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Guo J, Wang G, Xie L, Wang X, Feng L, Guo W, Tao X, Humbel BM, Zhang Z, Hong J. Three-dimensional analysis of membrane structures associated with tomato spotted wilt virus infection. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:650-664. [PMID: 36482792 PMCID: PMC10107360 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To study viral infection, the direct structural visualization of the viral life cycle consisting of virus attachment, entry, replication, assembly and transport is essential. Although conventional electron microscopy (EM) has been extremely helpful in the investigation of virus-host cell interactions, three-dimensional (3D) EM not only provides important information at the nanometer resolution, but can also create 3D maps of large volumes, even entire virus-infected cells. Here, we determined the ultrastructural details of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)-infected plant cells using focused ion beam scanning EM (FIB-SEM). The viral morphogenesis and dynamic transformation of paired parallel membranes (PPMs) were analyzed. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane network consisting of tubules and sheets was related to viral intracellular trafficking and virion storage. Abundant lipid-like bodies, clustering mitochondria, cell membrane tubules, and myelin-like bodies were likely associated with viral infection. Additionally, connecting structures between neighboring cells were found only in infected plant tissues and showed the characteristics of tubular structure. These novel connections that formed continuously in the cell wall or were wrapped by the cell membranes of neighboring cells appeared frequently in the large-scale 3D model, suggesting additional strategies for viral trafficking that were difficult to distinguish using conventional EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Guo
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Center of Cryo‐Electron MicroscopyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Guan Wang
- Center of Cryo‐Electron MicroscopyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Li Xie
- Center of Analysis and MeasurementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xinqiu Wang
- Center of Analysis and MeasurementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Lingchong Feng
- Center of Cryo‐Electron MicroscopyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Wangbiao Guo
- Center of Cryo‐Electron MicroscopyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Bruno M. Humbel
- Center of Cryo‐Electron MicroscopyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Imaging, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST)OkinawaJapan
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agri‐Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic ResourcesYunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Jian Hong
- Center of Analysis and MeasurementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Wang Y, Wang G, Bai J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wen S, Li L, Yang Z, Hong N. A novel Actinidia cytorhabdovirus characterized using genomic and viral protein interaction features. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1271-1287. [PMID: 34288324 PMCID: PMC8435229 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel cytorhabdovirus, tentatively named Actinidia virus D (AcVD), was identified from kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in China using high-throughput sequencing technology. The genome of AcVD consists of 13,589 nucleotides and is organized into seven open reading frames (ORFs) in its antisense strand, coding for proteins in the order N-P-P3-M-G-P6-L. The ORFs were flanked by a 3' leader sequence and a 5' trailer sequence and are separated by conserved intergenic junctions. The genome sequence of AcVD was 44.6%-51.5% identical to those of reported cytorhabdoviruses. The proteins encoded by AcVD shared the highest sequence identities, ranging from 27.3% (P6) to 44.5% (L), with the respective proteins encoded by reported cytorhabdoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that AcVD clustered together with the cytorhabdovirus Wuhan insect virus 4. The subcellular locations of the viral proteins N, P, P3, M, G, and P6 in epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves were determined. The M protein of AcVD uniquely formed filament structures and was associated with microtubules. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that three proteins, N, P, and M, self-interact, protein N plays a role in the formation of cytoplasm viroplasm, and protein M recruits N, P, P3, and G to microtubules. In addition, numerous paired proteins interact in the nucleus. This study presents the first evidence of a cytorhabdovirus infecting kiwifruit plants and full location and interaction maps to gain insight into viral protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of AgricultureHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Guoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of AgricultureHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jianyu Bai
- Laboratory of Fruit Trees DiseaseInstitute of Economic ForestryXinjiang Academy of Forestry SciencesUrumqiChina
| | - Yongle Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shaohua Wen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Liu Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zuokun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ni Hong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of AgricultureHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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Kormelink R, Verchot J, Tao X, Desbiez C. The Bunyavirales: The Plant-Infecting Counterparts. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050842. [PMID: 34066457 PMCID: PMC8148189 DOI: 10.3390/v13050842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative-strand (-) RNA viruses (NSVs) comprise a large and diverse group of viruses that are generally divided in those with non-segmented and those with segmented genomes. Whereas most NSVs infect animals and humans, the smaller group of the plant-infecting counterparts is expanding, with many causing devastating diseases worldwide, affecting a large number of major bulk and high-value food crops. In 2018, the taxonomy of segmented NSVs faced a major reorganization with the establishment of the order Bunyavirales. This article overviews the major plant viruses that are part of the order, i.e., orthospoviruses (Tospoviridae), tenuiviruses (Phenuiviridae), and emaraviruses (Fimoviridae), and provides updates on the more recent ongoing research. Features shared with the animal-infecting counterparts are mentioned, however, special attention is given to their adaptation to plant hosts and vector transmission, including intra/intercellular trafficking and viral counter defense to antiviral RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Tolstyko EA, Lezzhov AA, Morozov SY, Solovyev AG. Phloem transport of structured RNAs: A widening repertoire of trafficking signals and protein factors. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 299:110602. [PMID: 32900440 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The conducting sieve tubes of the phloem consist of sieve elements (SEs), which are enucleate cells incapable of transcription and translation. Nevertheless, SEs contain a large variety of RNAs, and long-distance RNA trafficking via the phloem has been documented. The phloem transport of certain RNAs, as well as the further unloading of these RNAs at target tissues, is essential for plant individual development and responses to environmental cues. The translocation of such RNAs via the phloem is believed to be directed by RNA structural elements serving as phloem transport signals (PTSs), which are recognized by proteins that direct the PTS-containing RNAs into the phloem translocation pathway. The ability of phloem transport has been reported for several classes of structured RNAs including viroids, genuine tRNAs, mRNAs with tRNA sequences embedded into mRNA untranslated regions, tRNA-like structures in the genomic RNAs of plant viruses, and micro-RNA (miRNA) precursors (pri-miRNA). Here, three distinct types of such RNAs are discussed, along with the proteins that may specifically interact with these structures in the phloem. Three-dimensional (3D) motifs, which are characteristic of imperfect RNA duplexes, are discussed as elements of phloem-mobile structured RNAs specifically recognized by proteins involved in phloem transport, thus serving as PTSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeny A Tolstyko
