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Drought-Mediated Changes in Tree Physiological Processes Weaken Tree Defenses to Bark Beetle Attack. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:888-900. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Host Defense Mechanisms against Bark Beetle Attack Differ between Ponderosa and Lodgepole Pines. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7100248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hood SM, Baker S, Sala A. Fortifying the forest: thinning and burning increase resistance to a bark beetle outbreak and promote forest resilience. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:1984-2000. [PMID: 27755724 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fire frequency in low-elevation coniferous forests in western North America has greatly declined since the late 1800s. In many areas, this has increased tree density and the proportion of shade-tolerant species, reduced resource availability, and increased forest susceptibility to forest insect pests and high-severity wildfire. In response, treatments are often implemented with the goal of increasing ecosystem resilience by increasing resistance to disturbance. We capitalized on an existing replicated study of fire and stand density treatments in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)-Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest in western Montana, USA, that experienced a naturally occurring mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreak 5 yr after implementation of fuels treatments. We explored whether treatment effects on tree-level defense and stand structure affected resistance to MPB. Mortality from MPB was highest in the denser, untreated control and burn-only treatments, with approximately 50% and 39%, respectively, of ponderosa pine killed during the outbreak, compared to almost no mortality in the thin-only and thin-burn treatments. Thinning treatments, with or without fire, dramatically increased tree growth and resin ducts relative to control and burn-only treatments. Prescribed burning did not increase resin ducts but did cause changes in resin chemistry that may have affected MPB communication and lowered attack success. While ponderosa pine remained dominant in the thin and thin-burn treatments after the outbreak, the high pine mortality in the control and burn-only treatment caused a shift in species dominance to Douglas-fir. The high Douglas-fir component in the control and burn-only treatments due to 20th century fire exclusion, coupled with high pine mortality from MPB, has likely reduced resilience of this forest beyond the ability to return to a ponderosa pine-dominated system in the absence of further fire or mechanical treatment. Our results show treatments designed to increase resistance to high-severity fire in ponderosa pine-dominated forests in the Northern Rockies can also increase resistance to MPB, even during an outbreak. This study suggests that fuel and restoration treatments in fire-dependent ponderosa pine forests that reduce tree density increase ecosystem resilience in the short term, while the reintroduction of fire is important for long-term resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Hood
- Fire, Fuel and Smoke Science Program, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 5775 Highway 10 W, Missoula, Montana, 59808, USA.
- Division of Biological Sciences, 32 Campus Drive, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA.
| | - Stephen Baker
- Fire, Fuel and Smoke Science Program, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 5775 Highway 10 W, Missoula, Montana, 59808, USA
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, 32 Campus Drive, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
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Keefover-Ring K, Trowbridge A, Mason CJ, Raffa KF. Rapid Induction of Multiple Terpenoid Groups by Ponderosa Pine in Response to Bark Beetle-Associated Fungi. J Chem Ecol 2015; 42:1-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hood S, Sala A. Ponderosa pine resin defenses and growth: metrics matter. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1223-35. [PMID: 26433021 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) cause widespread tree mortality in coniferous forests worldwide. Constitutive and induced host defenses are important factors in an individual tree's ability to survive an attack and in bottom-up regulation of bark beetle population dynamics, yet quantifying defense levels is often difficult. For example, in Pinus spp., resin flow is important for resistance to bark beetles but is extremely variable among individuals and within a season. While resin is produced and stored in resin ducts, the specific resin duct metrics that best correlate with resin flow remain unclear. The ability and timing of some pine species to produce induced resin is also not well understood. We investigated (i) the relationships between ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson) resin flow and axial resin duct characteristics, tree growth and physiological variables, and (ii) if mechanical wounding induces ponderosa pine resin flow and resin ducts in the absence of bark beetles. Resin flow increased later in the growing season under moderate water stress and was highest in faster growing trees. The best predictors of resin flow were nonstandardized measures of resin ducts, resin duct size and total resin duct area, both of which increased with tree growth. However, while faster growing trees tended to produce more resin, models of resin flow using only tree growth were not statistically significant. Further, the standardized measures of resin ducts, density and duct area relative to xylem area, decreased with tree growth rate, indicating that slower growing trees invested more in resin duct defenses per unit area of radial growth, despite a tendency to produce less resin overall. We also found that mechanical wounding induced ponderosa pine defenses, but this response was slow. Resin flow increased after 28 days, and resin duct production did not increase until the following year. These slow induced responses may allow unsuccessfully attacked or wounded trees to resist future bark beetle attacks. Forest management that encourages healthy, vigorously growing trees will also favor larger resin ducts, thereby conferring increased constitutive resistance to bark beetle attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Hood
