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Tunc CE, von Wirén N. Hidden aging: the secret role of root senescence. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2025; 30:553-564. [PMID: 40074576 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2025.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2025] [Accepted: 02/12/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025]
Abstract
Root age-dependent processes have remained poorly understood. Here, we define root age-related terms in their eco-/physiological context, provide a synthesis of read-outs and traits characterizing root senescence in different root types, and follow their modulation in the light of metabolic, hormonal, and genetic control. Evidence for an endogenously regulated senescence program in roots includes changes in root anatomy, metabolism, and color, decrease in root activity, increasing levels of stress-related hormones, and increasing expression of certain transcription factors (TFs) or genes involved in oxidative stress defense. Uncovering the genetic regulation of the developmental program steering root senescence is of great importance to establish a balanced view on whole-plant aging and improve resource efficiency in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cevza Esin Tunc
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany.
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2
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Wang D, Freschet GT, McCormack ML, Lambers H, Gu J. Nutrient resorption of leaves and roots coordinates with root nutrient-acquisition strategies in a temperate forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2025; 246:515-527. [PMID: 39931837 DOI: 10.1111/nph.70001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2025] [Indexed: 03/21/2025]
Abstract
Nutrient acquisition, conservation and recycling are three mechanisms for plants to meet their nutritional requirements. However, how nutrient recycling relates to other mechanisms remains unknown. Here, we hypothesize that nutrient resorption processes are coordinated with plant nutrient-acquisition strategies. We measured leaf and root nutrient resorption efficiencies and proficiencies and root economic traits for 34 coexisting ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) temperate woody species. Our results revealed that species with lower foraging efficiency relying on mycorrhizal fungi for nutrient absorption (e.g. larger root diameter) have higher root phosphorus resorption efficiency and greater phosphorus concentrations of senesced roots, while species with conservative nutrient-acquisition strategies (e.g. higher root tissue density) have lower nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of senesced leaves and roots. Overall, our results demonstrate that plant nutrient acquisition and protection strategies are partly coordinated with plants' ability to resorb nutrients. First, they suggest that outsourcing phosphorus acquisition to mycorrhiza may limit the value for plants to reduce phosphorus loss. Second, those species better able to protect their living leaves and roots from adversity are not necessarily the most efficient to recycle nutrients, but are nonetheless the most capable of minimizing nutrient loss during organ senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongnan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | | | - M Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, 60523, USA
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jiacun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
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Chen PY, Nguyen TTT, Lee RH, Hsu TW, Kao MH, Gojobori T, Chiang TY, Huang CL. Genome-wide expression analysis of vegetative organs during developmental and herbicide-induced whole plant senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:621. [PMID: 38898417 PMCID: PMC11188203 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole plant senescence represents the final stage in the life cycle of annual plants, characterized by the decomposition of aging organs and transfer of nutrients to seeds, thereby ensuring the survival of next generation. However, the transcriptomic profile of vegetative organs during this death process remains to be fully elucidated, especially regarding the distinctions between natural programmed death and artificial sudden death induced by herbicide. RESULTS Differential genes expression analysis using RNA-seq in leaves and roots of Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that natural senescence commenced in leaves at 45-52 days after planting, followed by roots initiated at 52-60 days. Additionally, both organs exhibited similarities with artificially induced senescence by glyphosate. Transcription factors Rap2.6L and WKRY75 appeared to serve as central mediators of regulatory changes during natural senescence, as indicated by co-expression networks. Furthermore, the upregulation of RRTF1, exclusively observed during natural death, suggested its role as a regulator of jasmonic acid and reactive oxygen species (ROS) responses, potentially triggering nitrogen recycling in leaves, such as the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) shunt. Root senescence was characterized by the activation of AMT2;1 and GLN1;3, facilitating ammonium availability for root-to-shoot translocation, likely under the regulation of PDF2.1. CONCLUSIONS Our study offers valuable insights into the transcriptomic interplay between phytohormones and ROS during whole plant senescence. We observed distinct regulatory networks governing nitrogen utilization in leaf and root senescence processes. Furthermore, the efficient allocation of energy from vegetative organs to seeds emerges as a critical determinant of population sustainability of annual Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yi Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Thi Thuy Tu Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hua Lee
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Wen Hsu
- Taiwan Biodiversity Research Institute, Nantou, 552, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Kao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tzen-Yuh Chiang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Li Huang
