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Kerr KL, Fickle JC, Anderegg WRL. Decoupling of functional traits from intraspecific patterns of growth and drought stress resistance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37129078 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in functional traits may mediate tree species' drought resistance, yet whether trait variation is due to genotype (G), environment (E), or G×E interactions remains unknown. Understanding the drivers of intraspecific trait variation and whether variation mediates drought response can improve predictions of species' response to future drought. Using populations of quaking aspen spanning a climate gradient, we investigated intraspecific variation in functional traits in the field as well as the influence of G and E among propagules in a common garden. We also tested for trait-mediated trade-offs in growth and drought stress tolerance. We observed intraspecific trait variation among the populations, yet this variation did not necessarily translate to higher drought stress tolerance in hotter/drier populations. Additionally, plasticity in the common garden was low, especially in propagules derived from the hottest/driest population. We found no growth-drought stress tolerance trade-offs and few traits exhibited significant relationships with mortality in the natural populations, suggesting that intraspecific trait variation among the traits measured did not strongly mediate responses to drought stress. Our results highlight the limits of trait-mediated responses to drought stress and the complex G×E interactions that may underlie drought stress tolerance variation in forests in dry environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Kerr
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jaycie C Fickle
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Wilkes Center for Climate Science and Policy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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Compton S, Stackpole C, Dixit A, Sekhwal MK, Kolb T, De la Torre AR. Differences in heat tolerance, water use efficiency and growth among Douglas-fir families and varieties evidenced by GWAS and common garden studies. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad008. [PMID: 37007611 PMCID: PMC10052383 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Severe and frequent heat and drought events challenge the survival and development of long-generation trees. In this study, we investigated the genomic basis of heat tolerance, water use efficiency and growth by performing genome-wide association studies in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and intervarietal (menziesii × glauca) hybrid seedlings. GWAS results identified 32 candidate genes involved in primary and secondary metabolism, abiotic stress and signaling, among other functions. Water use efficiency (inferred from carbon isotope discrimination), photosynthetic capacity (inferred from %N), height and heat tolerance (inferred from electrolyte leakage in a heat stress experiment) were significantly different among Douglas-fir families and varieties. High-elevation seed sources had increased water use efficiency, which could be a result of higher photosynthetic capacity. Similarly, families with greater heat tolerance also had higher water use efficiency and slower growth, suggesting a conservative growth strategy. Intervarietal hybrids showed increased heat tolerance (lower electrolyte leakage at 50 and 55 °C) and higher water use efficiency compared with coastal families, suggesting that hybridization might be a source of pre-adapted alleles to warming climates and should be considered for large-scale reforestation projects under increasingly arid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aalap Dixit
- Department of Forestry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM 87701, USA
| | - Manoj K Sekhwal
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E. Pine Knoll, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Thomas Kolb
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E. Pine Knoll, AZ 86011, USA
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Meta-Analysis Reveals Challenges and Gaps for Genome-to-Phenome Research Underpinning Plant Drought Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012297. [PMID: 36293161 PMCID: PMC9602940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe drought conditions and extreme weather events are increasing worldwide with climate change, threatening the persistence of native plant communities and ecosystems. Many studies have investigated the genomic basis of plant responses to drought. However, the extent of this research throughout the plant kingdom is unclear, particularly among species critical for the sustainability of natural ecosystems. This study aimed to broaden our understanding of genome-to-phenome (G2P) connections in drought-stressed plants and identify focal taxa for future research. Bioinformatics pipelines were developed to mine and link information from databases and abstracts from 7730 publications. This approach identified 1634 genes involved in drought responses among 497 plant taxa. Most (83.30%) of these species have been classified for human use, and most G2P interactions have been described within model organisms or crop species. Our analysis identifies several gaps in G2P research literature and database connectivity, with 21% of abstracts being linked to gene and taxonomy data in NCBI. Abstract text mining was more successful at identifying potential G2P pathways, with 34% of abstracts containing gene, taxa, and phenotype information. Expanding G2P studies to include non-model plants, especially those that are adapted to drought stress, will help advance our understanding of drought responsive G2P pathways.
