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Rafiee A, Hoseini M, Akbari S, Mahabee-Gittens EM. Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and adverse reproductive outcomes in women: current status and future perspectives. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 39:305-311. [PMID: 36583940 PMCID: PMC10314966 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous, toxic environmental chemicals that can cause adverse reproductive health effects. The objectives of this mini-review are to highlight the adverse reproductive outcomes due to PAH exposure with the main focus on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and premature ovarian failure (POF) and to provide perspectives on future research needs. CONTENT We reviewed studies that have reported the adverse reproductive outcomes associated with PAHs exposures in women through a comprehensive search of bibliographic databases and gray literature sources. In addition, potentially modifiable sources of exposure to PAHs and associated reproductive outcomes were also investigated. SUMMARY A total of 232 papers were retrieved through a comprehensive search of bibliographic databases, out of which three studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Results showed that exposure to PAHs is associated with adverse reproductive outcomes defined as PCOS, POF, and reproductive hormone imbalance. Sources of PAH exposure associated with adverse reproductive outcomes include active and passive tobacco smoking, specific cooking methods, and pesticides. OUTLOOK Future studies are warranted to examine the mechanisms by which PAHs result in adverse reproductive endpoints in women. Further, environmental exposures that are potentially modifiable such as exposure to tobacco smoke, may contribute to PAH exposure, and these exposures should be targeted in future policies and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Rafiee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hoseini
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sadaf Akbari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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2
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Fang J, Rietjens IMCM, Carrillo JC, Boogaard PJ, Kamelia L. Evaluating the in vitro developmental toxicity potency of a series of petroleum substance extracts using new approach methodologies (NAMs). Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:551-565. [PMID: 38085275 PMCID: PMC10794406 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the in vitro developmental toxicity and the possible underlying mode of action of DMSO extracts of a series of highly complex petroleum substances in the mouse embryonic stem cell test (mEST), the zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZET) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor reporter gene assay (AhR CALUX assay). Results show that two out of sixteen samples tested, both being poorly refined products that may contain a substantial amount of 3- to 7-ring polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), induced sustained AhR activation in the AhR CALUX assay, and concentration-dependent developmental toxicity in both mEST and ZET. The other samples tested, representing highly refined petroleum substances and petroleum-derived waxes (containing typically a very low amount or no PACs at all), were negative in all assays applied, pointing to their inability to induce developmental toxicity in vitro. The refining processes applied during the production of highly refined petroleum products, such as solvent extraction and hydrotreatment which focus on the removal of undesired constituents, including 3- to 7-ring PACs, abolish the in vitro developmental toxicity. In conclusion, the obtained results support the hypothesis that 3- to 7-ring PACs are the primary inducers of the developmental toxicity induced by some (i.e., poorly refined) petroleum substances and that the observed effect is partially AhR-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J Boogaard
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lenny Kamelia
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V, 2596 HR, The Hague, The Netherlands
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Nilén G, Larsson M, Hyötyläinen T, Keiter SH. A complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic compounds causes embryotoxic, behavioral, and molecular effects in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio), and in vitro bioassays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167307. [PMID: 37804991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are prevalent in the environment, typically found in complex mixtures and high concentrations. Our understanding of the effects of PACs, excluding the 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs), remains limited. Zebrafish embryos and in vitro bioassays were utilized to investigate the embryotoxic, behavioral, and molecular effects of a soil sample from a former gasworks site in Sweden. Additionally, targeted chemical analysis was conducted to analyze 87 PACs in the soil, fish, water, and plate material. CALUX® assays were used to assess the activation of aryl hydrocarbon and estrogen receptors, as well as the inhibition of the androgen receptor. Larval behavior was measured by analyzing activity during light and darkness and in response to mechanical stimulation. Furthermore, qPCR analyses were performed on a subset of 36 genes associated with specific adverse outcomes, and the total lipid content in the larvae was measured. Exposure to the sample resulted in embryotoxic effects (LC50 = 0.480 mg dry matter soil/mL water). The mixture also induced hyperactivity in darkness and hypoactivity in light and in response to the mechanical stimulus. qPCR analysis revealed differential regulation of 15 genes, including downregulation of opn1sw1 (eye pigmentation) and upregulation of fpgs (heart failure). The sample caused significant responses in three bioassays (ERα-, DR-, and PAH-CALUX), and the exposed larvae exhibited elevated lipid levels. Chemical analysis identified benzo[a]pyrene as the predominant compound in the soil and approximately half of the total PAC concentration was attributed to the 16 PAHs. This study highlights the value of combining in vitro and in vivo methods with chemical analysis to assess toxic mechanisms at specific targets and to elucidate the possible interactions between various pathways in an organism. It also enhances our understanding of the risks associated with environmental mixtures of PACs and their distribution during toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Nilén
