 28:157-171. [PMID: 29108898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We recently found that thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP), also known as platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, plays an important role in platelet activation in vitro and thrombosis in vivo by participating in multiple signaling pathways. Platelets are a major source of TYMP. Since platelet-mediated clot formation is a key event in several fatal diseases, such as myocardial infarction, stroke and pulmonary embolism, understanding TYMP in depth may lead to uncovering novel mechanisms in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Targeting TYMP may become a novel therapeutic for cardiovascular disorders. In this review article, we summarize the discovery of TYMP and the potential molecular mechanisms of TYMP involved in the development of various diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases. We also offer insights regarding future studies exploring the role of TYMP in the development of cardiovascular disease as well as in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall, University, Huntington, WV; Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, WV.
| | - Hong Yue
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall, University, Huntington, WV
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17
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Yadak R, Sillevis Smitt P, van Gisbergen MW, van Til NP, de Coo IFM. Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalomyopathy Caused by Thymidine Phosphorylase Enzyme Deficiency: From Pathogenesis to Emerging Therapeutic Options. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:31. [PMID: 28261062 PMCID: PMC5309216 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is a progressive metabolic disorder caused by thymidine phosphorylase (TP) enzyme deficiency. The lack of TP results in systemic accumulation of deoxyribonucleosides thymidine (dThd) and deoxyuridine (dUrd). In these patients, clinical features include mental regression, ophthalmoplegia, and fatal gastrointestinal complications. The accumulation of nucleosides also causes imbalances in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), which may play a direct or indirect role in the mtDNA depletion/deletion abnormalities, although the exact underlying mechanism remains unknown. The available therapeutic approaches include dialysis and enzyme replacement therapy, both can only transiently reverse the biochemical imbalance. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is shown to be able to restore normal enzyme activity and improve clinical manifestations in MNGIE patients. However, transplant related complications and disease progression result in a high mortality rate. New therapeutic approaches, such as adeno-associated viral vector and hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy have been tested in Tymp-/-Upp1-/- mice, a murine model for MNGIE. This review provides background information on disease manifestations of MNGIE with a focus on current management and treatment options. It also outlines the pre-clinical approaches toward future treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Yadak
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter Sillevis Smitt
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marike W van Gisbergen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MaastRO-Lab), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Niek P van Til
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Irenaeus F M de Coo
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands
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18
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Pierigè F, Bigini N, Rossi L, Magnani M. Reengineering red blood cells for cellular therapeutics and diagnostics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 9. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pierigè
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Noemi Bigini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Luigia Rossi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
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19
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Red blood cells: Supercarriers for drugs, biologicals, and nanoparticles and inspiration for advanced delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:88-103. [PMID: 26941164 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) constitute a unique drug delivery system as a biologic or hybrid carrier capable of greatly enhancing pharmacokinetics, altering pharmacodynamics (for example, by changing margination within the intravascular space), and modulating immune responses to appended cargoes. Strategies for RBC drug delivery systems include internal and surface loading, and the latter can be performed both ex vivo and in vivo. A relatively new avenue for RBC drug delivery is their application as a carrier for nanoparticles. Efforts are also being made to incorporate features of RBCs in nanocarriers to mimic their most useful aspects, such as long circulation and stealth features. RBCs have also recently been explored as carriers for the delivery of antigens for modulation of immune response. Therefore, RBC-based drug delivery systems represent supercarriers for a diverse array of biomedical interventions, and this is reflected by several industrial and academic efforts that are poised to enter the clinical realm.