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Adaptive Strategies of Seedlings of Four Mediterranean Co-Occurring Tree Species in Response to Light and Moderate Drought: A Nursery Approach. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Mediterranean environments, light and water are clearly dominant ecological drivers of seedling growth and survival, and their interaction could modify productivity and forest composition. We examine the early response of seedlings of four co-occurring Mediterranean tree species (Pinus pinea, Juniperus thurifera, Quercus ilex and Quercus faginea) grown in the nursery to differing light and water availability conditions. Morphological (survival, height, biomass) and physiological (shoot midday water potential, net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, Fv/Fm, PSII and ETR) traits were studied, along with biomass allocation traits and drought resistance and plasticity indices. A significant effect of both factors was mainly shown for growth and morphological traits, while survival, physiological traits and allometry were affected by either water availability or light, being more remarkable the effect of water availability over light. Drought severely limited Q. faginea’s survival under both light intensities. The high plasticity of J. thurifera and Q. ilex seedlings to different light and water availability environments will confer these two species with an adaptive advantage in the early growth stages in comparison with P. pinea and Q. faginea seedlings. Thus, to maintain the codominance of the four species, silvicultural interventions should focus on the joint management of all of them.
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The aboveground and belowground growth characteristics of juvenile conifers in the southwestern United States. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Provenance Variation in Early Survival, Growth, and Carbon Isotope Discrimination of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Growing in Three Common Gardens across an Elevational Gradient. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12111561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated early survival, growth, and carbon isotope discrimination of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm.) seedlings from different provenances using common gardens across an elevational gradient in order to examine the potential for adaptation to extreme environments and constraints to artificial regeneration. Twenty-one provenances from a range of elevations across Arizona and New Mexico were planted in three common gardens: a high-elevation meadow in aspen-mixed conifer forest, a mid-elevation ponderosa pine forest, and a low-elevation pinyon juniper woodland. Two years after planting in 2018, survival was highest at the mid-elevation site (54%), low at the high-elevation site (1.5%), and 0% at the low-elevation site. At the hot and dry low-elevation site, provenances from low-elevations survived longer than provenances from mid- and high-elevations, which suggests greater drought tolerance of low-elevation provenances. Mortality agents changed from abiotic (drought) to biotic (herbivory) with an increase in elevation across sites. High mortality of seedlings planted at high-elevation sites from biotic agents, such as rodents, may challenge efforts to establish ponderosa pine in assisted migration projects. Seedlings had significantly higher growth rate and carbon isotope discrimination (∆13C) at the mid-elevation site than the high-elevation site. Provenances differed significantly in diameter, and ∆13C, but not in height growth rate for the first year after planting. Provenance variation in ∆13C suggests genetic variation in water use efficiency that may be useful for future evaluation of southwestern ponderosa pine seed sources for reforestation.