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Alexander A Lezzhov
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey Y Morozov
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Andrey G Solovyev
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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5
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Morozov SY, Solovyev AG. Emergence of Intronless Evolutionary Forms of Stress Response Genes: Possible Relation to Terrestrial Adaptation of Green Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:83. [PMID: 30792726 PMCID: PMC6374339 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Y. Morozov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Sergey Y. Morozov
| | - Andrey G. Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Huang C, Liu Y, Yu H, Yuan C, Zeng J, Zhao L, Tong Z, Tao X. Non-Structural Protein NSm of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Is an Avirulence Factor Recognized by Resistance Genes of Tobacco and Tomato via Different Elicitor Active Sites. Viruses 2018; 10:E660. [PMID: 30469406 PMCID: PMC6265799 DOI: 10.3390/v10110660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most destructive viral pathogens of plants. Recently, a single dominant gene conferring complete resistance to TSWV (RTSW) was identified in Nicotina alata and introgressed into cultivated tobacco (N. tabacum). However, whether the TSWV carries an avirulence (Avr) factor directed against RTSW remains obscure. In the present study, we identified the non-structural protein (NSm), the movement protein of TSWV, which is an RTSW-specific Avr factor, by using two different transient expression systems. Using amino acid (aa) substitution mutants, we demonstrated the ability to induce RTSW-mediated hypersensitive response (HR) of NSm is independent of its movement function. Moreover, key substitutions (C118Y and T120N), a 21-aa viral effector epitope, and different truncated versions of NSm, which are responsible for the recognition of the Sw-5b resistance gene of tomato, were tested for their ability to trigger HR to TSWV in tobacco. Together, our results demonstrated that RTSW-mediated resistance is triggered by NSm in the same way as by Sw-5b, however, via different elicitor active sites. Finally, an Avr gene-based diagnostic approach was established and used to determine the presence and effectiveness of resistance genes in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Haiqin Yu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Cheng Yuan
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Jianmin Zeng
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Lu Zhao
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Zhijun Tong
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Qian X, Xiang Q, Yang T, Ma H, Ding XS, Tao X. Molecular Co-Chaperone SGT1 Is Critical for Cell-to-Cell Movement and Systemic Infection of Tomato Spotted Wild Virus in Nicotiana benthamiana. Viruses 2018; 10:E647. [PMID: 30453630 PMCID: PMC6267219 DOI: 10.3390/v10110647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tospovirus is a tripartite negative stranded RNA virus and is considered as one of the most devastating plant viruses. Successful virus infection in plant requires many host factors. To date, very few host factors have been identified as important in Tospovirus infection in plants. We reported earlier that NSm protein encoded by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a type species of the genus Orthotospovirus, plays critical roles in viral cell-to-cell and long-distance movement. In this study, we determined that molecular co-chaperone NbSGT1 interacted with TSWV NSm in Nicotianabenthamiana. TSWV infection significantly upregulated the expression of NbSGT1 gene and transient overexpression of NbSGT1 in N.benthamiana leaves accelerated TSWV infection. In contrast, silencing the NbSGT1 gene expression using a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach strongly inhibited TSWV NSm cell-to-cell movement, as well as TSWV local and systemic infection in N.benthamiana plants. Furthermore, NbSGT1 was found to regulate the infection of both American and Euro/Asia type tospoviruses in N.benthamiana plant. Collectively, our findings presented in this paper and the results published previously indicated that molecular co-chaperone NbSGT1 plays important roles in modulating both positive stranded and tripartite negative stranded RNA virus infection in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qian
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Qing Xiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Tongqing Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xin Shun Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Atabekova AK, Lazareva EA, Strelkova OS, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY. Mechanical stress-induced subcellular re-localization of N-terminally truncated tobacco Nt-4/1 protein. Biochimie 2018; 144:98-107. [PMID: 29097279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Nicotiana tabacum 4/1 protein (Nt-4/1) of unknown function expressed in plant vasculature has been shown to localize to cytoplasmic bodies associated with endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we analyzed molecular interactions of an Nt-4/1 mutant with a deletion of 90 N-terminal amino acid residues (Nt-4/1d90) having a diffuse GFP-like localization. Upon transient co-expression with VAP27, a membrane protein known to localize to the ER, ER-plasma membrane contact sites and plasmodesmata, Nt-4/1d90 was concentrated around the cortical ER tubules, forming a network matching the shape of the cortical ER. Additionally, in response to mechanical stress, Nt-4/1d90 was re-localized to small spherical bodies, whereas the subcellular localization of VAP27 remained essentially unaffected. The Nt-4/1d90-containing bodies associated with microtubules, which underwent noticeable bundling under the conditions of mechanical stress. The Nt-4/1d90 re-localization to spherical bodies could also be induced by incubation at an elevated temperature, although under heat shock conditions the re-localization was less efficient and incomplete. An Nt-4/1d90 mutant, which had phosphorylation-mimicking mutations in a predicted cluster of four potentially phosphorylated residues, was found to both inefficiently re-localize to spherical bodies and tend to revert back to the initial diffuse localization. The presented data show that Nt-4/1 has a potential for response to stresses that is manifested by its deletion mutant Nt-4/1d90, and this response can be mediated by protein dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia K Atabekova
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Lazareva
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Olga S Strelkova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Andrey G Solovyev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey Y Morozov
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
