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Runion GB, Prior SA, Torbert HA. Belowground Response of a Bahiagrass Pasture to Long-Term Elevated [CO 2] and Soil Fertility Management. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:485. [PMID: 38498419 PMCID: PMC10891630 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] on pastures and grazing lands are beginning to be researched, but these important systems remain understudied compared to other agronomic and forest ecosystems. Therefore, we conducted a long-term (2005-2015) study of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé) response to elevated [CO2] and fertility management. The study was conducted at the USDA-ARS, National Soil Dynamics Laboratory open-top field chamber facility, Auburn, AL. A newly established bahiagrass pasture was exposed to either ambient or elevated (ambient + 200 µmol mol-1) [CO2]. Following one year of pasture establishment, half the plots received a fertilizer treatment [N at 90 kg ha-1 three times yearly plus P, K, and lime as recommended by soil testing]; the remaining plots received no fertilization. These treatments were implemented to represent managed (M) and unmanaged (U) pastures; both are common in the southeastern US. Root cores (0-60 cm depth) were collected annually in October and processed using standard procedures. Fertility additions consistently increased both root length density (53.8%) and root dry weight density (68.2%) compared to unmanaged plots, but these root variables were generally unaffected by either [CO2] or its interaction with management. The results suggest that southern bahiagrass pastures could benefit greatly from fertilizer additions. However, bahiagrass pasture root growth is unlikely to be greatly affected by rising atmospheric [CO2], at least by those levels expected during this century.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Brett Runion
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, 411 S. Donahue Drive, Auburn, AL 36832, USA; (S.A.P.); (H.A.T.)
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Shortening the Vegetative Growth Stage of Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ by Controlling Light with Calcium Ammonium Nitrate Levels under Enriched CO2. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The vegetative growth, photosynthetic, and stomatal characteristics were investigated in Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ to determine light’s influence with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) levels under 800 μmol·mol−1 CO2. Two lights (150 ± 20 and 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1) and CAN levels were employed for 40 weeks: calcium, ammonium, and nitrate levels by 0.90, 0.55, and 2.97 mmol·L−1 (CAN1), 8.63, 1.11, and 6.05 mmol·L−1 (CAN2), 12.80, 1.72, and 9.13 mmol·L−1 (CAN3), and 18.80, 2.27, and 12.20 mmol·L−1 (CAN4), respectively. The number of leaves increased in the plants grown at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 with CAN1 compared to control. Plants grown at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 with CAN4 had the lowest number of leaves among all plants. The time to the mature leaf span decreased in the plants grown at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 with CAN1. The net CO2 uptake was higher in the plants grown at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 than those grown at 150 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 with CAN1–3 conditions. The water-use efficiency is higher in the plants grown with CAN1 than those with CAN2–4 at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1. The maximum stomatal aperture was the largest in the plants grown at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 with CAN1–2 among all plants. Consequently, light levels of 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 in Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ must be accompanied by nutrient CAN1 to improve photosynthesis and stomatal activity and promote leaf growth under 800 μmol·mol−1 CO2 conditions.
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Poorter H, Knopf O, Wright IJ, Temme AA, Hogewoning SW, Graf A, Cernusak LA, Pons TL. A meta-analysis of responses of C 3 plants to atmospheric CO 2 : dose-response curves for 85 traits ranging from the molecular to the whole-plant level. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1560-1596. [PMID: 34657301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Generalised dose-response curves are essential to understand how plants acclimate to atmospheric CO2 . We carried out a meta-analysis of 630 experiments in which C3 plants were experimentally grown at different [CO2 ] under relatively benign conditions, and derived dose-response curves for 85 phenotypic traits. These curves were characterised by form, plasticity, consistency and reliability. Considered over a range of 200-1200 µmol mol-1 CO2 , some traits more than doubled (e.g. area-based photosynthesis; intrinsic water-use efficiency), whereas others more than halved (area-based transpiration). At current atmospheric [CO2 ], 64% of the total stimulation in biomass over the 200-1200 µmol mol-1 range has already been realised. We also mapped the trait responses of plants to [CO2 ] against those we have quantified before for light intensity. For most traits, CO2 and light responses were of similar direction. However, some traits (such as reproductive effort) only responded to light, others (such as plant height) only to [CO2 ], and some traits (such as area-based transpiration) responded in opposite directions. This synthesis provides a comprehensive picture of plant responses to [CO2 ] at different integration levels and offers the quantitative dose-response curves that can be used to improve global change simulation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Oliver Knopf
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Andries A Temme
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Graf
- Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4879, Australia