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Beikircher B, Sack L, Ganthaler A, Losso A, Mayr S. Hydraulic-stomatal coordination in tree seedlings: tight correlation across environments and ontogeny in Acer pseudoplatanus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1297-1310. [PMID: 34176137 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic conductance is recognized as a major determinant of gas exchange and productivity. However, whether this also applies to seedlings, a critically important stage for vegetation regeneration, has been largely unknown. We analyzed the hydraulic and stomatal conductance of leaves and shoots for 6-wk-old Acer pseudoplatanus seedlings emerging in different lowland and treeline habitats and under glasshouse conditions, respectively, as well as on 9-, 15- and 18-wk-old plants, and related findings to leaf and xylem anatomical traits. Treeline seedlings had higher leaf area-specific shoot hydraulic conductance (Kshoot-L ), and stomatal conductance (gs ), associated with wider xylem conduits, lower leaf area and higher stomatal density than lowland and glasshouse-grown plants. Across the first 18 wk of development, seedlings increased four-fold in absolute shoot hydraulic conductance (Kshoot ) and declined by half in Kshoot-L , with correlated shifts in xylem and leaf anatomy. Distal leaves had higher leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ) and gs compared to basal leaves. Seedlings show strong variation across growth environments and ontogenetic shifts in hydraulic and anatomical parameters. Across growth sites, ontogenetic stages and leaf orders, gs was tightly correlated with Kshoot-L and Kleaf , balancing hydraulic supply with demand for the earliest stages of seedling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Beikircher
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California (UCLA), 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Andrea Ganthaler
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Adriano Losso
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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Kerr KL, Zenes N, Trugman AT, Anderegg WRL. Testing the effects of species interactions and water limitation on tree seedling biomass allocation and physiology. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1323-1335. [PMID: 33555334 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Species interactions mediate tree responses to water limitation because competition and/or facilitation alter plant physiology and growth. However, because it is difficult to isolate the effects of plant-plant interactions and water limitation from other environmental factors, the mechanisms underlying tree physiology and growth in coexisting plants under drought are poorly understood. We investigated how species interactions and water limitation impact the physiology and growth of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings in a controlled environment growth chamber, using aspen as a focal species. Seedlings were grown in pots alone or with a con- or hetero-specific seedling, and were subjected to a water limitation treatment. Growth, water status and physiological traits were measured before, during and after the treatment. Under well-watered conditions, the presence of another seedling affected growth or biomass allocation in all species, but did not impact the physiological traits we measured. Under water limitation, the presence of a competing seedling had a marginal impact on seedling growth and physiological traits in all species. Throughout the study, the magnitude and direction of seedling responses were complex and often species-specific. Our study serves as an important step toward testing how species' interactions modify physiological responses and growth in well-watered and water-limited periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Kerr
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84111, USA
| | - Nicole Zenes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84111, USA
| | - Anna T Trugman
- Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, 1832 Ellison Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84111, USA
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Lawrence EH, Springer CJ, Helliker BR, Scott Poethig R. MicroRNA156-mediated changes in leaf composition lead to altered photosynthetic traits during vegetative phase change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1008-1022. [PMID: 33064860 PMCID: PMC8299463 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant morphology and physiology change with growth and development. Some of these changes are due to change in plant size and some are the result of genetically programmed developmental transitions. In this study we investigate the role of the developmental transition, vegetative phase change (VPC), on morphological and photosynthetic changes. We used overexpression of microRNA156, the master regulator of VPC, to modulate the timing of VPC in Populus tremula × alba, Zea mays, and Arabidopsis thaliana to determine its role in trait variation independent of changes in size and overall age. Here, we find that juvenile and adult leaves in all three species photosynthesize at different rates and that these differences are due to phase-dependent changes in specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf N but not photosynthetic biochemistry. Further, we found juvenile leaves with high SLA were associated with better photosynthetic performance at low light levels. This study establishes a role for VPC in leaf composition and photosynthetic performance across diverse species and environments. Variation in leaf traits due to VPC are likely to provide distinct benefits under specific environments; as a result, selection on the timing of this transition could be a mechanism for environmental adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica H. Lawrence
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Clint J. Springer
