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Beringer J, Moore CE, Cleverly J, Campbell DI, Cleugh H, De Kauwe MG, Kirschbaum MUF, Griebel A, Grover S, Huete A, Hutley LB, Laubach J, Van Niel T, Arndt SK, Bennett AC, Cernusak LA, Eamus D, Ewenz CM, Goodrich JP, Jiang M, Hinko‐Najera N, Isaac P, Hobeichi S, Knauer J, Koerber GR, Liddell M, Ma X, Macfarlane C, McHugh ID, Medlyn BE, Meyer WS, Norton AJ, Owens J, Pitman A, Pendall E, Prober SM, Ray RL, Restrepo‐Coupe N, Rifai SW, Rowlings D, Schipper L, Silberstein RP, Teckentrup L, Thompson SE, Ukkola AM, Wall A, Wang Y, Wardlaw TJ, Woodgate W. Bridge to the future: Important lessons from 20 years of ecosystem observations made by the OzFlux network. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3489-3514. [PMID: 35315565 PMCID: PMC9314624 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In 2020, the Australian and New Zealand flux research and monitoring network, OzFlux, celebrated its 20th anniversary by reflecting on the lessons learned through two decades of ecosystem studies on global change biology. OzFlux is a network not only for ecosystem researchers, but also for those 'next users' of the knowledge, information and data that such networks provide. Here, we focus on eight lessons across topics of climate change and variability, disturbance and resilience, drought and heat stress and synergies with remote sensing and modelling. In distilling the key lessons learned, we also identify where further research is needed to fill knowledge gaps and improve the utility and relevance of the outputs from OzFlux. Extreme climate variability across Australia and New Zealand (droughts and flooding rains) provides a natural laboratory for a global understanding of ecosystems in this time of accelerating climate change. As evidence of worsening global fire risk emerges, the natural ability of these ecosystems to recover from disturbances, such as fire and cyclones, provides lessons on adaptation and resilience to disturbance. Drought and heatwaves are common occurrences across large parts of the region and can tip an ecosystem's carbon budget from a net CO2 sink to a net CO2 source. Despite such responses to stress, ecosystems at OzFlux sites show their resilience to climate variability by rapidly pivoting back to a strong carbon sink upon the return of favourable conditions. Located in under-represented areas, OzFlux data have the potential for reducing uncertainties in global remote sensing products, and these data provide several opportunities to develop new theories and improve our ecosystem models. The accumulated impacts of these lessons over the last 20 years highlights the value of long-term flux observations for natural and managed systems. A future vision for OzFlux includes ongoing and newly developed synergies with ecophysiologists, ecologists, geologists, remote sensors and modellers.
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Hutley LB, Beringer J, Fatichi S, Schymanski SJ, Northwood M. Gross primary productivity and water use efficiency are increasing in a high rainfall tropical savanna. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2360-2380. [PMID: 34854173 PMCID: PMC9303751 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite their size and contribution to the global carbon cycle, we have limited understanding of tropical savannas and their current trajectory with climate change and anthropogenic pressures. Here we examined interannual variability and externally forced long-term changes in carbon and water exchange from a high rainfall savanna site in the seasonal tropics of north Australia. We used an 18-year flux data time series (2001-2019) to detect trends and drivers of fluxes of carbon and water. Significant positive trends in gross primary productivity (GPP, 15.4 g C m2 year-2 ), ecosystem respiration (Reco , 8.0 g C m2 year-2 ), net ecosystem productivity (NEE, 7.4 g C m2 year-2 ) and ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE, 0.0077 g C kg H2 O-1 year-1 ) were computed. There was a weaker, non-significant trend in latent energy exchange (LE, 0.34 W m-2 year-1 ). Rainfall from a nearby site increased statistically