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Pintye A, Bacsó R, Kovács GM. Trans-kingdom fungal pathogens infecting both plants and humans, and the problem of azole fungicide resistance. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1354757. [PMID: 38410389 PMCID: PMC10896089 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1354757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Azole antifungals are abundantly used in the environment and play an important role in managing fungal diseases in clinics. Due to the widespread use, azole resistance is an emerging global problem for all applications in several fungal species, including trans-kingdom pathogens, capable of infecting plants and humans. Azoles used in agriculture and clinics share the mode of action and facilitating cross-resistance development. The extensive use of azoles in the environment, e.g., for plant protection and wood preservation, contributes to the spread of resistant populations and challenges using these antifungals in medical treatments. The target of azoles is the cytochrome p450 lanosterol 14-α demethylase encoded by the CYP51 (called also as ERG11 in the case of yeasts) gene. Resistance mechanisms involve mainly the mutations in the coding region in the CYP51 gene, resulting in the inadequate binding of azoles to the encoded Cyp51 protein, or mutations in the promoter region causing overexpression of the protein. The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued the first fungal priority pathogens list (FPPL) to raise awareness of the risk of fungal infections and the increasingly rapid spread of antifungal resistance. Here, we review the main issues about the azole antifungal resistance of trans-kingdom pathogenic fungi with the ability to cause serious human infections and included in the WHO FPPL. Methods for the identification of these species and detection of resistance are summarized, highlighting the importance of these issues to apply the proper treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pintye
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, HUN-REN, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Renáta Bacsó
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, HUN-REN, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor M. Kovács
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, HUN-REN, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Dorigan AF, Moreira SI, da Silva Costa Guimarães S, Cruz-Magalhães V, Alves E. Target and non-target site mechanisms of fungicide resistance and their implications for the management of crop pathogens. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4731-4753. [PMID: 37592727 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides are indispensable for high-quality crops, but the rapid emergence and evolution of fungicide resistance have become the most important issues in modern agriculture. Hence, the sustainability and profitability of agricultural production have been challenged due to the limited number of fungicide chemical classes. Resistance to site-specific fungicides has principally been linked to target and non-target site mechanisms. These mechanisms change the structure or expression level, affecting fungicide efficacy and resulting in different and varying resistance levels. This review provides background information about fungicide resistance mechanisms and their implications for developing anti-resistance strategies in plant pathogens. Here, our purpose was to review changes at the target and non-target sites of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides, methyl-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicides, demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides and to evaluate if they may also be associated with a fitness cost on crop pathogen populations. The current knowledge suggests that understanding fungicide resistance mechanisms can facilitate resistance monitoring and assist in developing anti-resistance strategies and new fungicide molecules to help solve this issue. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eduardo Alves
- Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
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Hsieh TF, Shen YM, Huang JH, Tsai JN, Lu MT, Lin CP. Insights into Grape Ripe Rot: A Focus on the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Species Complex and Its Management Strategies. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2873. [PMID: 37571026 PMCID: PMC10421077 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Grape ripe rot, which is predominantly caused by the Colletotrichum species, presents a growing threat to global grape cultivation. This threat is amplified by the increasing populations of the Colletotrichum species in response to warmer climates. In this review, we investigate the wide-ranging spectrum of grape ripe rot, specifically highlighting the role and characteristics of the C. gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC). We incorporate this understanding as we explore the diverse symptoms that lead to infected grapevines, their intricate life cycle and epidemiology, and the escalating prevalence of C. viniferum in Asia and globally. Furthermore, we delve into numerous disease management strategies, both conventional and emerging, such as prevention and mitigation measures. These strategies include the examination of host resistances, beneficial cultivation practices, sanitation measures, microbiome health maintenance, fungicide choice and resistance, as well as integrated management approaches. This review seeks to enhance our understanding of this globally significant disease, aspiring to assist in the development and improvement of effective prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Fang Hsieh
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; (T.-F.H.); (J.-H.H.); (J.-N.T.)
| | - Yuan-Min Shen
- Master Program for Plant Medicine, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Jin-Hsing Huang
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; (T.-F.H.); (J.-H.H.); (J.-N.T.)
| | - Jyh-Nong Tsai
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; (T.-F.H.); (J.-H.H.); (J.-N.T.)
| | - Ming-Te Lu
- Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City 41326, Taiwan;
| | - Chu-Ping Lin
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; (T.-F.H.); (J.-H.H.); (J.-N.T.)
