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Huang C, Zhuo F, Han B, Li W, Jiang B, Zhang K, Jian X, Chen Z, Li H, Huang H, Dou X, Yu B. The updates and implications of cutaneous microbiota in acne. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:113. [PMID: 37344849 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01072-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that profoundly impacts the quality of life of patients worldwide. While it is predominantly observed in adolescents, it can affect individuals across all age groups. Acne pathogenesis is believed to be a result of various endogenous and exogenous factors, but the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Recent studies suggest that dysbiosis of the skin microbiota significantly contributes to acne development. Specifically, Cutibacterium acnes, the dominant resident bacterial species implicated in acne, plays a critical role in disease progression. Various treatments, including topical benzoyl peroxide, systemic antibiotics, and photodynamic therapy, have demonstrated beneficial effects on the skin microbiota composition in acne patients. Of particular interest is the therapeutic potential of probiotics in acne, given its direct influence on the skin microbiota. This review summarizes the alterations in skin microbiota associated with acne, provides insight into its pathogenic role in acne, and emphasizes the potential of therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring microbial homeostasis for acne management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Institute of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Fan Zhuo
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Institute of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Baoquan Han
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Institute of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Institute of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Kaoyuan Zhang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Xingling Jian
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Institute of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Institute of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Institute of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Institute of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Xia Dou
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Institute of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Institute of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China.
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2
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Cong Y, Hong Y, Wang D, Cheng P, Wang Z, Xing C, Sun W, Xu G. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induces liver lipid metabolism disorder via the ROS/AMPK/CD36 signaling pathway. Toxicol Sci 2023; 191:276-284. [PMID: 36534932 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is widely considered as the most toxic and common carcinogen in the world. Exposure to TCDD causes liver lipid metabolism disorder and steatosis. However, the molecular mechanism of TCDD-induced liver lipid accumulation is not completely clear. Here, we found that a 5 μg/kg TCDD exposure for 3 weeks induced hepatocyte lipid deposition, increased CD36 expression, and promoted AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) ɑ phosphorylation in the liver of C57BL/6J mice. Furthermore, sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate, a CD36 inhibiter, blunted TCDD-induced lipid deposition in Huh7 cells, confirming the critical role of CD36 in TCDD-induced hepatic steatosis. In terms of molecular mechanisms, we found that TCDD exposure increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in Huh7 cells, which activated AMPK. Moreover, the activated AMPK upregulated CD36 expression. Therefore, we can see that the increase in CD36 expression induced by TCDD was regulated by ROS/AMPK/CD36 signaling pathway. Our results help to clarify the molecular mechanism of TCDD-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewen Cong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yujing Hong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226006, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Haian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haian, Jiangsu 226600, P.R. China
| | - Pei Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P. R. China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Changming Xing
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Wenxing Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Guangfei Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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Patil NY, Rus I, Downing E, Mandala A, Friedman JE, Joshi AD. Cinnabarinic Acid Provides Hepatoprotection Against Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 383:32-43. [PMID: 35933113 PMCID: PMC9513857 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic condition in which excess lipids accumulate in the liver and can lead to a range of progressive liver disorders including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. While lifestyle and diet modifications have proven to be effective as NAFLD treatments, they are not sustainable in the long-term, and currently no pharmacological therapies are approved to treat NAFLD. Our previous studies demonstrated that cinnabarinic acid (CA), a novel endogenous Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) agonist, activates the AhR target gene, Stanniocalcin 2, and confers cytoprotection against a plethora of ER/oxidative stressors. In this study, the hepatoprotective and anti-steatotic properties of CA were examined against free fatty-acid-induced in vitro and high-fat-diet fed in vivo NAFLD models. The results demonstrated that CA treatment significantly lowered weight gain and attenuated hepatic lipotoxicity both before and after the established fatty liver, thereby protecting against steatosis, inflammation, and liver injury. CA mitigated intracellular free fatty acid uptake concomitant with the downregulation of CD36/fatty acid translocase. Genes involved in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis were also downregulated in response to CA treatment. Additionally, suppressing AhR and Stc2 expression using RNA interference in vitro verified that the hepatoprotective effects of CA were absolutely dependent on both AhR and its target, Stc2. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the endogenous AhR agonist, CA, confers hepatoprotection against NAFLD by regulating hepatic fatty acid uptake and lipogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study using in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrate that cinnabarinic acid (CA), an endogenous AhR agonist, provides protection against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. CA bestows cytoprotection against steatosis and liver injury by controlling expression of several key genes associated with lipid metabolism pathways, limiting the hepatic lipid uptake, and controlling liver inflammation. Moreover, CA-induced hepatoprotection is absolutely dependent on AhR and Stc2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Y Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.Y.P., I.R., E.D., A.D.J.) and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center (A.M., J.E.F., A.D.J.), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Iulia Rus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.Y.P., I.R., E.D., A.D.J.) and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center (A.M., J.E.F., A.D.J.), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Emma Downing