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Widana Gamage SMK, Dietzgen RG. Intracellular Localization, Interactions and Functions of Capsicum Chlorosis Virus Proteins. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:612. [PMID: 28443083 PMCID: PMC5387057 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tospoviruses are among the most devastating viruses of horticultural and field crops. Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) has emerged as an important pathogen of capsicum and tomato in Australia and South-east Asia. Present knowledge about CaCV protein functions in host cells is lacking. We determined intracellular localization and interactions of CaCV proteins by live plant cell imaging to gain insight into the associations of viral proteins during infection. Proteins were transiently expressed as fusions to autofluorescent proteins in leaf epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana and capsicum. All viral proteins localized at least partially in the cell periphery suggestive of cytoplasmic replication and assembly of CaCV. Nucleocapsid (N) and non-structural movement (NSm) proteins localized exclusively in the cell periphery, while non-structural suppressor of silencing (NSs) protein and Gc and Gn glycoproteins accumulated in both the cell periphery and the nucleus. Nuclear localization of CaCV Gn and NSs is unique among tospoviruses. We validated nuclear localization of NSs by immunofluorescence in protoplasts. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation showed self-interactions of CaCV N, NSs and NSm, and heterotypic interactions of N with NSs and Gn. All interactions occurred in the cytoplasm, except NSs self-interaction was exclusively nuclear. Interactions of a tospoviral NSs protein with itself and with N had not been reported previously. Functionally, CaCV NSs showed strong local and systemic RNA silencing suppressor activity and appears to delay short-distance spread of silencing signal. Cell-to-cell movement activity of NSm was demonstrated by trans-complementation of a movement-defective tobamovirus replicon. CaCV NSm localized at plasmodesmata and its transient expression led to the formation of tubular structures that protruded from protoplasts. The D155 residue in the 30K-like movement protein-specific LxD/N50-70G motif of NSm was critical for plasmodesmata localization and movement activity. Compared to other tospoviruses, CaCV proteins have both conserved and unique properties in terms of in planta localization, interactions and protein functions which will effect viral multiplication and movement in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf G. Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St LuciaQLD, Australia
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Pankratenko AV, Atabekova AK, Lazareva EA, Baksheeva VE, Zhironkina OA, Zernii EY, Owens RA, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY. Plant-specific 4/1 polypeptide interacts with an endoplasmic reticulum protein related to human BAP31. PLANTA 2017; 245:193-205. [PMID: 27714454 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The plant-specific 4/1 protein interacts, both in yeast two-hybrid system and in vitro, and co-localizes in plant cells with plant BAP-like protein, the orthologue of human protein BAP31. In yeast two-hybrid system, we identified a number of Nicotiana benthamiana protein interactors of Nt-4/1, the protein known to affect systemic transport of potato spindle tuber viroid. For one of these interactors, an orthologue of human B-cell receptor-associated protein 31 (BAP31) termed plant BAP-like protein (PBL), the ability to interact with Nt-4/1 was studied in greater detail. Analyses of purified proteins expressed in bacterial cells carried out in vitro with the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy revealed that the N. tabacum PBL (NtPBL) was able to interact with Nt-4/1 with high-affinity, and that their complex can form at physiologically relevant concentrations of both proteins. Subcellular localization studies of 4/1-GFP and NtPBL-mRFP transiently co-expressed in plant cells revealed the co-localization of the two fusion proteins in endoplasmic reticulum-associated bodies, suggesting their interaction in vivo. The N-terminal region of the Nt-4/1 protein was found to be required for the specific subcellular targeting of the protein, presumably due to a predicted amphipathic helix mediating association of the Nt-4/1 protein with cell membranes. Additionally, this region was found to contain a trans-activator domain responsible for the Nt-4/1 ability to activate transcription of a reporter gene in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Pankratenko
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Anastasia K Atabekova
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Lazareva
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Viktoriia E Baksheeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Oxana A Zhironkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Evgeni Yu Zernii
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Robert A Owens
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Andrey G Solovyev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey Y Morozov
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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Turina M, Kormelink R, Resende RO. Resistance to Tospoviruses in Vegetable Crops: Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:347-371. [PMID: 27296139 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-095843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During the past three decades, the economic impact of tospoviruses has increased, causing high yield losses in a variety of crops and ornamentals. Owing to the difficulty in combating thrips vectors with insecticides, the best way to limit/prevent tospovirus-induced diseases involves a management strategy that includes virus resistance. This review briefly presents current tospovirus taxonomy, diversity, molecular biology, and cytopathology as an introduction to a more extensive description of the two main resistance genes employed against tospoviruses: the Sw5 gene in tomato and the Tsw in pepper. Natural and experimental resistance-breaking (RB) isolates allowed the identification of the viral avirulence protein triggering each of the two resistance gene products; epidemiology of RB isolates is discussed to reinforce the need for allelic variants and the need to search for new/alternative resistance genes. Ongoing efforts for alternative resistance strategies are described not only for Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in pepper and tomato but also for other vegetable crops heavily impacted by tospoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Turina
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR Torino, 10135 Torino, Italy;
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renato O Resende
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
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12
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Zhao W, Jiang L, Feng Z, Chen X, Huang Y, Xue F, Huang C, Liu Y, Li F, Liu Y, Tao X. Plasmodesmata targeting and intercellular trafficking of Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus movement protein NSm is independent of its function in HR induction. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1990-1997. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhike Feng
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaojiao Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Fan Xue
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Changjun Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, 650021, PR China
| | - Yong Liu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, 650021, PR China
| | - Fan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Yating Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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13
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Albornoz A, Hoffmann AB, Lozach PY, Tischler ND. Early Bunyavirus-Host Cell Interactions. Viruses 2016; 8:v8050143. [PMID: 27213430 PMCID: PMC4885098 DOI: 10.3390/v8050143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bunyaviridae is the largest family of RNA viruses, with over 350 members worldwide. Several of these viruses cause severe diseases in livestock and humans. With an increasing number and frequency of outbreaks, bunyaviruses represent a growing threat to public health and agricultural productivity globally. Yet, the receptors, cellular factors and endocytic pathways used by these emerging pathogens to infect cells remain largely uncharacterized. The focus of this review is on the early steps of bunyavirus infection, from virus binding to penetration from endosomes. We address current knowledge and advances for members from each genus in the Bunyaviridae family regarding virus receptors, uptake, intracellular trafficking and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelina Albornoz
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, 7780272 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Anja B Hoffmann
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Pierre-Yves Lozach
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nicole D Tischler
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, 7780272 Santiago, Chile.
