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Streicker DG, Griffiths ME, Antia R, Bergner L, Bowman P, dos Santos de Moraes MV, Esvelt K, Famulare M, Gilbert A, He B, Jarvis MA, Kennedy DA, Kuzma J, Wanyonyi CN, Remien C, Rocke T, Rosenke K, Schreiner C, Sheen J, Simons D, Yordanova IA, Bull JJ, Nuismer SL. Developing transmissible vaccines for animal infections. Science 2024; 384:275-277. [PMID: 38669579 PMCID: PMC11298812 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Intrinsically safe designs and a staged transparent development process will be essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Streicker
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research; Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Megan E. Griffiths
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research; Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, 30322 United States of America
| | - Laura Bergner
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research; Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bowman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis; Davis, CA, 995616, United States of America
| | | | - Kevin Esvelt
- Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States of America
| | - Mike Famulare
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Seattle, WA, 98109, United States of America
| | - Amy Gilbert
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center; Fort Collins, CO, 80521, United States of America
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia; Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Jarvis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth; Devon, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
- The Vaccine Group, Ltd.; Devon, PL6 6BU, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Hamilton, MT, 59840, United States of America
| | - David A. Kennedy
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University; University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Kuzma
- School of Public and International Affairs and Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University; Raleigh, NC, 27606 United States of America
| | | | - Christopher Remien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistical Science, University of Idaho; Moscow, ID 83844, United States of America
| | - Tonie Rocke
- United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center; Madison, Wisconsin, 53711, United States of America
| | - Kyle Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Hamilton, MT, 59840, United States of America
| | - Courtney Schreiner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996 United States of America
| | - Justin Sheen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, United States of America
| | - David Simons
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College; London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Ivet A. Yordanova
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute; Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - James J. Bull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho; Moscow, ID 83844, United States of America
| | - Scott L. Nuismer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho; Moscow, ID 83844, United States of America
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Adler JM, Martin Vidal R, Voß A, Kunder S, Nascimento M, Abdelgawad A, Langner C, Vladimirova D, Osterrieder N, Gruber AD, Kunec D, Trimpert J. A non-transmissible live attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2391-2407. [PMID: 37263272 PMCID: PMC10214529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) administered via the mucosal route may offer better control of the COVID-19 pandemic than non-replicating vaccines injected intramuscularly. Conceptionally, LAVs have several advantages, including presentation of the entire antigenic repertoire of the virus, and the induction of strong mucosal immunity. Thus, immunity induced by LAV could offer superior protection against future surges of COVID-19 cases caused by emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, LAVs carry the risk of unintentional transmission. To address this issue, we investigated whether transmission of a SARS-CoV-2 LAV candidate can be blocked by removing the furin cleavage site (FCS) from the spike protein. The level of protection and immunity induced by the attenuated virus with the intact FCS was virtually identical to the one induced by the attenuated virus lacking the FCS. Most importantly, removal of the FCS completely abolished horizontal transmission of vaccine virus between cohoused hamsters. Furthermore, the vaccine was safe in immunosuppressed animals and showed no tendency to recombine in vitro or in vivo with a SARS-CoV-2 field strain. These results indicate that removal of the FCS from SARS-CoV-2 LAV is a promising strategy to increase vaccine safety and prevent vaccine transmission without compromising vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Adler
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anne Voß
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Kunder
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Azza Abdelgawad
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Langner
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daria Vladimirova
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Achim D Gruber
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dusan Kunec
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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Schreiner CL, Basinski AJ, Remien CH, Nuismer SL. Optimizing the delivery of self-disseminating vaccines in fluctuating wildlife populations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011018. [PMID: 37594985 PMCID: PMC10468088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens spread by wildlife continue to spill into human populations and threaten human lives. A potential way to reduce this threat is by vaccinating wildlife species that harbor pathogens that are infectious to humans. Unfortunately, even in cases where vaccines can be distributed en masse as edible baits, achieving levels of vaccine coverage sufficient for pathogen elimination is rare. Developing vaccines that self-disseminate may help solve this problem by magnifying the impact of limited direct vaccination. Although models exist that quantify how well these self-disseminating vaccines will work when introduced into temporally stable wildlife populations, how well they will perform when introduced into populations with pronounced seasonal population dynamics remains unknown. Here we develop and analyze mathematical models of fluctuating wildlife populations that allow us to study how reservoir ecology, vaccine design, and vaccine delivery interact to influence vaccine coverage and opportunities for pathogen elimination. Our results demonstrate that the timing of vaccine delivery can make or break the success of vaccination programs. As a general rule, the effectiveness of self-disseminating vaccines is optimized by introducing after the peak of seasonal reproduction when the number of susceptible animals is near its maximum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L. Schreiner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Basinski