over a 45-year period during the observation period. To examine the dominant drivers of changes in GPP and WUE, we used a random forest approach and a terrestrial biosphere model to conduct an attribution experiment. Radiant energy was the dominant driver of wet season fluxes, whereas soil water content dominated dry season fluxes. The model attribution suggested that [CO2 ], precipitation and Tair accounting for 90% of the modelled trend in GPP and WUE. Positive trends in fluxes were largest in the dry season implying tree components were a larger contributor than the grassy understorey. Fluxes and environmental drivers were not significant during the wet season, the period when grasses are active. The site is potentially still recovering from a cyclone 45 years ago and regrowth from this event may also be contributing to the observed trends in sequestration, highlighting the need to understand fluxes and their drivers from sub-diurnal to decadal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B. Hutley
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, College of Engineering, IT & EnvironmentCharles Darwin UniversityCasuarinaNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Jason Beringer
- School of Agriculture and EnvironmentThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Simone Fatichi
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Stanislaus J. Schymanski
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Catchment and Eco‐hydrology Group (CAT)Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyBelvauxLuxembourg
| | - Matthew Northwood
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, College of Engineering, IT & EnvironmentCharles Darwin UniversityCasuarinaNorthern TerritoryAustralia
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3
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Soil CO 2 emission in response to organic amendments, temperature, and rainfall. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5849. [PMID: 32246078 PMCID: PMC7125227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetated land surfaces play an important role in determining the fate of carbon in the global carbon cycle. However, our understanding of the terrestrial biosphere on a global scale is subject to considerable uncertainty, especially concerning the impacts of climatic variables on the carbon cycle. Soil is a source and also a sink of CO2 exchange and helps in carbon sequestration. Agricultural management practices influence soil water dynamics, as well as carbon cycling by changing soil CO2 emission and uptake rates. The rate of soil CO2 emission varies for different crops and different organic amendments. The major goal of this study was to assess the impacts of the type and rate of organic amendment on soil CO2 emission in a collard greens crop grown in the southeast Texas environment. Thirty-six plots were developed to grow collard greens on Prairie View A&M University’s Research Farm. Three types of organic amendments (Chicken manure, Dairy manure, and Milorganite), at four levels of application (0, 168, 336, and 672 kg N/ha) were used and replicated three times. Each organic amendment type was applied to nine randomly selected plots. Three random plots were used as a control in each row. We measured daily soil CO2 emission for the first two weeks and every other day in a week during the experiment. We evaluated the effects of organic amendments and the application rates on soil CO2 emission for collard greens during two growing seasons. The results showed higher the application rates for each organic amendment, higher the CO2 emissions from the soil. The results also showed higher cumulative CO2 emissions for the soils amended with chicken manure and milorganite, but lowest for the soils amended with dairy manure. This field experiment and analyses help better understand the temporal and spatial variations of soil CO2 emission, and also help to develop best management practices to maximize carbon sequestration and to minimize soil CO2 emissions during the growth periods of collard greens under changing temperatures using different organic amendments, and application rates.