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14
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Feng Z, Xue F, Xu M, Chen X, Zhao W, Garcia-Murria MJ, Mingarro I, Liu Y, Huang Y, Jiang L, Zhu M, Tao X. The ER-Membrane Transport System Is Critical for Intercellular Trafficking of the NSm Movement Protein and Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005443. [PMID: 26863622 PMCID: PMC4749231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses move through plasmodesmata to infect new cells. The plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is interconnected among cells via the ER desmotubule in the plasmodesma across the cell wall, forming a continuous ER network throughout the entire plant. This ER continuity is unique to plants and has been postulated to serve as a platform for the intercellular trafficking of macromolecules. In the present study, the contribution of the plant ER membrane transport system to the intercellular trafficking of the NSm movement protein and Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) is investigated. We showed that TSWV NSm is physically associated with the ER membrane in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. An NSm-GFP fusion protein transiently expressed in single leaf cells was trafficked into neighboring cells. Mutations in NSm that impaired its association with the ER or caused its mis-localization to other subcellular sites inhibited cell-to-cell trafficking. Pharmacological disruption of the ER network severely inhibited NSm-GFP trafficking but not GFP diffusion. In the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant rhd3 with an impaired ER network, NSm-GFP trafficking was significantly reduced, whereas GFP diffusion was not affected. We also showed that the ER-to-Golgi secretion pathway and the cytoskeleton transport systems were not involved in the intercellular trafficking of TSWV NSm. Importantly, TSWV cell-to-cell spread was delayed in the ER-defective rhd3 mutant, and this reduced viral infection was not due to reduced replication. On the basis of robust biochemical, cellular and genetic analysis, we established that the ER membrane transport system serves as an important direct route for intercellular trafficking of NSm and TSWV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhike Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiao Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyang Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Maria J. Garcia-Murria
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ismael Mingarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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15
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Morozov SY, Milyutina IA, Bobrova VK, Ryazantsev DY, Erokhina TN, Zavriev SK, Agranovsky AA, Solovyev AG, Troitsky AV. Structural evolution of the 4/1 genes and proteins in non-vascular and lower vascular plants. Biochimie 2015; 119:125-36. [PMID: 26542289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The 4/1 protein of unknown function is encoded by a single-copy gene in most higher plants. The 4/1 protein of Nicotiana tabacum (Nt-4/1 protein) has been shown to be alpha-helical and predominantly expressed in conductive tissues. Here, we report the analysis of 4/1 genes and the encoded proteins of lower land plants. Sequences of a number of 4/1 genes from liverworts, lycophytes, ferns and gymnosperms were determined and analyzed together with sequences available in databases. Most of the vascular plants were found to encode Magnoliophyta-like 4/1 proteins exhibiting previously described gene structure and protein properties. Identification of the 4/1-like proteins in hornworts, liverworts and charophyte algae (sister lineage to all land plants) but not in mosses suggests that 4/1 proteins are likely important for plant development but not required for a primary metabolic function of plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Y Morozov
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia; A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Irina A Milyutina
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera K Bobrova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Y Ryazantsev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Tatiana N Erokhina
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Sergey K Zavriev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Alexey A Agranovsky
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Andrey G Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Troitsky
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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16
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Tripathi D, Raikhy G, Goodin MM, Dietzgen RG, Pappu HR. In vivo localization of iris yellow spot tospovirus (Bunyaviridae)-encoded proteins and identification of interacting regions of nucleocapsid and movement proteins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118973. [PMID: 25781476 PMCID: PMC4363525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Localization and interaction studies of viral proteins provide important information about their replication in their host plants. Tospoviruses (Family Bunyaviridae) are economically important viruses affecting numerous field and horticultural crops. Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV), one of the tospoviruses, has recently emerged as an important viral pathogen of Allium spp. in many parts of the world. We studied the in vivo localization and interaction patterns of the IYSV proteins in uninfected and infected Nicotiana benthamiana and identified the interacting partners. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis demonstrated homotypic and heterotypic interactions between IYSV nucleocapsid (N) and movement (NSm) proteins. These interactions were further confirmed by pull-down assays. Additionally, interacting regions of IYSV N and NSm were identified by the yeast-2-hybrid system and β-galactosidase assay. The N protein self-association was found to be mediated through the N- and C-terminal regions making head to tail interaction. Self-interaction of IYSV NSm was shown to occur through multiple interacting regions. In yeast-2-hybrid assay, the N- and C-terminal regions of IYSV N protein interacted with an N-terminal region of IYSV NSm protein. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our studies provide new insights into localization and interactions of IYSV N and NSm proteins. Molecular basis of these interactions was studied and is discussed in the context of tospovirus assembly, replication, and infection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwaker Tripathi
- Department of Plant Pathology, P.O. Box 646430, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gaurav Raikhy
- Department of Plant Pathology, P.O. Box 646430, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Goodin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Ralf G. Dietzgen
- QAAFI, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, P.O. Box 646430, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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17
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Peiro A, Izquierdo-Garcia AC, Sanchez-Navarro JA, Pallas V, Mulet JM, Aparicio F. Patellins 3 and 6, two members of the Plant Patellin family, interact with the movement protein of Alfalfa mosaic virus and interfere with viral movement. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:881-91. [PMID: 24751128 PMCID: PMC6638666 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Movement proteins (MPs) encoded by plant viruses interact with host proteins to facilitate or interfere with intra- and/or intercellular viral movement. Using yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we herein present in vivo evidence for the interaction between Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) MP and Arabidopsis Patellin 3 (atPATL3) and Patellin 6 (atPATL6), two proteins containing a Sec14 domain. Proteins with Sec14 domains are implicated in membrane trafficking, cytoskeleton dynamics, lipid metabolism and lipid-mediated regulatory functions. Interestingly, the overexpression of atPATL3 and/or atPATL6 interfered with the plasmodesmata targeting of AMV MP and correlated with reduced infection foci size. Consistently, the viral RNA levels increased in the single and double Arabidopsis knockout mutants for atPATL3 and atPATL6. Our results indicate that, in general, MP-PATL interactions interfere with the correct subcellular targeting of MP, thus rendering the intracellular transport of viral MP-containing complexes less efficient and diminishing cell-to-cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Peiro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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18
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Morozov SY, Makarova SS, Erokhina TN, Kopertekh L, Schiemann J, Owens RA, Solovyev AG. Plant 4/1 protein: potential player in intracellular, cell-to-cell and long-distance signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:26. [PMID: 24611067 PMCID: PMC3933784 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Originally isolated as a result of its ability to interact with the movement protein of Tomato spotted wilt virus in a yeast two-hybrid system, the 4/1 protein is proving to be an excellent tool for studying intracellular protein trafficking and intercellular communication. Expression of 4/1 in vivo is tightly regulated, first appearing in the veins of the cotyledon and later in the vasculature of the leaf and stem in association with the xylem parenchyma and phloem parenchyma. Structural studies indicate that 4/1 proteins contain as many as five coiled-coil (CC) domains; indeed, the highest level of sequence identity among 4/1 proteins involves their C-terminal CC domains, suggesting that protein-protein interaction is important for biological function. Recent data predict that the tertiary structure of this C-terminal CC domain is strikingly similar to that of yeast protein She2p; furthermore, like She2p, 4/1 protein exhibits RNA-binding activity, and mutational analysis has shown that the C-terminal CC domain is responsible for RNA binding. The 4/1 protein contains a nuclear export signal. Additional microscopy studies involving leptomycin and computer prediction suggest the presence of a nuclear localization signal as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Y. Morozov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Sergey Y. Morozov, A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia e-mail:
| | - Svetlana S. Makarova
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana N. Erokhina
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Lilya Kopertekh
- Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn Institute – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated PlantsQuedlinburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Schiemann
- Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn Institute – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated PlantsQuedlinburg, Germany
| | | | - Andrey G. Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
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19
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Non-structural proteins of arthropod-borne bunyaviruses: roles and functions. Viruses 2013; 5:2447-68. [PMID: 24100888 PMCID: PMC3814597 DOI: 10.3390/v5102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses within the Bunyaviridae family are tri-segmented, negative-stranded RNA viruses. The family includes several emerging and re-emerging viruses of humans, animals and plants, such as Rift Valley fever virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, La Crosse virus, Schmallenberg virus and tomato spotted wilt virus. Many bunyaviruses are arthropod-borne, so-called arboviruses. Depending on the genus, bunyaviruses encode, in addition to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the different structural proteins, one or several non-structural proteins. These non-structural proteins are not always essential for virus growth and replication but can play an important role in viral pathogenesis through their interaction with the host innate immune system. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge and understanding of insect-borne bunyavirus non-structural protein function(s) in vertebrate, plant and arthropod.
