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Fernández de Simón B, Cadahía E, Aranda I. Aerial and underground organs display specific metabolic strategies to cope with water stress under rising atmospheric CO 2 in Fagus sylvatica L. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13711. [PMID: 35570621 PMCID: PMC9321914 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Beech is known to be a moderately drought-sensitive tree species, and future increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 ([CO2 ]) could influence its ecological interactions, also with changes at the metabolic level. The metabolome of leaves and roots of drought-stressed beech seedlings grown under two different [CO2 ] (400 (aCO2 ) and 800 (eCO2 ) ppm) was analyzed together with gas exchange parameters and water status. Water stress estimated from predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd ) was similar under both [CO2 ], although eCO2 had a positive impact on net photosynthesis and intrinsic water use efficiency. The aerial and underground organs showed different metabolomes. Leaves mainly stored C metabolites, while those of N and P accumulated differentially in roots. Drought triggered the proline and N-rich amino acids biosynthesis in roots through the activation of arginine and proline pathways. Besides the TCA cycle, polyols and soluble sugar biosynthesis were activated in roots, with no clear pattern seen in the leaves, prioritizing the root functioning as metabolites sink. eCO2 slightly altered this metabolic acclimation to drought, reflecting mitigation of its effect. The leaves showed only minor changes, investing C surplus in secondary metabolites and malic acid. The TCA cycle metabolites and osmotically active substances increased in roots, but many other metabolites decreased as if the water stress was dampened. Above- and belowground plant metabolomes were differentially affected by two drivers of climate change, water scarcity and high [CO2 ], showing different chemical responsiveness that could modulate the tree adaptation to future climatic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brígida Fernández de Simón
- Grupo de Ecología Funcional de Especies ForestalesCentro de Investigacion Forestal (CIFOR‐INIA) CSICMadridSpain
| | - Estrella Cadahía
- Grupo de Ecología Funcional de Especies ForestalesCentro de Investigacion Forestal (CIFOR‐INIA) CSICMadridSpain
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Grupo de Ecología Funcional de Especies ForestalesCentro de Investigacion Forestal (CIFOR‐INIA) CSICMadridSpain
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Poorter H, Knopf O, Wright IJ, Temme AA, Hogewoning SW, Graf A, Cernusak LA, Pons TL. A meta-analysis of responses of C 3 plants to atmospheric CO 2 : dose-response curves for 85 traits ranging from the molecular to the whole-plant level. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1560-1596. [PMID: 34657301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Generalised dose-response curves are essential to understand how plants acclimate to atmospheric CO2 . We carried out a meta-analysis of 630 experiments in which C3 plants were experimentally grown at different [CO2 ] under relatively benign conditions, and derived dose-response curves for 85 phenotypic traits. These curves were characterised by form, plasticity, consistency and reliability. Considered over a range of 200-1200 µmol mol-1 CO2 , some traits more than doubled (e.g. area-based photosynthesis; intrinsic water-use efficiency), whereas others more than halved (area-based transpiration). At current atmospheric [CO2 ], 64% of the total stimulation in biomass over the 200-1200 µmol mol-1 range has already been realised. We also mapped the trait responses of plants to [CO2 ] against those we have quantified before for light intensity. For most traits, CO2 and light responses were of similar direction. However, some traits (such as reproductive effort) only responded to light, others (such as plant height) only to [CO2 ], and some traits (such as area-based transpiration) responded in opposite directions. This synthesis provides a comprehensive picture of plant responses to [CO2 ] at different integration levels and offers the quantitative dose-response curves that can be used to improve global change simulation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Oliver Knopf
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Andries A Temme
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Graf
- Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4879, Australia
| | - Thijs L Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3512 PN, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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3
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Myer A, Myer MH, Trettin CC, Forschler BT. The fate of carbon utilized by the subterranean termite
Reticulitermes flavipes. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Myer
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Mark H. Myer
- City of New Orleans Mosquito, Termite and Rodent Control Board New Orleans Louisiana 70122 USA
| | - Carl C. Trettin
- Center for Forested Wetlands Research USDA Forest Service Cordesville South Carolina USA