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- Graduate Program in Translational Agricultural Sciences, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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Kilpeläinen J, Domisch T, Lehto T, Piirainen S, Silvennoinen R, Repo T. Separating the effects of air and soil temperature on silver birch. Part I. Does soil temperature or resource competition determine the timing of root growth? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2480-2501. [PMID: 35939338 PMCID: PMC9743011 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aboveground parts of boreal forest trees mostly grow earlier, and the roots later, in the growing season. We aimed to experimentally test whether the extrinsic driver of soil temperature or the intrinsic driver (resource competition between plant parts) is a more important control for the root and shoot growth of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings. Sixteen two-year-old seedlings were grown in controlled environment rooms for two simulated growing seasons (GS1, GS2). In GS1, all the seedlings were acclimatized under the same conditions, but in GS2, the soil temperature treatments were: (i) constant 10 °C (Cool); (ii) constant 18 °C (Warm); (iii) early growing season at 10 °C, switched to 18 °C later (Early Cool Late Warm, ECLW) and (iv) early growing season 18 °C, switched to 10 °C later (Early Warm Late Cool, EWLC). The treatments did not affect growth allocation between shoots and roots. Warm soil benefitted shoot elongation as it slowed down in EWLC and accelerated in ECLW after the soil temperature switch. However, whole-tree biomasses were similar to Cool and the seedlings grew largest in Warm. Phenology was not strongly affected by soil temperature, and root and shoot growth did not usually peak simultaneously. Short root mortality increased strongly in ECLW and decreased in EWLC after the soil temperature switch. Long root longevity was not significantly affected but long root growth ceased earliest in ECLW. Soil warming increased foliar nutrient contents. Growth dynamics were not solely driven by soil temperature, but resource competition also played a significant role. The study showed the importance of soil temperature for fine root dynamics not only through root growth but also via root mortality, as soil warming increased mortality even more than growth. Soil temperature has complex effects on tree and soil functioning, which further affects carbon dynamics in forest ecosystems that have a climate feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Kilpeläinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Timo Domisch
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Tarja Lehto
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirpa Piirainen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | | | - Tapani Repo
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
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Xiong H, Ma H, Zhao H, Yang L, Hu B, Wang J, Shi X, Zhang Y, Rennenberg H. Integrated physiological, proteome and gene expression analyses provide new insights into nitrogen remobilization in citrus trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1628-1645. [PMID: 35225347 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) remobilization is an important physiological process that supports the growth and development of trees. However, in evergreen broad-leaved tree species, such as citrus, the mechanisms of N remobilization are not completely understood. Therefore, we quantified the potential of N remobilization from senescing leaves of spring shoots to mature leaves of autumn shoots of citrus trees under different soil N availabilities and further explored the underlying N metabolism characteristics by physiological, proteome and gene expression analyses. Citrus exposed to low N had an approximately 38% N remobilization efficiency (NRE), whereas citrus exposed to high N had an NRE efficiency of only 4.8%. Integrated physiological, proteomic and gene expression analyses showed that photosynthesis, N and carbohydrate metabolism interact with N remobilization. The improvement of N metabolism and photosynthesis, the accumulation of proline and arginine, and delayed degradation of storage protein in senescing leaves are the result of sufficient N supply and low N remobilization. Proteome further showed that energy generation proteins and glutamate synthase were hub proteins affecting N remobilization. In addition, N requirement of mature leaves is likely met by soil supply at high N nutrition, thereby resulting in low N remobilization. These results provide insight into N remobilization mechanisms of citrus that are of significance for N fertilizer management in orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaye Xiong
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Haotian Ma
- Health Science Center, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Huanyu Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Linsheng Yang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yueqiang Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Asim M, Hussain Q, Wang X, Sun Y, Liu H, Khan R, Du S, Shi Y, Zhang Y. Mathematical Modeling Reveals That Sucrose Regulates Leaf Senescence via Dynamic Sugar Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6498. [PMID: 35742940 PMCID: PMC9223756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose (Suc) accumulation is one of the key indicators of leaf senescence onset, but little is known about its regulatory role. Here, we found that application of high (120-150 mM) and low levels (60 mM) of Suc to young leaf (YL) and fully expanded leaf (FEL) discs, respectively, decreased chlorophyll content and maximum photosynthetic efficiency. Electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde levels increased at high Suc concentrations (90-120 mM in YL and 60 and 150 mM in FEL discs). In FEL discs, the senescence-associated gene NtSAG12 showed a gradual increase in expression with increased Suc application; in contrast, in YL discs, NtSAG12 was upregulated with low Suc treatment (60 mM) but downregulated at higher levels of Suc. In YL discs, trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) accumulated at a low half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of Suc (1.765 mM). However, T6P levels declined as trehalose 6 phosphate synthase (TPS) content decreased, resulting in the maximum velocity of sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase (SnRK) and hexokinase (HXK) occurring at higher level of Suc. We therefore speculated that senescence was induced by hexose accumulation. In FEL discs, the EC50 of T6P occurred at a low concentration of Suc (0.9488 mM); T6P levels progressively increased with higher TPS content, which inhibited SnRK activity with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.001475 U/g. This confirmed that the T6P-SnRK complex induced senescence in detached FEL discs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asim
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Quaid Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Yanguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Haiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Rayyan Khan
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Shasha Du
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
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7
