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Yuan Z, Li P, Yang X, Cai X, Wu L, Zhao F, Wen W, Zhou M, Hou Y. FgPfn participates in vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, pathogenicity, and fungicides sensitivity via affecting both microtubules and actin in the filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012215. [PMID: 38701108 PMCID: PMC11095717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum species complexes (FGSG), is an epidemic disease in wheat and poses a serious threat to wheat production and security worldwide. Profilins are a class of actin-binding proteins that participate in actin depolymerization. However, the roles of profilins in plant fungal pathogens remain largely unexplored. Here, we identified FgPfn, a homolog to profilins in F. graminearum, and the deletion of FgPfn resulted in severe defects in mycelial growth, conidia production, and pathogenicity, accompanied by marked disruptions in toxisomes formation and deoxynivalenol (DON) transport, while sexual development was aborted. Additionally, FgPfn interacted with Fgα1 and Fgβ2, the significant components of microtubules. The organization of microtubules in the ΔFgPfn was strongly inhibited under the treatment of 0.4 μg/mL carbendazim, a well-known group of tubulin interferers, resulting in increased sensitivity to carbendazim. Moreover, FgPfn interacted with both myosin-5 (FgMyo5) and actin (FgAct), the targets of the fungicide phenamacril, and these interactions were reduced after phenamacril treatment. The deletion of FgPfn disrupted the normal organization of FgMyo5 and FgAct cytoskeleton, weakened the interaction between FgMyo5 and FgAct, and resulting in increased sensitivity to phenamacril. The core region of the interaction between FgPfn and FgAct was investigated, revealing that the integrity of both proteins was necessary for their interaction. Furthermore, mutations in R72, R77, R86, G91, I101, A112, G113, and D124 caused the non-interaction between FgPfn and FgAct. The R86K, I101E, and D124E mutants in FgPfn resulted in severe defects in actin organization, development, and pathogenicity. Taken together, this study revealed the role of FgPfn-dependent cytoskeleton in development, DON production and transport, fungicides sensitivity in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Yuan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Cai
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luoyu Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feifei Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weidong Wen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiping Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Zhu Y, Ma M, Li H. Functional Roles of Two β-Tubulin Isotypes in Regulation of Sensitivity of Colletotrichum fructicola to Carbendazim. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:690-699. [PMID: 37942861 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-23-0285-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum fructicola is the major pathogen of anthracnose in tea-oil trees in China. Control of anthracnose in tea-oil trees mainly depends on the application of chemical fungicides such as carbendazim. However, the current sensitivity of C. fructicola isolates in tea-oil trees to carbendazim has not been reported. Here, we tested the sensitivity of 121 C. fructicola isolates collected from Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangsu, and Jiangxi provinces in China to carbendazim. One hundred and ten isolates were sensitive to carbendazim, and 11 isolates were highly resistant to carbendazim. The growth rates, morphology, and pathogenicity of three resistant isolates were identical to those of three sensitive isolates, which indicates that these resistant isolates could form a resistant population under carbendazim application. These results suggest that carbendazim should not be the sole fungicide in control of anthracnose in tea-oil trees; other fungicides with different mechanisms of action or mixtures of fungicides could be considered. In addition, bioinformatics analysis identified two β-tubulin isotypes in C. fructicola: Cfβ1tub and Cfβ2tub. E198A mutation was discovered in the Cfβ2tub of three carbendazim-resistant isolates. We also investigated the functional roles of two β-tubulin isotypes. CfΔβ1tub exhibited slightly increased sensitivity to carbendazim and normal phenotypes. Surprisingly, CfΔβ2tub was highly resistant to carbendazim and showed a seriously decreased growth rate, conidial production, pathogenicity, and abnormal hyphae morphology. Promoter replacement mutant CfΔβ2-2×β1 showed partly restored phenotypes, but it was still highly resistant to carbendazim, which suggests that Cfβ1tub and Cfβ2tub are functionally interchangeable to a certain degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanye Zhu
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry, Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Mengting Ma
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry, Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - He Li
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry, Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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Chen W, Tang B, Hou R, Sun W, Han C, Guo B, Zhao Y, Li C, Sheng C, Zhao Y, Liu F. The natural polycyclic tetramate macrolactam HSAF inhibit Fusarium graminearum through altering cell membrane integrity by targeting FgORP1. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129744. [PMID: 38281534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a dominant phytopathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereal crops. Heat-stable antifungal factor (HSAF) is a polycyclic tetramate macrolactam (PoTeM) isolated from Lysobacter enzymogenes that exhibits strong antifungal activity against F. graminearum. HSAF significantly reduces the DON production and virulence of F. graminearum. Importantly, HSAF exhibited no cross-resistance to carbendazim, phenamacril, tebuconazole and pydiflumetofen. However, the target protein of HSAF in F. graminearum is unclear. In this study, the oxysterol-binding protein FgORP1 was identified as the potential target of HSAF using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) combined with RNA-sequence (RNA-seq). The RNA-seq results showed cell membrane and ergosterol biosynthesis were significantly impacted by HSAF in F. graminearum. Molecular docking showed that HSAF binds with arginine 1205 and glutamic acid 1212, which are located in the oxysterol-binding domain of FgORP1. The two amino acids in FgORP1 are responsible for HSAF resistance in F. graminearum though site-directed mutagenesis. Furthermore, deletion of FgORP1 led to significantly decreased sensitivity to HSAF. Additionally, FgORP1 regulates the mycelial growth, conidiation, DON production, ergosterol biosynthesis and virulence in F. graminearum. Overall, our findings revealed the mode of action of HSAF against F. graminearum, indicating that HSAF is a promising fungicide for controlling FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bao Tang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongxian Hou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weibo Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenyang Han
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baodian Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangyang Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chaohui Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong Sheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yancun Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Department of Plant Pathology/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China.
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Yi L, Yang M, Waalwijk C, Xu J, Xu J, Molnár O, Chen W, Feng J, Zhang H. Dynamics of Carbendazim-Resistance Frequency of Pathogens Associated with the Epidemic of Fusarium Head Blight. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:1690-1696. [PMID: 36471466 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-22-1998-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbendazim resistance was detected using 4,701 Fusarium graminearum species complex isolates collected from major wheat-producing regions in China from 2018 to 2020. A total of 348 carbendazim-resistant isolates were identified. The majority of carbendazim-resistant isolates were detected in Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces. In total, 227 and 88 isolates were obtained from each of the Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces, with a high resistance frequency of 41.12 and 20.56%, respectively. The predominant resistant isolates harboring point mutations were F167Y (79.31%), followed by E198Q (16.38%) and F200Y (4.31%). Compared with F. graminearum, F. asiaticum isolates were more likely to produce carbendazim resistance. In this study, we first detected carbendazim-resistant isolates in Hebei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Hunan Provinces. In Jiangsu, Anhui, and Zhejiang, the frequency of carbendazim-resistant isolates maintained a high level, resulting in stable carbendazim-resistant populations. We also found the dynamic of carbendazim-resistance frequency in most provinces showed similar trends to the epidemic of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB). Our results facilitate the understanding of the current situation of carbendazim resistance of FHB pathogens and will be helpful for fungicides selection in different wheat-producing areas in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishu Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Plant Protection, Gangu Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianshui, China
| | - Meixin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Orsolya Molnár
- ELKH Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Plant Protection, Gangu Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianshui, China
| | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Agricultural Experimental Station for Plant Protection, Gangu Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianshui, China
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Montecinos F, Sackett DL. Structural Changes, Biological Consequences, and Repurposing of Colchicine Site Ligands. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050834. [PMID: 37238704 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) bind to one of several distinct sites in the tubulin dimer, the subunit of microtubules. The binding affinities of MTAs may vary by several orders of magnitude, even for MTAs that specifically bind to a particular site. The first drug binding site discovered in tubulin was the colchicine binding site (CBS), which has been known since the discovery of the tubulin protein. Although highly conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution, tubulins show diversity in their sequences between tubulin orthologs (inter-species sequence differences) and paralogs (intraspecies differences, such as tubulin isotypes). The CBS is promiscuous and binds to a broad range of structurally distinct molecules that can vary in size, shape, and affinity. This site remains a popular target for the development of new drugs to treat human diseases (including cancer) and parasitic infections in plants and animals. Despite the rich knowledge about the diversity of tubulin sequences and the structurally distinct molecules that bind to the CBS, a pattern has yet to be found to predict the affinity of new molecules that bind to the CBS. In this commentary, we briefly discuss the literature evidencing the coexistence of the varying binding affinities for drugs that bind to the CBS of tubulins from different species and within species. We also comment on the structural data that aim to explain the experimental differences observed in colchicine binding to the CBS of β-tubulin class VI (TUBB1) compared to other isotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Montecinos
- Protein Expression Laboratory, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dan L Sackett
- Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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6
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Mao Y, Li H, Song W, Zhao B, Cai Y, Wang J, Zhou M, Duan Y. Evolution of Benzimidazole Resistance Caused by Multiple Double Mutations of β -Tubulin in Corynespora cassiicola. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15046-15056. [PMID: 36443900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber target leaf spot caused by Corynespora cassiicola has devastated greenhouse cucumber production. In our previous study, the resistance monitoring of C. cassiicola to carbendazim was carried out, and a large number of resistant populations carrying various mutations (M163I&E198A, F167Y&E198A, F200S&E198A, or E198A) in β-tubulin were detected. However, the single-point mutations M163I, F167Y, and F200S have remained undetected. To investigate the evolutionary mechanism of double mutations in β-tubulin of C. cassiicola resistance to benzimidazoles, site-directed mutagenesis was used to construct alleles with corresponding mutation genotypes in β-tubulin. Through PEG-mediated protoplast transformation, all the mutants except for the M163I mutation were obtained and conferred resistance to benzimidazoles. It was found that the mutants conferring the E198A or double-point mutations showed high resistance to carbendazim and benomyl, but the mutants conferring the F167Y or F200S mutations showed moderate resistance. Except, the F200S mutants showed low resistance, the resistance level of the other mutants to thiabendazole seemed no difference. In addition, compared to the other mutants, the F167Y and F200S mutants suffered a more severe fitness penalty in mycelial growth, sporulation, and virulence. Thus, combined with the resistance level, fitness, and molecular docking results, we concluded that the field double mutations (F167Y&E198A and F200S&E198A) evolved from the single mutations F167Y and F200S, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushuai Mao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoran Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Song
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baoquan Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiqiang Cai
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
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Bera A, Gupta ML. Microtubules in Microorganisms: How Tubulin Isotypes Contribute to Diverse Cytoskeletal Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:913809. [PMID: 35865635 PMCID: PMC9294176 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.913809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular functions of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton range from relatively simple to amazingly complex. Assembled from tubulin, a heterodimeric protein with α- and β-tubulin subunits, microtubules are long, hollow cylindrical filaments with inherent polarity. They are intrinsically dynamic polymers that utilize GTP binding by tubulin, and subsequent hydrolysis, to drive spontaneous assembly and disassembly. Early studies indicated that cellular MTs are composed of multiple variants, or isotypes, of α- and β-tubulins, and that these multi-isotype polymers are further diversified by a range of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to tubulin. These findings support the multi-tubulin hypothesis whereby individual, or combinations of tubulin isotypes possess unique properties needed to support diverse MT structures and/or cellular processes. Beginning 40 years ago researchers have sought to address this hypothesis, and the role of tubulin isotypes, by exploiting experimentally accessible, genetically tractable and functionally conserved model systems. Among these systems, important insights have been gained from eukaryotic microbial models. In this review, we illustrate how using microorganisms yielded among the earliest evidence that tubulin isotypes harbor distinct properties, as well as recent insights as to how they facilitate specific cellular processes. Ongoing and future research in microorganisms will likely continue to reveal basic mechanisms for how tubulin isotypes facilitate MT functions, along with valuable perspectives on how they mediate the range of conserved and diverse processes observed across eukaryotic microbes.