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Wang X, Liu F. Effects of Elevated CO 2 and Heat on Wheat Grain Quality. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1027. [PMID: 34065412 PMCID: PMC8161111 DOI: 10.3390/plants10051027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important staple foods in temperate regions and is in increasing demand in urbanizing and industrializing countries such as China. Enhancing yield potential to meet the population explosion around the world and maintaining grain quality in wheat plants under climate change are crucial for food security and human nutrition. Global warming resulting from greenhouse effect has led to more frequent occurrence of extreme climatic events. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) along with rising temperature has a huge impact on ecosystems, agriculture and human health. There are numerous studies investigating the eCO2 and heatwaves effects on wheat growth and productivity, and the mechanisms behind. This review outlines the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the effects of eCO2 and heat stress, individually and combined, on grain yield and grain quality in wheat crop. Strategies to enhance the resilience of wheat to future warmer and CO2-enriched environment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fulai Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 13, DK-2630 Tåstrup, Denmark;
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Fernández de Simón B, Sanz M, Sánchez-Gómez D, Cadahía E, Aranda I. Rising [CO 2] effect on leaf drought-induced metabolome in Pinus pinaster Aiton: Ontogenetic- and genotypic-specific response exhibit different metabolic strategies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 149:201-216. [PMID: 32078898 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) together with water deficit can influence ecological interactions of trees through an array of chemically driven changes in plant leaves. In four drought stressed Pinus pinaster genotypes, grown under two levels of atmospheric [CO2] (ambient (aCO2) and enriched (eCO2)) the metabolome of adult and juvenile needles was analyzed to know if the metabolic responses to this environmental situation could be genotype-dependent and vary according to the stage of needle ontogeny. Drought had the highest incidence, followed by needle ontogeny, being lower the eCO2 effect. The eCO2 reduced, eliminated or countered the 50 (adult needles) - 44% (juvenile) of the drought-induced changes, suggesting that CO2-enriched plants could perceived less oxidative stress under drought, and proving that together, these two abiotic factors triggered a metabolic response different from that under single factors. Genotype drought tolerance and ontogenetic stage determined the level of metabolite accumulation and the plasticity to eCO2 under drought, which was mainly reflected in antioxidant levels and tree chemical defense. At re-watering, previously water stressed plants showed both, reduced C and N metabolism, and a "drought memory effect", favoring antioxidants and osmolyte storage. This effect showed variations regarding genotype drought-tolerance, needle ontogeny and [CO2], with remarkable contribution of terpenoids. Chemical defense and drought tolerance were somehow linked, increasing chemical defense during recovery in the most drought-sensitive individuals. The better adaptation of trees to drought under eCO2, as well as their ability to recover better from water stress, are essential for the survival of forest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brígida Fernández de Simón
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miriam Sanz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Bl 17 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - David Sánchez-Gómez
- Instituto Regional de Investigación, Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal de Castilla-La Mancha (IRIAF), Centro de Investigación Agroforestal de Albadalejito (CIAF), Carretera Toledo-Cuenca, km 174, 16194, Cuenca, Spain.
| | - Estrella Cadahía
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain.
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Li W, Hartmann H, Adams HD, Zhang H, Jin C, Zhao C, Guan D, Wang A, Yuan F, Wu J. The sweet side of global change-dynamic responses of non-structural carbohydrates to drought, elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization in tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1706-1723. [PMID: 29897549 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) play a central role in plant functioning as energy carriers and building blocks for primary and secondary metabolism. Many studies have investigated how environmental and anthropogenic changes, like increasingly frequent and severe drought episodes, elevated CO2 and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, influence NSC concentrations in individual trees. However, this wealth of data has not been analyzed yet to identify general trends using a common statistical framework. A thorough understanding of tree responses to global change is required for making realistic predictions of vegetation dynamics. Here we compiled data from 57 experimental studies on 71 tree species and conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate general responses of stored soluble sugars, starch and total NSC (soluble sugars + starch) concentrations in different tree organs (foliage, above-ground wood and roots) to drought, elevated CO2 and N deposition. We found that drought significantly decreased total NSC in roots (-17.3%), but not in foliage and above-ground woody tissues (bole, branch, stem and/or twig). Elevated CO2 significantly increased total NSC in foliage (+26.2%) and roots (+12.8%), but not in above-ground wood. By contrast, total NSC significantly decreased in roots (-17.9%), increased in above-ground wood (+6.1%), but was unaffected in foliage from N fertilization. In addition, the response of NSC to three global change drivers was strongly affected by tree taxonomic type, leaf habit, tree age and treatment intensity. Our results pave the way for a better understanding of general tree function responses to drought, elevated CO2 and N fertilization. The existing data also reveal that more long-term studies on mature trees that allow testing interactions between these factors are urgently needed to provide a basis for forecasting tree responses to environmental change at the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Str. 10, Jena, Germany