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Zhu Y, Ma M, Zhang S, Li H. Baseline Sensitivity and Resistance Mechanism of Colletotrichum Isolates on Tea-Oil Trees of China to Tebuconazole. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1022-1033. [PMID: 36576403 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-22-0325-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum fungi could cause anthracnose, a destructive disease in tea-oil trees. The sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) tebuconazole has been widely used in controlling plant diseases for many years. However, the baseline sensitivity of Colletotrichum isolates on tea-oil trees to tebuconazole has not been determined. In this study, the sensitivity to tebuconazole of 117 Colletotrichum isolates from tea-oil trees of seven provinces in southern China was tested. The mean effective concentration resulted in 50% mycelial growth inhibition (EC50), 0.7625 μg/ml. The EC50 values of 100 isolates (83%) were lower than 1 μg/ml, and those of 20 isolates (17%) were higher than 1 μg/ml, which implied that resistance has already occurred in Colletotrichum isolates on tea-oil trees. The EC50 values of the most resistant and sensitive isolates (named Ca-R and Cc-S1, respectively) were 1.8848 and 0.1561 μg/ml, respectively. The resistance mechanism was also investigated in this study. A gene replacement experiment indicated that the CYP51A/B gene of resistant isolates Ca-R and Cf-R1 cannot confer Cc-S1 full resistance to DMI fungicides, although three single point mutants, Cc-S1CYP51A-T306A and Cc-S1CYP51A-R478K, exhibited decreased sensitivity to DMI fungicides. This result suggested that resistance of Colletotrichum isolates was partly caused by mutations in CYP51A. Moreover, the expression level of CYP51A/B was almost identical among Ca-R, Cf-R1, Cc-S1, and Cc-S1CYP51A point mutants, which indicated that the resistance was irrelevant to the expression level of CYP51A, and other nontarget-based resistance mechanisms may exist. Our results could help to guide the application of DMI fungicides and be useful for investigating the mechanism of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanye Zhu
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry, Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Changsha, China; and Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Mengting Ma
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry, Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Changsha, China; and Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Shengpei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry, Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Changsha, China; and Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - He Li
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry, Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Changsha, China; and Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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Gelain J, Lykins S, Rosa PF, Soares AT, Dowling M, Schnabel G, May De Mio LL. Identification and Fungicide Sensitivity of Colletotrichum spp. from Apple Flowers and Fruitlets in Brazil. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:1183-1191. [PMID: 36256738 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-22-0243-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) and bitter rot (BR), caused by Colletotrichum spp., are major diseases on apple in southern Brazil. Among integrated pest management tools for disease management in commercial orchards, fungicides remain an important component. This study aimed to identify Colletotrichum spp. from cultivar Eva in Paraná state orchards; evaluate their in vitro sensitivity to cyprodinil, tebuconazole, iprodione, and fluazinam; and determine the baseline in vitro sensitivity of these isolates to benzovindiflupyr and natamycin. Most isolates belonged to Colletotrichum melonis and C. nymphaeae of the C. acutatum species complex. The two species varied in sensitivity to fluazinam and tebuconazole, but no variability was found for any other fungicide. The lowest 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of Colletotrichum spp. were observed for cyprodinil (mean EC50 < 0.02) and benzovindiflupyr (mean EC50 < 0.05); EC50 values were intermediate for fluazinam (mean EC50 < 0.33) and tebuconazole (mean EC50 < 0.14), and they were highest for natamycin (mean EC50 < 5.56) and iprodione (mean EC50 > 12). Cyprodinil and fluazinam are registered for use in Brazil for apple disease management but not specifically for GLS and BR. Tebuconazole is one of the few products registered for Colletotrichum spp. control in apples. In conclusion, flowers and fruitlets can serve as sources of inoculum for GLS and BR disease; C. acutatum was the predominant species complex in these tissues; cyprodinil and fluazinam applications may suppress GLS and BR; and benzovindiflupyr and natamycin warrant further investigation for GLS and BR disease control of apple due to comparably high in vitro sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhulia Gelain
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Protection, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Sydney Lykins
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Pâmela Franciella Rosa
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Protection, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Alex Teixeira Soares
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Protection, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Madeline Dowling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Guido Schnabel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Louise Larissa May De Mio
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Protection, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil
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Wei L, Li X, Chen B, Chen W, Wei L, Zhou D, Chen C, Wu C. Sterol 14α-Demethylase CaCYP51A and CaCYP51B are Functionally Redundant, but Differentially Regulated in Colletotrichum acutatum: Responsibility for DMI-Fungicide Resistance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11911-11922. [PMID: 36102348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum acutatum, the main pathogen causing anthracnose on chili worldwide, is controlled by tebuconazole [a sterol C14-demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide, abbreviated as Teb] with excellent efficacy. Our previous study exhibited that all C. acutatum isolates were sensitive to Teb while the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides population had developed resistance to Teb on the same fungicide-pressure selection. Therefore, the assessment of Teb-resistance in C. acutatum is impending. Twenty Teb-resistant (TebR) mutants obtained by fungicide domestication and ultraviolet (UV)-mutagenesis displayed similar fitness compared to parental isolates. Data in the current study exhibited that mutations at CaCYP51A and/or overexpression of CaCYP51s were responsible for Teb-resistance. Furthermore, the deletion mutants ΔCaCYP51A and ΔCaCYP51B played different roles in sensitivities to DMIs. Taken together, this study first reported that mutations at CaCYP51A and/or overexpression of CaCYP51s conferred resistance to Teb in C. acutatum, CaCYP51A and CaCYP51B are functionally redundant, but differentially regulated in DMI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenchan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lihui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengdong Wu
- Nanjing Pukou District Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Nanjing 211800, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Camiletti BX, Lichtemberg PSF, Paredes JA, Carraro TA, Velascos J, Michailides TJ. Characterization of Colletotrichum Isolates Causing Colletotrichum Dieback of Citrus in California. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1454-1466. [PMID: 35113671 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-21-0434-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dieback caused by Colletotrichum spp. is an emerging disease in California citrus groves. A large-scale survey with emphasis on seasonal variations of latent infections was conducted throughout citrus orchards in Fresno, Kern, and Tulare counties in 2019 and 2020. Latent infections on citrus leaves and twigs varied markedly between years. Isolates of Colletotrichum spp. were obtained from asymptomatic tissue, and two groups were formed based on colony and spore morphology. The morphological groups were further identified based on multigene sequence analysis using the DNA regions ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, TUB2, and GAPDH. Results revealed that isolates belong to two phylogenetic species, C. gloeosporioides and C. karstii, being C. karstii more frequently isolated. Representative isolates of each species were further selected and characterized based on the response of physiological variables to temperature. Both species had similar optimum growth temperatures but differed in maximum growth rates, with C. gloeosporioides exhibiting a greater growth rate than that of C. karstii on media. Pathogenicity tests on citrus trees demonstrated the ability of C. gloeosporioides and C. karstii to cause lesions on twigs and no differences in aggressiveness. A fungicide screening performed in this study determined that the DMI fungicides were the most effective in reducing the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides and C. karstii. The QoI fungicides showed a remarkably inhibitory impact on spore germination of both species. On average, C. karstii was more sensitive to the DMI fungicides than C. gloeosporioides. The findings of this study provide new information to understand the Colletotrichum dieback of citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris X Camiletti
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California Davis, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Paulo S F Lichtemberg
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California Davis, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Juan A Paredes
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California Davis, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Thiago A Carraro
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California Davis, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Jhordan Velascos
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California Davis, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Themis J Michailides
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California Davis, Parlier, CA 93648
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Martin PL, Krawczyk T, Pierce K, Thomas C, Khodadadi F, Aćimović SG, Peter KA. Fungicide Sensitivity of Colletotrichum Species Causing Bitter Rot of Apple in the Mid-Atlantic U.S.A. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:549-563. [PMID: 34353127 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-21-1142-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Apple growers in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S.A. have reported increased losses to bitter rot of apple. We tested the hypothesis that this increase is because the Colletotrichum population has developed resistance to commonly used single-mode-of-action (single-MoA) fungicides. We screened 220 Colletotrichum isolates obtained from 38 apple orchards in the Mid-Atlantic region for resistance to 11 fungicides in Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) groups 1, 7, 9, 11, 12, and 29. Eleven (5%) of these isolates were resistant to FRAC group 1 with confirmed β-tubulin E198A mutations, and two (<1%) were also resistant to FRAC group 11 with confirmed cytochrome-b G143A mutations. Such low frequencies of resistant isolates indicate that fungicide resistance is unlikely to be the cause of any regional increase in bitter rot. A subsample of isolates was subsequently tested in vitro for sensitivity to every single-MoA fungicide registered for apple in the Mid-Atlantic U.S.A. (22 fungicides; FRAC groups 1, 3, 7, 9, 11, 12, and 29), and 13 fungicides were tested in field trials. These fungicides varied widely in efficacy both within and between FRAC groups. Comparisons of results from our in vitro tests with results from our field trials and other field trials conducted across the eastern U.S.A. suggested that EC25 values (concentrations that reduce growth by 25%) are better predictors of fungicide efficacy in normal field conditions than EC50 values. We present these results as a guideline for choosing single-MoA fungicides for bitter rot control in the Mid-Atlantic U.S.A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Martin
- Fruit Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA 17307
| | - Teresa Krawczyk
- Fruit Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA 17307
| | - Kristen Pierce
- Fruit Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA 17307
| | - Catherine Thomas
- Fruit Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA 17307
| | - Fatemeh Khodadadi
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Winchester, VA 22602
| | - Srđan G Aćimović
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Winchester, VA 22602
| | - Kari A Peter
- Fruit Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA 17307
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Zhang H, Qian M, Wang J, Yang G, Weng Y, Jin C, Li Y, Jin Y. Insights into the effects of difenoconazole on the livers in male mice at the biochemical and transcriptomic levels. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126933. [PMID: 34425431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole (DFZ) is a broad-spectrum triazole fungicide, that is extensively used in agriculture. Studies have shown that residues of DFZ and other fungicides have toxic effects on nontarget organisms. However, its hepatoxicity in mammals remains unclear. Here, we characterized the toxic hepatic effects in male C57BL/6 mice exposed to 30 and 100 mg/kg bw DFZ for 14 and 56 days, respectively. The results revealed that DFZ could increase the relative liver weights, however, the relative fat and spleen weights decreased. More importantly, DFZ exposure changed the hepatic morphology and induced hepatic oxidative stress. Gene expression analysis suggested that DFZ could induce a glycolipid metabolism disorder. Moreover, hepatic transcriptomic analysis revealed the effects of DFZ exposure on the transcriptional levels of various genes, and enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that energy metabolism and immune-associated pathways were mainly affected. We validated the results from transcriptomic analysis and found that some key genes related to energy metabolism were affected. In addition, flow cytometry showed that the CD3+/CD4+ and CD3+ /CD8+ levels declined in the spleen of mice. Taken together, these findings combined with transcriptome analysis highlighted that DFZ caused different endpoints in the liver, which could provide more evidence for investigating the toxic effects of DFZ in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Mingrong Qian
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guiling Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - You Weng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Cuiyuan Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yinghong Li
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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10
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Santos RF, Amorim L, Wood AKM, Bibiano LBJ, Fraaije BA. Lack of an Intron in Cytochrome b and Overexpression of Sterol 14α-Demethylase Indicate a Potential Risk for QoI and DMI Resistance Development in Neophysopella spp. on Grapes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1726-1734. [PMID: 33703921 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-20-0514-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Asian grapevine leaf rust, caused by Neophysopella meliosmae-myrianthae and N. tropicalis, is often controlled by quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) and demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides in Brazil. Here, we evaluated the sensitivity of 55 Neophysopella spp. isolates to pyraclostrobin (QoI) and tebuconazole (DMI). To elucidate the resistance mechanisms, we analyzed the sequences of the cytochrome b (CYTB) and cytochrome P450 sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) target proteins of QoI and DMI fungicides, respectively. The CYP51 expression levels were also determined in a selection of isolates. In leaf disc assays, the mean 50% effective concentration (EC50) value for pyraclostrobin was about 0.040 µg/ml for both species. CYTB sequences were identical among all 55 isolates, which did not contain an intron immediately after codon 143. No amino acid substitution was identified at codons 129, 137, and 143. The mean EC50 value for tebuconazole was 0.62 µg/ml for N. tropicalis and 0.46 µg/ml for N. meliosmae-myrianthae, and no CYP51 sequence variation was identified among isolates of the same species. However, five N. meliosmae-myrianthae isolates grew on leaf discs treated at 10 µg/ml tebuconazole, and these were further exposed to tebuconazole selection pressure. Tebuconazole-adapted laboratory isolates of N. meliosmae-myrianthae showed an eight- to 25-fold increase in resistance after four rounds of selection that was not associated with CYP51 target alterations. In comparison with sensitive isolates, CYP51 expression was induced in the presence of tebuconazole in three out of four tebuconazole-adapted isolates tested. These results suggest a potential risk for QoI and DMI resistance development in Neophysopella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo F Santos