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.Y.P., I.R., E.D., A.D.J.) and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center (A.M., J.E.F., A.D.J.), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Ashok Mandala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.Y.P., I.R., E.D., A.D.J.) and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center (A.M., J.E.F., A.D.J.), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.Y.P., I.R., E.D., A.D.J.) and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center (A.M., J.E.F., A.D.J.), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Aditya D Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.Y.P., I.R., E.D., A.D.J.) and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center (A.M., J.E.F., A.D.J.), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Huang Y, Liu L, Hao Z, Chen L, Yang Q, Xiong X, Deng Y. Potential roles of gut microbial tryptophan metabolites in the complex pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:942027. [PMID: 35966699 PMCID: PMC9363916 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.942027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease in which the influence of gut microbiota has been implicated but without clarification of mechanisms. Gut microbiota may exert such an influence via metabolites, particularly those of tryptophan. End metabolites of tryptophan activate receptors, including aryl hydrocarbon, G protein-coupled, and pregnane X receptors to stabilize the immune microenvironment and intestinal mucosal homeostasis. Any impact on the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris remains unclear. The current review collates recent advances concerning potential roles of tryptophan metabolism in mediating skin inflammation, follicular sebaceous gland function and intestinal permeability, all of which influence the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. The aim was to improve understanding of the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris and to expose therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Huang
- Department of Dermatology and STD, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Dermatology and STD, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Hao
- Department of Dermatology and STD, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lingna Chen
- Department of Dermatology and STD, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qian Yang
- School of Nursing, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Yang,
| | - Xia Xiong
- Department of Dermatology and STD, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Xia Xiong,
| | - Yongqiong Deng
- Department of Dermatology and STD, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Yongqiong Deng,
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Hammond CL, Roztocil E, Gupta V, Feldon SE, Woeller CF. More than Meets the Eye: The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor is an Environmental Sensor, Physiological Regulator and a Therapeutic Target in Ocular Disease. Front Toxicol 2022; 4:791082. [PMID: 35295218 PMCID: PMC8915869 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.791082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand activated transcription factor originally identified as an environmental sensor of xenobiotic chemicals. However, studies have revealed that the AHR regulates crucial aspects of cell growth and metabolism, development and the immune system. The importance of the AHR and AHR signaling in eye development, toxicology and disease is now being uncovered. The AHR is expressed in many ocular tissues including the retina, choroid, cornea and the orbit. A significant role for the AHR in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), autoimmune uveitis, and other ocular diseases has been identified. Ligands for the AHR are structurally diverse organic molecules from exogenous and endogenous sources. Natural AHR ligands include metabolites of tryptophan and byproducts of the microbiome. Xenobiotic AHR ligands include persistent environmental pollutants such as dioxins, benzo (a) pyrene [B (a) P] and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Pharmaceutical agents including the proton pump inhibitors, esomeprazole and lansoprazole, and the immunosuppressive drug, leflunomide, activate the AHR. In this review, we highlight the role of the AHR in the eye and discuss how AHR signaling is involved in responding to endogenous and environmental stimuli. We also present the emerging concept that the AHR is a promising therapeutic target for eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Collynn F. Woeller
- Flaum Eye Institute, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Collynn F. Woeller,
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Napolitano M, Fabbrocini G, Martora F, Picone V, Morelli P, Patruno C. Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation in Inflammatory Chronic Skin Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:3559. [PMID: 34944067 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) is an evolutionary transcription factor which acts as a crucial sensor of different exogenous and endogenous molecules Recent data indicate that AhR is implicated in several physiological processes such as cell physiology, host defense, proliferation and differentiation of immune cells, and detoxification. Moreover, AhR involvement has been reported in the development and maintenance of several pathological conditions. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have accumulated highlighting the regulatory role of AhR in the physiology of the skin. However, there is evidence of both beneficial and harmful effects of AHR signaling. At present, most of the evidence concerns inflammatory skin diseases, in particular atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, and hidradenitis suppurativa. This review exam-ines the role of AhR in skin homeostasis and the therapeutic implication of its pharmacological modulation in these cutaneous inflammatory diseases.