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Steffen H Keiter
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Ma X, Wang X, Chen L, Luo Y, Cao X, Yu S, Wang X, Cao Y, Zhao X. The association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and neuropsychiatric manifestations in perimenopausal women: A cross-sectional study. J Affect Disord 2024; 344:554-562. [PMID: 37848092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence shows that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure may adversely affect human health. However, the links between combined exposure to PAHs and neuropsychiatric manifestations in perimenopausal women remain unclear. METHODS To explore these relationships further, we used the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) of the 2005-2012 cycles. After filtering, five hundred forty-seven perimenopausal women aged 45-55 years were included in our analysis. Eight PAHs metabolites were measured to represent PAHs exposure in the body. In our study, depression, sleep disorders, and frequent mental distress (FMD) were used to describe the neuropsychiatric manifestations. Because of the bivariate correlations among PAHs compounds, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to achieve the dimension reduction process of PAHs compounds. To figure out if there is a relationship between urinary PAH metabolites and outcomes, multiple logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS), and the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used. RESULTS The findings showed that urinary PAHs concentrations in a certain range were related to neuropsychiatric manifestations. In detail, the results of logistic regressions, RCS, and BKMR all indicated that urinary PAHs were positively correlated with depression. In addition, the results of principal components regression and RCS showed associations between urinary PAHs and the risk of FMD or sleep disorders, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to PAHs was linked to neuropsychiatric manifestations in perimenopausal women, but more pertinent researches are required to understand the connections fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Cheng
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; Nantong Fourth People's Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Xuehai Wang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Yonghua Luo
- Nantong Fourth People's Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Xia Cao
- Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Shali Yu
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
| | - Yali Cao
- Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong 226006, China.
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
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Barbosa F, Rocha BA, Souza MCO, Bocato MZ, Azevedo LF, Adeyemi JA, Santana A, Campiglia AD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Updated aspects of their determination, kinetics in the human body, and toxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:28-65. [PMID: 36617662 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2164390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are legacy pollutants of considerable public health concern. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons arise from natural and anthropogenic sources and are ubiquitously present in the environment. Several PAHs are highly toxic to humans with associated carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Further, more severe harmful effects on human- and environmental health have been attributed to the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs, that is PAHs with molecular mass greater than 300 Da. However, more research has been conducted using low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs). In addition, no HMW PAHs are on the priority pollutants list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), which is limited to only 16 PAHs. However, limited analytical methodologies for separating and determining HMW PAHs and their potential isomers and lack of readily available commercial standards make research with these compounds challenging. Since most of the PAH kinetic data originate from animal studies, our understanding of the effects of PAHs on humans is still minimal. In addition, current knowledge of toxic effects after exposure to PAHs may be underrepresented since most investigations focused on exposure to a single PAH. Currently, information on PAH mixtures is limited. Thus, this review aims to critically assess the current knowledge of PAH chemical properties, their kinetic disposition, and toxicity to humans. Further, future research needs to improve and provide the missing information and minimize PAH exposure to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília C O Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Z Bocato
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara F Azevedo
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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6