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Lilian Amorim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Ana K M Wood
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Líllian B J Bibiano
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Bart A Fraaije
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB3 0LE, United Kingdom
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Spanner R, Taliadoros D, Richards J, Rivera-Varas V, Neubauer J, Natwick M, Hamilton O, Vaghefi N, Pethybridge S, Secor GA, Friesen TL, Stukenbrock EH, Bolton MD. Genome-Wide Association and Selective Sweep Studies Reveal the Complex Genetic Architecture of DMI Fungicide Resistance in Cercospora beticola. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6367780. [PMID: 34499119 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid and widespread evolution of fungicide resistance remains a challenge for crop disease management. The demethylation inhibitor (DMI) class of fungicides is a widely used chemistry for managing disease, but there has been a gradual decline in efficacy in many crop pathosystems. Reliance on DMI fungicides has increased resistance in populations of the plant pathogenic fungus Cercospora beticola worldwide. To better understand the genetic and evolutionary basis for DMI resistance in C. beticola, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and selective sweep analysis were conducted for the first time in this species. We performed whole-genome resequencing of 190 C. beticola isolates infecting sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris). All isolates were phenotyped for sensitivity to the DMI tetraconazole. Intragenic markers on chromosomes 1, 4, and 9 were significantly associated with DMI fungicide resistance, including a polyketide synthase gene and the gene encoding the DMI target CbCYP51. Haplotype analysis of CbCYP51 identified a synonymous mutation (E170) and nonsynonymous mutations (L144F, I387M, and Y464S) associated with DMI resistance. Genome-wide scans of selection showed that several of the GWAS mutations for fungicide resistance resided in regions that have recently undergone a selective sweep. Using radial plate growth on selected media as a fitness proxy, we did not find a trade-off associated with DMI fungicide resistance. Taken together, we show that population genomic data from a crop pathogen can allow the identification of mutations conferring fungicide resistance and inform about their origins in the pathogen population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Spanner
- Northern Crop Science Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Demetris Taliadoros
- Environmental Genomics Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.,Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonathan Richards
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Viviana Rivera-Varas
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jonathan Neubauer
- Northern Crop Science Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Mari Natwick
- Northern Crop Science Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Olivia Hamilton
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Niloofar Vaghefi
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah Pethybridge
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA
| | - Gary A Secor
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Timothy L Friesen
- Northern Crop Science Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Eva H Stukenbrock
- Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Melvin D Bolton
- Northern Crop Science Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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12
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Hu M, Chen S. Non-Target Site Mechanisms of Fungicide Resistance in Crop Pathogens: A Review. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030502. [PMID: 33673517 PMCID: PMC7997439 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of resistance in plant pathogens to the limited number of chemical classes of fungicides challenges sustainability and profitability of crop production worldwide. Understanding mechanisms underlying fungicide resistance facilitates monitoring of resistant populations at large-scale, and can guide and accelerate the development of novel fungicides. A majority of modern fungicides act to disrupt a biochemical function via binding a specific target protein in the pathway. While target-site based mechanisms such as alternation and overexpression of target genes have been commonly found to confer resistance across many fungal species, it is not uncommon to encounter resistant phenotypes without altered or overexpressed target sites. However, such non-target site mechanisms are relatively understudied, due in part to the complexity of the fungal genome network. This type of resistance can oftentimes be transient and noninheritable, further hindering research efforts. In this review, we focused on crop pathogens and summarized reported mechanisms of resistance that are otherwise related to target-sites, including increased activity of efflux pumps, metabolic circumvention, detoxification, standing genetic variations, regulation of stress response pathways, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or mutations. In addition, novel mechanisms of drug resistance recently characterized in human pathogens are reviewed in the context of nontarget-directed resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Hu
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (S.C.)