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Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton is assembled from the α- and β-tubulin subunits of the canonical tubulin heterodimer, which polymerizes into microtubules, and a small number of other family members, such as γ-tubulin, with specialized functions. Overall, microtubule function involves the collective action of multiple α- and β-tubulin isotypes. However, despite 40 years of awareness that most eukaryotes harbor multiple tubulin isotypes, their role in the microtubule cytoskeleton has remained relatively unclear. Various model organisms offer specific advantages for gaining insight into the role of tubulin isotypes. Whereas simple unicellular organisms such as yeast provide experimental tractability that can facilitate deeper access to mechanistic details, more complex organisms, such as the fruit fly, nematode and mouse, can be used to discern potential specialized functions of tissue- and structure-specific isotypes. Here, we review the role of α- and β-tubulin isotypes in microtubule function and in associated tubulinopathies with an emphasis on the advances gained using model organisms. Overall, we argue that studying tubulin isotypes in a range of organisms can reveal the fundamental mechanisms by which they mediate microtubule function. It will also provide valuable perspectives on how these mechanisms underlie the functional and biological diversity of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel T Nsamba
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Mohan L Gupta
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Synthesis and DFT studies of 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles using expeditious and magnetically recoverable CoFe2O4/Cu(OH)2 nanocomposite under solvent-free condition. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Bradshaw MJ, Bartholomew HP, Hendricks D, Maust A, Jurick WM. An Analysis of Postharvest Fungal Pathogens Reveals Temporal-Spatial and Host-Pathogen Associations with Fungicide Resistance-Related Mutations. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1942-1951. [PMID: 33938237 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-21-0119-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides are the primary tools to control a wide range of postharvest fungal pathogens. Fungicide resistance is a widespread problem that has reduced the efficacy of fungicides. Resistance to FRAC-1 (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee-1) chemistries is associated with mutations in amino acid position 198 in the β-tubulin gene. In our study, we conducted a meta-analysis of β-tubulin sequences to infer temporal, spatial, plant host, and pathogen genus patterns of fungicide resistance in postharvest fungal pathogens. In total, data were acquired from 2,647 specimens from 12 genera of fungal phytopathogens residing in 53 countries on >200 hosts collected between 1926 and 2020. The specimens containing a position 198 mutation were globally distributed in a variety of pathosystems. Analyses showed that there are associations among the mutation and the year an isolate was collected, the pathogen genus, the pathogen host, and the collection region. Interestingly, fungicide-resistant β-tubulin genotypes have been in a decline since their peak between 2005 and 2009. FRAC-1 fungicide usage data followed a similar pattern in that applications have been in a decline since their peak between 1997 and 2003. The data show that, with the reduction of selection pressure, FRAC-1 fungicide resistance in fungal populations will decline within 5 to 10 years. Based on this line of evidence, we contend that a β-tubulin position 198 mutation has uncharacterized fitness cost(s) on fungi in nature. The compiled dataset can inform end users on the regions and hosts that are most prone to contain resistant pathogens and assist decisions concerning fungicide resistance management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bradshaw
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Holly P Bartholomew
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Dylan Hendricks
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Autumn Maust
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Wayne M Jurick
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
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Wang Y, Hou Y, Mao X, Liu F, Zhou M. Temperature-Responded Biological Fitness of Carbendazim-Resistance Fusarium graminearum Mutants Conferring the F167Y, E198K, and E198L Substitutions. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3522-3530. [PMID: 34010024 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-21-0437-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of temperature on Fusarium graminearum infection can provide theoretical guidance for chemical control of Fusarium head blight (FHB). Here, we evaluated the effects of various temperatures on biological fitness development of wild-type sensitive strain 2021 and carbendazim-resistance mutants conferring β2-tubulin substitutions F167Y, E198K, and E198L. The results showed that mycelial growth and conidiation of four strains increased with the increase in temperature between 10 and 25°C. Conidia of F167Y displayed strong adaptability to low temperature. The virulence of the four strains was largely similar at the same temperature, showing an upward trend between 10 and 25°C. At 10°C, the hyphal growth of all strains was significantly inhibited, metabolism was slowed down, and the accumulation of secondary metabolites decreased. Subsequently, the production of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its intermediates pyruvate and aurofusarin decreased at low temperature, and the expression of DON biosynthesis-related genes Tri5, FgPK, and AUR decreased accordingly. At the same temperature, the aurofusarin production of the strains F167Y and E198K was higher than that of strains 2021 and E198L. The contents of DON and pyruvic acid in carbendazim-resistance mutants were higher than those in the wild-type strain 2021. The sensitivity of four strains to different fungicides changed at various temperatures. The sensitivity to most fungicides increased with decreasing temperature. The carbendazim-resistance mutants showed positive cross-resistance with other benzimidazoles. However, there was no cross-resistance to pyraclostrobin and azoles. These results would direct us to use fungicides preventing the infection of F. graminearum with changeable atmospheric temperature at the wheat flower stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yiping Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xuewei Mao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Fuyu Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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Functional roles of α 1-, α 2-, β 1-, β 2-tubulin in vegetative growth, microtubule assembly and sexual reproduction of Fusarium graminearum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0096721. [PMID: 34378994 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00967-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum contains two α-tubulin (α1 and α2) isotypes and two β-tubulin isotypes (β1 and β2). The functional roles of these tubulins in microtubule assembly are not clear. Previous studies showed that α1- and β2-tubulin deletion mutants showed severe growth defects and hypersensitivity to carbendazim, which have not been well explained. Here, we investigated the interaction between α- and β-tubulin of F. graminearum. Co-localization experiments demonstrated that β1- and β2-tubulin are co-localized. Co-immunoprecipitation experiment suggested that β1-tubulin binds to both α1- and α2-tubulin and β2-tubulin can also bind to α1- or α2-tubulin. Interestingly, deletion of α1-tubulin increased the interaction between β2-tubulin and α2-tubulin. Microtubule observation assays showed that deletion of α1-tubulin completely disrupted β1-tubulin-containing microtubules and significantly decreased β2-tubulin-containing microtubules. Deletion of α2-, β1- or β2-tubulin respectively had no obvious effect on the microtubule cytoskeleton. However, microtubules in α1- and β2-tubulin deletion mutants were easily depolymerized in the presence of carbendazim. The sexual reproduction assay indicates that α1- and β1-tubulin deletion mutants could not produce asci and ascospores. These results implied that α1-tubulin may be essential for the microtubule cytoskeleton. However, our Δα1-2×α2 mutant (α1-tubulin deletion mutant containing two copies of α2-tubulin) exhibited a normal microtubule network, growth and sexual reproduction. Interestingly, the Δα1-2×α2 mutant was still hypersensitive to carbendazim. In addition, both β1-tubulin and β2-tubulin were found to bind the mitochondrial outer membrane voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), indicating they could regulate the function of VDAC. Importance: In this study, we found that F. graminearum contains four different α-/β-tubulin heterodimers (α1-β1, α1-β2, α2-β1 and α2-β2) and they assemble together into a single microtubule. Moreover, α1-, α2-tubulins are functionally interchangeable in microtubule assembly, vegetative growth and sexual reproduction. These results provide more insights into functional roles of different tubulins of F. graminearum which could be helpful for purification of tubulin heterodimers and developing new tubulin-binding agents.