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20
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Solovyev AG, Makarova SS, Remizowa MV, Lim HS, Hammond J, Owens RA, Kopertekh L, Schiemann J, Morozov SY. Possible role of the Nt-4/1 protein in macromolecular transport in vascular tissue. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:doi: 10.4161/psb.25784. [PMID: 23887490 PMCID: PMC4091084 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana 4/1 (At-4/1) protein has a highly α-helical structure with potential to interact both with itself and other protein ligands, including the movement proteins of some plant viruses; the Nicotiana tabacum ortholog (Nt-4/1) has similar structure. Here we describe localization of GUS expression in transgenic N. tabacum seedlings under control of the Nt-4/1 promoter, which indicates that transcription is associated with the veins at certain developmental stages, and especially in the hypocotyl. Viroid accumulation and movement was altered in plants in which 4/1 expression was reduced by virus-induced gene silencing. These localization studies support a role of 4/1 in signaling in the vasculature,including mobility of pathogen-related and cellular RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology; Moscow State University; Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Hyoun-Sub Lim
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory; USDA/ARS; Beltsville, MD USA
| | - John Hammond
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit; USDA/ARS; Beltsville, MD USA
| | - Robert A Owens
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory; USDA/ARS; Beltsville, MD USA
| | - Lilya Kopertekh
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI); Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants; Institute for Biosafety of Genetically Modified Plants; Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Schiemann
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI); Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants; Institute for Biosafety of Genetically Modified Plants; Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Sergey Y Morozov
- Department of Virology; Moscow State University; Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology; Moscow State University; Moscow, Russia
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21
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Solovyev AG, Minina EA, Makarova SS, Erokhina TN, Makarov VV, Kaplan IB, Kopertekh L, Schiemann J, Richert-Pöggeler KR, Morozov SY. Subcellular localization and self-interaction of plant-specific Nt-4/1 protein. Biochimie 2013; 95:1360-70. [PMID: 23499290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Nicotiana tabacum Nt-4/1 protein is a plant-specific protein of unknown function. Analysis of bacterially expressed Nt-4/1 protein in vitro revealed that the protein secondary structure is mostly alpha-helical and suggested that it could consist of three structural domains. Earlier studies of At-4/1, the Arabidopsis thaliana-encoded ortholog of Nt-4/1, demonstrated that GFP-fused At-4/1 was capable of polar localization in plant cells, association with plasmodesmata, and cell-to-cell transport. Together with the At-4/1 ability to interact with a plant virus movement protein, these data supported the hypothesis of the At-4/1 protein involvement in viral transport through plasmodesmata. Studies of the Nt-4/1-GFP fusion protein reported in this paper revealed that the protein was localized to cytoplasmic bodies, which were co-aligned with actin filaments and capable of actin-dependent intracellular movement. The Nt-4/1-GFP bodies, being non-membrane structures, were found in association with the plasma membrane, the tubular endoplasmic reticulum and endosome-like structures. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments and inhibition of nuclear export showed that the Nt-4/1 protein was capable of nuclear-cytoplasmic transport. The nuclear export signal (NES) was identified in the Nt-4/1 protein by site-directed mutagenesis. The Nt-4/1 NES mutant was localized to the nucleoplasm forming spherical bodies. Immunogold labeling and electron microscopy of cytoplasmic Nt-4/1-containing bodies and nuclear structures containing the Nt-4/1 NES mutant revealed differences in their fine structure. In mammalian cells, Nt-4/1-GFP formed cytoplasmic spherical bodies similar to those found for the Nt-4/1 NES mutant in plant cell nuclei. Using dynamic laser light scattering and electron microscopy, the Nt-4/1 protein was found to form multimeric complexes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Solovyev
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Chochlova Str. 1, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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22
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Dynamic localization of two tobamovirus ORF6 proteins involves distinct organellar compartments. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:230-240. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.045278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ORF6 is a small gene that overlaps the movement and coat protein genes of subgroup 1a tobamoviruses. The ORF6 protein of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) strain L (L-ORF6), interacts in vitro with eukaryotic elongation factor 1α, and mutation of the ORF6 gene of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) strain U1 (U1-ORF6) reduces the pathogenicity in vivo of TMV, whereas expression of this gene from two other viruses, tobacco rattle virus (TRV) and potato virus X (PVX), increases their pathogenicity. In this work, the in vivo properties of the L-ORF6 and U1-ORF6 proteins were compared to identify sequences that direct the proteins to different subcellular locations and also influence virus pathogenicity. Site-specific mutations in the ORF6 protein were made, hybrid ORF6 proteins were created in which the N-terminal and C-terminal parts were derived from the two proteins, and different subregions of the protein were examined, using expression either from a recombinant TRV vector or as a yellow fluorescent protein fusion from a binary plasmid in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. L-ORF6 caused mild necrotic symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana when expressed from TRV, whereas U1-ORF6 caused severe symptoms including death of the plant apex. The difference in symptoms was associated with the C-terminal region of L-ORF6, which directed the protein to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whereas U1-ORF6 was directed initially to the nucleolus and later to the mitochondria. Positively charged residues at the N terminus allowed nucleolar entry of both U1-ORF6 and L-ORF6, but hydrophobic residues at the C terminus of L-ORF6 directed this protein to the ER.