| | - Henry D Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changjie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuanyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dexin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Anzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Fenghui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiabing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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Xie H, Yu M, Cheng X. Leaf non-structural carbohydrate allocation and C:N:P stoichiometry in response to light acclimation in seedlings of two subtropical shade-tolerant tree species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 124:146-154. [PMID: 29366973 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Light availability greatly affects plant growth and development. In shaded environments, plants must respond to reduced light intensity to ensure a regular rate of photosynthesis to maintain the dynamic balance of nutrients, such as leaf non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). To improve our understanding of the nutrient utilization strategies of understory shade-tolerant plants, we compared the variations in leaf NSCs, C, N and P in response to heterogeneous controlled light conditions between two subtropical evergreen broadleaf shade-tolerant species, Elaeocarpus sylvestris (E. sylvestris) and Illicium henryi (I. henryi). Light intensity treatments were applied at five levels (100%, 52%, 33%, 15% and 6% full sunlight) for 30 weeks to identify the effects of reduced light intensity on leaf NSC allocation patterns and leaf C:N:P stoichiometry characteristics. We found that leaf soluble sugar, starch and NSC concentrations in E. sylvestris showed decreasing trends with reduced light intensity, whereas I. henryi presented slightly increasing trends from 100% to 15% full sunlight and then significant decreases at extremely low light intensity (6% full sunlight). The soluble sugar/starch ratio of E. sylvestris decreased with decreasing light intensity, whereas that of I. henryi remained stable. Moreover, both species exhibited increasing trends in leaf N and P concentrations but limited leaf N:P and C:P ratio fluctuations with decreasing light intensity, revealing their adaptive strategies for poor light environments and their growth strategies under ideal light environments. There were highly significant correlations between leaf NSC variables and C:N:P stoichiometric variables in both species, revealing a trade-off in photosynthesis production between leaf NSC and carbon allocation. Thus, shade-tolerant plants readjusted their allocation of leaf NSCs, C, N and P in response to light acclimation. Redundancy analysis showed that leaf morphological features of both E. sylvestris and I. henryi affected their corresponding leaf nutrient traits. These results improve our understanding of the dynamic balance between leaf NSCs and leaf C, N and P components in the nutritional metabolism of shade-tolerant plants. KEY MESSAGE Two species of understory shade-tolerant plants responded differently to varying light intensities in terms of leaf non-structural carbohydrate allocation and the utilization of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus to balance nutritional metabolism and adapt to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Xie
- National Research Station of Eastern China Coastal Forest Ecosystem, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
| | - Mukui Yu
- National Research Station of Eastern China Coastal Forest Ecosystem, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Xiangrong Cheng
- National Research Station of Eastern China Coastal Forest Ecosystem, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
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9
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Effects of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Soil Carbon in Terrestrial Ecosystems of the Southeastern United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2136/sssaspecpub57.2ed.c15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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10
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AbdElgawad H, Peshev D, Zinta G, Van den Ende W, Janssens IA, Asard H. Climate extreme effects on the chemical composition of temperate grassland species under ambient and elevated CO2: a comparison of fructan and non-fructan accumulators. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92044. [PMID: 24670435 PMCID: PMC3966776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated CO2 concentrations and extreme climate events, are two increasing components of the ongoing global climatic change factors, may alter plant chemical composition and thereby their economic and ecological characteristics, e.g. nutritional quality and decomposition rates. To investigate the impact of climate extremes on tissue quality, four temperate grassland species: the fructan accumulating grasses Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis, and the nitrogen (N) fixing legumes Medicago lupulina and Lotus corniculatus were subjected to water deficit at elevated temperature (+3°C), under ambient CO2 (392 ppm) and elevated CO2 (620 ppm). As a general observation, the effects of the climate extreme were larger and more ubiquitous in combination with elevated CO2. The imposed climate extreme increased non-structural carbohydrate and phenolics in all species, whereas it increased lignin in legumes and decreased tannins in grasses. However, there was no significant effect of climate extreme on structural carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and mineral contents and stoichiometric ratios. In combination with elevated CO2, climate extreme elicited larger increases in fructan and sucrose content in the grasses without affecting the total carbohydrate content, while it significantly increased total carbohydrates in legumes. The accumulation of carbohydrates in legumes was accompanied by higher activity of sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase and ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase. In the legumes, elevated CO2 in combination with climate extreme reduced protein, phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) contents and the total element:N ratio and it increased phenol, lignin, tannin, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) contents and C:N, C:P and N:P ratios. On the other hand, the tissue composition of the fructan accumulating grasses was not affected at this level, in line with recent views that fructans contribute to cellular homeostasis under stress. It is speculated that quality losses will be less prominent in grasses (fructan accumulators) than legumes under climate extreme and its combination with elevated CO2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada AbdElgawad
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Darin Peshev
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gaurav Zinta
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (Campus Drie Eiken), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivan A. Janssens
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (Campus Drie Eiken), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Han Asard
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Richet N, Afif D, Tozo K, Pollet B, Maillard P, Huber F, Priault P, Banvoy J, Gross P, Dizengremel P, Lapierre C, Perré P, Cabané M. Elevated CO2 and/or ozone modify lignification in the wood of poplars (Populus tremula x alba). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:4291-301. [PMID: 22553285 PMCID: PMC3398455 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Trees will have to cope with increasing levels of CO(2) and ozone in the atmosphere. The purpose of this work was to assess whether the lignification process could be altered in the wood of poplars under elevated CO(2) and/or ozone. Young poplars were exposed either to charcoal-filtered air (control), to elevated CO(2) (800 μl l(-1)), to ozone (200 nl l(-1)) or to a combination of elevated CO(2) and ozone in controlled chambers. Lignification was analysed at different levels: biosynthesis pathway activities (enzyme and transcript), lignin content, and capacity to incorporate new assimilates by using (13)C labelling. Elevated CO(2) and ozone had opposite effects on many parameters (growth, biomass, cambial activity, wood cell wall thickness) except on lignin content which was increased by elevated CO(2) and/or ozone. However, this increased lignification was due to different response mechanisms. Under elevated CO(2), carbon supply to the stem and effective lignin synthesis were enhanced, leading to increased lignin content, although there was a reduction in the level of some enzyme and transcript involved in the lignin pathway. Ozone treatment induced a reduction in carbon supply and effective lignin synthesis as well as transcripts from all steps of the lignin pathway and some corresponding enzyme activities. However, lignin content was increased under ozone probably due to variations in other major components of the cell wall. Both mechanisms seemed to coexist under combined treatment and resulted in a high increase in lignin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Richet
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Dany Afif
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Koffi Tozo
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
- Département de Botanique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, BP 1515 Lomé, Togo
| | - Brigitte Pollet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Pascale Maillard
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Françoise Huber
- INRA, UMR 1092 LERFOB, ENGREF, 14 rue Girardet, F-54042 Nancy cedex, France; AgroParisTech, UMR 1092 LERFOB, 14 rue Girardet, F-54042 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Pierrick Priault
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Jacques Banvoy
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Patrick Gross
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Pierre Dizengremel
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Catherine Lapierre
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Patrick Perré
- INRA, UMR 1092 LERFOB, ENGREF, 14 rue Girardet, F-54042 Nancy cedex, France; AgroParisTech, UMR 1092 LERFOB, 14 rue Girardet, F-54042 Nancy cedex, France
- Ecole Centrale Paris, LGPM, Grande Voie des Vignes, 92 295 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Mireille Cabané
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
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12