| | - Thijs L Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3512 PN, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Effects of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Soil Carbon in Terrestrial Ecosystems of the Southeastern United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2136/sssaspecpub57.2ed.c15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Barbosa ERM, Tomlinson KW, Carvalheiro LG, Kirkman K, de Bie S, Prins HHT, van Langevelde F. Short-term effect of nutrient availability and rainfall distribution on biomass production and leaf nutrient content of savanna tree species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92619. [PMID: 24667837 PMCID: PMC3965441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in land use may lead to increased soil nutrient levels in many ecosystems (e.g. due to intensification of agricultural fertilizer use). Plant species differ widely in their response to differences in soil nutrients, and for savannas it is uncertain how this nutrient enrichment will affect plant community dynamics. We set up a large controlled short-term experiment in a semi-arid savanna to test how water supply (even water supply vs. natural rainfall) and nutrient availability (no fertilisation vs. fertilisation) affects seedlings' above-ground biomass production and leaf-nutrient concentrations (N, P and K) of broad-leafed and fine-leafed tree species. Contrary to expectations, neither changes in water supply nor changes in soil nutrient level affected biomass production of the studied species. By contrast, leaf-nutrient concentration did change significantly. Under regular water supply, soil nutrient addition increased the leaf phosphorus concentration of both fine-leafed and broad-leafed species. However, under uneven water supply, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentration declined with soil nutrient supply, this effect being more accentuated in broad-leafed species. Leaf potassium concentration of broad-leafed species was lower when growing under constant water supply, especially when no NPK fertilizer was applied. We found that changes in environmental factors can affect leaf quality, indicating a potential interactive effect between land-use changes and environmental changes on savanna vegetation: under more uneven rainfall patterns within the growing season, leaf quality of tree seedlings for a number of species can change as a response to changes in nutrient levels, even if overall plant biomass does not change. Such changes might affect herbivore pressure on trees and thus savanna plant community dynamics. Although longer term experiments would be essential to test such potential effects of eutrophication via changes in leaf nutrient concentration, our findings provide important insights that can help guide management plans that aim to preserve savanna biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R. M. Barbosa
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Termobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Kyle W. Tomlinson
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Community Ecology & Conservation Group, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Luísa G. Carvalheiro
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, the United Kingdom
- Terestrial Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Kirkman
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Steven de Bie
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herbert H. T. Prins
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
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Jones TA, Reekie EG. Effect of seed size on seedling growth response to elevated CO2 in Picea abies and Picea rubens. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2007; 9:766-75. [PMID: 17564949 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-965251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Several previous studies have observed that species and individuals with large seeds respond more positively to elevated CO (2) than those with small seeds. We explored the reasons for this pattern by examining the relationship between seed size and CO (2) response in Picea abies and P. rubens using growth analysis. The large seeded species (P. abies) responded more positively to elevated CO (2) than the small seeded species (P. rubens). At the intraspecific level, P. abies individuals from large seeds responded more positively to elevated CO (2) than individuals from small seeds, however, there was no significant intraspecific variation in CO (2) response in P. rubens. The greater CO (2) response of plants from large seeds was not simply the result of a larger starting capital compounded at the same rate as in plants from small seeds. Elevated CO (2) increased relative growth rate to a greater extent in individuals from large seeds. This effect appears to be related to differences in time of establishment, source to sink ratio and nutrient availability with seed size. These results are significant not only in understanding the potential effect of rising atmospheric CO (2) concentrations on plant populations, but also in understanding the factors affecting plant success at current atmospheric CO (2) levels due to the elevation of CO (2) within the litter layer that occurs at many germination sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Jones
- Biology Department, Acadia University, 24 University Ave., B4P 2R6 Wolfville, NS, Canada
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Hyvönen R, Ågren GI, Linder S, Persson T, Cotrufo MF, Ekblad A, Freeman M, Grelle A, Janssens IA, Jarvis PG, Kellomäki S, Lindroth A, Loustau D, Lundmark T, Norby RJ, Oren R, Pilegaard K, Ryan MG, Sigurdsson BD, Strömgren M, van Oijen M, Wallin G. The likely impact of elevated [CO2], nitrogen deposition, increased temperature and management on carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems: a literature review. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 173:463-480. [PMID: 17244042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Temperate and boreal forest ecosystems contain a large part of the carbon stored on land, in the form of both biomass and soil organic matter. Increasing atmospheric [CO2], increasing temperature, elevated nitrogen deposition and intensified management will change this C store. Well documented single-factor responses of net primary production are: higher photosynthetic rate (the main [CO2] response); increasing length of growing season (the main temperature response); and higher leaf-area index (the main N deposition and partly [CO2] response). Soil organic matter will increase with increasing litter input, although priming may decrease the soil C stock initially, but litter quality effects should be minimal (response to [CO2], N deposition, and temperature); will decrease because of increasing temperature; and will increase because of retardation of decomposition with N deposition, although the rate of decomposition of high-quality litter can be increased and that of low-quality litter decreased. Single-factor responses can be misleading because of interactions between factors, in particular those between N and other factors, and indirect effects such as increased N availability from temperature-induced decomposition. In the long term the strength of feedbacks, for example the increasing demand for N from increased growth, will dominate over short-term responses to single factors. However, management has considerable potential for controlling the C store.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riitta Hyvönen