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20
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Xu P, Wang R, Wang X, Ouyang J. Recent advancements in erythrocytes, platelets, and albumin as delivery systems. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:2873-84. [PMID: 27274282 PMCID: PMC4876107 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s104691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems have been applied to enhance the efficacy of therapeutics and to alleviate negative effects through the controlled delivery of targeting and releasing agents. However, few drug carriers can achieve high targeting efficacy, even when targeting modalities and surface markers are introduced. Immunological problems have also limited their wide applications. Biological drug delivery systems, such as erythrocytes, platelets, and albumin, have been extensively investigated because of their unique properties. In this review, erythrocytes, platelets, and albumin are described as efficient drug delivery systems. Their properties, applications, advantages, and limitations in disease treatment are explained. This review confirms that these systems can be used to facilitate a specific, biocompatible, and smart drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruju Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ouyang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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21
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Nightingale H, Pfeffer G, Bargiela D, Horvath R, Chinnery PF. Emerging therapies for mitochondrial disorders. Brain 2016; 139:1633-48. [PMID: 27190030 PMCID: PMC4892756 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are a diverse group of debilitating conditions resulting from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA mutations that affect multiple organs, often including the central and peripheral nervous system. Despite major advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms, effective treatments have not been forthcoming. For over five decades patients have been treated with different vitamins, co-factors and nutritional supplements, but with no proven benefit. There is therefore a clear need for a new approach. Several new strategies have been proposed acting at the molecular or cellular level. Whilst many show promise in vitro, the clinical potential of some is questionable. Here we critically appraise the most promising preclinical developments, placing the greatest emphasis on diseases caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations. With new animal and cellular models, longitudinal deep phenotyping in large patient cohorts, and growing interest from the pharmaceutical industry, the field is poised to make a breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Nightingale
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Gerald Pfeffer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada Hotchkiss Brain Institute, at the University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - David Bargiela
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rita Horvath
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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22
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Cabrera-Pérez R, Torres-Torronteras J, Vila-Julià F, Ortega FJ, Cámara Y, Barquinero J, Martí R. Prospective therapeutic approaches in mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE). Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1090307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Kanabus M, Heales SJ, Rahman S. Development of pharmacological strategies for mitochondrial disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1798-817. [PMID: 24116962 PMCID: PMC3976606 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are an unusually genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous group of disorders, which are extremely challenging to treat. Currently, apart from supportive therapy, there are no effective treatments for the vast majority of mitochondrial diseases. Huge scientific effort, however, is being put into understanding the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial disease pathology and developing potential treatments. To date, a variety of treatments have been evaluated by randomized clinical trials, but unfortunately, none of these has delivered breakthrough results. Increased understanding of mitochondrial pathways and the development of many animal models, some of which are accurate phenocopies of human diseases, are facilitating the discovery and evaluation of novel prospective treatments. Targeting reactive oxygen species has been a treatment of interest for many years; however, only in recent years has it been possible to direct antioxidant delivery specifically into the mitochondria. Increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, whether by pharmacological approaches, dietary manipulation or exercise therapy, is also currently an active area of research. Modulating mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy and the mitochondrial membrane lipid milieu have also emerged as possible treatment strategies. Recent technological advances in gene therapy, including allotopic and transkingdom gene expression and mitochondrially targeted transcription activator-like nucleases, have led to promising results in cell and animal models of mitochondrial diseases, but most of these techniques are still far from clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kanabus
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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24
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Li W, Gigante A, Perez-Perez MJ, Yue H, Hirano M, McIntyre TM, Silverstein RL. Thymidine phosphorylase participates in platelet signaling and promotes thrombosis. Circ Res 2014; 115:997-1006. [PMID: 25287063 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.304591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Platelets contain abundant thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP), which is highly expressed in diseases with high risk of thrombosis, such as atherosclerosis and type II diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that TYMP participates in platelet signaling and promotes thrombosis. METHODS AND RESULTS By using a ferric chloride (FeCl3)-induced carotid artery injury thrombosis model, we found time to blood flow cessation was significantly prolonged in Tymp(-/-) and Tymp(+/-) mice compared with wild-type mice. Bone marrow transplantation and platelet transfusion studies demonstrated that platelet TYMP was responsible for the antithrombotic phenomenon in the TYMP-deficient mice. Collagen-, collagen-related peptide-, adenosine diphosphate-, or thrombin-induced platelet aggregation were significantly attenuated in Tymp(+/-) and Tymp(-/-) platelets, and in wild type or human platelets pretreated with TYMP inhibitor KIN59. Tymp deficiency also significantly decreased agonist-induced P-selectin expression. TYMP contains an N-terminal SH3 domain-binding proline-rich motif and forms a complex with the tyrosine kinases Lyn, Fyn, and Yes in platelets. TYMP-associated Lyn was inactive in resting platelets, and TYMP trapped and diminished active Lyn after collagen stimulation. Tymp/Lyn double haploinsufficiency diminished the antithrombotic phenotype of Tymp(+/-) mice. TYMP deletion or inhibition of TYMP with KIN59 dramatically increased platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 tyrosine phosphorylation and diminished collagen-related peptide- or collagen-induced AKT phosphorylation. In vivo administration of KIN59 significantly inhibited FeCl3-induced carotid artery thrombosis without affecting hemostasis. CONCLUSIONS TYMP participates in multiple platelet signaling pathways and regulates platelet activation and thrombosis. Targeting TYMP might be a novel antiplatelet and antithrombosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.L., T.M.M.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, OH (W.L., T.M.M.); Instituto de Quimica Medica, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Cientificas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.G.,M.-J.P.-P.); Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (H.Y.); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.H.); and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (R.L.S.)