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT 59808, USA
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Netherer S, Matthews B, Katzensteiner K, Blackwell E, Henschke P, Hietz P, Pennerstorfer J, Rosner S, Kikuta S, Schume H, Schopf A. Do water-limiting conditions predispose Norway spruce to bark beetle attack? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1128-1141. [PMID: 25417785 PMCID: PMC4315866 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Drought is considered to enhance susceptibility of Norway spruce (Picea abies) to infestations by the Eurasian spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus, Coleoptera: Curculionidae), although empirical evidence is scarce. We studied the impact of experimentally induced drought on tree water status and constitutive resin flow, and how physiological stress affects host acceptance and resistance. We established rain-out shelters to induce both severe (two full-cover plots) and moderate (two semi-cover plots) drought stress. In total, 18 sample trees, which were divided equally between the above treatment plots and two control plots, were investigated. Infestation was controlled experimentally using a novel 'attack box' method. Treatments influenced the ratios of successful and defended attacks, but predisposition of trees to infestation appeared to be mainly driven by variations in stress status of the individual trees over time. With increasingly negative twig water potentials and decreasing resin exudation, the defence capability of the spruce trees decreased. We provide empirical evidence that water-limiting conditions impair Norway spruce resistance to bark beetle attack. Yet, at the same time our data point to reduced host acceptance by I. typographus with more extreme drought stress, indicated by strongly negative pre-dawn twig water potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Netherer
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesHasenauerstr. 38, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
- Author for correspondence:Sigrid Netherer,Tel: +43 1 3686352,
| | - Bradley Matthews
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesPeter-Jordan-Str 82, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Katzensteiner
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesPeter-Jordan-Str 82, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emma Blackwell
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesHasenauerstr. 38, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Henschke
- Institute of Botany, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesGregor-Mendel-Str 33, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Hietz
- Institute of Botany, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesGregor-Mendel-Str 33, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Pennerstorfer
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesHasenauerstr. 38, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Rosner
- Institute of Botany, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesGregor-Mendel-Str 33, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Kikuta
- Institute of Botany, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesGregor-Mendel-Str 33, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Schume
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesPeter-Jordan-Str 82, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Schopf
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesHasenauerstr. 38, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
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Gaylord ML, Kolb TE, Pockman WT, Plaut JA, Yepez EA, Macalady AK, Pangle RE, McDowell NG. Drought predisposes piñon-juniper woodlands to insect attacks and mortality. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:567-578. [PMID: 23421561 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that drought predisposes trees to insect attacks, we quantified the effects of water availability on insect attacks, tree resistance mechanisms, and mortality of mature piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma) using an experimental drought study in New Mexico, USA. The study had four replicated treatments (40 × 40 m plot/replicate): removal of 45% of ambient annual precipitation (H2 O-); irrigation to produce 125% of ambient annual precipitation (H2 O+); a drought control (C) to quantify the impact of the drought infrastructure; and ambient precipitation (A). Piñon began dying 1 yr after drought initiation, with higher mortality in the H2 O- treatment relative to other treatments. Beetles (bark/twig) were present in 92% of dead trees. Resin duct density and area were more strongly affected by treatments and more strongly associated with piñon mortality than direct measurements of resin flow. For juniper, treatments had no effect on insect resistance or attacks, but needle browning was highest in the H2 O- treatment. Our results provide strong evidence that ≥ 1 yr of severe drought predisposes piñon to insect attacks and increases mortality, whereas 3 yr of the same drought causes partial canopy loss in juniper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Gaylord
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Thomas E Kolb
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - William T Pockman
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Jennifer A Plaut
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Enrico A Yepez
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
- Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y del Medio Ambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón México, 85000, México
| | - Alison K Macalady
- School of Geography and Development and Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Robert E Pangle
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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