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Fang J, Wang D, Kramer NI, Rietjens IMCM, Boogaard PJ, Kamelia L. The role of receptor-mediated activities of 4- and 5-ring unsubstituted and methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in developmental toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 43:845-861. [PMID: 36585251 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), estrogen receptor-α (ER-α), and retinoic acid receptor (RAR) mediated activities of nine 4- and 5-ring unsubstituted and monomethylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using a series of Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene eXpression (CALUX) assays. The potential role of these aforementioned receptors in relation to the developmental toxicity of these PAHs was further assessed in the zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZET). The results show that all nine tested PAHs were AhR agonists, benz[a]anthracene (BaA) and 8-methyl-benz[a]anthracene (8-MeBaA) were ER-α agonists, and none of the tested PAHs induced ER-α antagonistic or RAR (ant)agonistic activities. In the AhR CALUX assay, all the methylated PAHs showed higher potency (lower EC50) in activating the AhR than their respective unsubstituted PAHs, implying that the addition of a methyl substituent on the aromatic ring of PAHs could enhance their AhR-mediated activities. Co-exposure of zebrafish embryos with each individual PAH and an AhR antagonist (CH223191) counteracted the observed developmental retardations and embryo lethality to a certain extent, except for 8-methyl-benzo[a]pyrene (8-MeBaP). Co-exposure of zebrafish embryos with either of the two estrogenic PAHs (i.e., BaA and 8-MeBaA) and an ER-α antagonist (fulvestrant) neutralized embryo lethality induced by 50 μM BaA and the developmental retardations induced by 15 μM 8-MeBaA. Altogether, our findings suggest that the observed developmental retardations in zebrafish embryos by the PAH tested may partially be AhR- and/or ER-α-mediated, whereas the RAR seems not to be relevant for the PAH-induced developmental toxicity in the ZET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Danlei Wang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke I Kramer
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Boogaard
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Lenny Kamelia
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V., The Hague, The Netherlands
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7
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Misaki K, Tue NM, Takamura-Enya T, Takigami H, Suzuki G, Tuyen LH, Takahashi S, Tanabe S. Antiandrogenic and Estrogenic Activity Evaluation of Oxygenated and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Chemically Activated Luciferase Expression Assays. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:80. [PMID: 36612408 PMCID: PMC9819389 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To establish the risk of the endocrine disrupting activity of polycyclic aromatic compounds, especially oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs and nitro-PAHs, respectively), antiandrogenic and estrogenic activities were determined using chemically activated luciferase expression (CALUX) assays with human osteoblast sarcoma cells. A total of 27 compounds including 9 oxy-PAHs (polycyclic aromatic ketones and quinones) and 8 nitro-PAHs was studied. The oxy-PAHs of 7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one (BAO), 11H-benzo[a]fluoren-11-one (B[a]FO), 11H-benzo[b]fluoren-11-one (B[b]FO), and phenanthrenequinone (PhQ) exhibited significantly the potent inhibition of AR activation. All nitro-PAHs exhibited high antiandrogenic activities (especially high for 3-nitrofluoranthene (3-NFA) and 3-nitro-7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one (3-NBAO)), and the AR inhibition was confirmed as noncompetitive for 3-NFA, 3-NBAO, and 1,3-dinitropyrene (1,3-DNPy). Antiandrogenic activity of 3-NFA demonstrated characteristically a U-shaped dose-response curve; however, the absence of fluorescence effect on the activity was confirmed. The prominent estrogenic activity dependent on dose-response curve was confirmed for 2 oxy-PAHs (i.e., B[a]FO and B[b]FO). Elucidating the role of AR and ER on the effects of polycyclic aromatic compounds (e.g., oxy- and nitro-PAHs) to endocrine dysfunctions in mammals and aquatic organisms remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Misaki
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
- School of Nursing, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 11400, Vietnam
| | - Takeji Takamura-Enya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Takigami
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 11400, Vietnam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Agricultural Faculty, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Eriksson U, Titaley IA, Engwall M, Larsson M. Examination of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities, and levels of polyaromatic compounds (PACs) in tire granulates using in vitro bioassays and chemical analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134362. [PMID: 35307388 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tire granulates recovered from end-of-life tires contain a complex mixture of chemicals, amongst them polyaromatic compounds (PACs), of which many are recognized to be toxic and persistent in the environment. Only a few of these PACs are regularly monitored. In this study a combined approach of chemical analysis and a battery of CALUX® in vitro bioassays was used to determine PAC concentrations and estrogenic, (anti)-androgenic and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activities in tire granulates. Tire granulates from a recycling company was analyzed for PAHs, alkyl-PAHs, oxy-PAHs and heterocyclic PACs (NSO-PACs), in total 85 PACs. The concentrations of PACs were between 42 and 144 mg/kg, with major contribution from PAHs (74-88%) followed by alkyl-PAHs (6.6-20%) and NSO-PACs (1.8-7.0%). The sum of eight priority PAHs were between 2.3 and 8.6 mg/kg, contributing with 4.7-8.2% of ∑PACs. Bioassay analysis showed presence of AhR agonists, estrogen receptor (ERα) agonists, and androgen receptor (AR) antagonists in the tire granulate samples. Only 0.8-2.4% of AhR-mediated activities could be explained by the chemical analysis. Benzo[k+j]fluoranthenes, benzo[b]fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, 2-methylchrysene, and 3-methylchrysene were the major contributors to the AhR-mediated activities. The high contribution (98-99%) of unknown bioactive compounds to the bioassay effects in this study raises concerns and urges for further investigations of toxicants identification and source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Eriksson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, 701 82, Sweden.
| | - Ivan A Titaley
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, 701 82, Sweden; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States.
| | - Magnus Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, 701 82, Sweden.
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, 701 82, Sweden.