| | - Alba Gigante
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.L., T.M.M.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, OH (W.L., T.M.M.); Instituto de Quimica Medica, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Cientificas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.G.,M.-J.P.-P.); Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (H.Y.); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.H.); and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (R.L.S.)
| | - Maria-Jesus Perez-Perez
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.L., T.M.M.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, OH (W.L., T.M.M.); Instituto de Quimica Medica, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Cientificas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.G.,M.-J.P.-P.); Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (H.Y.); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.H.); and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (R.L.S.)
| | - Hong Yue
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.L., T.M.M.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, OH (W.L., T.M.M.); Instituto de Quimica Medica, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Cientificas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.G.,M.-J.P.-P.); Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (H.Y.); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.H.); and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (R.L.S.)
| | - Michio Hirano
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.L., T.M.M.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, OH (W.L., T.M.M.); Instituto de Quimica Medica, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Cientificas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.G.,M.-J.P.-P.); Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (H.Y.); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.H.); and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (R.L.S.)
| | - Thomas M McIntyre
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.L., T.M.M.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, OH (W.L., T.M.M.); Instituto de Quimica Medica, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Cientificas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.G.,M.-J.P.-P.); Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (H.Y.); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.H.); and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (R.L.S.)
| | - Roy L Silverstein
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.L., T.M.M.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, OH (W.L., T.M.M.); Instituto de Quimica Medica, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Cientificas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.G.,M.-J.P.-P.); Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (H.Y.); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.H.); and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (R.L.S.)
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25
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Benureau A, Meyer P, Maillet O, Leboucq N, Legras S, Jeziorski E, Fournier-Favre S, Jeandel C, Gaignard P, Slama A, Rivier F, Roubertie A, Carneiro M. [Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy disease]. Arch Pediatr 2014; 21:1370-4. [PMID: 25282463 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy disease (MNGIE) is a rare autosomal-recessive syndrome, resulting from mutations in the TYMP gene, located at 22q13. The mutation induces a thymidine phosphorylase (TP) deficit, which leads to a nucleotide pool imbalance and to instability of the mitochondrial DNA. The clinical picture regroups gastrointestinal dysmotility, cachexia, ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, peripheral neuropathy, and asymptomatic leukoencephalopathy. The prognosis is unfavorable. We present the case of a 14-year-old Caucasian female whose symptoms started in early childhood. The diagnosis was suspected after magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), performed given the atypical features of mental anorexia, which revealed white matter abnormalities. She presented chronic vomiting, postprandial abdominal pain, and problems gaining weight accompanied by cachexia. This diagnosis led to establishing proper care, in particular an enteral and parenteral nutrition program. There is no known specific effective treatment, but numerous studies are in progress. In this article, after reviewing the existing studies, we discuss the main diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the disease. We argue for the necessity of performing a cerebral MRI given the atypical features of a patient with suspected mental anorexia (or when the clinical pattern of a patient with mental anorexia seems atypical), so that MNGIE can be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Benureau
- Service de neuropédiatrie, hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - P Meyer
- Service de neuropédiatrie, hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Inserm U1046, université Montpellier 1, université Montpellier 2, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - O Maillet
- Service de chirurgie viscérale infantile, hôpital Lapeyronie, 371, avenue du Doyen-Gaston-Giraud, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - N Leboucq
- Service de neuroradiologie, hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - S Legras
- Médecine psychologique de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, hôpital Saint-Éloi, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - E Jeziorski
- Service de maladies infectieuses et immunologie clinique, hôpital Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, 371, avenue du Doyen-Gaston-Giraud, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - S Fournier-Favre