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7072, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran I Ågren
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7072, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sune Linder
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, SLU, PO Box 49, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Tryggve Persson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7072, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Francesca Cotrufo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, IT-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Alf Ekblad
- Department of Natural Sciences, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Michael Freeman
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7072, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Achim Grelle
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7072, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Seppo Kellomäki
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Joensuu, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anders Lindroth
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Denis Loustau
- INRA, Research Unit EPHYSE, BP81, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex FR-33883, France
| | - Tomas Lundmark
- Unit for Field-based Forest Research, SLU, SE-922 91 Vindeln, Sweden
| | - Richard J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422, USA
| | - Ram Oren
- Division of Environmental Science and Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
| | - Kim Pilegaard
- Plant Biology and Biogeochemistry Department, Risö National Laboratory, PO Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Michael G Ryan
- USDA Forest Service RMRS, 240 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, CO 80526 USA
| | | | - Monika Strömgren
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Forest Soils, SLU, PO Box 7001, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Göran Wallin
- Department. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Göteborg, PO Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Runion GB, Davis MA, Pritchard SG, Prior SA, Mitchell RJ, Torbert HA, Rogers HH, Dute RR. Effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on biomass and carbon accumulation in a model regenerating longleaf pine community. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2006; 35:1478-86. [PMID: 16825468 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2005.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant species vary in response to atmospheric CO2 concentration due to differences in physiology, morphology, phenology, and symbiotic relationships. These differences make it very difficult to predict how plant communities will respond to elevated CO2. Such information is critical to furthering our understanding of community and ecosystem responses to global climate change. To determine how a simple plant community might respond to elevated CO2, a model regenerating longleaf pine community composed of five species was exposed to two CO2 regimes (ambient, 365 micromol mol(-1) and elevated, 720 micromol mol(-1)) for 3 yr. Total above- and belowground biomass was 70 and 49% greater, respectively, in CO2-enriched plots. Carbon (C) content followed a response pattern similar to biomass, resulting in a significant increase of 13.8 Mg C ha(-1) under elevated CO2. Responses of individual species, however, varied. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) was primarily responsible for the positive response to CO2 enrichment. Wiregrass (Aristida stricta Michx.), rattlebox (Crotalaria rotundifolia Walt. Ex Gmel.), and butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa L.) exhibited negative above- and belowground biomass responses to elevated CO2, while sand post oak (Quercus margaretta Ashe) did not differ significantly between CO2 treatments. As with pine, C content followed patterns similar to biomass. Elevated CO2 resulted in alterations in community structure. Longleaf pine comprised 88% of total biomass in CO2-enriched plots, but only 76% in ambient plots. In contrast, wiregrass, rattlebox, and butterfly weed comprised 19% in ambient CO2 plots, but only 8% under high CO2. Therefore, while longleaf pine may perform well in a high CO2 world, other members of this community may not compete as well, which could alter community function. Effects of elevated CO2 on plant communities are complex, dynamic, and difficult to predict, clearly demonstrating the need for more research in this important area of global change science.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Runion
- USDA-ARS National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Auburn, AL 36832, USA.
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Phillips DL, Johnson MG, Tingey DT, Storm MJ, Ball JT, Johnson DW. CO2 and N-fertilization effects on fine-root length, production, and mortality: a 4-year ponderosa pine study. Oecologia 2006; 148:517-25. [PMID: 16547735 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a 4-year study of juvenile Pinus ponderosa fine root (< or =2 mm) responses to atmospheric CO2 and N-fertilization. Seedlings were grown in open-top chambers at three CO2 levels (ambient, ambient+175 mumol/mol, ambient+350 mumol/mol) and three N-fertilization levels (0, 10, 20 g m(-2) year(-1)). Length and width of individual roots were measured from minirhizotron video images bimonthly over 4 years starting when the seedlings were 1.5 years old. Neither CO2 nor N-fertilization treatments affected the seasonal patterns of root production or mortality. Yearly values of fine-root length standing crop (m m(-2)), production (m m(-2) year(-1)), and mortality (m m(-2) year(-1)) were consistently higher in elevated CO2 treatments throughout the study, except for mortality in the first year; however, the only statistically significant CO2 effects were in the fine-root length standing crop (m m(-2)) in the second and third years, and production and mortality (m m(-2) year(-1)) in the third year. Higher mortality (m m(-2) year(-1)) in elevated CO2 was due to greater standing crop rather than shorter life span, as fine roots lived longer in elevated CO2. No significant N effects were noted for annual cumulative production, cumulative mortality, or mean standing crop. N availability did not significantly affect responses of fine-root standing crop, production, or mortality to elevated CO2. Multi-year studies at all life stages of trees are important to characterize belowground responses to factors such as atmospheric CO2 and N-fertilization. This study showed the potential for juvenile ponderosa pine to increase fine-root C pools and C fluxes through root mortality in response to elevated CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Phillips
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA.
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