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Lurwanu Y, Wang Y, Wu E, He D, Waheed A, Nkurikiyimfura O, Wang Z, Shang L, Yang L, Zhan J. Increasing temperature elevates the variation and spatial differentiation of pesticide tolerance in a plant pathogen. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1274-1285. [PMID: 34025767 PMCID: PMC8127700 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change and pesticide resistance are two of the most imminent challenges human society is facing today. Knowledge of how the evolution of pesticide resistance may be affected by climate change such as increasing air temperature on the planet is important for agricultural production and ecological sustainability in the future but is lack in scientific literatures reported from empirical research. Here, we used the azoxystrobin-Phytophthora infestans interaction in agricultural systems to investigate the contributions of environmental temperature to the evolution of pesticide resistance and infer the impacts of global warming on pesticide efficacy and future agricultural production and ecological sustainability. We achieved this by comparing azoxystrobin sensitivity of 180 P. infestans isolates sampled from nine geographic locations in China under five temperature schemes ranging from 13 to 25°C. We found that local air temperature contributed greatly to the difference of azoxystrobin tolerance among geographic populations of the pathogen. Both among-population and within-population variations in azoxystrobin tolerance increased as experimental temperatures increased. We also found that isolates with higher azoxystrobin tolerance adapted to a broader thermal niche. These results suggest that global warming may enhance the risk of developing pesticide resistance in plant pathogens and highlight the increased challenges of administering pesticides for effective management of plant diseases to support agricultural production and ecological sustainability under future thermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahuza Lurwanu
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Department of Crop ProtectionFaculty of AgricultureBayero UniversityKanoNigeria
| | - Yan‐Ping Wang
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - E‐Jiao Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic ImprovementInstitute of PomologyJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Dun‐Chun He
- School of Economics and TradeFujian Jiangxia UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Oswald Nkurikiyimfura
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhen Wang
- Southern Potato Center of ChinaEnshi Academy of Agricultural SciencesEnshiChina
| | - Li‐Ping Shang
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Li‐Na Yang
- Institute of OceanographyMinjiang UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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14
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Benomyl induced oxidative stress related DNA damage and apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 75:105180. [PMID: 33930522 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Benomyl, benzimidazole group pesticide, has been prohibited in Europe and USA since 2003 due to its toxic effects and it has been still determined as food and environmental contaminant. In the present study, the toxic effect mechanisms of benomyl were evaluated in rat cardiomyoblast (H9c2) cells. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT and NRU assay and, oxidative stress potential was evaluated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and glutathione levels. DNA damage was assessed by alkaline comet assay. Relative expressions of apoptosis related genes were evaluated; furthermore, NF-κB and JNK protein levels were determined. At 4 μM concentration (at which cell viability was >70%), benomyl increased 2-fold of ROS production level and 2-fold of apoptosis as well as DNA damage. Benomyl down-regulated miR21, TNF-α and Akt1 ≥ 48.75 and ≥ 97.90; respectively. PTEN, JNK and NF-κB expressions were upregulated. The dramatic changes in JNK and NF-κB expression levels were not observed in protein levels. These findings showed the oxidative stress related DNA damage and apoptosis in cardiomyoblast cells exposed to benomyl. However, further mechanistic and in vivo studies are needed to understand the cardiotoxic effects of benomyl and benzimidazol fungucides.
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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii tubulin-gene disruptants for efficient isolation of strains bearing tubulin mutations. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242694. [PMID: 33227038 PMCID: PMC7682851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The single-cell green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii possesses two α-tubulin genes (tua1 and tua2) and two β-tubulin genes (tub1 and tub2), with the two genes in each pair encoding identical amino acid sequences. Here, we screened an insertional library to establish eight disruptants with defective tua2, tub1, or tub2 expression. Most of the disruptants did not exhibit major defects in cell growth, flagellar length, or flagellar regeneration after amputation. Because few tubulin mutants of C. reinhardtii have been reported to date, we then used our disruptants, together with a tua1 disruptant obtained from the Chlamydomonas Library Project (CLiP), to isolate tubulin-mutants resistant to the anti-tubulin agents propyzamide (pronamide) or oryzalin. As a result of several trials, we obtained 8 strains bearing 7 different α-tubulin mutations and 12 strains bearing 7 different β-tubulin mutations. One of the mutations is at a residue similar to that of a mutation site known to confer drug resistance in human cancer cells. Some strains had the same amino acid substitutions as those reported previously in C. reinhardtii; however, the mutants with single tubulin genes showed slightly stronger drug-resistance than the previous mutants that express the mutated tubulin in addition to the wild-type tubulin. Such increased drug-resistance may have facilitated sensitive detection of tubulin mutation. Single-tubulin-gene disruptants are thus an efficient background of generating tubulin mutants for the study of the structure–function relationship of tubulin.
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16
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Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Liu N, Ren W, Hou Y, Duan Y, Song X, Zhou M. The Dis1/Stu2/XMAP215 Family Gene FgStu2 Is Involved in Vegetative Growth, Morphology, Sexual and Asexual Reproduction, Pathogenicity and DON Production of Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:545015. [PMID: 33329417 PMCID: PMC7714731 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.545015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved Dis1/Stu2/XMAP215 microtubule association proteins (MAPs) family plays an important role in microtubule dynamics, nucleation, and kinetochore-microtubule attachments. However, function of Dis1/Stu2/XMAP215 homolog in plant pathogenic fungi has not been determined. Here, we identified and investigated the Dis1/Stu2/XMAP215 homolog (FGSG_10528) in Fusarium graminearum (FgStu2p). Co-localization experiment and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay demonstrated that FgStu2p is a microtubule associated protein. Besides, FgStu2 could also interact with Fgγ-tubulin and presumed FgNdc80, which suggested that the FgStu2 gene might associate with microtubule nucleation and kinetochore-microtubule attachments like Dis1/Stu2/XMAP215 homologs in other species. Moreover, the FgStu2 promoter replacement mutants (FgStu2-Si mutants) produced twisted hyphae and decreased growth rate. Microscope examination further showed that the microtubule polymerization was reduced in FgStu2-Si mutants, which could account for the aberrant morphology. Although the microtubule polymerization was affected in FgStu2-Si mutants, the FgStu2-Si mutants didn’t show highly increased sensitivity to anti-microtubule fungicide carbendazim (methyl benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate [MBC]). In addition, the FgStu2-Si mutants exhibited curved conidia, decreased number of conidial production, blocked ability of perithecia production, decreased pathogenicity and deoxynivalenol (DON) production. Taken together, these results indicate that the FgStu2 gene plays a crucial role in vegetative growth, morphology, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, virulence and deoxynivalenol (DON) production of F. graminearum, which brings new insights into the functions of Dis1/Stu2/XMAP215 homolog in plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanye Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanshuai Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Liu
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weichao Ren
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yiping Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiushi Song
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Song XS, Xiao XM, Gu KX, Gao J, Ding SC, Zhou MG. The ASK1 gene regulates the sensitivity of Fusarium graminearum to carbendazim, conidiation and sexual production by combining with β 2-tubulin. Curr Genet 2020; 67:165-176. [PMID: 33130939 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
β-tubulin, a component of microtubules, is involved in a wide variety of roles in cell shape, motility, intracellular trafficking and regulating intracellular metabolism. It has been an important fungicide target to control plant pathogen, for example, Fusarium. However, the regulation of fungicide sensitivity by β-tubulin-interacting proteins is still unclear. Here, ASK1 was identified as a β-tubulin interacting protein. The ASK1 regulated the sensitivity of Fusarium to carbendazim (a benzimidazole carbamate fungicide), and multiple cellular processes, such as chromatin separation, conidiation and sexual production. Further, we found the point mutations at 50th and 198th of β2-tubulin which caused carbendazim resistance decreased the binding between β2-tubulin and ASK1, resulting in the deactivation of ASK1. ASK1, on the other hand, competed with carbendazim to bind to β2-tubulin. The point mutation F167Y in β2-tubulin broke the intermolecular H-bonds and salt bridges between β2-tubulin and ASK1, which reduced the competitive effect of ASK1 to carbendazim and resulted in the similar carbendazim sensitivities in F167Y-ΔASK1 and F167Y. These findings have powerful implications for efforts to understand the interaction among β2-tubulin, its interacting proteins and fungicide, as well as to discover and develop new fungicide against Fusarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Shi Song
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xue-Mei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kai-Xin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shao-Chen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming-Guo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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18
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Zhu Y, Zhang Y, He Z, Duan Y, Li Y, Wang J, Zhou M. Detrimental Effects of Multiple Mutations in Position 240 of Fusarium graminearum β 2-Tubulin. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1522-1529. [PMID: 32352861 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-19-0409-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB), a destructive disease of cereal crops worldwide. Carbendazim (methylbenzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate [MBC]) is widely used for controlling FHB. A previous study showed that the F240L mutation in the β2-tubulin of F. graminearum (Fgβ2-tubulin) confers hypersensitivity to MBC. Whether the substitution of phenylalanine by other amino acids in position 240 of the Fgβ2-tubulin gene also confers hypersensitivity to MBC is unknown. Moreover, the biological fitness of these mutants is poorly understood. In this study, we substituted position 240 of Fgβ2-tubulin with other amino acids. We found that the F240A, F240E, F240I, and F240Y mutations in Fgβ2-tubulin could also confer F. graminearum hypersensitivity to MBC, although the effective concentration resulting in 50% inhibition (EC50) differed among the mutations. The F240G mutation, in contrast, decreased the sensitivity to MBC. In addition, a molecular docking assay indicated that the binding affinity between Fgβ2-tubulin and MBC were increased by the F240A, F240E, F240I, and F240Y mutations but decreased by the F240G mutation. All mutants had normal conidial morphology, but the growth rates and pathogenicity of the F240A, F240E, F240G, F240I, and F240Y mutants were significantly decreased. Moreover, the F240A and F240G mutants produced twisted hyphae. In addition, microtubules were sparse and rarely observed in β2F240A-EGFP, β2F240E-EGFP, and β2F240G-EGFP. These results indicate that position 240 (phenylalanine) is not only vital to the function of Fgβ2-tubulin but also plays an important role in regulating the sensitivity of F. graminearum to MBC. Any mutation in this site would be detrimental to survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanye Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanshuai Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zongzhe He