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Lhotáková Z, Urban O, Dubánková M, Cvikrová M, Tomášková I, Kubínová L, Zvára K, Marek MV, Albrechtová J. The impact of long-term CO2 enrichment on sun and shade needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies): photosynthetic performance, needle anatomy and phenolics accumulation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 188-189:60-70. [PMID: 22525245 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) grown under ambient (365-377 μmol(CO(2)) mol(-1); AC) and elevated (700 μmol(CO(2)) mol(-1); EC) CO(2) concentrations within glass domes with automatically adjustable windows and on an open-air control site were studied after 8 years of treatment. The effect of EC on photosynthesis, mesophyll structure and phenolics accumulation in sun and shade needles was examined. Photosynthetic assimilation and dark respiration rates were measured gasometrically; the structural parameters of mesophyll were determined using confocal microscopy and stereological methods. The contents of total soluble phenolics and lignin were assessed spectrophotometrically, and localizations of different phenolic groups were detected histochemically on needle cross-sections. EC enhanced the light-saturated CO(2) assimilation rate and reduced dark respiration in the current-year needles. No effects of CO(2) enrichment on mesophyll structural parameters were observed. Similarly, the accumulation and localization of phenolics and lignin remained unaffected by EC treatment. Needles differentiated into sun and shade ecotypes in the same manner and to the same extent irrespective of CO(2) treatment. Based on these results, it is apparent that the EC-induced enhancement of photosynthesis is not related to changes in the examined structural parameters of mesophyll and accumulation of phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Lhotáková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Y Y, GX W, LD Y, JY G, N L. Physiological responses of Kobresia pygmaea to warming in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Galvez DA, Landhäusser SM, Tyree MT. Root carbon reserve dynamics in aspen seedlings: does simulated drought induce reserve limitation? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:250-7. [PMID: 21444372 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In a greenhouse study we quantified the gradual change of gas exchange, water relations and root reserves of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) seedlings growing over a 3-month period of severe water stress. The aim of the study was to quantify the complex interrelationship between growth, water and gas exchange, and root carbon (C) dynamics. Various growth, gas exchange and water relations variables in combination with root reserves were measured periodically on seedlings that had been exposed to a continuous drought treatment over a 12-week period and compared with well-watered seedlings. Although gas exchange and water relations parameters significantly decreased over the drought period in aspen seedlings, root reserves did not mirror this trend. During the course of the experiment roots of aspen seedlings growing under severe water stress showed a two orders of magnitude increase in sugar and starch content, and roots of these seedlings contained more starch relative to sugar than those in non-droughted seedlings. Drought resulted in a switch from growth to root reserves storage which indicates a close interrelationship between growth and physiological variables and the accumulation of root carbohydrate reserves. Although a severe 3-month drought period created physiological symptoms of C limitation, there was no indication of a depletion of root C reserve in aspen seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Galvez
- Department of Renewable Resources, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Sala A, Piper F, Hoch G. Physiological mechanisms of drought-induced tree mortality are far from being resolved. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 186:274-81. [PMID: 20409184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
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Taub DR, Wang X. Why are nitrogen concentrations in plant tissues lower under elevated CO2? A critical examination of the hypotheses. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 50:1365-74. [PMID: 19017124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants grown under elevated atmospheric [CO2] typically have decreased tissue concentrations of N compared with plants grown under current ambient [CO2]. The physiological mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon have not been definitely established, although a considerable number of hypotheses have been advanced to account for it. In this review we discuss and critically evaluate these hypotheses. One contributing factor to the decreases in tissue N concentrations clearly is dilution of N by increased photosynthetic assimilation of C. In addition, studies on intact plants show strong evidence for a general decrease in the specific uptake rates (uptake per unit mass or length of root) of N by roots under elevated CO2. This decreased root uptake appears likely to be the result both of decreased N demand by shoots and of decreased ability of the soil-root system to supply N. The best-supported mechanism for decreased N supply is a decrease in transpiration-driven mass flow of N in soils due to decreased stomatal conductance at elevated CO2, although some evidence suggests that altered root system architecture may also play a role. There is also limited evidence suggesting that under elevated CO2, plants may exhibit increased rates of N loss through volatilization and/or root exudation, further contributing to lowering tissue N concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Taub
- Biology Department and Environmental Studies Program, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas 78626, USA.