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23
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Dietzgen RG, Martin KM, Anderson G, Goodin MM. In planta localization and interactions of impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus proteins. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2490-2495. [PMID: 22837417 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.042515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus (INSV) is a significant pathogen of ornamentals. The tripartite negative- and ambi-sense RNA genome encodes six proteins that are involved in cytoplasmic replication, movement, assembly, insect transmission and defence. To gain insight into the associations of these viral proteins, we determined their intracellular localization and interactions in living plant cells. Nucleotide sequences encoding the nucleoprotein N, non-structural proteins NSs and NSm, and glycoproteins Gn and Gc of a Kentucky isolate of INSV were amplified by RT-PCR, cloned, sequenced and transiently expressed as fusions with autofluorescent proteins in leaf epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana. All proteins accumulated at the cell periphery and co-localized with an endoplasmic reticulum marker. The Gc protein fusion also localized to the nucleus. N and NSm protein self-interactions and an NSm-N interaction were observed by using bimolecular fluorescence complementation. A tospovirus NSm homotypic interaction had not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40546, USA
| | - Kathleen M Martin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40546, USA
| | - Gavin Anderson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40546, USA
| | - Michael M Goodin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40546, USA
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24
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Salmon MS, Bayer EMF. Dissecting plasmodesmata molecular composition by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:307. [PMID: 23335932 PMCID: PMC3542633 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the intercellular communication through the membranous channels called plasmodesmata (PD; singular plasmodesma) plays pivotal roles in the orchestration of development, defence responses, and viral propagation. PD are dynamic structures embedded in the plant cell wall that are defined by specialized domains of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the plasma membrane (PM). PD structure and unique functions are guaranteed by their particular molecular composition. Yet, up to recent years and despite numerous approaches such as mutant screens, immunolocalization, or screening of random cDNAs, only few PD proteins had been conclusively identified and characterized. A clear breakthrough in the search of PD constituents came from mass-spectrometry-based proteomic approaches coupled with subcellular fractionation strategies. Due to their position, firmly anchored in the extracellular matrix, PD are notoriously difficult to isolate for biochemical analysis. Proteomic-based approaches have therefore first relied on the use of cell wall fractions containing embedded PD then on "free" PD fractions whereby PD membranes were released from the walls by enzymatic degradation. To discriminate between likely contaminants and PD protein candidates, bioinformatics tools have often been used in combination with proteomic approaches. GFP fusion proteins of selected candidates have confirmed the PD association of several protein families. Here we review the accomplishments and limitations of the proteomic-based strategies to unravel the functional and structural complexity of PD. We also discuss the role of the identified PD-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuelle M. F. Bayer
- *Correspondence: Emmanuelle M. F. Bayer, Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, CNRS UMR5200, Campus INRA de Bordeaux, 71 Avenue E. Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France. e-mail:
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Xu Y, Zhou X. Role of Rice Stripe Virus NSvc4 in Cell-to-Cell Movement and Symptom Development in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:269. [PMID: 23233857 PMCID: PMC3516811 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Our previous work has demonstrated that the NSvc4 protein of Rice stripe virus (RSV) functions as a cell-to-cell movement protein. However, the mechanisms whereby RSV traffics through plasmodesmata (PD) are unknown. Here we provide evidence that the NSvc4 moves on the actin filament and endoplasmic reticulum network, but not microtubules, to reach cell wall PD. Disruption of cytoskeleton using different inhibitors altered NSvc4 localization to PD, thus impeding RSV infection of Nicotiana benthamiana. Sequence analyses and deletion mutagenesis experiment revealed that the N-terminal 125 amino acids (AAs) of the NSvc4 determine PD targeting and that a transmembrane domain spanning AAs 106-125 is critical for PD localization. We also found that the NSvc4 protein can localize to chloroplasts in infected cells. Analyses using deletion mutants revealed that the N-terminal 73 AAs are essential for chloroplast localization. Furthermore, expression of NSvc4 from a Potato virus X (PVX) vector resulted in more severe disease symptoms than PVX alone in systemically infected N. benthamiana leaves. Expression of NSvc4 in Spodoptera frugiperda 9 cells did not elicit tubule formation, but instead resulted in punctate foci at the plasma membrane. These findings shed new light on our understanding of the movement mechanisms whereby RSV infects host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xueping Zhou, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China. e-mail:
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Parallels and distinctions in the direct cell-to-cell spread of the plant and animal viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2011; 1:403-9. [PMID: 22440842 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The paradigm that viruses can move directly, and in some cases covertly, between contacting target cells is now well established for several virus families. The underlying mechanisms of cell-to-cell spread, however, remain to be fully elucidated and may differ substantially depending on the viral exit/entry route and the cellular tropism. Here, two divergent cell-to-cell spread mechanisms are exemplified: firstly by human retroviruses, which rely upon transient adhesive structures that form between polarized immune cells termed virological synapses, and secondly by herpesviruses that depend predominantly on pre-existing stable cellular contacts, but may also form virological synapses. Plant viruses can also spread directly between contacting cells, but are obliged by the rigid host cell wall to move across pore structures termed plasmodesmata. This review will focus primarily on recent advances in our understanding of animal virus cell-to-cell spread using examples from these two virus families to highlight differences and similarities, and will conclude by comparing and contrasting the cell-to-cell spread of animal and plant viruses.