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Christopher H. Remien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistical Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Scott L. Nuismer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
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Griffiths ME, Broos A, Bergner LM, Meza DK, Suarez NM, da Silva Filipe A, Tello C, Becker DJ, Streicker DG. Longitudinal deep sequencing informs vector selection and future deployment strategies for transmissible vaccines. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001580. [PMID: 35439242 PMCID: PMC9017877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is a powerful tool in combating infectious diseases of humans and companion animals. In most wildlife, including reservoirs of emerging human diseases, achieving sufficient vaccine coverage to mitigate disease burdens remains logistically unattainable. Virally vectored "transmissible" vaccines that deliberately spread among hosts are a potentially transformative, but still theoretical, solution to the challenge of immunising inaccessible wildlife. Progress towards real-world application is frustrated by the absence of frameworks to guide vector selection and vaccine deployment prior to major in vitro and in vivo investments in vaccine engineering and testing. Here, we performed deep sequencing on field-collected samples of Desmodus rotundus betaherpesvirus (DrBHV), a candidate vector for a transmissible vaccine targeting vampire bat-transmitted rabies. We discovered 11 strains of DrBHV that varied in prevalence and geographic distribution across Peru. The phylogeographic structure of DrBHV strains was predictable from both host genetics and landscape topology, informing long-term DrBHV-vectored vaccine deployment strategies and identifying geographic areas for field trials where vaccine spread would be naturally contained. Multistrain infections were observed in 79% of infected bats. Resampling of marked individuals over 4 years showed within-host persistence kinetics characteristic of latency and reactivation, properties that might boost individual immunity and lead to sporadic vaccine transmission over the lifetime of the host. Further, strain acquisitions by already infected individuals implied that preexisting immunity and strain competition are unlikely to inhibit vaccine spread. Our results support the development of a transmissible vaccine targeting a major source of human and animal rabies in Latin America and show how genomics can enlighten vector selection and deployment strategies for transmissible vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Griffiths
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Broos
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Bergner
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Diana K. Meza
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas M. Suarez
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ana da Silva Filipe
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Tello
- Association for the Conservation and Development of Natural Resources, Lima, Peru
- Yunkawasi, Lima, Peru
| | - Daniel J. Becker
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Quantifying the effectiveness of betaherpesvirus-vectored transmissible vaccines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2108610119. [PMID: 35046024 PMCID: PMC8794881 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108610119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spillover of infectious diseases from wildlife populations into humans is an increasing threat to human health and welfare. Current approaches to manage these emerging infectious diseases are largely reactive, leading to deadly and costly time lags between emergence and control. Here, we use mathematical models and data from previously published experimental and field studies to evaluate the scope for a more proactive approach based on transmissible vaccines that eliminates pathogens from wild animal populations before spillover can occur. Our models are focused on transmissible vaccines designed using herpes virus vectors and demonstrate that these vaccines—currently under development for several important human pathogens—may have the potential to rapidly control zoonotic pathogens within the reservoir hosts. Transmissible vaccines have the potential to revolutionize how zoonotic pathogens are controlled within wildlife reservoirs. A key challenge that must be overcome is identifying viral vectors that can rapidly spread immunity through a reservoir population. Because they are broadly distributed taxonomically, species specific, and stable to genetic manipulation, betaherpesviruses are leading candidates for use as transmissible vaccine vectors. Here we evaluate the likely effectiveness of betaherpesvirus-vectored transmissible vaccines by developing and parameterizing a mathematical model using data from captive and free-living mouse populations infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). Simulations of our parameterized model demonstrate rapid and effective control for a range of pathogens, with pathogen elimination frequently occurring within a year of vaccine introduction. Our results also suggest, however, that the effectiveness of transmissible vaccines may vary across reservoir populations and with respect to the specific vector strain used to construct the vaccine.
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