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4
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Moore CE, Beringer J, Donohue RJ, Evans B, Exbrayat JF, Hutley LB, Tapper NJ. Seasonal, interannual and decadal drivers of tree and grass productivity in an Australian tropical savanna. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2530-2544. [PMID: 29488666 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tree-grass savannas are a widespread biome and are highly valued for their ecosystem services. There is a need to understand the long-term dynamics and meteorological drivers of both tree and grass productivity separately in order to successfully manage savannas in the future. This study investigated the interannual variability (IAV) of tree and grass gross primary productivity (GPP) by combining a long-term (15 year) eddy covariance flux record and model estimates of tree and grass GPP inferred from satellite remote sensing. On a seasonal basis, the primary drivers of tree and grass GPP were solar radiation in the wet season and soil moisture in the dry season. On an interannual basis, soil water availability had a positive effect on tree GPP and a negative effect on grass GPP. No linear trend in the tree-grass GPP ratio was observed over the 15-year study period. However, the tree-grass GPP ratio was correlated with the modes of climate variability, namely the Southern Oscillation Index. This study has provided insight into the long-term contributions of trees and grasses to savanna productivity, along with their respective meteorological determinants of IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Moore
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
- Genomic Ecology of Global Change, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jason Beringer
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
- The UWA school of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Randall J Donohue
- CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bradley Evans
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, NSW, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network Ecosystem Modelling and Scaling Infrastructure, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, NSW, Australia
| | - Jean-François Exbrayat
- School of GeoSciences and National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lindsay B Hutley
- School of Environment, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia
| | - Nigel J Tapper
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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5
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Stocker BD, Zscheischler J, Keenan TF, Prentice IC, Peñuelas J, Seneviratne SI. Quantifying soil moisture impacts on light use efficiency across biomes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1430-1449. [PMID: 29604221 PMCID: PMC5969272 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial primary productivity and carbon cycle impacts of droughts are commonly quantified using vapour pressure deficit (VPD) data and remotely sensed greenness, without accounting for soil moisture. However, soil moisture limitation is known to strongly affect plant physiology. Here, we investigate light use efficiency, the ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to absorbed light. We derive its fractional reduction due to soil moisture (fLUE), separated from VPD and greenness changes, using artificial neural networks trained on eddy covariance data, multiple soil moisture datasets and remotely sensed greenness. This reveals substantial impacts of soil moisture alone that reduce GPP by up to 40% at sites located in sub-humid, semi-arid or arid regions. For sites in relatively moist climates, we find, paradoxically, a muted fLUE response to drying soil, but reduced fLUE under wet conditions. fLUE identifies substantial drought impacts that are not captured when relying solely on VPD and greenness changes and, when seasonally recurring, are missed by traditional, anomaly-based drought indices. Counter to common assumptions, fLUE reductions are largest in drought-deciduous vegetation, including grasslands. Our results highlight the necessity to account for soil moisture limitation in terrestrial primary productivity data products, especially for drought-related assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Stocker
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
- CREAFCerdanyola del VallèsCatalonia08193Spain
| | - Jakob Zscheischler
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Trevor F. Keenan
- Earth and Environmental Sciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LabBerkeleyCA94709USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and ManagementUC BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - I. Colin Prentice
- AXA Chair of Biosphere and Climate ImpactsDepartment of Life SciencesImperial College LondonSilwood Park CampusLondonSL5 7PYUK
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAFCerdanyola del VallèsCatalonia08193Spain
- CSICGlobal Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UABBellaterra, Catalonia08193Spain
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6
