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Pandey U, Nakatsuka T, Mehrotra N, Zhen L, Kato Y, Sano M, Shah SK. Tree-rings stable isotope (δ 18O and δ 2H) based 368 years long term precipitation reconstruction of South Eastern Kashmir Himalaya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 892:164640. [PMID: 37286008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The hydroclimatic variability in Kashmir Himalaya is influenced by the western disturbances and the Indian Summer Monsoon. To investigate long-term hydroclimatic variability, 368 years tree-ring oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios (δ18O and δ2H) extending from 1648 to 2015 CE were analysed. These isotopic ratios are calculated using five core samples of Himalayan silver fir (Abies pindrow) collected from the south-eastern region of Kashmir valley. The relationship between the long and short periodicity components of δ18O and δ2H suggested that physiological processes had a minimum effect on the tree-ring stable isotopes in Kashmir Himalaya. The δ18O chronology was developed based on the average of five-individual tree-ring δ18O time series covering the time span of 1648-2015 CE. The climate response analysis revealed the strongest and most significant negative correlation between tree ring δ18O and precipitation amount from the previous year's December to current year's August (D2Apre). The reconstructed D2Apre (D2Arec) explains precipitation variability from 1671 to 2015 CE and is supported by historical and other proxy-based hydroclimatic records. The reconstruction has two distinguishing features: first, it is characterized by stable wet conditions during the last phase of Little Ice Age (LIA) i.e., from 1682 to 1841 CE; and second, the southeast Kashmir Himalaya had experienced drier conditions as compared to recent and historical period with intense pluvial events since 1850. The present reconstruction shows, there have been more extreme dry events than extreme wet events since 1921. A tele-connection is observed between D2Arec and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) of the Westerly region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Pandey
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Birbal Shani Institute of Palaeosciences, 53-University Road, Lucknow 226 007, India; Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India.
| | - Takeshi Nakatsuka
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nivedita Mehrotra
- Birbal Shani Institute of Palaeosciences, 53-University Road, Lucknow 226 007, India
| | - Li Zhen
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kato
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaki Sano
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Santosh K Shah
- Birbal Shani Institute of Palaeosciences, 53-University Road, Lucknow 226 007, India
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Rani A, Zhao Y, Yan Q, Wang Y, Ma R, Zhu Z, Wang B, Li T, Zhou X, Hocart CH, Zhou Y. On the Chemical Purity and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of α-Cellulose Extractable from Higher Plants and the Implications for Climate, Metabolic, and Physiological Studies. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4871-4879. [PMID: 36878693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The 18O/16O ratio of α-cellulose in land plants has proved of interest for climate, environmental, physiological, and metabolic studies. Reliable application of such a ratio may be compromised by the presence of hemicellulose impurities in the α-cellulose product obtainable with current extraction methods, as the impurities are known to be isotopically different from that of the α-cellulose. We first compared the quality of hydrolysates of "α-cellulose products" obtained with four representative extraction methods (Jayme and Wise; Brendel; Zhou; Loader) and quantified the hemicellulose-derived non-glucose sugars in the α-cellulose products from 40 land grass species using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Second, we performed compound-specific isotope analysis of the hydrolysates using GC/Pyrolysis/IRMS. These results were then compared with the bulk isotope analysis using EA/Pyrolysis/IRMS of the α-cellulose products. We found that overall, the Zhou method afforded the highest purity α-cellulose as judged by the minimal presence of lignin and the second-lowest presence of non-glucose sugars. Isotopic analysis then showed that the O-2-O-6 of the α-cellulose glucosyl units were all depleted in 18O by 0.0-4.3 mUr (average, 1.9 mUr) in a species-dependent manner relative to the α-cellulose products. The positive isotopic bias of using the α-cellulose product instead of the glucosyl units stems mainly from the fact that the pentoses that dominate hemicellulose contamination in the α-cellulose product are relatively enriched in 18O (compared to hexoses) as they inherit only the relatively 18O-enriched O-2-O-5 moiety of sucrose, the common precursor of pentoses and hexoses in cellulose, and are further enriched in 18O by the (incomplete) hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Rani
- Isotopomics in Chemical Biology (ICB), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Isotopomics in Chemical Biology (ICB), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Qiulin Yan
- Isotopomics in Chemical Biology (ICB), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Isotopomics in Chemical Biology (ICB), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Ran Ma
- Isotopomics in Chemical Biology (ICB), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- Isotopomics in Chemical Biology (ICB), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Isotopomics in Chemical Biology (ICB), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns 4878, Australia