- Service de gastro-entérologie pédiatrique, hôpital Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, 371, avenue du Doyen-Gaston-Giraud, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - C Jeandel
- Service de néphrologie et endocrinologie pédiatrique, hôpital Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, 371, avenue du Doyen-Gaston-Giraud, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - P Gaignard
- Laboratoire de biochimie, hôpital Bicêtre, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - A Slama
- Laboratoire de biochimie, hôpital Bicêtre, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - F Rivier
- Service de neuropédiatrie, hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Inserm U1046, université Montpellier 1, université Montpellier 2, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - A Roubertie
- Service de neuropédiatrie, hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Inserm U 1051, INM, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - M Carneiro
- Service de neuropédiatrie, hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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26
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Garcia-Diaz B, Garone C, Barca E, Mojahed H, Gutierrez P, Pizzorno G, Tanji K, Arias-Mendoza F, Quinzii CM, Hirano M. Deoxynucleoside stress exacerbates the phenotype of a mouse model of mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:1337-49. [PMID: 24727567 PMCID: PMC3999724 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Balanced pools of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate precursors are required for DNA replication, and alterations of this balance are relevant to human mitochondrial diseases including mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy. In this disease, autosomal recessive TYMP mutations cause severe reductions of thymidine phosphorylase activity; marked elevations of the pyrimidine nucleosides thymidine and deoxyuridine in plasma and tissues, and somatic multiple deletions, depletion and site-specific point mutations of mitochondrial DNA. Thymidine phosphorylase and uridine phosphorylase double knockout mice recapitulated several features of these patients including thymidine phosphorylase activity deficiency, elevated thymidine and deoxyuridine in tissues, mitochondrial DNA depletion, respiratory chain defects and white matter changes. However, in contrast to patients with this disease, mutant mice showed mitochondrial alterations only in the brain. To test the hypothesis that elevated levels of nucleotides cause unbalanced deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and, in turn, pathogenic mitochondrial DNA instability, we have stressed double knockout mice with exogenous thymidine and deoxyuridine, and assessed clinical, neuroradiological, histological, molecular, and biochemical consequences. Mutant mice treated with exogenous thymidine and deoxyuridine showed reduced survival, body weight, and muscle strength, relative to untreated animals. Moreover, in treated mutants, leukoencephalopathy, a hallmark of the disease, was enhanced and the small intestine showed a reduction of smooth muscle cells and increased fibrosis. Levels of mitochondrial DNA were depleted not only in the brain but also in the small intestine, and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate imbalance was observed in the brain. The relative proportion, rather than the absolute amount of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, was critical for mitochondrial DNA maintenance. Thus, our results demonstrate that stress of exogenous pyrimidine nucleosides enhances the mitochondrial phenotype of our knockout mice. Our mouse studies provide insights into the pathogenic role of thymidine and deoxyuridine imbalance in mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy and an excellent model to study new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia-Diaz
- 1 Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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27
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Yew NS, Dufour E, Przybylska M, Putelat J, Crawley C, Foster M, Gentry S, Reczek D, Kloss A, Meyzaud A, Horand F, Cheng SH, Godfrin Y. Erythrocytes encapsulated with phenylalanine hydroxylase exhibit improved pharmacokinetics and lowered plasma phenylalanine levels in normal mice. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 109:339-44. [PMID: 23867524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme replacement therapy is often hampered by the rapid clearance and degradation of the administered enzyme, limiting its efficacy and requiring frequent dosing. Encapsulation of therapeutic molecules into red blood cells (RBCs) is a clinically proven approach to improve the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of biologics and small molecule drugs. Here we evaluated the ability of RBCs encapsulated with phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) to metabolize phenylalanine (Phe) from the blood and confer sustained enzymatic activity in the circulation. Significant quantities of PAH were successfully encapsulated within murine RBCs (PAH-RBCs) with minimal loss of endogenous hemoglobin. While intravenously administered free PAH enzyme was rapidly eliminated from the blood within a few hours, PAH-RBCs persisted in the circulation for at least 10days. A single injection of PAH-RBCs was able to decrease Phe levels by nearly 80% in normal mice. These results demonstrate the ability of enzyme-loaded RBCs to metabolize circulating amino acids and highlight the potential to treat disorders of amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson S Yew
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, USA.
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