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Fei X, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Sha L, Liu Y, Song Q, Zhou W, Liang N, Yu G, Zhang L, Zhou R, Li J, Zhang S, Li P. Eddy covariance and biometric measurements show that a savanna ecosystem in Southwest China is a carbon sink. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41025. [PMID: 28145459 PMCID: PMC5286525 DOI: 10.1038/srep41025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Savanna ecosystems play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. However, there is a gap in our understanding of carbon fluxes in the savanna ecosystems of Southeast Asia. In this study, the eddy covariance technique (EC) and the biometric-based method (BM) were used to determine carbon exchange in a savanna ecosystem in Southwest China. The BM-based net ecosystem production (NEP) was 0.96 tC ha−1 yr−1. The EC-based estimates of the average annual gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Reco), and net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) were 6.84, 5.54, and −1.30 tC ha−1 yr−1, respectively, from May 2013 to December 2015, indicating that this savanna ecosystem acted as an appreciable carbon sink. The ecosystem was more efficient during the wet season than the dry season, so that it represented a small carbon sink of 0.16 tC ha−1 yr−1 in the dry season and a considerable carbon sink of 1.14 tC ha−1 yr−1 in the wet season. However, it is noteworthy that the carbon sink capacity may decline in the future under rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall. Consequently, further studies should assess how environmental factors and climate change will influence carbon-water fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehai Fei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Liqing Sha
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Yuntong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Qinghai Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Naishen Liang
- Global Carbon Cycle Research Section, Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Guirui Yu
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruiwu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shubin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, Yunnan 653300, China
| | - Peiguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, Yunnan 653300, China
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7
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Campo J, Merino A. Variations in soil carbon sequestration and their determinants along a precipitation gradient in seasonally dry tropical forest ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:1942-1956. [PMID: 26913708 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of precipitation regime on the C cycle of tropical forests is poorly understood, despite the existence of models that suggest a drier climate may substantially alter the source-sink function of these ecosystems. Along a precipitation regime gradient containing 12 mature seasonally dry tropical forests growing under otherwise similar conditions (similar annual temperature, rainfall seasonality, and geological substrate), we analyzed the influence of variation in annual precipitation (1240 to 642 mm) and duration of seasonal drought on soil C. We investigated litterfall, decomposition in the forest floor, and C storage in the mineral soil, and analyzed the dependence of these processes and pools on precipitation. Litterfall decreased slightly - about 10% - from stands with 1240 mm yr(-1) to those with 642 mm yr(-1), while the decomposition decreased by 56%. Reduced precipitation strongly affected C storage and basal respiration in the mineral soil. Higher soil C storage at the drier sites was also related to the higher chemical recalcitrance of litter (fine roots and forest floor) and the presence of charcoal across sites, suggesting an important indirect influence of climate on C sequestration. Basal respiration was controlled by the amount of recalcitrant organic matter in the mineral soil. We conclude that in these forest ecosystems, the long-term consequences of decreased precipitation would be an increase in organic layer and mineral soil C storage, mainly due to lower decomposition and higher chemical recalcitrance of organic matter, resulting from changes in litter composition and, likely also, wildfire patterns. This could turn these seasonally dry tropical forests into significant soil C sinks under the predicted longer drought periods if primary productivity is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Campo
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-275, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Agustín Merino
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
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8
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Roa-Fuentes LL, Templer PH, Campo J. Effects of precipitation regime and soil nitrogen on leaf traits in seasonally dry tropical forests of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Oecologia 2015; 179:585-97. [PMID: 26013874 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leaf traits are closely associated with nutrient use by plants and can be utilized as a proxy for nutrient cycling processes. However, open questions remain, in particular regarding the variability of leaf traits within and across seasonally dry tropical forests. To address this, we considered six leaf traits (specific area, thickness, dry matter content, N content, P content and natural abundance (15)N) of four co-occurring tree species (two that are not associated with N2-fixing bacteria and two that are associated with N2-fixing bacteria) and net N mineralization rates and inorganic N concentrations along a precipitation gradient (537-1036 mm per year) in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Specifically we sought to test the hypothesis that leaf traits of dominant plant species shift along a precipitation gradient, but are affected by soil N cycling. Although variation among different species within each site explains some leaf trait variation, there is also a high level of variability across sites, suggesting that factors other than precipitation regime more strongly influence leaf traits. Principal component analyses indicated that across sites and tree species, covariation in leaf traits is an indicator of soil N availability. Patterns of natural abundance (15)N in foliage and foliage minus soil suggest that variation in precipitation regime drives a shift in plant N acquisition and the openness of the N cycle. Overall, our study shows that both plant species and site are important determinants of leaf traits, and that the leaf trait spectrum is correlated with soil N cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia L Roa-Fuentes