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- Isotopomics in Chemical & Biological Oceanography (ICBO), Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Charles H Hocart
- Isotopomics in Chemical Biology (ICB), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Youping Zhou
- Isotopomics in Chemical Biology (ICB), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Isotopomics in Chemical & Biological Oceanography (ICBO), Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Szafraniec M, Grabias-Blicharz E, Barnat-Hunek D, Landis EN. A Critical Review on Modification Methods of Cement Composites with Nanocellulose and Reaction Conditions during Nanocellulose Production. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7706. [PMID: 36363297 PMCID: PMC9654582 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose (NC) is a natural polymer that has driven significant progress in recent years in the study of the mechanical properties of composites, including cement composites. Impressive mechanical properties, ability to compact the cement matrix, low density, biodegradability, and hydrophilicity of the surface of nanocellulose particles (which improves cement hydration) are some of the many benefits of using NCs in composite materials. The authors briefly presented a description of the types of NCs (including the latest, little-known shapes), showing the latest developments in their manufacture and modification. Moreover, NC challenges and opportunities are discussed to reveal its hidden potential, as well as the use of spherical and square/rectangular nanocellulose to modify cement composites. Intending to emphasize the beneficial use of NC in cementitious composites, this article discusses NC as an eco-friendly, low-cost, and efficient material, particularly for recycling readily available cellulosic waste. In view of the constantly growing interest in using renewable and waste materials in a wide range of applications, the authors hope to provide progress in using nanocellulose (NC) as a modifier for cement composites. Furthermore, this review highlights a gap in research regarding the preparation of new types of NCs, their application, and their impact on the properties of cementitious composites. Finally, the authors summarize and critically evaluate the type, dosage, and application method of NC, as well as the effects of these variables on the final properties of NC-derived cement composites. Nevertheless, this review article stresses up-to-date challenges for NC-based materials as well as future remarks in light of dwindling natural resources (including building materials), and the principles of a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szafraniec
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grabias-Blicharz
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Danuta Barnat-Hunek
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Eric N. Landis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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Kern Z, Kimak A, Hatvani IG, Llanos Campana DM, Leuenberger M. Cellulose in Foliage and Changes during Seasonal Leaf Development of Broadleaf and Conifer Species. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182412. [PMID: 36145813 PMCID: PMC9505942 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotope approaches are widely applied in plant science and many improvements made in the field focus on the analysis of specific components of plant tissues. Although technical developments have been very beneficial, sample collection and preparation are still very time and labor-consuming. The main objective of this study was to create a qualitative dataset of alpha-cellulose content of leaf tissues of arboreal species. We extracted alpha-cellulose from twelve species: Abies alba Mill., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Fagus sylvatica L., Larix decidua Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Quercus cerris L., Quercus petrea (Matt.) Liebl., Quercus pubescens Wild., Quercus robur L., Tilia platyphyllos Scop. and Ulmus glabra Huds. While these species show an increase in cellulose yield from bud break to full leaf development, the rates of increase in cellulose content and the duration of the juvenile phase vary greatly. Moreover, the veins display significantly higher alpha-cellulose content (4 to 11%) compared to blade tissues, which reflects their different structural and biochemical functions. A guide for the mass of sample material required to yield sufficient alpha-cellulose for a standard stable isotope analysis is presented. The additional benefits of the assessment of the mass of required sample material are reduced sample preparation time and its usefulness in preparing samples of limited availability (e.g., herbarium material, fossil samples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Kern
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, ELKH, H-1112 Budapest, Hungary
- CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +361-309-2600 (ext. 1106)
| | - Adam Kimak
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - István Gábor Hatvani
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, ELKH, H-1112 Budapest, Hungary
- CSFK, MTA Centre of Excellence, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniela Maria Llanos Campana
- Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Markus Leuenberger