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, 5600 City Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Brent R. Helliker
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - R. Scott Poethig
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Suárez-Vidal E, Sampedro L, Climent J, Voltas J, Sin E, Notivol E, Zas R. Direct and correlated responses to artificial selection for growth and water-use efficiency in a Mediterranean pine. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:102-112. [PMID: 33512710 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Persistence of tree populations in the face of global change relies on their capacity to respond to biotic and abiotic stressors through plastic or adaptive changes. Genetic adaptation will depend on the additive genetic variation within populations and the heritability of traits related to stress tolerance. Because traits can be genetically linked, selective pressure acting on one trait may lead to correlated responses in other traits. METHODS To test direct and correlated responses to selection for growth and drought tolerance in Pinus halepensis, we selected trees in a parental population for higher growth and greater water-use efficiency (WUE) and compared their offspring with the offspring of random trees from the parental population in two contrasting common gardens. We estimated direct responses to selection for growth and WUE and correlated responses for growth and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stressors. RESULTS We found a strong response to selection and high realized heritability for WUE, but no response to selection for growth. Correlated responses to selection in other life-history traits were not significant, except for concentration of some chemical defenses, which was greater in the offspring of mother trees selected for growth than in the offspring of unselected control trees. CONCLUSIONS The empirical evidence of direct responses to selection for high WUE suggests that P. halepensis has the potential to evolve in response to increasing drought stress. Contrary to expectations, the results are not conclusive of a potential negative impact of WUE and growth selection on other key life-history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Sampedro
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo. 28, 36143, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Jose Climent
- INIA-CIFOR, Department of Ecology and Forest Genetics, Ctra. Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Voltas
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, E25198, Lleida, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, E25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ester Sin
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, E25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Eduardo Notivol
- Forest Resources Unit, CITA & IA2, Av. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafael Zas
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo. 28, 36143, Pontevedra, Spain
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Sigala JA, Uscola M, Oliet JA, Jacobs DF. Drought tolerance and acclimation in Pinus ponderosa seedlings: the influence of nitrogen form. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1165-1177. [PMID: 32333785 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a limiting factor to forest regeneration and restoration, which is likely to increase in intensity and duration under future climates. Nitrogen (N) nutrition is related to drought-resistance mechanisms in trees. However, the influence of chemical N form (inorganic and organic N) on physiological traits related to drought resistance has been sparsely studied in conifer seedlings. We investigated the effect of N forms on morpho-physiological traits of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. seedlings and subsequent influences in drought tolerance and acclimation. One-year-old seedlings were fertilized during 10 weeks at 9 mM N with different N forms [either NH4+, NO3- or organic N (amino acids mixture)] in their second year of growth. After fertilization, we measured traits associated with intrinsic drought tolerance (shoot water relations, osmotic regulation, photosynthesis and cell membrane stability). Seedlings were then subjected to an 8-week drought period at varying drought intensities to evaluate plant acclimation mechanisms. We demonstrated that P. ponderosa seedlings could efficiently use amino acids as a primary N source, showing similar performance to those grown with inorganic N forms. Nitrogen form influenced mainly drought-acclimation mechanisms rather than intrinsic drought tolerance. Osmotic potential at saturation (Ψπsat) was marginally affected by N form, and a significant relationship between proline concentration in needles and Ψπsat was found. During acclimation, seedlings fertilized with organic N minimized needle senescence, retained more nutrients in the oldest needles, had maximum increments in proline concentration and hastened the development of water-use efficiency mechanisms compared with those fertilized with inorganic N sources. Our results suggest an improved physiological drought acclimation of organic N-fertilized seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Sigala
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETS Ingenieros de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Forest Plantations and Agroforestry Program, Campo Experimental Valle del Guadiana, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), km 4.5 Carretera Durango-El Mezquital, 34170 Durango, Mexico
| | - Mercedes Uscola
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá Apdo. 20 Campus Universitario, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Oliet
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETS Ingenieros de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Douglass F Jacobs
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, 47907 Indiana, USA