| | - Shuning Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (S.C.)
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13
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Ishii H, Bryson PK, Kayamori M, Miyamoto T, Yamaoka Y, Schnabel G. Cross-resistance to the new fungicide mefentrifluconazole in DMI-resistant fungal pathogens. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 171:104737. [PMID: 33357559 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the European Union (EU), regulation of sterol demethylation inhibiting (DMI) fungicides is tightened due to their suspected endocrine disrupting properties. However, the new DMI fungicide mefentrifluconazole was reported to have high fungicidal activity with minimal adverse side effects. In addition, some evidence suggests inconsistent cross resistance between mefentrifluconazole and other azoles. In this study, mefentrifluconazole and other triazoles were examined for activity to select pathogens sensitive or resistant to DMIs using mycelial growth tests on fungicide-treated culture medium or spray trials using cucumber plants. Cross-resistance was confirmed for all of the fungal species tested but activity levels varied. The sensitivity of Monilinia fructicola from peach to mefentrifluconazole was higher compared to other DMIs. In contrast, the inhibitory activity of mefentrifluconazole was equal or slightly inferior compared to difenoconazole, tebuconazole, propiconazole in Colletotrichum spp., Alternaria alternaria sp. complex and Cercospora beticola isolated from peach and sugar beet, respectively. Similar tendencies (i.e. equal or slightly inferior activity and cross-resistance) were observed for cucumber powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) resistant to triflumizole, myclobutanil, and difenoconazole. Despite cross-resistance to other DMIs, mefentrifluconazole is a promising fungicide for fungal disease control on peach and other crops, with a reportedly more favorable toxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ishii
- University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Clemson University, 105 Collings St., Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | | | - Miyuki Kayamori
- Tokachi Agricultural Experiment Station, Hokkaido Research Organization, Memuro, Kasai, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyamoto
- Horticultural Research Institute, Ibaraki Agricultural Centre, 3165-1 Ago, Kasama, Ibaraki 312-0292, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yamaoka
- University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Guido Schnabel
- Clemson University, 105 Collings St., Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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14
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Dowling M, Peres N, Villani S, Schnabel G. Managing Colletotrichum on Fruit Crops: A "Complex" Challenge. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2301-2316. [PMID: 32689886 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-19-2378-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fungal genus Colletotrichum includes numerous important plant pathogenic species and species complexes that infect a wide variety of hosts. Its taxonomy is particularly complex because species' phenotypes and genotypes are difficult to differentiate. Two notable complexes, C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides, are known for infecting temperate fruit crops worldwide. Even species within these complexes vary in traits such as tissue specificity, aggressiveness, geographic distribution, and fungicide sensitivity. With few effective chemicals available to control these pathogens, and the persistent threat of fungicide resistance, there is a need for greater understanding of this destructive genus and the methods that can be used for disease management. This review summarizes current research on diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. on major fruit crops in the United States, focusing on the taxonomy of species involved, disease management strategies, and future management outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Dowling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - Natalia Peres
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL 33598
| | - Sara Villani
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Guido Schnabel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
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