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Makarova SS, Minina EA, Makarov VV, Semenyuk PI, Kopertekh L, Schiemann J, Serebryakova MV, Erokhina TN, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY. Orthologues of a plant-specific At-4/1 gene in the genus Nicotiana and the structural properties of bacterially expressed 4/1 protein. Biochimie 2011; 93:1770-8. [PMID: 21712068 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana At-4/1 is the protein of unknown function capable of polar localization in plant cells and intercellular trafficking. In this work, we cloned cDNAs and chromosomal genes of At-4/1 orthologues from several Nicotiana species. Similarly to the 4/1 genes of A. thaliana and Oryza sativa, Nicotiana 4/1 genes have eight exons and seven introns but are considerably longer due to their larger introns. The allotetraploid genome of Nicotiana tabacum, which is known to consist of the 'S genome' originated from Nicotiana sylvestris and the 'T genome' derived from Nicotiana tomentosiformis, encodes two 4/1 genes. The T genome-encoded 4/1 gene, but not that of the S genome, contains a SINE-like transposable element in its intron 2. The 4/1 genes of Nicotiana hesperis and Nicotiana benthamiana lack such an element in the intron 2, but possess a related SINE-like sequence in their intron 4. Collectively, the sequence analysis data provide an insight into the organization of 4/1 genes in flowering plants and the patterns of evolution in the genus Nicotiana. The Nicotiana 4/1 proteins and those of other flowering plants show a significant level of sequence similarity. Computer-assisted analysis was further used to compare their predicted secondary structures. Several algorithms confidently predicted the presence of several coiled-coil domains occupying similar positions in different 4/1 proteins. Analysis of circular dichroism spectra carried out for bacterially expressed N. tabacum 4/1 protein (Nt-4/1) and its N- and C-terminally truncated mutants confirmed that the secondary structure of Nt-4/1 is generally alpha-helical. The C-terminal region of Nt-4/1 was found to undergo a partial proteolysis in Escherichia coli cells. Differential scanning calorimetry of Nt-4/1 protein and its mutants revealed three calorimetric domains most probably corresponding to the N-terminal, central, and C-terminal structural domains of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S Makarova
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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Schoelz JE, Harries PA, Nelson RS. Intracellular transport of plant viruses: finding the door out of the cell. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:813-31. [PMID: 21896501 PMCID: PMC3183398 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are a class of plant pathogens that specialize in movement from cell to cell. As part of their arsenal for infection of plants, every virus encodes a movement protein (MP), a protein dedicated to enlarging the pore size of plasmodesmata (PD) and actively transporting the viral nucleic acid into the adjacent cell. As our knowledge of intercellular transport has increased, it has become apparent that viruses must also use an active mechanism to target the virus from their site of replication within the cell to the PD. Just as viruses are too large to fit through an unmodified plasmodesma, they are also too large to be freely diffused through the cytoplasm of the cell. Evidence has accumulated now for the involvement of other categories of viral proteins in intracellular movement in addition to the MP, including viral proteins originally associated with replication or gene expression. In this review, we will discuss the strategies that viruses use for intracellular movement from the replication site to the PD, in particular focusing on the role of host membranes for intracellular transport and the coordinated interactions between virus proteins within cells that are necessary for successful virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Schoelz
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Phillip A. Harries
- Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
| | - Richard S. Nelson
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
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Shemyakina EA, Erokhina TN, Gorshkova EN, Schiemann J, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY. Formation of protein complexes containing plant virus movement protein TGBp3 is necessary for its intracellular trafficking. Biochimie 2011; 93:742-8. [PMID: 21251950 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell movement of Poa semilatent virus (genus Hordeivirus) in infected plants is mediated by three viral 'triple gene block' (TGB) proteins. One of those termed TGBp3 is an integral membrane protein essential for intracellular transport of other TGB proteins and viral genomic RNA to plasmodesmata. TGBp3 targeting to plasmodesmata-associated sites is believed to involve an unconventional mechanism which does not employ endoplasmic reticulum-derived transport vesicles. Previously TGBp3 has been shown to contain a composite transport signal consisting of the central hydrophilic protein region which includes a conserved pentapeptide YQDLN and the C-terminal transmembrane segment. This study demonstrates that these TGBp3 structural elements have distinct functions in protein transport. The YQDLN-containing region is essential for TGBp3 incorporation into high-molecular-mass protein complexes. In transient expression assay formation of such complexes is necessary for entering the TGBp3-specific pathway of intracellular transport and protein delivery to plasmodesmata-associated sites. In virus-infected plants TGBp3 is also found predominantly in the form of high-molecular-mass complexes. When the complex-formation function of YQDLN-containing region is disabled by a mutation, targeting to plasmodesmata-associated sites can be complemented by a heterologous peptide capable of formation multimeric complexes. The C-terminal transmembrane segment is found to be an essential signal of TGBp3 intracellular transport to peripheral sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Shemyakina
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Desbiez C, Moury B, Lecoq H. The hallmarks of "green" viruses: do plant viruses evolve differently from the others? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:812-24. [PMID: 21382520 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All viruses are obligatory parasites that must develop tight interactions with their hosts to complete their infectious cycle. Viruses infecting plants share many structural and functional similarities with those infecting other organisms, particularly animals and fungi. Quantitative data regarding their evolutionary mechanisms--generation of variability by mutation and recombination, changes in populations by selection and genetic drift have been obtained only recently, and appear rather similar to those measured for animal viruses.This review presents an update of our knowledge of the phylogenetic and evolutionary characteristics of plant viruses and their relation to their plant hosts, in comparison with viruses infecting other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Desbiez
- INRA, Unité de Pathologie Végétale UR407, F-84140 Montfavet, France.
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31
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Cellular factors in plant virus movement: at the leading edge of macromolecular trafficking in plants. Virology 2011; 411:237-43. [PMID: 21239029 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To establish systemic infection, plant viruses must be localized to the correct subcellular sites to accomplish replication and then traffic from initially infected cells into neighboring cells and even distant organs. Viruses have evolved various strategies to interact with pre-existing cellular factors to achieve these functions. In this review we discuss plant virus intracellular, intercellular and long-distance movement, focusing on the host cellular factors involved. We emphasize that elucidating viral movement mechanisms will not only shed light on the molecular mechanisms of infection, but will also contribute valuable insights into the regulation of endogenous macromolecular trafficking.
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Faulkner C, Maule A. Opportunities and successes in the search for plasmodesmal proteins. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:27-38. [PMID: 20922549 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The proteinaceous composition of plasmodesmata (PDs) is a puzzle for which pieces have proven particularly difficult to find. This review describes the numerous approaches that have been undertaken in the search for PD-associated proteins and what each has contributed to our understanding of PD structure and function. These approaches include immunolocalisation of known proteins, proteomic characterisation of PD-enriched tissue fractions, high-throughput screens of random cDNAs and mutant screens. In addition to components of the cytoskeleton, novel proteins with predicted or unknown functions have been identified. Many of these have properties that relate to the symplastic and/or apoplastic faces of the plasma membrane. Mutant screens have identified proteins involved in previously unconnected cell pathways such as ROS signalling, implicating ROS in PD formation and regulation. Proteins associated with callose synthesis and degradation have also been identified and characterised, providing considerable weight to the hypothesis that callose deposition around the neck of the PD pore is one mechanism by which the PD aperture is regulated. The techniques described in this review have been developed such that it is to be expected that a considerable number of new PD proteins will be identified in coming years to fill in further detail of the structure and functional mechanisms of these dynamic pores.