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Han M, Xu X, Li X, Xu M, Hu M, Xiong Y, Feng J, Wu H, Zhu H, Su T. New Insight into Aspartate Metabolic Pathways in Populus: Linking the Root Responsive Isoenzymes with Amino Acid Biosynthesis during Incompatible Interactions of Fusarium solani. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126368. [PMID: 35742809 PMCID: PMC9224274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrating amino acid metabolic pathways into plant defense and immune systems provides the building block for stress acclimation and host-pathogen interactions. Recent progress in L-aspartate (Asp) and its deployed metabolic pathways highlighted profound roles in plant growth and defense modulation. Nevertheless, much remains unknown concerning the multiple isoenzyme families involved in Asp metabolic pathways in Populus trichocarpa, a model tree species. Here, we present comprehensive features of 11 critical isoenzyme families, representing biological significance in plant development and stress adaptation. The in silico prediction of the molecular and genetic patterns, including phylogenies, genomic structures, and chromosomal distribution, identify 44 putative isoenzymes in the Populus genome. Inspection of the tissue-specific expression demonstrated that approximately 26 isogenes were expressed, predominantly in roots. Based on the transcriptomic atlas in time-course experiments, the dynamic changes of the genes transcript were explored in Populus roots challenged with soil-borne pathogenic Fusarium solani (Fs). Quantitative expression evaluation prompted 12 isoenzyme genes (PtGS2/6, PtGOGAT2/3, PtAspAT2/5/10, PtAS2, PtAspg2, PtAlaAT1, PtAK1, and PtAlaAT4) to show significant induction responding to the Fs infection. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and non-target metabolomics assay, the concurrent perturbation on levels of Asp-related metabolites led to findings of free amino acids and derivatives (e.g., Glutamate, Asp, Asparagine, Alanine, Proline, and α-/γ-aminobutyric acid), showing marked differences. The multi-omics integration of the responsive isoenzymes and differential amino acids examined facilitates Asp as a cross-talk mediator involved in metabolite biosynthesis and defense regulation. Our research provides theoretical clues for the in-depth unveiling of the defense mechanisms underlying the synergistic effect of fine-tuned Asp pathway enzymes and the linked metabolite flux in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xianglei Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xue Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mingyue Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Mei Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junhu Feng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hao Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tao Su
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1589-598-3381
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Wojciechowska N, Michalak KM, Bagniewska-Zadworna A. Autophagy-an underestimated coordinator of construction and destruction during plant root ontogeny. PLANTA 2021; 254:15. [PMID: 34184131 PMCID: PMC8238727 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Autophagy is a key but undervalued process in root ontogeny, ensuring both the proper development of root tissues as well as the senescence of the entire organ. Autophagy is a process which occurs during plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions as well as during plant ontogeny. Autophagy is also engaged in plant root development, however, the limitations of belowground studies make it challenging to understand the entirety of the developmental processes. We summarize and discuss the current data pertaining to autophagy in the roots of higher plants during their formation and degradation, from the beginning of root tissue differentiation and maturation; all the way to the aging of the entire organ. During root growth, autophagy participates in the processes of central vacuole formation in cortical tissue development, as well as vascular tissue differentiation and root senescence. At present, several key issues are still not entirely understood and remain to be addressed in future studies. The major challenge lies in the portrayal of the mechanisms of autophagy on subcellular events in belowground plant organs during the programmed control of cellular degradation pathways in roots. Given the wide range of technical areas of inquiry where root-related research can be applied, including cutting-edge cell biological methods to track, sort and screen cells from different root tissues and zones of growth, the identification of several lines of evidence pertaining to autophagy during root developmental processes is the most urgent challenge. Consequently, a substantial effort must be made to ensure whether the analyzed process is autophagy-dependent or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wojciechowska
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Kornel M Michalak
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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9
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Niinemets Ü, Ostonen I. Plant organ senescence above- and belowground in trees: how to best salvage resources for new growth? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:981-986. [PMID: 32353147 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ivika Ostonen
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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Allies or Enemies: The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Developmental Processes of Black Cottonwood ( Populus trichocarpa). Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030199. [PMID: 32120843 PMCID: PMC7139288 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to aboveground organs (stems and leaves), developmental events and their regulation in underground organs, such as pioneer and fine roots, are quite poorly understood. The objective of the current study was to achieve a better understanding of the physiological and molecular role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-related enzymes in the process of stem and pioneer root development in black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), as well as in the senescence of leaves and fine roots. Results of a transcriptomic analysis revealed that primary/secondary growth and senescence are accompanied by substantial changes in the expression of genes related to oxidative stress metabolism. We observed that some mechanisms common for above- and under-ground organs, e.g., the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes and SOD activity, declined during stems' and pioneer roots' development. Moreover, the localization of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2•-) in the primary and secondary xylem of stems and pioneer roots confirms their involvement in xylem cell wall lignification and the induction of programmed cell death (PCD). H2O2 and O2•- in senescing fine roots were present in the same locations as demonstrated previously for ATG8 (AuTophaGy-related) proteins, implying their participation in cell degradation during senescence, while O2•- in older leaves was also localized similarly to ATG8 in chloroplasts, suggesting their role in chlorophagy. ROS and ROS-related enzymes play an integral role in the lignification of xylem cell walls in Populus trichocarpa, as well as the induction of PCD during xylogenesis and senescence.
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