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Bi M, Zheng F, Wang F, Chen T, Cui Y. Application of Microbial Degradation Technology in Oil Pollution Control. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.4018/ijisscm.304826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oil pollution is still a problem that is very difficult to control. To this end, this study investigates the application effect of microbial degradation technology in oil pollution control. First, the degradation microbial strains and substrates were determined according to the type of microorganisms. Then, ultraviolet spectrophotometry was used to determine the concentration of crude oil in the culture medium. After that, the authors designed the flow chart of crude oil standard curve, extracted organic phase, determined the residual oil composition in the culture medium, and calculated the degradation rate of mixed bacteria to crude oil. By studying the degradation mechanism of aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, and fungi, the degradation products were confirmed and the treatment of oil pollution on the water surface was carried out. It can be seen from the experimental results that the microbial degradation technology is effective in solving the problem of oil pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Bi
- LaiWu Vocational and Technical College, China
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10
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Carrillo JC, Kamelia L, Romanuka J, Kral O, Isola A, Niemelä H, Steneholm A. Comparison of PAC and MOAH for understanding the carcinogenic and developmental toxicity potential of mineral oils. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 132:105193. [PMID: 35618173 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The carcinogenicity and developmental toxicity of unrefined mineral oil is related to its 3-7 ring polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) content. Therefore, refining operations focus on the targeted removal PAC from mineral oil that may contain aromatics of low toxicological concern. There are thus, two types of aromatic substances in mineral oil: hazardous and non-hazardous. The first type consists of 3-7 ring PAC which may be naked (unsubstituted) or lowly alkylated. The second type or non-hazardous consists of 1-7 ring aromatics with high degree of alkylation or lack of bay or fjord regions. Although these are toxicologically different, they may both elute in the same fraction when using chromatography. To understand how these two aromatic types are related we have assessed the entire mineral oil refinement process by measuring total mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) content by chromatography next to regulatory hazard tests which focus on 3-7 ring PAC. MOAH content is positively correlated to its molecular weight resulting in aromatic content bias for high viscosity substances. Hazard to 3-7 ring PAC is best controlled by the validated IP346 or modified Ames test. We explain the concept of high vs low alkylation by shortly reviewing new data on alkylated PAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Carrillo
- Shell Global Solutions B.V, PO Box 162, 2501, AN, The Hague, the Netherlands; CONCAWE, Boulevard Du Souverain 165, Mineral Hydrocarbons Task Force, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Lenny Kamelia
- Shell Global Solutions B.V, PO Box 162, 2501, AN, The Hague, the Netherlands; CONCAWE, Boulevard Du Souverain 165, Mineral Hydrocarbons Task Force, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julija Romanuka
- Shell Global Solutions B.V, PO Box 162, 2501, AN, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf Kral
- Shell Deutschland Oil GmbH, Suhrenkamp 71-77, 22284, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Allison Isola
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc, 1545 US Highway 22 East Annandale, NJ, 08801-3059, USA; CONCAWE, Boulevard Du Souverain 165, Mineral Hydrocarbons Task Force, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Helena Niemelä
- CONCAWE, Boulevard Du Souverain 165, Mineral Hydrocarbons Task Force, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Anna Steneholm
- Nynas AB, P.O. Box 10 700, SE-121 29, Stockholm, Sweden; CONCAWE, Boulevard Du Souverain 165, Mineral Hydrocarbons Task Force, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Fang J, Dong S, Boogaard PJ, Rietjens IMCM, Kamelia L. Developmental toxicity testing of unsubstituted and methylated 4- and 5-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using the zebrafish embryotoxicity test. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 80:105312. [PMID: 35033653 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the in vitro developmental toxicity of 4- and 5-ring PAHs including benz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene and six of their monomethylated congeners, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene using the zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZET). In general, the tested PAHs induced various developmental effects in the zebrafish embryos including unhatched embryos, no movement and circulation, yolk sac and pericardial edemas, deformed body shape, and cumulative mortality at 96 h post fertilization (hpf). The alkyl substituent on different positions of the aromatic ring of the PAHs appeared to change their in vitro developmental toxicity. Comparison to a previously reported molecular docking study showed that the methyl substituents may affect the interaction of the PAHs with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) which is known to play a role in the developmental toxicity of some PAHs. Taken together, our results show that methylation can either increase or decrease the developmental toxicity of PAHs and suggest this may relate to effects on the molecular dimensions and resulting consequences for interactions with the AhR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Shutong Dong
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Boogaard
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lenny Kamelia
- Shell Health, Shell International B.V., 2596, HR, The Hague, the Netherlands
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12
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Kamelia L, Rietjens IMCM, Boogaard PJ. Developmental toxicity testing of the fume condensate extracts of bitumen and oxidized asphalt in a series of in vitro alternative assays. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 75:105195. [PMID: 34022403 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential developmental toxicity and mode-of-action of fume condensate extracts of bitumen and oxidized asphalt were evaluated in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) CALUX assay, the zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZET), and the mouse embryonic stem cell test (mEST). In the AhR CALUX assay, both fume condensate extracts showed a concentration-dependent AhR induction following 6-h of exposure, but this activity was substantially reduced after 24-h, indicating a transient AhR activation. The main effect observed in the ZET was early embryonic lethality that occurred mostly in the 24 h-post-fertilization (hpf). This typically reflects non-specific toxicity rather than in vitro developmental toxicity of the fume condensate extracts tested since this effect was not seen as a result of the whole cumulative exposure period in the ZET (up to 96 hpf). No malformations were seen in any zebrafish embryo exposed to these fume condensate extracts, although some developed pericardial and/or yolk-sac edemas. Furthermore, both fume condensate extracts tested negative in the mEST. In conclusion, the results show that fume condensate extracts of bitumen and oxidized asphalt do not induce any in vitro developmental toxicity, which is in line with the results observed in the in vivo prenatal developmental toxicity studies performed with the same materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenny Kamelia