- Centro del Cambio Global y la Sustentabilidad en el Sureste, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | | | - Julio Campo
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70275, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
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9
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Beringer J, Hutley LB, Abramson D, Arndt SK, Briggs P, Bristow M, Canadell JG, Cernusak LA, Eamus D, Edwards AC, Evans BJ, Fest B, Goergen K, Grover SP, Hacker J, Haverd V, Kanniah K, Livesley SJ, Lynch A, Maier S, Moore C, Raupach M, Russell-Smith J, Scheiter S, Tapper NJ, Uotila P. Fire in Australian savannas: from leaf to landscape. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:62-81. [PMID: 25044767 PMCID: PMC4310295 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Savanna ecosystems comprise 22% of the global terrestrial surface and 25% of Australia (almost 1.9 million km2) and provide significant ecosystem services through carbon and water cycles and the maintenance of biodiversity. The current structure, composition and distribution of Australian savannas have coevolved with fire, yet remain driven by the dynamic constraints of their bioclimatic niche. Fire in Australian savannas influences both the biophysical and biogeochemical processes at multiple scales from leaf to landscape. Here, we present the latest emission estimates from Australian savanna biomass burning and their contribution to global greenhouse gas budgets. We then review our understanding of the impacts of fire on ecosystem function and local surface water and heat balances, which in turn influence regional climate. We show how savanna fires are coupled to the global climate through the carbon cycle and fire regimes. We present new research that climate change is likely to alter the structure and function of savannas through shifts in moisture availability and increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in turn altering fire regimes with further feedbacks to climate. We explore opportunities to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions from savanna ecosystems through changes in savanna fire management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Beringer
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash UniversityMelbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
| | - Lindsay B Hutley
- School of Environment, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin UniversityDarwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - David Abramson
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, Vic., 3121, Australia
| | - Peter Briggs
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric ResearchGPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Mila Bristow
- School of Environment, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin UniversityDarwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Josep G Canadell
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric ResearchGPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook UniversityCairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
| | - Derek Eamus
- School of the Environment, University of TechnologySydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Andrew C Edwards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie UniversityNorth Ryde, NSW, 2113, Australia
| | - Bradley J Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie UniversityNorth Ryde, NSW, 2113, Australia
| | - Benedikt Fest
- Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, Vic., 3121, Australia
| | - Klaus Goergen
- Meteorological Institute, University of BonnBonn, D-53121, Germany
- Juelich Supercomputing Centre, Research Centre JuelichJuelich, 52425, Germany
- Centre for High Performance Scientific Computing in Terrestrial Systems, Research Centre JuelichJuelich, 52425, Germany
| | - Samantha P Grover
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Environment, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin UniversityDarwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Jorg Hacker
- Airborne Research Australia/Flinders UniversitySalisbury South, SA, 5106, Australia
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric ResearchGPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Kasturi Kanniah
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Faculty of Geoinformation & Real Estate, Department of Geoinformation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Stephen J Livesley
- Department of Resource Management and Geography, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, Vic., 3121, Australia
| | - Amanda Lynch
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Stefan Maier
- School of Environment, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin UniversityDarwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Caitlin Moore
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Raupach
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric ResearchGPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jeremy Russell-Smith
- School of Environment, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin UniversityDarwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Simon Scheiter
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (LOEWE BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungSenckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nigel J Tapper
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Petteri Uotila
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinki, FI-00101, Finland
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10