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Alvarez-Maldini C, Acevedo M, Dumroese RK, González M, Cartes E. Intraspecific Variation in Drought Response of Three Populations of Cryptocarya alba and Persea lingue, Two Native Species From Mediterranean Central Chile. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1042. [PMID: 32765551 PMCID: PMC7378861 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An increase in the severity of drought events on Mediterranean climates highlights the need of using plant material adapted to drought during restoration efforts. Thus, we investigated between-population morpho-physiological differences in Cryptocarya alba and Persea lingue, two native species from Mediterranean central Chile, for traits that could effectively discriminate population performance in response to water restriction (WR) testing. Three populations from each species were subjected to WR treatment and physiological, morphological, and growth parameters were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. In C. alba, the most xeric population displayed smaller plants with mesophyllous leaves and lower photosynthetic rates indicating a resource saving strategy. Moreover, the xeric population performed better during WR than the most mesic populations, exhibiting higher water use efficiency (iWUE) and maintenance of growth rates. All C. alba populations responded equally to WR in terms of morphology and biomass partitioning. In contrast, differences among P. lingue populations were subtle at the morpho-physiological level with no apparent relation to provenance environmental conditions, and no morphological traits were affected by WR. However, in response to WR application, the most mesic population was, as observed through reduction in relative growth rates, more affected than xeric populations. We attribute such discrete differences between P. lingue provenances to the lower distributional range of selected populations. Our results show that relative growth rates in both species, and iWUE only in C. alba, exhibited population specific responses upon WR imposition; these results correspond with the environmental conditions found at the origin of each populations. Both traits could further assist in the selection of populations for restoration according to their response to water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alvarez-Maldini
- Institute of Agri-food, Animal and Environmental Sciences (ICA3), Universidad de O Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Manuel Acevedo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Planta Forestal, Instituto Forestal, San Pedro de la Paz, Chile
| | - R. Kasten Dumroese
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Marta González
- Centro Tecnológico de la Planta Forestal, Instituto Forestal, San Pedro de la Paz, Chile
| | - Eduardo Cartes
- Centro Tecnológico de la Planta Forestal, Instituto Forestal, San Pedro de la Paz, Chile
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Grossiord C, Ulrich DEM, Vilagrosa A. Controls of the hydraulic safety-efficiency trade-off. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:573-576. [PMID: 32050013 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grossiord
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering ENAC, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Danielle E M Ulrich
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, 1156-1174 S 11th Ave, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Alberto Vilagrosa
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- CEAM Foundation, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante-CEAM, Dept Ecology, University of Alicante, Carr. de San Vicente del Raspeig, PO Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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Ulrich DEM, Sevanto S, Peterson S, Ryan M, Dunbar J. Effects of Soil Microbes on Functional Traits of Loblolly Pine ( Pinus taeda) Seedling Families From Contrasting Climates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1643. [PMID: 31998333 PMCID: PMC6962191 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Examining factors that influence seedling establishment is essential for predicting the impacts of climate change on tree species' distributions. Seedlings originating from contrasting climates differentially express functional traits related to water and nutrient uptake and drought resistance that reflect their climate of origin and influence their responses to drought. Soil microbes may improve seedling establishment because they can enhance water and nutrient uptake and drought resistance. However, the relative influence of soil microbes on the expression of these functional traits between seedling families or populations from contrasting climates is unknown. To determine if soil microbes may differentially alter functional traits to enhance water and nutrient uptake and drought resistance between dry and wet families, seeds of loblolly pine families from the driest and wettest ends of its geographic range (dry, wet) were planted in sterilized sand (controls) or in sterilized sand inoculated with a soil microbial community (inoculated). Functional traits related to seedling establishment (germination), water and nutrient uptake and C allocation (root:shoot biomass ratio, root exudate concentration, leaf C:N, leaf N isotope composition (δ15N)), and drought resistance (turgor loss point, leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13C)) were measured. Then, plants were exposed to a drought treatment and possible shifts in photosynthetic performance were monitored using chlorophyll fluorescence. Inoculated plants exhibited significantly greater germination than controls regardless of family. The inoculation treatment significantly increased root:shoot biomass ratio in the wet family but not in the dry family, suggesting soil microbes alter functional traits that improve water and nutrient uptake more so in a family originating from a wetter climate than in a family originating from a drier climate. Microbial effects on photosynthetic performance during drought also differed between families, as photosynthetic performance of the dry inoculated group declined fastest. Regardless of treatment, the dry family exhibited a greater root:shoot biomass ratio, root exudate concentration, and leaf δ15N than the wet family. This indicates that the dry family allocated more resources belowground than the wet and the two family may have used different sources of plant available N, which may be related to their contrasting climates of origin and influence their drought resistance. Examination of variation in impacts of soil microbes on seedling physiology improves efforts to enhance seedling establishment and beneficial plant-microbe interactions under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences (EES-14), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Samantha Peterson