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Gu H, Wang J, Lei C, Ma L. Comparison of dendroclimatic relationships using multiple tree-ring indicators (tree-ring width and δ 13C) from Masson pine. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:201259. [PMID: 34295508 PMCID: PMC8261214 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study addressed the effects of climate drivers on the tree-ring width (TRW) parameters (total ring width (TR), earlywood width (EW) and latewood width (LW)) and the total ring δ 13C series of different wood components (whole wood, α-cellulose and holocelluose) from Masson pine in subtropical China. Pairwise correlation coefficients between three ring width parameters were statistically significant. EW and LW did not reveal much stronger climate sensitivity rather than TR. This indicated that the use of intra-annual ring width has little benefit in extracting more climate information. The mean δ 13C series of the three components of the total ring had the strongest climate response to the July-September relative humidity (r = -0.792 (whole wood), -0.758 (holocellulose) and -0.769 (α-cellulose)). There are no significant differences in the dendroclimatic relationships of the δ 13C series of different wood components. Through both stationary temporal and spatial-statistical perspectives, the moisture drivers (summer/autumn) had a significant impact on three ring width parameters and three components of Masson pine. Overall, the radial growth and the δ 13C series showed different responses to the same climate drivers during the same period. Moreover, the R-squared values of the strongest climate-proxy correlation coefficients were smaller than 50% for TRW. Consequently, the δ 13C series of Masson pine may be a more representative climate proxy than TRW parameters for dendroclimatology in subtropical China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Gu
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
- School of resources and environment, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Lei
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Ma
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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Wang W, English NB, Grossiord C, Gessler A, Das AJ, Stephenson NL, Baisan CH, Allen CD, McDowell NG. Mortality predispositions of conifers across western USA. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:831-844. [PMID: 32918833 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conifer mortality rates are increasing in western North America, but the physiological mechanisms underlying this trend are not well understood. We examined tree-ring-based radial growth along with stable carbon (C) and oxygen (O) isotope composition (δ13 C and δ18 O, respectively) of dying and surviving conifers at eight old-growth forest sites across a strong moisture gradient in the western USA to retrospectively investigate mortality predispositions. Compared with surviving trees, lower growth of dying trees was detected at least one decade before mortality at seven of the eight sites. Intrinsic water-use efficiency increased over time in both dying and surviving trees, with a weaker increase in dying trees at five of the eight sites. C starvation was a strong correlate of conifer mortality based on a conceptual model incorporating growth, δ13 C, and δ18 O. However, this approach does not capture processes that occur in the final months of survival. Ultimately, C starvation may lead to increased mortality vulnerability, but hydraulic failure or biotic attack may dominate the process during the end stages of mortality in these conifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu,, 610041, China
| | - Nathan B English
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Central Queensland University, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Functional Plant Ecology, Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, Lausanne,, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne,, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Functional Plant Ecology, Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, Lausanne,, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitaetsstrasse 16, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Adrian J Das
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, Three Rivers, CA, 93271, USA
| | - Nathan L Stephenson
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, Three Rivers, CA, 93271, USA
| | | | - Craig D Allen
- Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, US Geological Survey, Los Alamos, NM,, 87544, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
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Extraction and characterization of cellulose from halophytes: next generation source of cellulose fibre. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Isaac-Renton M, Montwé D, Hamann A, Spiecker H, Cherubini P, Treydte K. Northern forest tree populations are physiologically maladapted to drought. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5254. [PMID: 30531998 PMCID: PMC6288165 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern forests at the leading edge of their distributions may not show increased primary productivity under climate warming, being limited by climatic extremes such as drought. Looking beyond tree growth to underlying physiological mechanisms is fundamental for accurate predictions of forest responses to climate warming and drought stress. Within a 32-year genetic field trial, we analyze relative contributions of xylem plasticity and inferred stomatal response to drought tolerance in regional populations of a widespread conifer. Genetic adaptation leads to varying responses under drought. Trailing-edge tree populations produce fewer tracheids with thicker cell walls, characteristic of drought-tolerance. Stomatal response explains the moderate drought tolerance of tree populations in central areas of the species range. Growth loss of the northern population is linked to low stomatal responsiveness combined with the production of tracheids with thinner cell walls. Forests of the western boreal may therefore lack physiological adaptations necessary to tolerate drier conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Isaac-Renton
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H1, Canada.