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Wei LL, Chen WC, Zhao WC, Wang J, Wang BR, Li FJ, Wei MD, Guo J, Chen CJ, Zheng JQ, Wang K. Mutations and Overexpression of CYP51 Associated with DMI-Resistance in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from Chili. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:668-676. [PMID: 31951509 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-19-1628-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chili anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. is an annual production concern for growers in China. Sterol C14-demethylation inhibitors (DMIs, such as tebuconazole) have been widely used to control this disease for more than three decades. In the current study, of 48 isolates collected from commercial chili farms in Jiangsu Province of China during 2018 and 2019, 8 single-spore isolates were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and the rest were identified as C. acutatum. To determine whether the DMI resistance of isolates develops in the field, mycelial growth of the 48 isolates was measured in culture medium with and without tebuconazole. In all, 6 of the 8 C. gloeosporioides isolates were resistant to tebuconazole, but all 40 of the C. acutatum isolates were sensitive to tebuconazole. The fitness cost of resistance was low based on a comparison of fitness parameters between the sensitive and resistant isolates of C. gloeosporioides. Positive cross-resistance was observed between tebuconazole and difenconazole or propiconazole, but not prochloraz. Alignment results of the CgCYP51 amino acid sequences from the sensitive and resistant isolates indicated that mutations can be divided into three genotypes. Genotype I possessed four substitutions (V18F, L58V, S175P, and P341A) at the CgCYP51A gene but no substitutions at CgCYP51B, while genotype II had five substitutions (L58V, S175P, A340S, T379A, and N476T) at CgCYP51A, concomitant with three substitutions (D121N, T132A, and F391Y) at CgCYP51B. In addition, genotype III contained two substitutions (L58V and S175P) at CgCYP51A, concomitant with one substitution (T262A) at CgCYP51B. Molecular docking models illustrated that the affinity of tebuconazole to the binding site of the CgCYP51 protein from the resistant isolates was decreased when compared with binding site affinity of the sensitive isolates. Our findings provide not only novel insights into understanding the resistance mechanism to DMIs, but also some important references for resistance management of C. gloeosporioides on chili.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wen-Chan Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bing-Ran Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng-Jie Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meng-di Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Agricultural Science Institute of Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Chang-Jun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jia-Qiu Zheng
- Agricultural Science Institute of Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Agricultural Science Institute of Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, Yancheng 224000, China
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20
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Zou LH, Yan C, Shi K, Su L, Zhu S, Jia ZK, Wang Q. Copper-Catalyzed C-C Bond Cleavage/Double Cyclization of α-Ketoamides with o-Phenylene Diamines: Synthesis of Benzimidazo[1,2-c
]quinazolin-6-ones. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Hua Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jiangnan University; Lihu Avenue 1800 214122 Wuxi P.R. China
| | - Cheng Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jiangnan University; Lihu Avenue 1800 214122 Wuxi P.R. China
| | - Kai Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jiangnan University; Lihu Avenue 1800 214122 Wuxi P.R. China
| | - Liang Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University; 410082 Changsha P.R. China
| | - Shuai Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jiangnan University; Lihu Avenue 1800 214122 Wuxi P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Kang Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jiangnan University; Lihu Avenue 1800 214122 Wuxi P.R. China
| | - Qiuan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jiangnan University; Lihu Avenue 1800 214122 Wuxi P.R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University; 410082 Changsha P.R. China
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21
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Qin J, Wu M, Zhou S. FgEaf6 regulates virulence, asexual/sexual development and conidial septation in Fusarium graminearum. Curr Genet 2019; 66:517-529. [PMID: 31728616 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-01043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a destructive fungal pathogen and a major cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) which results in severe grain yield losses and quality reduction. Additionally, the pathogen produces mycotoxins during plant infection, which are harmful to the health of humans and livestock. As it is well known that lysine acetyltransferase complexes play important roles in pathogenesis, the roles of the Eaf6 homolog-containing complex have not been reported in fungal pathogen. In this study, a Eaf6 homolog FgEaf6 was identified in F. graminearum. To investigate the functions of FgEaf6, the gene was deleted using the split-marker method. ΔFgEaf6 mutant exhibited manifold defects in hyphal growth, conidial septation, asexual and sexual reproduction. Moreover, the virulence of the ΔFgEaf6 mutant was drastically reduced in both wheat heads and wheat coleoptiles. However, the FgEaf6 gene deletion did not impact DON production. An FgEaf6-gfp fusion localized to the nucleus and a conserved coiled-coil (C-C) domain was predicted in the sequence. Mutants with deletions in the C-C domain displayed similar defects during development and virulence as observed in the ΔFgEaf6 mutant. Moreover, the truncated gene was cytoplasm localized. In conclusion, the FgEaf6 encodes a nuclear protein, which plays key regulatory roles in hyphal growth, conidial septation, asexual/sexual reproduction, and the virulence of F. graminearum. The C-C is an indispensable domain in the gene. This is the first report on Eaf6 homolog functioning in virulence of fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Qin
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, The Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pests Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Mengchun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Aeras, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanyue Zhou
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, The Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pests Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China.
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22
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Liu S, Fu L, Wang S, Chen J, Jiang J, Che Z, Tian Y, Chen G. Carbendazim Resistance of Fusarium graminearum From Henan Wheat. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:2536-2540. [PMID: 31424998 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-19-0391-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight, also called scab, is caused by Fusarium graminearum and is one of the most important destructive diseases of wheat. The frequency of carbendazim resistance in 1,132 isolates of F. graminearum recovered from fields in different regions of Henan Province in 2016, 2017, and 2018 was determined. A total of 31 F. graminearum isolates resistant to carbendazim were detected, including 30 moderately resistant isolates and one highly resistant isolate. The frequency of resistance of F. graminearum isolates to carbendazim was 2.7%. The range of effective concentration (EC50) values of 1,101 sensitive isolates and 30 moderately resistant isolates was 0.08 to 0.98 μg ml-1 and 2.73 to 13.28 μg ml-1, respectively. The mean ± SD EC50 value was 0.55 ± 0.13 μg ml-1 and 5.61 ± 2.58 μg ml-1, respectively. The EC50 value of the highly resistant isolate was 21.12 μg ml-1. Point mutation types of the carbendazim-resistant isolates were characterized by cloning the β2-tubulin gene of 31 resistant isolates. Three point mutation types at amino acids F167Y, E198Q, and E198L in the β2-tubulin gene of resistant isolates were identified. Among 31 resistant isolates, the frequency of point mutation types in F167Y, E198Q, and E198L of the β2-tubulin gene was 71.0, 25.8, and 3.2%, respectively. The data indicate that F. graminearum has developed resistance to carbendazim in Henan Province, and single point mutations at amino acid F167Y were the predominant type of mutation detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengming Liu
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Liuyuan Fu
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Shuan Wang
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jinpeng Chen
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jia Jiang
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Zhiping Che
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yuee Tian
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Genqiang Chen
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
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Wang H, Chen D, Li C, Tian N, Zhang J, Xu JR, Wang C. Stage-specific functional relationships between Tub1 and Tub2 beta-tubulins in the wheat scab fungus Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 132:103251. [PMID: 31319136 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous ascomycete Fusarium graminearum contains two β-tubulin genes TUB1 and TUB2 that differ in functions during vegetative growth and sexual reproduction. To further characterize their functional relationship, in this study we determined the co-localization of Tub1 and Tub2 and assayed their expression levels in different mutants and roles in DON production. Tub1 co-localized with Tub2 to the same regions of microtubules in conidia, hyphae, and ascospores. Whereas deletion of TUB1 had no obvious effect on the transcription of TUB2 and two α-tubulin genes (TUB4 and TUB5), the tub2 mutant was up-regulated in TUB1 transcription. To assay their protein expression levels, polyclonal antibodies that could specifically detect four α- and β-tubulin proteins were generated. Western blot analyses showed that the abundance of Tub1 proteins was increased in tub2 but reduced in tub4 and tub5 mutants. Interestingly, protein expression of Tub4 and Tub5 was decreased in the tub1 mutant in comparison with the wild type, despite a lack of obvious changes in their transcription. In contrast, deletion of TUB2 had no effect on translation of TUB4 and TUB5. Ectopic expression of Tub2-mCherry partially recovered the growth defect of the tub1 mutant but did not rescue its defect in sexual reproduction. Expression of Tub1-GFP in the tub2 mutant also partially rescued its defects in vegetative growth, suggesting that disturbance in the balance of α- and β-tubulins contributes to mutant defects. The tub2 but not tub1 mutant was almost blocked in DON biosynthesis. Expression of TRI genes, toxisome formation, and DON-related cellular differentiation were significantly reduced in the tub2 mutant. Overall, our results showed that Tub1 and Tub2 share similar subcellular localization and have overlapping functions during vegetative growth but they differ in functions in DON production and ascosporogenesis in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Daipeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chengliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Neng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Chenfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Intron-mediated regulation of β-tubulin genes expression affects the sensitivity to carbendazim in Fusarium graminearum. Curr Genet 2019; 65:1057-1069. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00960-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Dai Z, Li S, Li Y, Feng L, Ma C. Metal-free synthesis of benzimidazo[1,2-c]quinazolin-6-ones with indole and benzenediamine oxidized by I2/TBHP. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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26