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Wei Z, Chen G, Hu T, Mo X, Hou X, Cao K, Wang L, Pan Z, Wu Q, Li X, Ye F, Zouboulis CC, Ju Q. Resveratrol ameliorates lipid accumulation and inflammation in human SZ95 sebocytes via the AMPK signaling pathways in vitro. J Dermatol Sci 2021; 103:156-166. [PMID: 34334258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acne vulgaris is a prevalent skin disease lacking effective and well-tolerated treatment. An earlier study indicated that resveratrol (RVT) has therapeutic effects in acne patients through unknown mechanisms. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of RVT on linoleic acid (LA)-induced lipogenesis and peptidoglycan (PGN)-induced inflammation in cultured SZ95 sebocytes in vitro, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS RNA-sequencing was used to analyze the whole transcriptome. Nile red staining was used to detect intracellular neutral lipids, whereas lipidomics was used to investigate changes in the lipid profile in sebocytes. Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 mRNA and protein levels were assessed through quantitative real-time PCR and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Western blot was used to evaluate the expression of lipogenesis-related proteins, the inflammatory signaling pathway, and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Further, specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knockdown sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) expression. RESULTS RVT inhibited the lipogenesis-related pathway and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in SZ95 sebocytes. It also downregulated LA-induced lipogenesis, the expression of lipid-related proteins, and the contents of unsaturated fatty acids. Besides, RVT promoted SIRT1 expression and deacetylation of the NF-κB p65 subunit, thereby lowering IL-1β and IL-6 secretion under PGN induction. Furthermore, pretreatment with AMPK inhibitor Compound C abolished RVT-mediated sebosuppressive and anti-inflammation effects. Meanwhile,SIRT1 silencing abrogated the anti-inflammatory potential of RVT. CONCLUSION In human SZ95 sebocytes, RVT exhibits sebosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects partially through the AMPK pathway, which may justify the role of RVT treatment in acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guangjie Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tingting Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Mo
- Department of Dermatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hou
- Department of Dermatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lanqi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhanyan Pan
- Department of Dermatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Dermatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
| | - Qiang Ju
- Department of Dermatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China.
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van den Bogaard EH, Esser C, Perdew GH. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor at the forefront of host-microbe interactions in the skin: A perspective on current knowledge gaps and directions for future research and therapeutic applications. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1477-1483. [PMID: 34105853 PMCID: PMC8518783 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The skin is home to a community of skin microbiota including bacteria, viruses and fungi, which are widely accepted to be of importance for skin homeostasis but also associated with skin diseases. Detailed knowledge on the skin microbiota composition and its changes in a number of skin diseases is available. Yet, specific interactions between microbes and the host skin cells or how they communicate with each other are less well understood. To identify, understand and eventually therapeutically exploit causal relationships of microbial dysbiosis with disease, studies are required that address the receptors and mediators involved in host‐microbe interactions. In this perspective article, we provide an outlook on one of such receptors, namely the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). The AHR is well known for being a ligand‐activated transcription factor regulating the proliferation, differentiation and function of many cell types present in the skin. Its targeting by anti‐inflammatory therapeutics such as coal tar and Tapinarof is effective in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. AHR signalling is activated upon binding of wide variety of small chemicals or ligands, including microbiota‐derived metabolites. New evidence has emerged pointing towards a key role for epidermal AHR signalling through skin microbiota‐derived metabolites. In response, AHR‐driven expression of antimicrobial peptides and stratum corneum formation may alter the skin microbiota composition. This a self‐perpetuating feedback loop calls for novel therapeutic intervention strategies for which we herein discuss the requirements in future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Esser
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gary H Perdew
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Szelest M, Walczak K, Plech T. A New Insight into the Potential Role of Tryptophan-Derived AhR Ligands in Skin Physiological and Pathological Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1104. [PMID: 33499346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays a crucial role in environmental responses and xenobiotic metabolism, as it controls the transcription profiles of several genes in a ligand-specific and cell-type-specific manner. Various barrier tissues, including skin, display the expression of AhR. Recent studies revealed multiple roles of AhR in skin physiology and disease, including melanogenesis, inflammation and cancer. Tryptophan metabolites are distinguished among the groups of natural and synthetic AhR ligands, and these include kynurenine, kynurenic acid and 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ). Tryptophan derivatives can affect and regulate a variety of signaling pathways. Thus, the interest in how these substances influence physiological and pathological processes in the skin is expanding rapidly. The widespread presence of these substances and potential continuous exposure of the skin to their biological effects indicate the important role of AhR and its ligands in the prevention, pathogenesis and progression of skin diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of AhR in skin physiology. Moreover, we discuss the role of AhR in skin pathological processes, including inflammatory skin diseases, pigmentation disorders and cancer. Finally, the impact of FICZ, kynurenic acid, and kynurenine on physiological and pathological processes in the skin is considered. However, the mechanisms of how AhR regulates skin function require further investigation.
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Furue M, Tsuji G. Chloracne and Hyperpigmentation Caused by Exposure to Hazardous Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligands. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16234864. [PMID: 31816860 PMCID: PMC6926551 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds are environmental pollutants that are hazardous to human skin. They can be present in contaminated soil, water, and air particles (such as ambient PM2.5). Exposure to a high concentration of dioxins induces chloracne and hyperpigmentation. These chemicals exert their toxic effects by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) which is abundantly expressed in skin cells, such as keratinocytes, sebocytes, and melanocytes. Ligation of AHR by dioxins induces exaggerated acceleration of epidermal terminal differentiation (keratinization) and converts sebocytes toward keratinocyte differentiation, which results in chloracne formation. AHR activation potently upregulates melanogenesis in melanocytes by upregulating the expression of melanogenic enzymes, which results in hyperpigmentation. Because AHR-mediated oxidative stress contributes to these hazardous effects, antioxidative agents may be potentially therapeutic for chloracne and hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
- Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Division of Skin Surface Sensing, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-92-642-5581; Fax: +81-92-642-5600
| | - Gaku Tsuji
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
- Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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