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Gryganskyi AP, Golan J, Hajek AE. Season-long infection of diverse hosts by the entomopathogenic fungus Batkoa major. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261912. [PMID: 35511895 PMCID: PMC9070890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations of the entomopathogenic fungus Batkoa major were analyzed using sequences of four genomic regions and evaluated in relation to their genetic diversity, insect hosts and collection site. This entomophthoralean pathogen killed numerous insect species from 23 families and five orders in two remote locations during 2019. The host list of this biotrophic pathogen contains flies, true bugs, butterflies and moths, beetles, and barkflies. Among the infected bugs (Order Hemiptera), the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is a new invasive planthopper pest of various woody plants that was introduced to the USA from Eastern Asia. A high degree of clonality occurred in the studied populations and high gene flow was revealed using four molecular loci for the analysis of population structure. We did not detect any segregation in the population regarding host affiliation (by family or order), or collection site. This is the first description of population structure of a biotrophic fungus-generalist in the entomopathogenic Order Entomophthorales. This analysis aimed to better understand the potential populations of entomopathogen-generalists infecting emerging invasive hosts in new ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob Golan
- Departments of Botany and Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ann E. Hajek
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Crous PW, Rossman AY, Aime MC, Allen WC, Burgess T, Groenewald JZ, Castlebury LA. Names of Phytopathogenic Fungi: A Practical Guide. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1500-1508. [PMID: 33487022 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-20-0512-per] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using the correct name for phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes is essential for communicating knowledge about species and their biology, control, and quarantine as well as for trade and research purposes. However, many plant pathogenic fungi are pleomorphic, meaning they produce different asexual (anamorph) and sexual (teleomorph) morphs in their life cycles. Therefore, more than one name has been applied to different morphs of the same species, which has confused users. The onset of DNA technologies makes it possible to connect different morphs of the same species, resulting in a move to a more natural classification system for fungi in which a single name for a genus and species can now be used. This move to a single nomenclature, coupled with the advent of molecular systematics and the introduction of polythetic taxonomic approaches, has been the main driving force for a reclassification of fungi, including pathogens. Nonetheless, finding the correct name for species remains challenging. In this article we outline a series of steps or considerations to greatly simplify this process and provide links to various online databases and resources to aid in determining the correct name. Additionally, a list of accurate names is provided for the most common genera and species of phytopathogenic fungi.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro W Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Laboratory of Phytopathology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Y Rossman
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A
| | - M Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
| | - W Cavan Allen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service Mycology & Nematology Genetic Diversity & Biology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
| | - Treena Burgess
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia
| | | | - Lisa A Castlebury
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service Mycology & Nematology Genetic Diversity & Biology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
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Morphological Formation, Fatty Acid Profile, and Molecular Identification of Some Landraces of Ethiopian Brassica as a Promising Crop to Support Breeding Programs. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071431. [PMID: 34371634 PMCID: PMC8309263 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been an increased interest in oilseed crops for agro-industry research and development breeding programs to secure sustainable food and agriculture. The introgression of exotic genotypes of oilseed Brassica into cultivated relatives is inevitable in the genetic improvement of oilseed crops. This experimental attempt aimed to characterize the morphological and molecular basis for the identification and characterization of some Brassica genotypes. Fatty acid profile, yield, and morphology are under genetic control and can be used to identify genotypes. Characterization and identification were fulfilled for five accessions from Brassica spp. Plant height, height of first branch, number of branches and pods per plant, seed yield per plant, average pod length, number of seeds per pod, protein and oil contents (%), and fatty acid profile were examined. Besides, the relationship between seed yield and seed yield-contributing characteristics was estimated, as well as the phylogenetic relationship of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The genotypes varied significantly for all examined traits, taking into account the most important traits: seed yield per plant and oil content. For example, oil content in the samples ranged between 41.1 and 49.3%. Path analysis results showed a high and positive direct effect between each number of primary branches and the number of pods per plant with seed yield per plant (0.48). The morphological and molecular observations suggest that the Fay1, Fay3, Fay4, and Fay6 accessions belong to Brassica rapa, while Fay2 belongs to Brassica carinata. It can be concluded based on the present findings that the Fay3 genotype with the highest oil content and the lowest erucic acid content compared to the other genotypes can be proposed as a potential donor for future breeding programs for oil production and quality, while Fay1 can be utilized as donor to increase the seed yield per plant.
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Fungal taxonomy and sequence-based nomenclature. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:540-548. [PMID: 33903746 PMCID: PMC10116568 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The identification and proper naming of microfungi, in particular plant, animal and human pathogens, remains challenging. Molecular identification is becoming the default approach for many fungal groups, and environmental metabarcoding is contributing an increasing amount of sequence data documenting fungal diversity on a global scale. This includes lineages represented only by sequence data. At present, these taxa cannot be formally described under the current nomenclature rules. By considering approaches used in bacterial taxonomy, we propose solutions for the nomenclature of taxa known only from sequences to facilitate consistent reporting and communication in the literature and public sequence repositories.
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Chen L, Zhou J, Zeng T, Miao YF, Mei L, Yao GB, Fang K, Dong XF, Sha T, Yang MZ, Li T, Zhao ZW, Zhang HB. Quantifying the sharing of foliar fungal pathogens by the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora and its neighbours. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1493-1504. [PMID: 32343409 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Local pathogens can accumulate as asymptomatic endophytes, making it difficult to detect the impacts of invasive species as propagators of disease in the invaded range. We used the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora to assess such accumulation. We intensively collected foliar fungal endophytes and leaf spot pathogens of A. adenophora and co-occurring neighbours and performed an inoculation experiment to evaluate their pathogenicity and host range. Ageratina adenophora harboured diverse necrotrophic pathogens; its communities of endophytes and leaf spot pathogens were different in composition and shared only a small number of fungal species. In the pathogen communities of local plant hosts, 21% of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs), representing 50% of strains, also occurred as leaf spot pathogens and/or endophytes of A. adenophora. The local pathogen community was more similar to the endophytes than to the pathogens of A. adenophora. The inoculation experiment showed that local pathogens could infect A. adenophora leaves asymptomatically and that local plant hosts were susceptible to both A. adenophora endophytes and pathogens. Ageratina adenophora is a highly competent host for local pathogens, and its asymptomatic latent pathogens are fungi primarily shared with local neighbours. This poses challenges for understanding the long-term ecological consequences of plant invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Tian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Yi-Fang Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Liang Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Guang-Bo Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Kai Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Xing-Fan Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Tao Sha
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Yang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Han-Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
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