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Boogaard
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Shell Health, Shell International Bv, PO Box 162, 2501 AN, The Hague, The Netherlands
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13
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Boogaard PJ, Buschmann J, Fuhst R, Blümlein K, Koch W, Schaudien D, Schwarz K, McAlinden C, Deferme L, Vaissiere M, Ketelslegers HB, Steneholm A. Prenatal developmental toxicity studies on fumes from oxidised asphalt (OA) in the rat. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 102:67-79. [PMID: 33781938 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The prenatal developmental toxicity of the fumes of oxidised asphalt (OA) was tested by nose-only inhalation in the rat. The test material was generated by collecting fumes from the headspace of storage tanks filled with OA. The composition of these fumes was matched to fumes sampled at a workplace where the same OA was applied in a pour-and-roll operation, representing occupational exposure with high concentrations of fumes to not underestimate the possible hazard. In the main study, dams were exposed to 0, 53, 158 and 536 mg/m3 of fume (as total organic mass), for 6 h/day for 19 days p.c. The maternal NOAEC was 53 mg/m³ (lowest dose tested). In the high-dose group treatment-related effects on body weight gain were seen. In the mid- and high-dose groups treatment-related effects on food consumption, lung weights, and histopathological changes in lungs and the upper respiratory tract were observed. The NOAEC for prenatal developmental toxicity was 536 mg/m³ since no exposure-related effects were found in any of the exposure groups for any of the investigated reproductive endpoints. Furthermore, nose-only exposure to OA fumes in concentrations up to 536 mg/m³ from days 1-19 p.c. did not induce any significant fetal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Boogaard
- Shell Health, Shell International bv, PO Box 162, 2501 AN The Hague, The Netherlands; Toxicology Group in CONCAWE, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jochen Buschmann
- General and Reproductive Toxicology Consultancy, Haegewiesen 93, 30657 Hannover, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Rainer Fuhst
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Blümlein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Schwarz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine McAlinden
- toXcel International, PO Box 93, Ledbury, Herefordshire HR8 9JE, United Kingdom.
| | - Lize Deferme
- ExxonMobil Petroleum and Chemical bv, Hermeslaan 2, 1831 Machelen, Belgium; Toxicology Group in CONCAWE, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mathieu Vaissiere
- Total, 24 cours Michelet, 92800 Puteaux, France; Toxicology Group in CONCAWE, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Anna Steneholm
- Nynas, P.O. Box 10 700, SE-121 29 Stockholm, Sweden; Toxicology Group in CONCAWE, Brussels, Belgium.
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14
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Mertens B, Van Heyst A, Demaegdt H, Boonen I, Van Den Houwe K, Goscinny S, Elskens M, Van Hoeck E. Assessment of hazards and risks associated with dietary exposure to mineral oil for the Belgian population. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:112034. [PMID: 33529678 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently collected dietary exposure data on mineral oil saturated (MOSH) and aromatic (MOAH) hydrocarbons were used to evaluate the risks associated with exposure to mineral oil through food for the Belgian population. For MOSH, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) value of 19 mg kg-1 bw day-1 based on the hepatic inflammation-associated granulomas found in a 90-day oral study in F-344 rats was used as point of departure (PoD). Due to existing toxicological uncertainties, the margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. In all investigated scenarios, the MOE values were well above 100, indicating that there is no direct health concern related to MOSH exposure for the Belgian population. Nevertheless, more appropriate risk assessment approaches for MOSH based on adequate PoD are needed. For dietary exposure to MOAH, which are potentially genotoxic and carcinogenic, no MOE values could be calculated due to the lack of adequate dose-response carcinogenicity data. In two investigated worst-case scenarios, a health concern related to MOAH exposure could not be excluded, highlighting that more data are needed to perform an adequate risk assessment. The possibility to use in vitro bioassays to collect such additional toxicological information for MOAH present in food samples was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Mertens
- Sciensano, SD Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | | | - Heidi Demaegdt
- Sciensano, SD Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Imke Boonen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical and Geochemistry, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marc Elskens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical and Geochemistry, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Sciensano, SD Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Boogaard PJ, Buschmann J, Fuhst R, Blümlein K, Schwarz K, Schaudien D, Koch W, McAlinden C, Deferme L, Vaissiere M, Ketelslegers HB, Steneholm A. Prenatal developmental toxicity studies on fumes from bitumen in the rat. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 99:15-26. [PMID: 33249228 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prenatal developmental toxicity of bitumen fume was tested by nose-only inhalation in the rat. The fumes for exposure were collected from the headspace of a storage tank filled with a bitumen corresponding in composition to an anticipated worst-case occupational exposure. The composition of these fumes was compared to actual paving site fumes to ensure its representativeness for workplace exposures. In a dose-range-finding study male and female rats were exposed to 0, 103, 480 or 1043 mg/m3 of fume (as total organic mass), for 6 h/day during 20 days post conception (p.c.). Dose-related effects on body weight and lungs were observed in the mid- and high-dose groups. In the main study, dams were exposed to 0, 52, 151 and 482 mg/m3 of fume, for 6 h/day during 19 days p.c. The maternal NOAEL was 52 mg/m³. In the high-dose group treatment-related effects on body weight (gain), food consumption, lung weights, and histopathological changes in lungs and larynx were observed. In the mid-dose group only histopathological changes in the larynx and lungs were found. The NOAEL for prenatal developmental toxicity was 151 mg/m³ based on reduced fetal weight in the high-dose group (482 mg/m³). However, these changes are most likely a consequence of the maternal toxicity, in particular the reduction of maternal body weight gain by 26 % as compared to control. Nose-only exposure to bitumen fumes in concentrations up to 482 mg/m³ from days 1-19 p.c. did not induce any significant fetal anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Boogaard
- Shell Health, Shell International Bv, PO Box 162, The Hague, 2501 AN, The Netherlands; Toxicology Group in CONCAWE, Belgium.