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Li MH, Xiao WF, Shi P, Wang SG, Zhong YD, Liu XL, Wang XD, Cai XH, Shi ZM. Nitrogen and carbon source-sink relationships in trees at the Himalayan treelines compared with lower elevations. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:1377-1387. [PMID: 18643956 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
No single hypothesis or theory has been widely accepted for explaining the functional mechanism of global alpine/arctic treeline formation. The present study tested whether the alpine treeline is determined by (1) the needle nitrogen content associated with photosynthesis (carbon gain); (2) a sufficient source-sink ratio of carbon; or (3) a sufficient C-N ratio. Nitrogen does not limit the growth and development of trees studied at the Himalayan treelines. Levels of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in trees were species-specific and site-dependent; therefore, the treeline cases studied did not show consistent evidence of source/carbon limitation or sink/growth limitation in treeline trees. However, results of the combined three treelines showed that the treeline trees may suffer from a winter carbon shortage. The source capacity and the sink capacity of a tree influence its tissue NSC concentrations and the carbon balance; therefore, we suggest that the persistence and development of treeline trees in a harsh alpine environment may require a minimum level of the total NSC concentration, a sufficiently high sugar:starch ratio, and a balanced carbon source-sink relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai-He Li
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
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Ziska L, Brett Runion G. Future Weed, Pest, and Disease Problems for Plants. AGROECOSYSTEMS IN A CHANGING CLIMATE 2006. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420003826.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Plants are subject to a wide range of abiotic stresses, and their cuticular wax layer provides a protective barrier, which consists predominantly of long-chain hydrocarbon compounds, including alkanes, primary alcohols, aldehydes, secondary alcohols, ketones, esters and other derived compounds. This article discusses current knowledge relating to the effects of stress on cuticular waxes and the ways in which the wax provides protection against the deleterious effects of light, temperature, osmotic stress, physical damage, altitude and pollution. Topics covered here include biosynthesis, morphology, composition and function of cuticular waxes in relation to the effects of stress, and some recent findings concerning the effects of stress on regulation of wax biosynthesis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Shepherd
- Quality Health & Nutrition, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Mylnefield, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA.
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King JS, Pregitzer KS, Zak DR, Holmes WE, Schmidt K. Fine root chemistry and decomposition in model communities of north-temperate tree species show little response to elevated atmospheric CO2 and varying soil resource availability. Oecologia 2005; 146:318-28. [PMID: 16041614 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric [CO2] has the potential to alter soil carbon (C) cycling by increasing the content of recalcitrant constituents in plant litter, thereby decreasing rates of decomposition. Because fine root turnover constitutes a large fraction of annual NPP, changes in fine root decomposition are especially important. These responses will likely be affected by soil resource availability and the life history characteristics of the dominant tree species. We evaluated the effects of elevated atmospheric [CO2] and soil resource availability on the production and chemistry, mycorrhizal colonization, and decomposition of fine roots in an early- and late-successional tree species that are economically and ecologically important in north temperate forests. Open-top chambers were used to expose young trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) trees to ambient (36 Pa) and elevated (56 Pa) atmospheric CO2. Soil resource availability was composed of two treatments that bracketed the range found in the Upper Lake States, USA. After 2.5 years of growth, sugar maple had greater fine root standing crop due to relatively greater allocation to fine roots (30% of total root biomass) relative to aspen (7% total root biomass). Relative to the low soil resources treatment, aspen fine root biomass increased 76% with increased soil resource availability, but only under elevated [CO2]. Sugar maple fine root biomass increased 26% with increased soil resource availability (relative to the low soil resources treatment), and showed little response to elevated [CO2]. Concentrations of N and soluble phenolics, and C/N ratio in roots were similar for the two species, but aspen had slightly higher lignin and lower condensed tannins contents compared to sugar maple. As predicted by source-sink models of carbon allocation, pooled constituents (C/N ratio, soluble phenolics) increased in response to increased relative carbon availability (elevated [CO2]/low soil resource availability), however, biosynthetically distinct compounds (lignin, starch, condensed tannins) did not always respond as predicted. We found that mycorrhizal colonization of fine roots was not strongly affected by atmospheric [CO2] or soil resource availability, as indicated by root ergosterol contents. Overall, absolute changes in root chemical composition in response to increases in C and soil resource availability were small and had no effect on soil fungal biomass or specific rates of fine root decomposition. We conclude that root contributions to soil carbon cycling will mainly be influenced by fine root production and turnover responses to rising atmospheric [CO2], rather than changes in substrate chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S King
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
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Handa IT, Körner C, Hättenschwiler S. A TEST OF THE TREELINE CARBON LIMITATION HYPOTHESIS BY IN SITU CO2ENRICHMENT AND DEFOLIATION. Ecology 2005. [DOI: 10.1890/04-0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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