| | - David Montwé
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Andreas Hamann
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Heinrich Spiecker
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität-Freiburg, Tennenbacherstrasse 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paolo Cherubini
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Guerrieri R, Jennings K, Belmecheri S, Asbjornsen H, Ollinger S. Evaluating climate signal recorded in tree-ring δ 13 C and δ 18 O values from bulk wood and α-cellulose for six species across four sites in the northeastern US. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:2081-2091. [PMID: 28940773 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We evaluated the applicability of tree-ring δ13 C and δ18 O values in bulk wood - instead of the more time and lab-consuming α-cellulose δ13 C and δ18 O values, to assess climate and physiological signals across multiple sites and for six tree species along a latitudinal gradient (35°97'N to 45°20'N) of the northeastern United States. METHODS Wood cores (n = 4 per tree) were sampled from ten trees per species. Cores were cross-dated within and across trees at each site, and for the last 30 years. Seven years, including the driest on record, were selected for this study. The δ13 C and δ18 O values were measured on two of the ten trees from the bulk wood and the α-cellulose. The offsets between materials in δ13 C and δ18 O values were assessed. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate the strength of the climate signal across sites. Finally the relationship between δ13 C and δ18 O values in bulk wood vs α-cellulose was analyzed to assess the consistency of the interpretation, in terms of CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance, from both materials. RESULTS We found offsets of 1.1‰ and 5.6‰ between bulk and α-cellulose for δ13 C and δ18 O values, respectively, consistent with offset values reported in the literature. Bulk wood showed similar or stronger correlations to climate parameters than α-cellulose for the investigated sites. In particular, temperature and vapor pressure deficit and standard precipitation-evaporation index (SPEI) were the most visible climate signals recorded in δ13 C and δ18 O values, respectively. For most of the species, there was no relationship between δ13 C and δ18 O values, regardless of the wood material considered. CONCLUSIONS Extraction of α-cellulose was not necessary to detect climate signals in tree rings across the four investigated sites. Furthermore, the physiological information inferred from the dual isotope approach was similar for most of the species regardless of the material considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Guerrieri
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Katie Jennings
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Soumaya Belmecheri
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0045, USA
| | - Heidi Asbjornsen
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Scott Ollinger
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
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Steane DA, Mclean EH, Potts BM, Prober SM, Stock WD, Stylianou VM, Vaillancourt RE, Byrne M. Evidence for adaptation and acclimation in a widespread eucalypt of semi-arid Australia. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A. Steane
- School of Biological Sciences and ARC Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, 4556, Australia
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley 6913, Western Australia
| | - Elizabeth H. Mclean
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley 6913, Western Australia
- Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, WA 6983, Australia
| | - Brad M. Potts
- School of Biological Sciences and ARC Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Suzanne M. Prober
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley 6913, Western Australia
| | - William D. Stock
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Western Australia
| | - Vanessa M. Stylianou
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Western Australia
| | - René E. Vaillancourt
- School of Biological Sciences and ARC Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, WA 6983, Australia
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Lin W, Noormets A, King JS, Sun G, McNulty S, Domec JC, Cernusak L. An extractive removal step optimized for a high-throughput α-cellulose extraction method for δ13C and δ18O stable isotope ratio analysis in conifer tree rings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:142-150. [PMID: 28173589 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ18O) of tree-ring α-cellulose are important tools in paleoclimatology, ecology, plant physiology and genetics. The Multiple Sample Isolation System for Solids (MSISS) was a major advance in the tree-ring α-cellulose extraction methods, offering greater throughput and reduced labor input compared to traditional alternatives. However, the usability of the method for resinous conifer species may be limited by the need to remove extractives