| | - Jochen Buschmann
- General and Reproductive Toxicology Consultancy, Haegewiesen 93, Hannover, 30657, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
| | - Rainer Fuhst
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Katharina Blümlein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Katharina Schwarz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
| | - Christine McAlinden
- toXcel International, PO Box 93, Ledbury, Herefordshire, HR8 9JE, United Kingdom.
| | - Lize Deferme
- ExxonMobil Petroleum and Chemical Bv, Hermeslaan 2, Machelen, 1831, Belgium; Toxicology Group in CONCAWE, Belgium.
| | - Mathieu Vaissiere
- Total, 24 Cours Michelet, Puteaux, 92800, France; Toxicology Group in CONCAWE, Belgium.
| | | | - Anna Steneholm
- Nynas AB, P.O. Box 10 700, Stockholm, SE-121 29, Sweden; Toxicology Group in CONCAWE, Belgium.
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16
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Cathey AL, Watkins DJ, Rosario ZY, Vélez Vega CM, Loch-Caruso R, Alshawabkeh AN, Cordero JF, Meeker JD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure results in altered CRH, reproductive, and thyroid hormone concentrations during human pregnancy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141581. [PMID: 32829279 PMCID: PMC7755823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are byproducts of incomplete combustion reactions and are ubiquitous in the environment, leading to widespread human exposure via inhalation and ingestion pathways. PAHs have been implicated as endocrine disrupting compounds in previous animal and in vitro studies, but human studies are currently lacking. Pregnant women and their developing fetuses are particularly susceptible populations to environmental contaminants, in part because alterations in hormone physiology during gestation can have adverse consequences on the health of the pregnancy. We utilized data on 659 pregnant women from the PROTECT longitudinal birth cohort in Puerto Rico to assess associations between repeated measures of 8 urinary hydroxylated PAH (OH-PAH) metabolites and 9 serum hormones during gestation. Urine samples were collected at 3 study visits (median gestational ages of 18, 22, and 26 weeks at each visit, respectively) and serum samples were collected at the first and third study visits. Linear mixed effects models were used to ascertain longitudinal associations between OH-PAHs and hormones, and sensitivity analyses were employed to assess potential nonlinearity and differences in associations on the basis of fetal sex and timing of biomarker measurement. Among the multiple positive associations we observed between OH-PAHs and CRH, estriol, progesterone, T3, and the ratio of T3 to T4, and inverse associations with testosterone, the most notable are a 24.3% increase (95% CI: 13.0, 36.7) in CRH with an interquartile range (IQR) increase in 1-hydroxyphenanthrene and a 17.2% decrease (95% CI: 8.13, 25.4) in testosterone with an IQR increase in 1-hydroxynapthalene. Many associations observed were dependent on fetal sex, and some relationships showed evidence of nonlinearity. These findings demonstrate the importance of studying PAH exposures during pregnancy and highlight the potential complexity of their impacts on the physiology of human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Cathey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Deborah J Watkins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zaira Y Rosario
- Graduate School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Carmen M Vélez Vega
- Graduate School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Rita Loch-Caruso
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - José F Cordero
- College of Public Health, Athens, University of Georgia, GA, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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17
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Carrillo JC, Danneels D. Letter to the editor, regarding the publication by Pirow and colleagues "Mineral oil in food, cosmetic products, and in products regulated by other legislations". Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:272-275. [PMID: 32484074 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1749830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Pirow R, Blume A, Hellwig N, Herzler M, Huhse B, Hutzler C, Pfaff K, Thierse HJ, Tralau T, Vieth B, Luch A. Mineral oil in food, cosmetic products, and in products regulated by other legislations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 49:742-789. [PMID: 31939687 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1694862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For a few years, mineral oils and their potential adverse health effects have been a constant issue of concern in many regulatory areas such as food, cosmetics, other consumer products, and industrial chemicals. Analytically, two fractions can be distinguished: mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). This paper aims at assessing the bioaccumulative potential and associated histopathological effects of MOSH as well as the carcinogenic potential of MOAH for consumer-relevant mineral oils. It also covers the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of MOSH and MOAH upon oral and dermal exposures. The use and occurrence of consumer-relevant, highly refined mineral oils in food, cosmetics and medicinal products are summarized, and estimates for the exposure of consumers are provided. Also addressed are the challenges in characterizing the substance identity of mineral oil products under REACH. Evidence from more recent autopsy and biopsy studies, along with information on decreasing food contamination levels, indicates a low risk for adverse hepatic lesions that may arise from the retention of MOSH in the liver. With respect to MOAH, at present there is no indication of any carcinogenic effects in animals dermally or orally exposed to highly refined mineral oils and waxes. Such products are used not only in cosmetics but also in medicinal products and as additives in food contact materials. The safety of these mineral oil-containing products is thus indirectly documented by their prevalent and long-term use, with a simultaneous lack of clinical and epidemiological evidence for adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Pirow
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Annegret Blume
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Hellwig
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Herzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Huhse