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Duan Y, Xin W, Lu F, Li T, Li M, Wu J, Wang J, Zhou M. Benzimidazole- and QoI-resistance in Corynespora cassiicola populations from greenhouse-cultivated cucumber: An emerging problem in China. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 153:95-105. [PMID: 30744902 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Target leaf spot caused by Corynespora cassiicola is an economically important foliar disease on cucumber. In recent years, this disease has caused a serious problem on greenhouse-cultivated cucumber in China. In this study, to explore the characteristics and possible causes of heavy occurrence of the disease, we monitored the resistance of C. cassiicola strains from different provinces of China to benzimidazole and quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides. The results from sequence comparison of target genes β-tubulin and Cytb of 619C. cassiicola strains indicate that resistance frequency to benzimidazoles and QoIs is up to 100%. Furtherly, molecular resistance mechanism of C. cassiicola to benzimidazoles and QoIs was analysed. One single mutation E198A and three double mutations E198A&M163I, E198A&F167Y and E198A&F200S were observed in target gene β-tubulin, which confers resistance to benzimidazoles. To our knowledge, this is the first report that double mutations of β-tubulin confer resistance to benzimidazoles in filamentous fungi. Compared with single mutation E198A, three double mutations significantly decreased sensitivity to benzimidazoles. Moreover, significant difference of sensitivity to benzimidazoles was observed among three double mutations. These mutation genotypes of β-tubulin have different geographical distribution and the mutation E198A&M163I is prevalent, occupying for 63.94%. In addition, strong cross resistance patterns between carbendazim, benomyl and thiabendazole were observed in C. cassiicola strains conferring different β-tubulin mutations. For QoI resistance, the only mutation G143A of Cytb was detected in tested 619C. cassiicola strains. Strong positive cross resistance was observed when comparing the EC50 values of sensitive and resistant strains of C. cassiicola for six intrinsically different QoIs such as azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, pyraclostrobin, fenaminstrobin, picoxystrobin and coumoxystrobin. Taken together, all the results not only provide novel insights into understanding resistance mechanism to benzimidazoles and QoIs in filamentous fungi, but also provide some important references for resistance management of target leaf spot on cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenjing Xin
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fei Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meixia Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Bilska K, Stuper-Szablewska K, Kulik T, Buśko M, Załuski D, Perkowski J. Resistance-Related l-Pyroglutamic Acid Affects the Biosynthesis of Trichothecenes and Phenylpropanoids by F. graminearum Sensu Stricto. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120492. [PMID: 30477204 PMCID: PMC6315601 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungicide application remains amongst the most widely used methods of fungal control in agroecosystems. However, the extensive use of fungicides poses hazards to human health and the natural environment and does not always ensure the effective decrease of mycotoxins in food and feed. Nowadays, the rising threat from mycotoxin contamination of staple foods has stimulated efforts in developing alternative strategies to control plant pathogenic fungi. A substantial effort is focused on the identification of plant-derived compounds inhibiting mycotoxin production by plant pathogenic fungi. l-Pyroglutamic acid has recently been suggested as playing a role in the response of barley to toxigenic Fusaria. Considering the above, we studied the response of various strains of F. graminearum sensu stricto to different levels of l-pyroglutamic acid on solid YES (yeast extract sucrose) media. l-Pyroglutamic acid decreased the accumulation of trichothecenes in all examined strains. Gene expression studies addressing Tri genes (Tri4, Tri5, and Tri10), which induce the biosynthesis of trichothecenes, revealed the production of mycotoxins by l-pyroglutamic acid to be inhibited at the transcriptional level. Besides inhibitory effects on mycotoxin production, l-pyroglutamic acid exhibited variable and concentration-related effects on phenylpropanoid production by fungi. Accumulation of most of the fungal-derived phenolic acids decreased in the presence of 100 and 400 µg/g of l-pyroglutamic acid. However, a higher dose (800 µg/g) of l-pyroglutamic acid increased the accumulation of trans-cinnamic acid in the media. The accumulation of fungal-derived naringenin increased in the presence of l-pyroglutamic acid. Contrasting results were obtained for quercetin, apigenin, luteolin, and kaempferol, the accumulation of which decreased in the samples treated with 100 and 400 µg/g of l-pyroglutamic acid, whereas the highest l-pyroglutamic acid concentration (800 µg/g) seemed to induce their biosynthesis. The results obtained in this study provide new insights for breeders involved in studies on resistance against Fusaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bilska
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Plac Łódzki 1, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Kinga Stuper-Szablewska
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Plac Łódzki 1, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Maciej Buśko
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Załuski
- Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Juliusz Perkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
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Hu J, Deng S, Gao T, Lamour K, Liu X, Ren H. Thiophanate-methyl resistance in Sclerotinia homoeocarpa from golf courses in China. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 152:84-89. [PMID: 30497716 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia homoeocarpa causes dollar spot disease on many turfgrass species and is a significant problem worldwide. Thiophanate-methyl (TM), a methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicide, has been used for over forty years to manage dollar spot. Here we describe genetic mutations linked to three distinct TM fungicide resistance phenotypes: sensitive (S), moderately resistant (MR) and highly resistant (HR). These were established using multiple doses of TM, compared to previous studies using single discriminatory doses. In total, 19 S, 3 MR and 22 HR isolates were detected. Analysis of the β-tubulin gene revealed the MR isolates had a point mutation from T to A at codon 200 changing phenylalanine (TTC) to tyrosine (TAC). Twenty HR isolates had a mutation at codon 198 changing glutamic acid (GAG) to alanine (GCG) and two HR isolates had a mutation at codon 198 changing glutamic acid (GAG) to lysine (AAG). Allele-specific PCR assays were developed for rapid detection of these mutations in isolates of S. homoeocarpa. In addition, our results suggest a two-dose system for in vitro screening provides useful information for monitoring the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Shaojun Deng
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Tao Gao
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Kurt Lamour
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, USA
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Haiyan Ren
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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29
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Chen D, Wu C, Hao C, Huang P, Liu H, Bian Z, Xu JR. Sexual specific functions of Tub1 beta-tubulins require stage-specific RNA processing and expression in Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:4009-4021. [PMID: 30307105 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The wheat head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum has two highly similar beta-tubulin genes with overlapping functions during vegetative growth but only TUB1 is important for sexual reproduction. To better understand their functional divergence during ascosporogenesis, in this study we characterized the sequence elements important for stage-specific functions of TUB1. Deletion of TUB1 blocked the late but not initial stages of perithecium formation. Perithecia formed by tub1 mutant had limited ascogenous hyphae and failed to develop asci. Silencing of TUB1 by MSUD also resulted in defects in ascospore formation. Interestingly, the 3'-UTR of TUB1 was dispensable for growth but essential for its function during sexual reproduction. RIP mutations that specifically affected Tub1 functions during sexual reproduction also were identified in two ascospore progeny. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis showed that whereas the non-editable mutations at three A-to-I RNA editing sites had no effects, the N347D (not T362D or I368V) edited mutation affected ascospore development. In addition, the F167Y, but not E198K or F200Y, mutation in TUB1 conferred tolerance to carbendazim and caused a minor defect in sexual reproduction. Taken together, our data indicate TUB1 plays an essential role in ascosporogenesis and sexual-specific functions of TUB1 require stage-specific RNA processing and Tub1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daipeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chunlan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chaofeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Panpan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhuyun Bian
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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30
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Polat İ, Baysal Ö, Mercati F, Gümrükcü E, Sülü G, Kitapcı A, Araniti F, Carimi F. Characterization of Botrytis cinerea isolates collected on pepper in Southern Turkey by using molecular markers, fungicide resistance genes and virulence assay. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 60:151-159. [PMID: 29505818 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a polyphagous fungal pathogen causing gray mold disease. Moreover, it is one of the most destructive infections of small fruit crops such as pepper (Capsicum annnum L.). C. sativum is a species belonging to the Solanaceae family and Turkey is one of the main producers in the World. In the present work, aiming to obtain information useful for pest management, fifty B. cinerea isolates collected from Turkey and a reference isolate (B05.10) were characterized using molecular markers and fungicide resistance genes. Morphological and molecular (ITS1-ITS4) identification of B. cinerea isolates, the degree of virulence and mating types were determined. Since one or several allelic mutations in the histidine kinase (Bos1) and β-tubulin genes generally confer the resistance to fungicides, the sequences of these target genes were investigated in the selected isolates, which allowed the identification of two different haplotypes. Mating types were also determined by PCR assays using primer specific for MAT1-1 alpha gene (MAT1-1-1) and MAT1-2 HMG (MAT1-2-1) of B. cinerea. Twenty-two out of 50 isolates (44%) were MAT1-2, while 38% were MAT1-1. Interestingly, out of whole studied samples, 9 isolates (18%) were heterokaryotic or mixed colonies. In addition, cluster and population structure analyses identified five main groups and two genetic pools, respectively, underlining a good level of variability in the analysed panel. The results highlighted the presence of remarkable genetic diversity in B. cinerea isolates collected in a crucial economical area for pepper cultivation in Turkey and the data will be beneficial in view of future gray mold disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlknur Polat
- Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ömür Baysal
- Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 48000 Muğla, Turkey.