from some conifer species in a separate pretreatment step. Here we test the necessity of pretreatment for α-cellulose extraction in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), and the efficiency of a modified acetone-based ambient-temperature step for the removal of extractives (i) in loblolly pine from five geographic locations representing its natural range in the southeastern USA, and (ii) on five other common coniferous species (black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.), Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa D.)) with contrasting extractive profiles. The differences of δ13C values between the new and traditional pretreatment methods were within the precision of the isotope ratio mass spectrometry method used (±0.2‰), and the differences between δ18O values were not statistically significant. Although some unanticipated results were observed in Fraser fir, the new ambient-temperature technique was deemed as effective as the more labor-consuming and toxic traditional pretreatment protocol. The proposed technique requires a separate acetone-inert multiport system similar to MSISS, and the execution of both pretreatment and main extraction steps allows for simultaneous treatment of up to several hundred microsamples from resinous softwood, while the need of additional labor input remains minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lin
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Asko Noormets
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - John S King
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ge Sun
- Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, United States Forest Service, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Steve McNulty
- Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, United States Forest Service, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA ISPA UMR 1391, 1 cours du Gal de Gaulle, Gradignan Cedex, France
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van Roij L, Sluijs A, Laks JJ, Reichart G. Stable carbon isotope analyses of nanogram quantities of particulate organic carbon (pollen) with laser ablation nano combustion gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:47-58. [PMID: 27766694 PMCID: PMC5132107 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Analyses of stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13 C values) of organic and inorganic matter remains have been instrumental for much of our understanding of present and past environmental and biological processes. Until recently, the analytical window of such analyses has been limited to samples containing at least several μg of carbon. METHODS Here we present a setup combining laser ablation, nano combustion gas chromatography and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LA/nC/GC/IRMS). A deep UV (193 nm) laser is used for optimal fragmentation of organic matter with minimum fractionation effects and an exceptionally small ablation chamber and combustion oven are used to reduce the minimum sample mass requirement compared with previous studies. RESULTS Analyses of the international IAEA CH-7 polyethylene standard show optimal accuracy, and precision better than 0.5‰, when measuring at least 42 ng C. Application to untreated modern Eucalyptus globulus (C3 plant) and Zea mays (C4 plant) pollen grains shows a ~ 16‰ offset between these species. Within each single Z. mays pollen grain, replicate analyses show almost identical δ13 C values. CONCLUSIONS Isotopic offsets between individual pollen grains exceed analytical uncertainties, therefore probably reflecting interspecimen variability of ~0.5-0.9‰. These promising results set the stage for investigating both δ13 C values and natural carbon isotopic variability between single specimens of a single population of all kinds of organic particles yielding tens of nanograms of carbon. © 2016 The Authors. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda van Roij
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityHeidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Appy Sluijs
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityHeidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jelmer J. Laks
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityHeidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Gert‐Jan Reichart
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityHeidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS UtrechtThe Netherlands
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)Landsdiep 4, 1797 SZ ‘t Horntje (Texel)The Netherlands