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Verchot-Lubicz J, Torrance L, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY, Jackson AO, Gilmer D. Varied movement strategies employed by triple gene block-encoding viruses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1231-47. [PMID: 20831404 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-10-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Several RNA virus genera belonging to the Virgaviridae and Flexiviridae families encode proteins organized in a triple gene block (TGB) that facilitate cell-to-cell and long-distance movement. The TGB proteins have been traditionally classified as hordei-like or potex-like based on phylogenetic comparisons and differences in movement mechanisms of the Hordeivirus and Potexvirus spp. However, accumulating data from other model viruses suggests that a revised framework is needed to accommodate the profound differences in protein interactions occurring during infection and ancillary capsid protein requirements for movement. The goal of this article is to highlight common features of the TGB proteins and salient differences in movement properties exhibited by individual viruses encoding these proteins. We discuss common and divergent aspects of the TGB transport machinery, describe putative nucleoprotein movement complexes, highlight recent data on TGB protein interactions and topological properties, and review membrane associations occurring during subcellular targeting and cell-to-cell movement. We conclude that the existing models cannot be used to explain all TGB viruses, and we propose provisional Potexvirus, Hordeivirus, and Pomovirus models. We also suggest areas that might profit from future research on viruses harboring this intriguing arrangement of movement proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmarie Verchot-Lubicz
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Amari K, Boutant E, Hofmann C, Schmitt-Keichinger C, Fernandez-Calvino L, Didier P, Lerich A, Mutterer J, Thomas CL, Heinlein M, Mély Y, Maule AJ, Ritzenthaler C. A family of plasmodesmal proteins with receptor-like properties for plant viral movement proteins. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001119. [PMID: 20886105 PMCID: PMC2944810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are essential but poorly understood structures in plant cell walls that provide symplastic continuity and intercellular communication pathways between adjacent cells and thus play fundamental roles in development and pathogenesis. Viruses encode movement proteins (MPs) that modify these tightly regulated pores to facilitate their spread from cell to cell. The most striking of these modifications is observed for groups of viruses whose MPs form tubules that assemble in PDs and through which virions are transported to neighbouring cells. The nature of the molecular interactions between viral MPs and PD components and their role in viral movement has remained essentially unknown. Here, we show that the family of PD-located proteins (PDLPs) promotes the movement of viruses that use tubule-guided movement by interacting redundantly with tubule-forming MPs within PDs. Genetic disruption of this interaction leads to reduced tubule formation, delayed infection and attenuated symptoms. Our results implicate PDLPs as PD proteins with receptor-like properties involved the assembly of viral MPs into tubules to promote viral movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Amari
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emmanuel Boutant
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christina Hofmann
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Lourdes Fernandez-Calvino
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Didier
- UMR 7213 CNRS, Biophotonique et Pharmacologie/Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Alexander Lerich
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérome Mutterer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Carole L. Thomas
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yves Mély
- UMR 7213 CNRS, Biophotonique et Pharmacologie/Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Andrew J. Maule
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Ritzenthaler
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Minina EA, Erokhina TN, Garushyants SK, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY. Subcellular localization of the new plant protein 4/1 and analysis of heterologous protein-protein interactions indicate its ability for nuclear-cytoplasmic transport. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2009; 429:296-300. [PMID: 20101824 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672909060039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E A Minina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997 Russia
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Li W, Lewandowski DJ, Hilf ME, Adkins S. Identification of domains of the Tomato spotted wilt virus NSm protein involved in tubule formation, movement and symptomatology. Virology 2009; 390:110-21. [PMID: 19481775 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Deletion and alanine-substitution mutants of the Tomato spotted wilt virus NSm protein were generated to identify domains involved in tubule formation, movement and symptomatology using a heterologous Tobacco mosaic virus expression system. Two regions of NSm, G(19)-S(159) and G(209)-V(283), were required for both tubule formation in protoplasts and cell-to-cell movement in plants, indicating a correlation between these activities. Three amino acid groups, D(154), EYKK(205-208) and EEEEE(284-288) were linked with long-distance movement in Nicotiana benthamiana. EEEEE(284-288) was essential for NSm-mediated long-distance movement, whereas D(154) was essential for tubule formation and cell-to-cell movement; indicating separate genetic controls for cell-to-cell and long-distance movement. The region I(57)-N(100) was identified as the determinant of foliar necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana, and mutagenesis of HH(93-94) greatly reduced necrosis. These findings are likely applicable to other tospovirus species, especially those within the 'New World' group as NSm sequences are highly conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Li
- University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
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Shimizu T, Yoshii A, Sakurai K, Hamada K, Yamaji Y, Suzuki M, Namba S, Hibi T. Identification of a novel tobacco DnaJ-like protein that interacts with the movement protein of tobacco mosaic virus. Arch Virol 2009; 154:959-67. [PMID: 19458900 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) mediates the transport of viral RNA from infected cells to neighboring uninfected cells via plasmodesmata by interacting with putative host factors. To find such host factors, we screened tobacco proteins using the yeast two-hybrid system. NtMPIP1, a novel subset of DnaJ-like proteins, was identified from a tobacco cDNA library, and its specific interaction with TMV MP was confirmed with an in vitro filter-binding assay. In a deletion analysis, using a series of truncated TMV MPs and NtMPIP1s, at least two regions of TMV MP, amino acid residues 65-86 and 120-185, conferred the ability to interact with the C-terminal domain of NtMPIP1, which is thought to be involved in substrate binding. Virus-induced gene silencing of NtMPIP1 significantly inhibited the spread of TMV. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider that endogenous NtMPIP1 is a host factor involved in virus cell-to-cell spread by interacting with TMV MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Shimizu
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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LIU D, KUHLMEY B, SMITH P, DAY D, FAULKNER C, OVERALL R. Reflection across plant cell boundaries in confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Microsc 2008; 231:349-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.02068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Schepetilnikov MV, Solovyev AG, Gorshkova EN, Schiemann J, Prokhnevsky AI, Dolja VV, Morozov SY. Intracellular targeting of a hordeiviral membrane-spanning movement protein: sequence requirements and involvement of an unconventional mechanism. J Virol 2008; 82:1284-93. [PMID: 18032484 PMCID: PMC2224415 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01164-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-spanning protein TGBp3 is one of the three movement proteins (MPs) of Poa semilatent virus. TGBp3 is thought to direct other viral MPs and genomic RNA to peripheral bodies located in close proximity to plasmodesmata. We used the ectopic expression of green fluorescent protein-fused TGBp3 in epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves to study the TGBp3 intracellular trafficking pathway. Treatment with inhibitors was used to reveal that the targeting of TGBp3 to plasmodesmata does not require a functional cytoskeleton or secretory system. In addition, the suppression of endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicle formation by a dominant negative mutant of small GTPase Sar1 had no detectable effect on TGBp3 trafficking to peripheral bodies. Collectively, these results suggested the involvement of an unconventional pathway in the intracellular transport of TGBp3. The determinants of targeting to plasmodesmata were localized to the C-terminal region of TGBp3, including the conserved hydrophilic and terminal membrane-spanning domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Schepetilnikov
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 2082, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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