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Rossatto DR, da Silveira Lobo Sternberg L, Franco AC. The partitioning of water uptake between growth forms in a Neotropical savanna: do herbs exploit a third water source niche? PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:84-92. [PMID: 22672316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In addition to trees and grasses, the savannas of central Brazil are characterised by a diverse herbaceous dicot flora. Here we tested whether the coexistence of a highly diversified assemblage of species resulted in stratification or strong overlap in the use of soil water resources. We measured oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of stem water from herbs, grasses and trees growing side by side, as well as the isotopic composition of water in soil profile, groundwater and rainfall, and predawn (Ψ(pd)) and midday (Ψ(md)) leaf water potentials. We used a stable isotope mixing model to estimate vertical partitioning of soil water by the three growth forms. Grasses relied on shallow soil water (5-50 cm) and were strongly anisohydric. Ψ(pd) and Ψ(md) decreased significantly from the wet to the dry season. Trees extracted water from deeper regions of the soil profile (60-120 cm) and were isohydric. Ψ(pd) and Ψ(md) did not change from the wet to the dry season. Herbs overlapped with grasses in patterns of water extraction in the dry season (between 10 and 40 cm), but they took up water at soil depths intermediate (70-100 cm) to those of trees and grasses during the wet season. They showed seasonal changes in Ψ(pd) but not in Ψ(md). We conclude that vertical partitioning of soil water may have contributed to coexistence of these three growth forms and resulted in a more complex pattern of soil water extraction than the two-compartment model of soil water uptake currently used to explain the structure and function of tropical savanna ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Rossatto
- Pós Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Roa-Fuentes LL, Campo J, Parra-Tabla V. Plant Biomass Allocation across a Precipitation Gradient: An Approach to Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest at Yucatán, Mexico. Ecosystems 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Pfautsch S, Keitel C, Turnbull TL, Braimbridge MJ, Wright TE, Simpson RR, O'Brien JA, Adams MA. Diurnal patterns of water use in Eucalyptus victrix indicate pronounced desiccation-rehydration cycles despite unlimited water supply. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:1041-1051. [PMID: 21908853 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about nocturnal transpiration (E(night)) of trees is increasing and its impact on regional water and carbon balance has been recognized. Most of this knowledge has been generated in temperate or equatorial regions. Yet, little is known about E(night) and tree water use (Q) in semi-arid regions. We investigated the influence of atmospheric conditions on daytime (Q(day)) and nighttime water transport (Q(night)) of Eucalyptus victrix L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill growing over shallow groundwater (not >1.5 m in depth) in semi-arid tropical Australia. We recorded Q(day) and Q(night) at different tree heights in conjunction with measurements of stomatal conductance (g(s)) and partitioned E(night) from refilling processes. Q of average-sized trees (200-400 mm diameter) was 1000-3000 l month(-1), but increased exponentially with diameter such that large trees (>500 mm diameter) used up to 8000 l month(-1). Q was remarkably stable across seasons. Water flux densities (J(s)) varied significantly at different tree heights during day and night. We show that g(s) remained significantly different from zero and E(night) was always greater than zero due to vapor pressure deficits (D) that remained >1.5 kPa at night throughout the year. Q(night) reached a maximum of 50% of Q(day) and was >0.03 mm h(-1) averaged across seasons. Refilling began during afternoon hours and continued well into the night. Q(night) eventually stabilized and closely tracked D(night). Coupling of Q(night) and D(night) was particularly strong during the wet season (R2 = 0.95). We suggest that these trees have developed the capacity to withstand a pronounced desiccation-rehydration cycle in a semi-arid environment. Such a cycle has important implications for local and regional hydrological budgets of semi-arid landscapes, as large nighttime water fluxes must be included in any accounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pfautsch
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Sydney, 1 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia.
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Jamali H, Livesley SJ, Grover SP, Dawes TZ, Hutley LB, Cook GD, Arndt SK. The Importance of Termites to the CH4 Balance of a Tropical Savanna Woodland of Northern Australia. Ecosystems 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-011-9439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Setterfield SA, Rossiter-Rachor NA, Hutley LB, Douglas MM, Williams RJ. BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH: Turning up the heat: the impacts of Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass) invasion on fire behaviour in northern Australian savannas. DIVERS DISTRIB 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Scott RL, Jenerette GD, Potts DL, Huxman TE. Effects of seasonal drought on net carbon dioxide exchange from a woody-plant-encroached semiarid grassland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jg000900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pepper DA, McMurtrie RE, Medlyn BE, Keith H, Eamus D. Mechanisms linking plant productivity and water status for a temperate Eucalyptus forest flux site: analysis over wet and dry years with a simple model. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:493-508. [PMID: 32688806 DOI: 10.1071/fp08125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A simple process-based model was applied to a tall Eucalyptus forest site over consecutive wet and dry years to examine the importance of different mechanisms linking productivity and water availability. Measured soil moisture, gas flux (CO2, H2O) and meteorological records for the site were used. Similar levels of simulated H2O flux in 'wet' and 'dry' years were achieved when water availability was not confined to the first 1.20 m of the soil profile, but was allowed to exceed it. Although the simulated effects of low soil and atmospheric water content on CO2 flux, presumably via reduction in stomatal aperture, also acted on transpiration, they were offset in the dry year by a higher vapour-pressure deficit. A sensitivity analysis identified the processes that were important in wet versus dry years, and on an intra-annual timeframe. Light-limited productivity dominated in both years, except for the driest period in the dry year. Vapour-pressure deficit affected productivity across more of each year than soil moisture, but both effects were larger in the dry year. The introduction of a reduced leaf area tended to decrease sensitivity in the dry year. Plant hydraulic architecture that increases plant available water, maximises productivity per unit water use and achieves lower sensitivity to low soil moisture levels should minimise production losses during dry conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Pepper
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ross E McMurtrie
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Heather Keith
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Derek Eamus
- Institute for Water and Environmental Resource Management and Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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Li SG, Eugster W, Asanuma J, Kotani A, Davaa G, Oyunbaatar D, Sugita M. Response of gross ecosystem productivity, light use efficiency, and water use efficiency of Mongolian steppe to seasonal variations in soil moisture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Gong Li
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kawaguchi, Saitama Japan
| | - Werner Eugster
- Institute of Plant Sciences; ETH Zurich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jun Asanuma
- Division of Geo-Environmental Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Ayumi Kotani
- Division of Geo-Environmental Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Gombo Davaa
- Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology; Khudaldaany Gudamj, Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
| | | | - Michiaki Sugita
- Division of Geo-Environmental Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
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Schymanski SJ, Roderick ML, Sivapalan M, Hutley LB, Beringer J. A canopy-scale test of the optimal water-use hypothesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:97-111. [PMID: 17971063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Common empirical models of stomatal conductivity often incorporate a sensitivity of stomata to the rate of leaf photosynthesis. Such a sensitivity has been predicted on theoretical terms by Cowan and Farquhar, who postulated that stomata should adjust dynamically to maximize photosynthesis for a given water loss. In this study, we implemented the Cowan and Farquhar hypothesis of optimal stomatal conductivity into a canopy gas exchange model, and predicted the diurnal and daily variability of transpiration for a savanna site in the wet-dry tropics of northern Australia. The predicted transpiration dynamics were then compared with observations at the site using the eddy covariance technique. The observations were also used to evaluate two alternative approaches: constant conductivity and a tuned empirical model. The model based on the optimal water-use hypothesis performed better than the one based on constant stomatal conductivity, and at least as well as the tuned empirical model. This suggests that the optimal water-use hypothesis is useful for modelling canopy gas exchange, and that it can reduce the need for model parameterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaus J Schymanski
- School of Environmental Systems Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Roxburgh SH, Barrett DJ, Berry SL, Carter JO, Davies ID, Gifford RM, Kirschbaum MUF, McBeth BP, Noble IR, Parton WG, Raupach MR, Roderick ML. A critical overview of model estimates of net primary productivity for the Australian continent. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2004; 31:1043-1059. [PMID: 32688973 DOI: 10.1071/fp04100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Net primary production links the biosphere and the climate system through the global cycling of carbon, water and nutrients. Accurate quantification of net primary productivity (NPP) is therefore critical in understanding the response of the world's ecosystems to global climate change, and how changes in ecosystems might themselves feed back to the climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Roxburgh
- Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Damian J Barrett
- Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sandra L Berry
- Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - John O Carter
- Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ian D Davies
- Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Roger M Gifford
- Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Miko U F Kirschbaum
- Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Bevan P McBeth
- Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ian R Noble
- Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - William G Parton
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Michael R Raupach
- Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Micahel L Roderick
- Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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PRIOR LD, BOWMAN DMJS, EAMUS D. Seasonal differences in leaf attributes in Australian tropical tree species: family and habitat comparisons. Funct Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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