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Mischel M, Esper J, Keppler F, Greule M, Werner W. δ²H, δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O from whole wood, α-cellulose and lignin methoxyl groups in Pinus sylvestris: a multi-parameter approach. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2015; 51:553-568. [PMID: 26156050 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2015.1056181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel tree ring parameters - δ(13)C and δ(2)H from methoxyl groups - have been developed to reconstruct palaeoclimate. Tests with δ(13)C and δ(18)O derived from whole wood and cellulose samples, however, indicated differences in the isotopic composition and climate signal, depending on the extracted wood component. We assess this signal dependency by analysing (i) δ(13)C and δ(18)O from whole wood and cellulose and (ii) δ(13)C and δ(2)H from methoxyl groups, using Pinus sylvestris L. growing near Altenkirchen (Germany). Results indicate significant correlations among the time series derived from whole wood, cellulose, and lignin methoxyl groups. Compared with the whole wood samples, δ(13)C from methoxyl groups showed a different and overall lower response to climate parameters. On the other hand, δ(2)H from methoxyl groups showed high correlations with temperature and was also correlated with ring width, indicating its potential as a temperature proxy. Isotope time series with the highest correlation with climatic parameter were: (i) whole wood and cellulose δ(13)C with growing season precipitation and summer temperature; (ii) methoxyl groups with spring precipitation; (iii) whole wood and cellulose δ(18)O correlates with annual evapotranspiration and water balance; and (iv) methoxyl group δ(2)H with spring temperatures. These findings reveal that multiple climate elements can be reconstructed from different wood components and that whole wood proxies perform comparably to cellulose time series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mischel
- a Department of Geography , Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany
- b Department of Geobotany , University of Trier , Trier , Germany
| | - Jan Esper
- a Department of Geography , Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Frank Keppler
- c Institute of Earth Sciences , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Markus Greule
- c Institute of Earth Sciences , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Willy Werner
- b Department of Geobotany , University of Trier , Trier , Germany
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Riechelmann DFC, Maus M, Dindorf W, Schöne BR, Scholz D, Esper J. Sensitivity of whole wood stable carbon and oxygen isotope values to milling procedures. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1371-1375. [PMID: 24797948 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Milling of wood samples is a widely applied preparation method for pooling tree-rings from different trees or periods of several years for determination of δ(13)C and δ(18)O values. In this study, whole wood samples were milled using different procedures in order to evaluate potential effects of this preparation method on δ(13)C and δ(18)O values. METHODS Subsamples of a 5 cm(3) wood piece of a single tree-ring from a lowland white fir were used. The samples were milled with different setups: (i) two and three stainless-steel balls, (ii) 3, 5 and 8 min milling time, and (iii) discontinuous and continuous milling. The δ(13)C values were measured using an elemental analyser connected to an IsoPrime mass spectrometer and δ(18)O values using a Thermo Scientific MAT 253 mass spectrometer and a TC/EA connected by a ConFlo IV. RESULTS The results show that varying the milling procedure does not alter the δ(13)C and δ(18)O values in comparison to non-milled blank samples. For shorter milling times, an increased variance of δ(18)O values is recorded, probably caused by isotopic gradient between early- and latewood portions of the tree-ring and thereby biasing the insufficiently homogenised samples. No overheating effects on the δ(13)C and δ(18)O values were detected. CONCLUSIONS Milling of wood samples for carbon and oxygen isotope analyses is an appropriate preparation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana F C Riechelmann
- Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 21, 55128, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 21, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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McLean EH, Prober SM, Stock WD, Steane DA, Potts BM, Vaillancourt RE, Byrne M. Plasticity of functional traits varies clinally along a rainfall gradient in Eucalyptus tricarpa. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1440-51. [PMID: 24329726 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Widespread species often occur across a range of climatic conditions, through a combination of local genetic adaptations and phenotypic plasticity. Species with greater phenotypic plasticity are likely to be better positioned to cope with rapid anthropogenic climate changes, while those displaying strong local adaptations might benefit from translocations to assist the movement of adaptive genes as the climate changes. Eucalyptus tricarpa occurs across a climatic gradient in south-eastern Australia, a region of increasing aridity, and we hypothesized that this species would display local adaptation to climate. We measured morphological and physiological traits reflecting climate responses in nine provenances from sites of 460 to 1040 mm annual rainfall, in their natural habitat and in common gardens near each end of the gradient. Local adaptation was evident in functional traits and differential growth rates in the common gardens. Some traits displayed complex combinations of plasticity and genetic divergence among provenances, including clinal variation in plasticity itself. Provenances from drier locations were more plastic in leaf thickness, whereas leaf size was more plastic in provenances from higher rainfall locations. Leaf density and stomatal physiology (as indicated by δ(13)C and δ(18)O) were highly and uniformly plastic. In addition to variation in mean trait values, genetic variation in trait plasticity may play a role in climate adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H McLean