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Karla Pfaff
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Thierse
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bärbel Vieth
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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19
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In vitro prenatal developmental toxicity induced by some petroleum substances is mediated by their 3- to 7-ring PAH constituent with a potential role for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Toxicol Lett 2019; 315:64-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Gebrelibanos Hiben M, Kamelia L, de Haan L, Spenkelink B, Wesseling S, Vervoort J, Rietjens IMCM. Hazard assessment of Maerua subcordata (Gilg) DeWolf. for selected endpoints using a battery of in vitro tests. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 241:111978. [PMID: 31150796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Maerua subcordata (Gilg) DeWolf is a medicinal and wild food plant growing mainly in east Africa. Especially its root tuber is widely used in traditional medicine to treat several infectious and chronic diseases but also in some toxicity implications like use as abortifacient. AIM OF THE STUDY the present study applied in silico and in vitro tests to identify possible hazards of M. subcordata (fruit, leaf, root, seed) methanol extracts focussing on developmental toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ames test, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) assay, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) assay, embryonic stem cell test (EST), and zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZET) were employed. Besides, a Derek Nexus toxicity prediction was performed on candidate structures obtained from metabolomics profiling of the extracts using liquid chromatography coupled to multistage mass spectroscopy (LC/MSn) and a MAGMa software based structural annotation. RESULTS Glucosinolates, which degrade to isothiocyanates, and biogenic amines were among the candidate molecules identified in the extracts by LC/MSn - MAGMa software structural annotation. Isothiocyanates and some other candidate molecules suggested a positive mutagenicity alert in Derek toxicity predictions. All the extracts showed negative mutagenicity in the Ames test. However, the Derek predictions also identified endocrine and developmental toxicity as possible endpoints of concern. This was further assessed using in vitro tests. Results obtained reveal that leaf extract shows AhR and ERα agonist activities, inhibited differentiation of ES-D3 stem cells into contracting cardiomyocytes in the EST (p < 0.001) as well as inhibited hatching (p < 0.01) and showed acute toxicity (p < 0.01) in the ZET. Also, the fruit extract showed toxicity (p < 0.05) towards zebrafish embryos and both fruit and seed extracts showed AhR agonist activities while root extract was devoid of activity in all in vitro assays. CONCLUSION The leaf extract tests positive in in vitro tests that may point towards a developmental toxicity hazard. The current evaluations did not raise concerns of genotoxicity or developmental toxicity for the fruit, seed and root extracts. This is important given the use of especially these parts of M. subcordata, in traditional medicine and/or as (famine) food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebrahtom Gebrelibanos Hiben
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Lenny Kamelia
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Laura de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Bert Spenkelink
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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21
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Pěnčíková K, Ciganek M, Neča J, Illés P, Dvořák Z, Vondráček J, Machala M. Modulation of endocrine nuclear receptor activities by polyaromatic compounds present in fractionated extracts of diesel exhaust particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 677:626-636. [PMID: 31071665 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollutants associated with diesel exhaust particles (DEP), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives, may negatively impact human health. However, a comprehensive overview of their effects on endocrine nuclear receptor activities is still missing. Here, we evaluated the effects of extracts and chromatographic fractions (fractionated according to increasing polarity) of two standard reference materials derived from distinct types of diesel engines (SRM 2975, SRM 1650b), on activation of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and thyroid receptor α (TRα), using human cell-based reporter gene assays. Neither DEP standard modulated AR or GR activities. Crude extracts and fractions of SRM 1650b and SRM 2975 suppressed ERα-mediated activity in the ER-CALUX™ assay; however, this effect could be partly linked to their cytotoxicity in this cell line. We observed that only SRM 2975 extract and its fractions were partial PPARγ inducers, while SRM 1650b extract was not active towards this receptor. Importantly, we found that both extracts and polar fractions of SRM activated TRα and significantly potentiated the activity of endogenous TRα ligand, triiodothyronine. Based on a detailed chemical analysis of both extracts and their polar fractions, we identified several oxygenated PAH derivatives, that were present at relatively high levels in the analyzed DEP standards, including 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), anthracene-9,10-dione, phenanthrene-9,10-dione, 9H-fluoren-9-one or benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, to activate TRα activity. Nevertheless, these compounds provided only a minor contribution to the overall TRα activity identified in polar fractions. This suggests that yet unidentified polar polyaromatic compounds associated with DEP may, apart from their known impact on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or steroid signaling, deregulate activities of additional nuclear receptors, in particular of TRα. This illustrates the need to better characterize endocrine disrupting activities of DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Pěnčíková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Neča
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Illés