| | - Francesco Mercati
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Emine Gümrükcü
- Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Görkem Sülü
- Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Aytül Kitapcı
- Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesco Carimi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
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31
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Zhu Y, Liang X, Li Y, Duan Y, Zheng Z, Wang J, Zhou M. F240 of β 2-Tubulin Explains why Fusarium graminearum is Less Sensitive to Carbendazim than Botrytis cinerea. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:352-361. [PMID: 29063820 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-17-0295-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
β-Tubulin is the target of benzimidazole fungicides, the most widely used of which is carbendazim (methyl benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate [MBC]). MBC sensitivity is determined by the differential affinity of MBC for β-tubulins. However, the mechanism of less sensitivity of Fusarium graminearum to MBC compared with other fungi, including Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, remains exclusive. Alignment of β-tubulin amino acid sequences showed that position 240 of β-tubulins is leucine (L) in most pathogenic fungi but is phenylalanine (F) in the Fgβ2-tubulin of the F. graminearum wild type. The effective concentration resulting in 50% inhibition (EC50) value of MBC against the Fgβ2F240L mutant of F. graminearum is 0.047 μg/ml, which was 10-fold lower than that of wild-type strain 2021. Moreover, The EC50 value of MBC against the BcβL"240"F (actually position 232) mutant of Botrytis cinerea was 0.44 μg/ml, which was ninefold higher than that of B. cinerea wild-type strain Bt4-1. In response to MBC treatment (0.15 μg/ml), microtubules were clearly visible in Fgβ2-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) but not in Fgβ2F240L-EGFP. Moreover, a molecular docking assay indicated that F240L mutation created a pi-pi interaction between Fgβ2-tubulin and MBC and increased the binding affinity of Fgβ2-tubulin to MBC. Our results suggest that F240 is responsible for the naturally less MBC sensitivity in F. graminearum compared with B. cinerea, C. gloeosporioides, and S. sclerotiorum by decreasing the binding affinity between Fgβ2-tubulin and MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanye Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhitian Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
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32
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Yang Y, Li MX, Duan YB, Li T, Shi YY, Zhao DL, Zhou ZH, Xin WJ, Wu J, Pan XY, Li YJ, Zhu YY, Zhou MG. A new point mutation in β 2-tubulin confers resistance to carbendazim in Fusarium asiaticum. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 145:15-21. [PMID: 29482727 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to benzimidazole fungicides in many phytopathogenic fungi is caused by specific point mutations in the β-tubulin gene (β-tubulin). However, the mutated locus and genotype of β-tubulin differ among phytopathogenic fungi. To validate the point mutation in Fusarium asiaticum β2-tubulin that confers resistance to carbendazim and to analyze the molecular interaction between carbendazim and F. asiaticum β2-tubulin. In this study, a new point mutation (GAG→GCG, E198A) at codon 198 of β2-tubulin in a wild-type F. asiaticum strain was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis followed by a split marker strategy. The site-directed mutants were verified and exhibited a high level of resistance to carbendazim. In the absence of fungicide treatment, the biological characteristics did not differ between the site-directed mutants and the wild-type strain. Molecular docking between carbendazim and β2-tubulin was carried out using the Surflex-Dock program in Sybyl X-2.0 version and the results indicated that the E198A mutation altered the configuration of β2-tubulin, resulting in the change of the bonding sites and docking scores. We concluded that the point mutation of F. asiaticum β2-tubulin conferring carbendazim resistance may not always be the bonding site for carbendazim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mei-Xia Li
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ya-Bing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Tao Li
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yi-Yuan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dong-Lei Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ze-Hua Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xin
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jian Wu
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xia-Yan Pan
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan-Jun Li
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuan-Ye Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming-Guo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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He M, Li D, Zhu W, Wu E, Yang L, Wang Y, Waheed A, Zhan J. Slow and temperature-mediated pathogen adaptation to a nonspecific fungicide in agricultural ecosystem. Evol Appl 2018; 11:182-192. [PMID: 29387154 PMCID: PMC5775493 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of antimicrobial resistance and global change in air temperature represent two major phenomena that are exerting a disastrous impact on natural and social issues but investigation of the interaction between these phenomena in an evolutionary context is limited. In this study, a statistical genetic approach was used to investigate the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in agricultural ecosystem and its association with local air temperature, precipitation, and UV radiation. We found no resistance to mancozeb, a nonspecific fungicide widely used in agriculture for more than half a century, in 215 Alternaria alternata isolates sampled from geographic locations along a climatic gradient and cropping system representing diverse ecotypes in China, consistent with low resistance risk in many nonspecific fungicides. Genetic variance accounts for ~35% of phenotypic variation, while genotype-environment interaction is negligible, suggesting that heritability plays a more important role in the evolution of resistance to mancozeb in plant pathogens than phenotypic plasticity. We also found that tolerance to mancozeb in agricultural ecosystem is under constraining selection and significantly associated with local air temperature, possibly resulting from a pleiotropic effect of resistance with thermal and other ecological adaptations. The implication of these results for fungicide and other antimicrobial management in the context of global warming is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng‐Han He
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Dong‐Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Wen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - E‐Jiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Li‐Na Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yan‐Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Abdul Waheed
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
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Lv P, Chen Y, Zhao Z, Shi T, Wu X, Xue J, Li QX, Hua R. Design, Synthesis, and Antifungal Activities of 3-Acyl Thiotetronic Acid Derivatives: New Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1023-1032. [PMID: 29290106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging fungal phytodiseases are increasingly becoming a food security threat. Twenty-six new 3-acylthiotetronic acid derivatives were designed, synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for activities against Valsa mali, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Among the 26 compounds, 6f was the most effective against V. mali, C. lunata, F. graminearum, and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici with median effective concentrations (EC50) of 4.1, 3.1, 3.6, and 4.1 μg/mL, respectively, while the corresponding EC50 were 0.14, 6.7, 22.4, and 4.3 μg/mL of the fungicide azoxystrobin; 4.2, 41.7, 0.42, and 0.12 μg/mL of the fungicide carbendazim; and >50, 0.19, 0.43, and BS > 50 μg/mL of the fungicide fluopyram. The inhibitory potency against V. mali fatty acid synthase agreed well with the in vitro antifungal activity. The molecular docking suggested that the 3-acylthiotetronic acid derivatives targeted the C171Q KasA complex. The findings help understanding the mode of action and design and synthesis of novel potent fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 Changjiangxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yiliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 Changjiangxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Taozhong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 Changjiangxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 Changjiangxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Jiaying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 Changjiangxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 Changjiangxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa , 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Rimao Hua
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 Changjiangxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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35
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Liu Z, Wang Z, Huang M, Yan L, Ma Z, Yin Y. The FgSsb-FgZuo-FgSsz complex regulates multiple stress responses and mycotoxin production via folding the soluble SNARE Vam7 and β2-tubulin in Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:5040-5059. [PMID: 29076607 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hsp70 proteins play important roles in protein folding in the budding yeast, but their functions in pathogenic fungi are largely unknown. Here, we found that Fusarium graminearum Hsp70 proteins FgSsb, FgSsz and their cochaperone FgZuo formed a complex. This complex was required for microtubule morphology, vacuole fusion and endocytosis. More importantly, the β2-tubulin FgTub2 and SNARE protein FgVam7 were identified as targeting proteins of this complex. We further found that the complex FgSsb-FgZuo-FgSsz controlled sensitivity of F. graminearum to the antimicrotubule drug carbendazim and cold stress via regulating the folding of FgTub2. Moreover, this complex assisted the folding of FgVam7, subsequently modulated vacuole fusion and responses to heavy metal, osmotic and oxidative stresses. In addition, the deletion of this complex led to dramatically decreased deoxynivalenol biosynthesis. This study uncovers a novel regulating mechanism of Hsp70 in multiple stress responses in a filamentous fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunyong Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Leiyan Yan
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanni Yin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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36
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Pan X, Dong F, Chen Z, Xu J, Liu X, Wu X, Zheng Y. The application of chiral ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to the separation of the zoxamide enantiomers and the study of enantioselective degradation process in agricultural plants. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1525:87-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Li Y, Luo S, Jia X, Zhu Y, Chen D, Duan Y, Hou Y, Zhou M. Regulatory roles of introns in fungicide sensitivity of Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4140-4153. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- College of Plant Protection; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Shunwen Luo
- College of Plant Protection; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Xiaojing Jia
- College of Plant Protection; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Yuanye Zhu
- College of Plant Protection; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Dongming Chen
- College of Plant Protection; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Yiping Hou
- College of Plant Protection; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 China
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38
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Kumar A, Ahmed QN. A Benzoquinone Imine Assisted Ring-Opening/Ring-Closing Strategy of the RCOCHN1
N2
System: Dinitrogen Extrusion Reaction to Benzimidazoles. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM); Canal Road 180001 Jammu Jammu & Kashmir India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM); Canal Road 180001 Jammu Jammu & Kashmir India
| | - Qazi Naveed Ahmed
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM); Canal Road 180001 Jammu Jammu & Kashmir India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM); Canal Road 180001 Jammu Jammu & Kashmir India
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39
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Maeda K, Nakajima Y, Motoyama T, Kondoh Y, Kawamura T, Kanamaru K, Ohsato S, Nishiuchi T, Yoshida M, Osada H, Kobayashi T, Kimura M. Identification of a trichothecene production inhibitor by chemical array and library screening using trichodiene synthase as a target protein. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 138:1-7. [PMID: 28456298 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins often accumulate in apparently normal grains of cereal crops. In an effort to develop an agricultural chemical to reduce trichothecene contamination, we screened trichothecene production inhibitors from the compounds on the chemical arrays. By using the trichodiene (TDN) synthase tagged with hexahistidine (rTRI5) as a target protein, 32 hit compounds were obtained from chemical library of the RIKEN Natural Product Depository (NPDepo) by chemical array screening. At 10μgmL-1, none of the 32 chemicals inhibited trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum in liquid culture. Against the purified rTRI5 enzyme, however, NPD10133 [progesterone 3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime amide-bonded to phenylalanine] showed weak inhibitory activity at 10μgmL-1 (18.7μM). For the screening of chemicals inhibiting trichothecene accumulation in liquid culture, 20 analogs of NPD10133 selected from the NPDepo chemical library were assayed. At 10μM, only NPD352 [testosterone 3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime amide-bonded to phenylalanine methyl ester] inhibited rTRI5 activity and trichothecene production. Kinetic analysis suggested that the enzyme inhibition was of a mixed-type. The identification of NPD352 as a TDN synthase inhibitor lays the foundation for the development of a more potent inhibitor via systematic introduction of wide structural diversity on the gonane skeleton and amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Maeda
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Kondoh
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Kawamura
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kanamaru
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohsato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Centre, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
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40
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Zhang J, Jin K, Xia Y. Contributions of β-tubulin to cellular morphology, sporulation and virulence in the insect-fungal pathogen, Metarhizium acridum. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 103:16-24. [PMID: 28336393 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
β-tubulin is an elementary subunit of microtubules that form the cytoskeleton, participating in a wide range of cellular processes. The contributions of the single β-tubulin gene in affecting cell morphology, sporulation and virulence were examined in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium acridum. Targeted gene knockout of β-tubulin resulted in resistance to benomyl but impaired proper nuclear segregation, lipid droplet transport, and deposition of chitin to the cell wall. M. acridum β-tubulin mutants displayed wavy hyphal growth and densely packed, wrinkled colonies. Decreases in the rate of phialides formation and conidial yield were observed for the β-tubulin mutant, which was also impaired in virulence towards locust hosts as compared to wild type and complemented strains. Morphological analyses of infection structures revealed development of bifurcated germ tubes, with reduced appressoria formation seen in the β-tubulin mutant. M. acridum β-tubulin mutant appressoria were aberrant in morphology and displayed decreased turgor pressure. The ability of the M. acridum β-tubulin mutant to proliferate in the insect hemolymph both in vitro and in vivo was also significantly reduced. Our results indicate that in M. acridum, β-tubulin is not essential for survival but that it contributes to cellular transport of organelles and cell wall materials, impacting growth, appressorial differentiation, virulence, and sporulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing 400030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 400030, PR China.