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, United States
| | - Max Ryan
- Earth and Environmental Sciences (EES-14), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - John Dunbar
- Bioscience (B-11), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
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Augustine SP, Reinhardt K. Differences in morphological and physiological plasticity in two species of first-year conifer seedlings exposed to drought result in distinct survivorship patterns. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1446-1460. [PMID: 31181151 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
First-year tree seedlings represent a critical demographic life stage, functioning as a bottleneck to forest regeneration. Knowledge of how mortality is related to whole-seedling carbon and water relations is deficient and is required to understand how forest compositions will be altered in future climatic conditions. We performed a greenhouse drought experiment using first-year seedlings of two common pine species found in the Intermountain West, USA. Gas exchange, biomass gain, allometry and xylem water potentials were compared between well-watered and droughted seedlings from emergence until drought-induced mortality. In both species, morphological adjustments to confer drought tolerance, such as increased leaf mass per unit area, were not observed in seedlings exposed to drought, and droughted seedlings maintained photosynthesis and whole-seedling carbon gain well into the experiment. Yet, there were important differences between species in terms of carbon budgets, physiological responses and mortality patterns. In Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson, physiological acclimation to drought was much greater, evident through stronger stomatal regulation and increased water-use efficiency. Photosynthesis and carbon budgets in P. ponderosa were greater than in Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud., and survival was 100% until critical hydraulic thresholds in leaf water content and seedling water potentials were crossed. In P. contorta, physiological adjustments to drought were less, and mortality occurred much sooner and well before injurious hydraulic thresholds were approached. First-year conifer seedlings appear canalized for a suite of functional traits that prioritize short-term carbon gain over long-term drought tolerance, suggesting that conifer seedling survival is linked with carbon limitations, even during drought, with survival in species having narrower carbon survival margins being more hampered by carbon limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Augustine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Keith Reinhardt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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16
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Cao X, Shen Q, Shang C, Yang H, Liu L, Cheng J. Determinants of Shoot Biomass Production in Mulberry: Combined Selection with Leaf Morphological and Physiological Traits. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8050118. [PMID: 31064066 PMCID: PMC6571901 DOI: 10.3390/plants8050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Physiological and morphological traits have a considerable impact on the biomass production of fast-growing trees. To compare cultivar difference in shoot biomass and investigate its relationships with leaf functional traits in mulberry, agronomic traits and 20 physiological and morphological attributes of 3-year-old mulberry trees from eight cultivars growing in a common garden were analyzed. The cultivars Xiang7920, Yu711, and Yunsang2 had higher shoot fresh biomass (SFB), which was closely associated with their rapid leaf expansion rate, large leaf area, and high stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C). Conversely, the cultivars 7307, Husang32, Wupu, Yunguo1, and Liaolu11 were less productive, and this was primarily the result of slower leaf expansion and smaller leaf size. Growth performance was negatively correlated with leaf δ13C and positively correlated with the total nitrogen concentration, indicating that a compromise exists in mulberry between water use efficiency (WUE) (low δ13C) and high nitrogen consumption for rapid growth. Several morphological traits, including the maximum leaf area (LAmax), leaf width and length, petiole width and length, leaf number per shoot, and final shoot height were correlated with SFB. The physiological traits that were also influential factors of shoot biomass were the leaf δ13C, the total nitrogen concentration, and the water content. Among the studied leaf traits, LAmax, leaf δ13C, and concentrations of chlorophyll a and b were identified as the most representative predictor variables for SFB, accounting for 73% of the variability in SFB. In conclusion, a combination of LAmax, leaf δ13C, and chlorophyll should be considered in selection programs for high-yield mulberry cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
| | - Qiudi Shen
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