- Science Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia, 6983, Australia; CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Private Bag 5, Wembley, Western Australia, 6913, Australia
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Weigl M, Grabner M, Helle G, Schleser GH, Wimmer R. Characteristics of radial growth and stable isotopes in a single oak tree to be used in climate studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 393:154-161. [PMID: 18207218 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have analyzed the variability of tree-ring widths and stable isotopes (delta(13)C and delta(18)O) of a single sessile oak tree (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) since these parameters are critical in reconstructing the environment, particularly climatic conditions. Tree rings were separated into early- and latewood (EW(t); LW(t)), tree ring (TR(t)), and transfer tree ring (TTR(t), the latter being the latewood plus the earlywood of the subsequent year. Mean sensitivity, simple correlation, partial correlation and autocorrelation analyses were applied to describe data and relationships. Although this research focused on a single tree, the results compared well with average site data. Widths and delta(18)O values showed generally low autocorrelation for all tree-ring components, whereas delta(13)C revealed highly significant autocorrelations for most tree-ring components. Mean sensitivity of the standardized values turned out to be high for delta(18)O, marginally lower for width and the lowest for delta(13)C. Correlation analyses have proven that the relationships within the tree-ring widths or within the isotope parameters are much stronger than across widths and isotope parameters. The study demonstrates the unique potential of all measured tree-ring data to be used as climate proxies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Weigl
- Competence Center for Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry, A-4021 Linz, Austria.
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Qiu D, Wilson IW, Gan S, Washusen R, Moran GF, Southerton SG. Gene expression in Eucalyptus branch wood with marked variation in cellulose microfibril orientation and lacking G-layers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 179:94-103. [PMID: 18422902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to gravitational stresses, angiosperm trees form tension wood in the upper sides of branches and leaning stems in which cellulose content is higher, microfibrils are typically aligned closely with the fibre axis and the fibres often have a thick inner gelatinous cell wall layer (G-layer). Gene expression was studied in Eucalyptus nitens branches oriented at 45 degrees using microarrays containing 4900 xylem cDNAs, and wood fibre characteristics revealed by X-ray diffraction, chemical and histochemical methods. Xylem fibres in tension wood (upper branch) had a low microfibril angle, contained few fibres with G-layers and had higher cellulose and decreased Klason lignin compared with lower branch wood. Expression of two closely related fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins and a beta-tubulin was inversely correlated with microfibril angle in upper and lower xylem from branches. Structural and chemical modifications throughout the secondary cell walls of fibres sufficient to resist tension forces in branches can occur in the absence of G-layer enriched fibres and some important genes involved in responses to gravitational stress in eucalypt xylem are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyou Qiu
- CSIRO Forest Biosciences, PO Box E4008, Kingston ACT 2604, Australia
| | - Iain W Wilson
- CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2001, Australia
| | - Siming Gan
- CSIRO Forest Biosciences, PO Box E4008, Kingston ACT 2604, Australia
| | - Russell Washusen
- CSIRO Forest Biosciences, Private Bag 10, Clayton South VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Gavin F Moran
- CSIRO Forest Biosciences, PO Box E4008, Kingston ACT 2604, Australia