| | - Kai Jin
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing 400030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 400030, PR China.
| | - Yuxian Xia
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing 400030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing 400030, PR China.
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41
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Liu Z, Wu S, Chen Y, Han X, Gu Q, Yin Y, Ma Z. The microtubule end-binding protein FgEB1 regulates polar growth and fungicide sensitivity via different interactors in Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1791-1807. [PMID: 28028881 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In yeasts, the end-binding protein 1 (EB1) homologs regulate microtubule dynamics, cell polarization, and chromosome stability. However, functions of EB1 orthologs in plant pathogenic fungi have not been characterized yet. Here, we observed that the FgEB1 deletion mutant (ΔFgEB1) of Fusarium graminearum exhibits twisted hyphae, increased hyphal branching and curved conidia, indicating that FgEB1 is involved in the regulation of cellular polarity. Microscopic examination further showed that the microtubules of ΔFgEB1 exhibited less organized in comparison with those of the wild type. In addition, the lack of FgEB1 also altered the distribution of polarity-related class I myosin via the interaction with the actin. On the other hand, we identified four core septins as FgEB1-interacting proteins, and found that FgEB1 and septins regulated conidial polar growth in the opposite orientation. Interestingly, FgEB1 and FgKar9 constituted another complex that modulated the response to carbendazim, a microtubule-damaging agent specifically. In addition, the deletion of FgEB1 led to dramatically decreased deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis. Taken together, results of this study indicate that FgEB1 regulates cellular polarity, fungicide sensitivity and DON biosynthesis via different interactors in F. graminarum, which provides a novel insight into understanding of the biological functions of EB1 in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunyong Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sisi Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinyue Han
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qin Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanni Yin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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42
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Hawkins NJ, Fraaije BA. Predicting Resistance by Mutagenesis: Lessons from 45 Years of MBC Resistance. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1814. [PMID: 27895632 PMCID: PMC5108816 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When a new fungicide class is introduced, it is useful to anticipate the resistance risk in advance, attempting to predict both risk level and potential mechanisms. One tool for the prediction of resistance risk is laboratory selection for resistance, with the mutational supply increased through UV or chemical mutagenesis. This enables resistance to emerge more rapidly than in the field, but may produce mutations that would not emerge under field conditions. The methyl benzimidazole carbamates (MBCs) were the first systemic single-site agricultural fungicides, and the first fungicides affected by rapid evolution of target-site resistance. MBC resistance has now been reported in over 90 plant pathogens in the field, and laboratory mutants have been studied in nearly 30 species. The most common field mutations, including β-tubulin E198A/K/G, F200Y and L240F, have all been identified in laboratory mutants. However, of 28 mutations identified in laboratory mutants, only nine have been reported in the field. Therefore, the predictive value of mutagenesis studies would be increased by understanding which mutations are likely to emerge in the field. Our review of the literature indicates that mutations with high resistance factors, and those found in multiple species, are more likely to be reported in the field. However, there are many exceptions, possibly due to fitness penalties. Whether a mutation occurred in the same species appears less relevant, perhaps because β-tubulin is highly conserved so functional constraints are similar across all species. Predictability of mutations in other target sites will depend on the level and conservation of constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola J. Hawkins
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, UK
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43
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Zhang H, Brankovics B, Luo W, Xu J, Xu J, Guo C, Guo J, Jin S, Chen W, Feng J, Van Diepeningen A, Van der Lee T, Waalwijk C. Crops are a main driver for species diversity and the toxigenic potential of Fusarium isolates in maize ears in China. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years increasing demands and the relatively low-care cultivation of the crop have resulted in an enormous expansion of the acreage of maize in China. However, particularly in China, Fusarium ear rot forms an important constraint to maize production. In this study, we showed that members of both the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) and the Fusarium graminearum species complex are the causal agents of Fusarium ear rot in the main maize producing areas in China. Fumonisin producing Fusarium verticillioides was the most prevalent species, followed by fumonisin producing Fusarium proliferatum and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol producing F. graminearum. Both Fusarium temperatum and Fusarium boothii were identified for the first time in the colder regions in China, extending their known habitats to colder environments. Mating type analysis of the different heterothallic FFSC species, showed that both types co-occur in each sampling site suggestive of the possibility of sexual recombination. Virulence tests with F. boothii (from maize) and F. graminearum from maize or wheat showed adaptation to the host. In addition, F. graminearum seems to outcompete F. boothii in wheat-maize rotations. Based on our findings and previous studies, we conclude that wheat/maize rotation selects for F. graminearum, while a wheat/rice rotation selects for F. asiaticum. In contrast, F. boothii is selected when maize is cultivated without rotation. A higher occurrence of F. temperatum is observed on maize in colder climatological regions in China, while Fusarium meridionale seems restricted to mountain areas. Each of these species has their characteristic mycotoxin profile and deoxynivalenol and fumonisin are the potential threats to maize production in Northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - B. Brankovics
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94216, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W. Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - J. Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - J.S. Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - C. Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 730070 Lanzhou, China P.R
| | - J.G. Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 730070 Lanzhou, China P.R
| | - S.L. Jin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 730070 Lanzhou, China P.R
| | - W.Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - J. Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, 100193 Beijing, China P.R
| | - A.D. Van Diepeningen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - T.A.J. Van der Lee
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Plant Research International, B.U. Biointeractions & Plant Health, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - C. Waalwijk
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Plant Research International, B.U. Biointeractions & Plant Health, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
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Duan Y, Yang Y, Li T, Zhao D, Cao J, Shi Y, Wang J, Zhou M. Development of a rapid and high-throughput molecular method for detecting the F200Y mutant genotype in benzimidazole-resistant isolates of Fusarium asiaticum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:2128-2135. [PMID: 26823005 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The point mutation at codon 200 (TTC→TAC, F200Y) of the β2 -tubulin gene confers resistance to benzimidazole fungicide in Fusarium asiaticum. These isolates with this mutation have been detected mainly by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fungicides, which is always time consuming, tedious and inefficient. RESULTS A visual, rapid and efficient method with high specificity was developed, based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Six sets of LAMP primers were designed, and one set was optimised specifically to distinguish the F200Y mutant genotype. With the optimal LAMP primers, concentrations of LAMP components were optimised. The optimal reaction conditions were 57-64 °C for 75 min. The feasibility of the LAMP assay for detection of the F200Y mutant genotype of F. asiaticum was demonstrated by assaying diseased wheat spikelets that were artificially inoculated in the field. CONCLUSION The new LAMP assay had good specificity, sensitivity, stability and repeatability. It will be useful for assessing the risk of F. asiaticum populations with carbendazim resistance developing in the field, and will also provide important reference data for integrated control of Fusarium head blight caused by F. asiaticum. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Plant Protection, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Plant Protection, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Donglei Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junhong Cao
- College of Plant Protection, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiyuan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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45
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Zhang H, Brankovics B, van der Lee TA, Waalwijk C, van Diepeningen AA, Xu J, Xu J, Chen W, Feng J. A single-nucleotide-polymorphism-based genotyping assay for simultaneous detection of different carbendazim-resistant genotypes in the Fusarium graminearum species complex. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2609. [PMID: 27812414 PMCID: PMC5088611 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence resistance to methyl benzimidazole carbamates (MBC)-fungicides in the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) is becoming a serious problem in the control of Fusarium head blight in China. The resistance is caused by point mutations in the β2-tubulingene. So far, five resistant genotypes (F167Y, E198Q, E198L, E198K and F200Y) have been reported in the field. To establish a high-throughput method for rapid detection of all the five mutations simultaneously, an efficient single-nucleotide-polymorphism-based genotyping method was developed based on the Luminex xMAP system. One pair of amplification primers and five allele specific primer extension probes were designed and optimized to specially distinguish the different genotypes within one single reaction. This method has good extensibility and can be combined with previous reported probes to form a highly integrated tool for species, trichothecene chemotype and MBC resistance detection. Using this method, carbendazim resistant FGSC isolates from Jiangsu, Anhui and Sichuan Province in China were identified. High and moderate frequencies of resistance were observed in Jiangsu and Anhui Province, respectively. Carbendazim resistance in F. asiaticum is only observed in the 3ADON genotype. Overall, our method proved to be useful for early detection of MBC resistance in the field and the result aids in the choice of fungicide type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Balázs Brankovics