| | - Chunqiong Shang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
| | - Honglei Yang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
| | - Li Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
| | - Jialing Cheng
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
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17
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Hansen WD, Turner MG. Origins of abrupt change? Postfire subalpine conifer regeneration declines nonlinearly with warming and drying. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Winslow D. Hansen
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Monica G. Turner
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
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18
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Moran E, Lauder J, Musser C, Stathos A, Shu M. The genetics of drought tolerance in conifers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:1034-1048. [PMID: 28895167 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contents 1034 I. 1034 II. 1035 III. 1037 IV. 1038 V. 1042 VI. 1043 VII. 1045 References 1045 SUMMARY: As temperatures warm and precipitation patterns shift as a result of climate change, interest in the identification of tree genotypes that will thrive under more arid conditions has grown. In this review, we discuss the multiple definitions of 'drought tolerance' and the biological processes involved in drought responses. We describe the three major approaches taken in the study of genetic variation in drought responses, the advantages and shortcomings of each, and what each of these approaches has revealed about the genetic basis of adaptation to drought in conifers. Finally, we discuss how a greater knowledge of the genetics of drought tolerance may aid forest management, and provide recommendations for how future studies may overcome the limitations of past approaches. In particular, we urge a more direct focus on survival, growth and the traits that directly predict them (rather than on proxies, such as water use efficiency), combining research approaches with complementary strengths and weaknesses, and the inclusion of a wider range of taxa and life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Moran
- UC Merced, 5200 N Lake Rd, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | | | - Cameron Musser
- Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - Mengjun Shu
- UC Merced, 5200 N Lake Rd, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
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19
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Miller ML, Johnson DM. Vascular development in very young conifer seedlings: Theoretical hydraulic capacities and potential resistance to embolism. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:979-992. [PMID: 28724592 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Conifers have the highest rates of mortality during their first year, often attributed to water stress; yet, this tree life stage is the least studied in terms of hydraulic properties. Previous work has revealed correlations between xylem anatomy to both hydraulic transport capacity and resistance to hydraulic dysfunction. In this study, we compared xylem anatomical and plant functional traits of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Larix occidentalis, and Pinus ponderosa seedlings over the first 10 wk of growth to evaluate potential maximum hydraulic capabilities and resistance to drought-induced embolism. We hypothesized that, based on key functional traits of the xylem, predicted xylem embolism resistance of the species will reflect their previously determined drought tolerances with L. occidentalis, P. menziesii, and P. ponderosa in order of least to most embolism-resistant xylem. METHODS Xylem and pit anatomical characteristics and additional hydraulic-related functional traits were compared at five times during the first 10 wk of growth using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). KEY RESULTS Based on thickness to span ratio, torus to pit aperture overlap, and torus thickness, primary xylem appeared to be not only more hydraulically conductive but also less embolism-resistant than secondary xylem. By week 10, P. menziesii was predicted to have the most embolism-resistant xylem followed by P. ponderosa and L. occidentalis. CONCLUSIONS Theoretical measurements suggest that hydraulic transport capacities and vulnerability to embolism varied for each species over the first 10 wk of growth; thus, the timing of germination and onset of limited soil moisture is critical for growth and survival of seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Miller
- 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1133, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844 USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1133, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844 USA
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20
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Marias DE, Meinzer FC, Woodruff DR, McCulloh KA. Thermotolerance and heat stress responses of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine seedling populations from contrasting climates. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:301-315. [PMID: 28008081 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Temperature and the frequency and intensity of heat waves are predicted to increase throughout the 21st century. Germinant seedlings are expected to be particularly vulnerable to heat stress because they are in the boundary layer close to the soil surface where intense heating occurs in open habitats. We quantified leaf thermotolerance and whole-plant physiological responses to heat stress in first-year germinant seedlings in two populations each of Pinus ponderosa P. and C. Lawson (PIPO) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (PSME) from climates with contrasting precipitation and temperature regimes. Thermotolerance of detached needles was evaluated using chlorophyll fluorescence (FV/FM, FO) and electrolyte leakage. PSME was more heat tolerant than PIPO according to both independent assessments of thermotolerance. Following exposure of whole seedlings to a simulated heat wave at 45 °C for 1 h in a growth chamber, we monitored FV/FM, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) and carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) for 14 days. Heat treatment induced significant reductions in FV/FM in both species and a transient reduction in photosynthetic gas exchange only in PIPO 1 day after treatment. Heat treatment induced an increase in glucose + fructose concurrent with a decrease in starch in both species, whereas total NSC and sucrose were not affected by heat treatment. The negative relationship between glucose + fructose and starch observed in treated plants may be due to the conversion of starch to glucose + fructose to aid recovery from heat-induced damage. Populations from drier sites displayed greater δ13C values than those from wetter sites, consistent with higher intrinsic water-use efficiency and drought resistance of populations from drier climates. Thermotolerance and heat stress responses appeared to be phenotypically plastic and representative of the environment in which plants were grown, whereas intrinsic water-use efficiency appeared to reflect ecotypic differentiation and the climate of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Marias
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - David R Woodruff
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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21
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Apgaua DMG, Tng DYP, Cernusak LA, Cheesman AW, Santos RM, Edwards WJ, Laurance SGW. Plant functional groups within a tropical forest exhibit different wood functional anatomy. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M. G. Apgaua
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences College of Science and Engineering James Cook University 14‐88 McGregor Rd Smithfield Qld 4878 Australia
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Engenharia Florestal Universidade Federal de Lavras Caixa Postal 3037, CEP 37200‐000 Lavras MG Brazil
| | - David Y. P. Tng
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences College of Science and Engineering James Cook University 14‐88 McGregor Rd Smithfield Qld 4878 Australia
| | - Lucas A. Cernusak
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences College of Science and Engineering James Cook University 14‐88 McGregor Rd Smithfield Qld 4878 Australia
| | - Alexander W. Cheesman
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences College of Science and Engineering James Cook University 14‐88 McGregor Rd Smithfield Qld 4878 Australia
| | - Rubens M. Santos
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Engenharia Florestal Universidade Federal de Lavras Caixa Postal 3037, CEP 37200‐000 Lavras MG Brazil
| | - Will J. Edwards
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences College of Science and Engineering James Cook University 14‐88 McGregor Rd Smithfield Qld 4878 Australia
| | - Susan G. W. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences College of Science and Engineering James Cook University 14‐88 McGregor Rd Smithfield Qld 4878 Australia
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22
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Chmura DJ, Guzicka M, McCulloh KA, Żytkowiak R. Limited variation found among Norway spruce half-sib families in physiological response to drought and resistance to embolism. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:252-66. [PMID: 26786539 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Projections of future climates suggest that droughts (Ds) may become more frequent and severe in many regions. Genetic variation, especially within populations in traits related to D resistance, is poorly investigated in forest trees, but this knowledge is necessary to better understand how forests will respond to water shortages. In this study, we investigated variability among seven open-pollinated half-sib families of a single population and two population-level progenies of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) in their gas exchange response to imposed D and xylem vulnerability to embolism. During their third growing season, saplings were subjected to three treatments-control (C), D (for 19 weeks) and broken drought (BD, 54 days without watering starting in mid-July, then well-watered). In response to D, all families reduced their stomatal conductance (gs) and light-saturated rates of photosynthesis (Amax) in a similar way. After rewatering, the xylem water potential (Ψ) recovered in the BD treatment, but gs and Amax remained lower than in C. Needle starch concentration was altered in both D treatments compared with C. Xylem of D-exposed trees was more vulnerable to embolism than in C. The minimum attained safety margin remained positive for all families, indicating that no catastrophic hydraulic failure occurred in stem xylem during D. Significant family variation was found for Ψ early in the D (midday Ψ between -1.2 and -1.8 MPa), and for needle damage, but not for sapling mortality. Family variation found at the initial stages of D, and not afterward, suggests that all families responded similarly to greater D intensity, exhibiting the species-specific response. Limited variation at the family level indicates that the response to D and the traits we examined were conservative within the species. This may limit breeding opportunities for increased D resistance in Norway spruce in light of expected climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Chmura
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Marzenna Guzicka
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | | | - Roma Żytkowiak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
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