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Hu J, Yu Y. Epigenetic response profiles into environmental epigenotoxicant screening and health risk assessment: A critical review. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:259-272. [PMID: 30933735 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The epigenome may be an important interface between exposure to environmental contaminants and adverse outcome on human health. Many environmental pollutants deregulate gene expression and promote diseases by modulating the epigenome. Adverse epigenetic responses have been widely used for risk assessment of chemical substances. Various pollutants, including trace elements and persistent organic pollutants, have been detected frequently in the environment. Epigenetic toxicity of environmental matrices including water, air, soil, and food cannot be ignored. This review provides a comprehensive overview of epigenetic effects of pollutants and environmental matrices. We start with an overview of the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation and the effects of several types of environmental pollutants (trace elements, persistent organic pollutants, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and volatile organic pollutants) on epigenetic modulation. We then discuss the epigenetic responses to environmental water, air, and soil based on in vivo and in vitro assays. Finally, we discuss recommendations to promote the incorporation of epigenotoxicity into contamination screening and health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China.
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23
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Acharya N, Gautam B, Subbiah S, Rogge MM, Anderson TA, Gao W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in breast milk of obese vs normal women: Infant exposure and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:658-667. [PMID: 30856574 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring of human breast milk is one of the best ways to identify body burdens of contaminants and associated risk estimation. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate milk concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), associated exposure estimation, and the role of body mass index (BMI) in their bioaccumulation. A total of 45 breast milk samples were collected from 24 women with BMI > 30 (obese) and 21 women with BMI < 25 (18.5-24.9, normal) from 14 different counties surrounding Lubbock in west Texas/New Mexico (age range: 18-34 years). Samples were analyzed using high resolution gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. A total of 31/45 (69%) of samples tested positive for PAHs. Phenanthrene was the most frequently detected PAH followed by pyrene and fluoranthene. The mean of individual PAH concentration for all samples ranged from 0 to 25.1 ng/g milk fat; the sum of all means of individual PAHs was 146.9 ng/g milk fat. The mean concentration of total PAHs in the BMI > 30 group was 224.8 ng/g milk fat, which was approximately 4 times the mean concentration of total PAHs in the BMI 18.5-24.9 group (57.9 ng/g milk fat). None of the samples from the BMI 18.5-24.9 group contained higher molecular weight (5-6 rings) PAHs, while in the BMI >30 group, a total of 11 PAHs including listed EPA priority pollutants were observed. In this study, benzo(b)fluoranthene was found to contribute the highest percentage of carcinogenic PAHs (32.08%), yet it was not detected in any samples from the BMI 18.5-24.9 group. The estimated total PAHs intakes by infants via obese and normal mothers' milk were 1.26 and 0.32 (μg/kg/day), which are 0.049 and 0.003 (μg/kg/day) B[a]P equivalent, respectively. These findings suggest that breastfed babies from obese mothers are potentially at higher risk of exposure to carcinogenic PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Acharya
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Bibha Gautam
- School of Nursing, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Seenivasan Subbiah
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Mary Madeline Rogge
- School of Nursing, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Todd A Anderson
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Weimin Gao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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Tarnow P, Tralau T, Luch A. Chemical activation of estrogen and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathways and their interaction in toxicology and metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:219-229. [PMID: 30644759 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1569627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Estrogen receptors (ERs) and the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AHR) are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in many physiological processes. With both receptors binding a broad range of natural and anthropogenic ligands, they are molecular targets for many substances, raising concerns for possible health effects. Areas covered: This review shall give a brief overview on the physiological functions of both receptors including their underlying molecular mechanisms. It summarizes the interaction of the respective signaling pathways including impacts on metabolism of endogenous estrogens, transcriptional interference, inhibitory crosstalk, and proteasomal degradation. Also addressed are the AHR dependent formation of estrogenic metabolites from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the possible impact of the ER/AHR crosstalk in the context of drug metabolism. Expert opinion: Despite decade-long research, the physiological role of the AHR and ER as well as the implications of their complex mutual crosstalk remain to be determined as do resulting potential impacts on human health. With more and more endogenous AHR ligands being discovered, future research should hence systematically address the potential impact of such substances on estrogen signaling. The intimate link between these two pathways and the genes regulated therein bears the potential for impacts on drug metabolism and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tarnow
- a Department of Chemical & Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- a Department of Chemical & Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- a Department of Chemical & Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Berlin , Germany
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25
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Vondráček J, Pivnička J, Machala M. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and disruption of steroid signaling. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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