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McDowell NG, Adams HD, Bailey JD, Hess M, Kolb TE. Homeostatic maintenance of ponderosa pine gas exchange in response to stand density changes. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2006; 16:1164-82. [PMID: 16827010 DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1164:hmoppg]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Homeostatic maintenance of gas exchange optimizes carbon gain per water loss. Homeostasis is regulated by short-term physiological and long-term structural mechanisms, both of which may respond to changes in resource availability associated with competition. Therefore, stand density regulation via silvicultural manipulations may facilitate growth and survival through mechanisms operating at both short and long timescales. We investigated the responses of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) to stand basal area manipulations in Arizona, USA. Stand basal area was manipulated to seven replicated levels in 1962 and was maintained for four decades by decadal thinning. We measured basal area increment (BAI) to assess the response and sustainability of wood growth, carbon isotope discrimination (A) inferred from annual rings to assess the response of crown gas exchange, and ratios of leaf area to sapwood area (A(l):A(s)) to assess longer term structural acclimation. Basal area treatments increased soil water potential (r2 = 0.99) but did not affect photosynthetic capacity. BAI increased within two years of thinning, and the 40-year mean BAI was negatively correlated with stand basal area (r2 = 0.98). delta was negatively correlated with stand basal area for years 5 through 12 after thinning (r2 = 0.90). However, delta was relatively invariant with basal area for the period 13-40 years after initial thinning despite maintenance of treatment basal areas via repeated decadal thinnings. Independent gas exchange measurements verified that the ratio of photosynthesis to stomatal conductance was invariant with basal area, but absolute values of both were elevated at lower basal areas. A(l):A(s) was negatively correlated with basal area (r2 = 0.93). We hypothesize that increased A(l):A(s) is a homeostatic response to increased water availability that maximizes water-use efficiency and whole-tree carbon uptake. Elevated A(l):A(s) of trees at low basal areas was associated with greater resilience to climate, i.e., greater absolute BAI during drought; however, trees with high A(l):A(s) in low basal area stands also exhibited the greatest sensitivity to drought, i.e., greater relative decline in BAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate G McDowell
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, MS J495, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
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Wanek W, Heintel S, Richter A. Preparation of starch and other carbon fractions from higher plant leaves for stable carbon isotope analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:1136-1140. [PMID: 11445894 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of the carbon isotope composition of starch and cellulose still relies on chemical isolation of these water-insoluble plant constituents and subsequent elemental analysis by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS) of the purified fractions, while delta(13)C values of low-molecular-weight organic compounds are now routinely measured by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). Here we report a simple and reliable method for processing milligram quantities of dried plant material for the analysis of the carbon isotope composition of lipids, soluble sugars, starch and cellulose from the same sample. We evaluated three different starch preparation methods, namely (1) enzymatic hydrolysis by alpha-amylase, (2) solubilization by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) followed by precipitation with ethanol, and (3) partial hydrolysis by HCl followed by precipitation of the resulting dextrins by ethanol. Starch recovery for three commercially available native starches (from potato, rice and wheat) varied from 48 to 81% for the techniques based on precipitation, whereas the enzymatic technique exhibited yields between 99 and 105%. In addition, the DMSO and HCl techniques introduced a significant (13)C fractionation of up to 1.9 per thousand, while the carbon isotope composition of native starches analyzed after enzymatic digestion did not show any significant difference from that of untreated samples. The enzymatic starch preparation method was then incorporated into a protocol for determination of delta(13)C signatures of lipids, soluble carbohydrates, starch and crude cellulose. The procedure is based on methanol/chloroform/water extraction of dried and ground leaf material. After recovery of the chloroform phase (lipid fraction), the methanol/water phase was deionized by ion exchange (soluble carbohydrate fraction) and the pellet treated with heat-stable alpha-amylase (starch fraction). The remaining insoluble material was subjected to solvolysis by diglyme (cellulose fraction). The method was shown to be applicable to foliar tissues of a variety of different plant species (spruce, erect brome, maize and soybean).
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wanek
- Chemical Physiology of Plants, Institute of Ecology and Conservation Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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