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo A.J. van der Lee
- Department of Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Department of Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne A.D. van Diepeningen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jin Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingsheng Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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46
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Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Li Y, Duan Y, Zhang R, Zhou M. β1 Tubulin Rather Than β2 Tubulin Is the Preferred Binding Target for Carbendazim in Fusarium graminearum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:978-985. [PMID: 27135676 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-15-0235-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tubulins are the proposed target of anticancer drugs, anthelminthics, and fungicides. In Fusarium graminearum, β2 tubulin has been reported to be the binding target of methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicides. However, the function of F. graminearum β1 tubulin, which shares 76% amino acid sequence identity with β2 tubulin, in MBC sensitivity has been unclear. In this study, MBC sensitivity relative to that of a parental strain (2021) was significantly reduced in a β1 tubulin deletion strain but increased in a β2 tubulin deletion strain, suggesting that β1 tubulin was involved in the MBC sensitivity of F. graminearum. When strain 2021 was grown in a medium with a low or high concentration of the MBC fungicide carbendazim (0.5 or 1.4 μg/ml), the protein accumulation levels were reduced by 47 and 87%, respectively, for β1 tubulin but only by 6 and 24%, respectively, for β2 tubulin. This result was consistent with observations that MBC fungicides are more likely to disrupt β1 tubulin microtubules rather than β2 tubulin microtubules in GFP-β tubulin fusion mutants in vivo. Furthermore, sequence analysis indicated that a difference in tubulin amino acid 240 (240L in β1 versus 240F in β2) may explain the difference in MBC binding affinity; this result was consistent with the result that an F240L mutation in β2 tubulin greatly increased sensitivity to carbendazim in F. graminearum. We suggest that β1 tubulin rather than β2 tubulin is the preferred binding target for MBC fungicides in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanye Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
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47
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Zhou Y, Xu J, Zhu Y, Duan Y, Zhou M. Mechanism of Action of the Benzimidazole Fungicide on Fusarium graminearum: Interfering with Polymerization of Monomeric Tubulin But Not Polymerized Microtubule. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:807-813. [PMID: 26976730 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-15-0186-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tubulins are the proposed target of clinically relevant anticancer drugs, anthelmintic, and fungicide. β2-tubulin of the plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum was considered as the target of benzimidazole compounds by homology modeling in our previous work. In this study, α1-, α2-, and β2-tubulin of F. graminearum were produced in Escherichia coli. Three benzimidazole compounds (carbendazim, benomyl, and thiabendazole) interacted with the recombinant β2-tubulin and reduced the maximum fluorescence intensity of 2 μM β2-tubulin 47, 50, and 25%, respectively, at saturation of compound-tubulin complexes. Furthermore, carbendazim significantly inhibited the polymerization of α1-/β2-tubulins and α2-/β2-tubulins 90.9 ± 0.4 and 93.5 ± 0.05%, respectively, in vitro. A similar result appeared with benomyl on the polymerization of α1-/β2-tubulins and α2-/β2-tubulins at 89.9 ± 0.1% and 92.6 ± 1.2% inhibition ratios, respectively. In addition, thiabendazole inhibited 81.6 ± 1% polymerization of α1-/β2-tubulins, whereas it had less effect on α2-/β2-tubulin polymerization, with 20.1 ± 1.9% inhibition ratio. However, the three compounds cannot destabilize the polymerized microtubule. To illuminate the issue, mapping the carbendazim binding sites and β/α subunit interface on β/α-tubulin complexes by homology modeling showed that the two domains were closed to each other. Understanding the nature of the interaction between benzimidazole compounds and F. graminearum tubulin is fundamental for the development of tubulin-specific anti-F. graminearum compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Zhou
- All authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China; and second author: College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Tianjing Rd No 70, 471003, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- All authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China; and second author: College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Tianjing Rd No 70, 471003, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanye Zhu
- All authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China; and second author: College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Tianjing Rd No 70, 471003, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yabing Duan
- All authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China; and second author: College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Tianjing Rd No 70, 471003, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- All authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China; and second author: College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Tianjing Rd No 70, 471003, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
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48
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Hati S, Kumar Dutta P, Dutta S, Munshi P, Sen S. Accessing Benzimidazoles via a Ring Distortion Strategy: An Oxone Mediated Tandem Reaction of 2-Aminobenzylamines. Org Lett 2016; 18:3090-3. [PMID: 27331245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An exceptional oxone mediated tandem transformation of 2-aminobenzylamines to 2-substituted benzimidazoles is reported. It occurs at room temperature with aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic aldehydes. In this reaction initial condensation of 2-aminobenzylamine with appropriate aldehydes afforded a tetrahydroquinazoline intermediate which underwent oxone-mediated ring distortion to afford the desired compounds in moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Hati
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University , Chithera, Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP 201314, India
| | - Pratip Kumar Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University , Chithera, Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP 201314, India
| | - Sanjay Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University , Chithera, Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP 201314, India
| | - Parthapratim Munshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University , Chithera, Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP 201314, India
| | - Subhabrata Sen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University , Chithera, Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP 201314, India
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The transcription factor VpCRZ1 is required for fruiting body formation and pathogenicity in Valsa pyri. Microb Pathog 2016; 95:101-110. [PMID: 26970115 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Valsa pyri is a fatal pathogenic fungus that causes pear and apple canker disease. To date, its cellular development and pathogenicity have been poorly understood. In this study, a V. pyri Ca(2+)/calcineurin-dependent transcription factor CRZ1 (VpCRZ1) is identified and functionally characterized. The △VpCRZ1 mutant exhibits impaired pathogenicity and is no longer able to form fruiting body. Interestingly, this mutant also exhibits enhanced pigment deposition and increased resistance to cell wall perturbing agents including SDS, Congo red and calcofluor white (CFW). The expression levels of Congo red resistance genes (VpRCR1 and VpRCR2) and chitin synthetase genes (VpCHS2 and VpCHS6) are upregulated in the △VpCRZ1 mutant compared to the wild type. Furthermore, We show that a VpCRZ1: eGFP fusion protein localizes to the nucleus in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner similar to its homologs in other fungi, and that the VpFKS1, VpPMC1, VpPMC2, VpPMR1, and VpPMA1 genes are regulated by VpCRZ1 in response to Ca(2+) levels. Together, these results suggest that VpCRZ1 is a Ca(2+)-dependent transcription factor and required for regulating mycelial morphology, fruiting body formation, and virulence of this important pear and apple pathogen.
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50
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Sevastos A, Markoglou A, Labrou NE, Flouri F, Malandrakis A. Molecular characterization, fitness and mycotoxin production of Fusarium graminearum laboratory strains resistant to benzimidazoles. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 128:1-9. [PMID: 26969433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Six benzimidazole (BMZ)-resistant Fusarium graminearum strains were obtained after UV mutagenesis and selection on carbendazim (MBC)-amended medium. In vitro bioassays resulted in the identification of two resistant phenotypes that were highly HR (Rf: 40-170, based on EC50) and moderately MR (Rf: 10-20) resistant to carbendazim. Cross resistance studies with other fungicides showed that all mutant strains tested were also resistant to other BMZs, such as benomyl and thiabendazole, but retained their parental sensitivity to fungicides belonging to other chemical groups. A point mutation at codon 6 (His6Asn) was found in the β2-tubulin gene of MR isolates while another mutation at codon 200 (Phe200Tyr) was present in one MR and one HR isolates. Interestingly, low temperatures suppressed MBC-resistance in all isolates bearing the H6N mutation. The three-dimensional homology model of the wild-type and mutants of β-tubulins were constructed, and the possible carbendazim binding site was analyzed. Studies on fitness parameters showed that the mutation(s) for resistance to BMZs did not affect the mycelial growth rate whereas adverse effects were found in sporulation and conidial germination in most of the resistant mutants. Pathogenicity tests on corn cobs revealed that mutants were less or equally aggressive to the wild-type strain but expressed their BMZ-resistance after inoculation on maize cobs treated with MBC. Analysis of mycotoxin production by high performance liquid chromatography revealed that only two HR strains produced zearalenone (ZEA) at concentrations similar to that of the wild-type strain, while no ZEA levels were detected in the rest of the mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sevastos
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, Votanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - A Markoglou
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, Votanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - N E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - F Flouri
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, Votanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - A Malandrakis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, Votanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece.
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