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Bau-Gaudreault L, Arndt T, Provencher A, Brayton CF. Research-Relevant Clinical Pathology Resources: Emphasis on Mice, Rats, Rabbits, Dogs, Minipigs, and Non-Human Primates. ILAR J 2021; 62:203-222. [PMID: 34877602 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical pathology testing for investigative or biomedical research and for preclinical toxicity and safety assessment in laboratory animals is a distinct specialty requiring an understanding of species specific and other influential variables on results and interpretation. This review of clinical pathology principles and testing recommendations in laboratory animal species aims to provide a useful resource for researchers, veterinary specialists, toxicologists, and clinical or anatomic pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Bau-Gaudreault
- Clinical Laboratories, Charles River Laboratories - ULC, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tara Arndt
- Labcorp Drug Development, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Anne Provencher
- Clinical Laboratories, Charles River Laboratories - ULC, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, John Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Jaroenporn S, Urasopon N, Watanabe G, Malaivijitnond S. Improvements of vaginal atrophy without systemic side effects after topical application of Pueraria mirifica, a phytoestrogen-rich herb, in postmenopausal cynomolgus macaques. J Reprod Dev 2014; 60:238-45. [PMID: 24748397 PMCID: PMC4085389 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2013-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogenic efficacy of topical vaginal application of Pueraria mirifica extract (PM) on the restoration
of vaginal atrophy, and the presence of any systemic side effects, were investigated in postmenopausal cynomolgus macaques.
Twelve postmenopausal cynomolgus macaques, with complete cessation of menstruation for at least 5 years before start of this
experiment, were divided into three groups. They received a topical vaginal application daily of 0.1 or 1% (w/w) PM cream or
a conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) cream (a mixture of estrone, equilin, 17β-dihydroequilin, 17α-estradiol and
17α-dihydroequilin at 0.625 mg total estrogen/g cream) for 28 days. Estrogenic efficacy was assessed weekly by vaginal
cytology assay and vaginal pH measurement, whilst the plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and sex skin coloration levels were
determined at the end of each treatment period to evaluate the systemic side effects. PM significantly increased the
proportion of superficial cells in a dose-dependent manner, with a similar efficacy between 1% (w/w) PM and CEE. Together
with increased vaginal maturation, PM decreased the vaginal pH to acidic levels, as observed in the CEE group. PM induced no
detected systemic side effects, whilst CEE decreased the plasma LH level and increased the reddish color of the sex skin
during the posttreatment period. Topical vaginal treatment with PM stimulated the maturation of the vaginal epithelium
without causing systemic side effects in postmenopausal monkeys. The implication is that PM could be a safer alternative to
treat vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Jaroenporn
- Primate Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Newman JL, Thorne JJ, Batulis DK, Carroll ME. Effects of menstrual cycle phase on the reinforcing effects of phencyclidine (PCP) in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; 85:584-91. [PMID: 17156834 PMCID: PMC1899531 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Substantive evidence indicates that there are sex differences in the reinforcing effects of drugs, and gonadal steroid hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, likely contribute to these differences. Among females, subjective effects of drugs differ as a function of menstrual cycle phase. The purpose of the present study was to compare oral self-administration of phencyclidine (PCP) in female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) across different phases of the menstrual cycle. Since the 28-day menstrual cycle of non-human primates is similar to that of humans, this model could provide important evidence supporting the implication that changes in the levels of gonadal hormones across menstrual phase can alter a drug's reinforcing effects. Oral self-administration of several concentrations of PCP (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/ml) was examined in three sexually mature female monkeys during 3-h experimental sessions. Menstrual cycle phase was determined by onset of menses and verified by examining vaginal cytology. PCP self-administration was greater during the luteal phase at the 0.125 and 0.25 mg/ml concentrations, which is normally characterized by high levels of progesterone and moderate levels of estrogen, than during the follicular phase, when levels of estrogen are increasing and progesterone levels are low. When examined within each phase, numbers of PCP deliveries were highest during the mid-luteal phase, compared to the early and mid-follicular phases. No differences in self-administration were observed between early and mid-follicular phases, but a significant difference in PCP deliveries was found between mid- and late luteal phases at the lowest concentration of PCP tested. The results from this study suggest that PCP's reinforcing effects in female monkeys differ as a function of menstrual cycle phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Newman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Hatasaka HH, Schaffer NE, Chenette PE, Kowalski W, Hecht BR, Meehan TP, Wentz AC, Valle RF, Chatterton RT, Jeyendran RS. Strategies for ovulation induction and oocyte retrieval in the lowland gorilla. J Assist Reprod Genet 1997; 14:102-10. [PMID: 9048241 PMCID: PMC3454829 DOI: 10.1007/bf02765779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/1992] [Accepted: 03/04/1994] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovulation induction and oocyte retrieval were performed in a lowland gorilla in an attempt to propagate and potentially cryopreserve embryos from an infertile animal and to advance techniques to help preserve this endangered species. RESULTS Following 34 days of leuprolide acetate suppression, human menopausal gonadotropins were administered for 14-days in a 32-year-old wild-born lowland gorilla. Ten oocytes were retrieved by transrectal ultrasound-guided aspiration. Other approaches to oocyte recovery were not feasible in this case. A serum estradiol concentration of 4700 pg/ml at the time of human chorionic gonadotropin administration did not induce ovarian hyperstimulation. Mature oocytes were recovered from follicles measuring 14 to 24 mm in diameter, with a corresponding average serum estradiol concentration of approximately 300 pg/ml for each mature follicle. Cryopreservation of a gorilla embryo was effected from cryopreserved gorilla spermatozoa. CONCLUSIONS Parameters for monitoring ovulation induction in the gorilla appear to be similar to those for humans. The results indicate that the use of a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist and higher doses of gonadotropins than previously used in gorillas appear to improve oocyte recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Hatasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prentice Women's Hospital, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Ziegler TE, Wittwer DJ, Snowdon CT. Circulating and excreted hormones during the ovarian cycle in the cotton-top tamarin,Saguinus oedipus. Am J Primatol 1993; 31:55-65. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350310106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/1992] [Revised: 03/01/1993] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Coe CL, Savage A, Bromley LJ. Phylogenetic influences on hormone levels across the primate order. Am J Primatol 1992; 28:81-100. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350280202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/1990] [Revised: 01/11/1992] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mehta RR, Chatterton RT. Antiovulatory action of anordrin in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). ADVANCES IN CONTRACEPTION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF CONTRACEPTION 1991; 7:21-8. [PMID: 1872194 DOI: 10.1007/bf01850715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Anordrin (2 alpha, 17 alpha-diethynyl-A-nor-5 alpha-androstane-2 beta, 17 beta-diol dipropionate) was studied for its antiovulatory potency in the cynomolgus monkey. Anordrin, administered daily on days 9-13 of the menstrual cycle in doses of 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg body weight, did not inhibit luteal activity in the cycle in which it was given, but delayed the development of ovarian follicles for 5 to 6 months. When a single low dose (0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg b.w.) was administered during the first 3 days of the menstrual cycle, follicular maturation was delayed such that luteal activity was not observed for an average of 26 and 39 days, respectively, and pregnanediol in the ensuing luteal phases was significantly decreased. Anordrin appears to inhibit follicular development when given during the stage of follicular recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Mehta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
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Fischer L, Germain G, Florence G, Milhaud C. Changes in Electrical Impedance of the Vaginal Medium During the Menstrual Cycle of Female Rhesus Monkeys
(Macaca mulatto). J Med Primatol 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1990.tb00464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Fischer
- Ministère de la DéfenseCentre d'Études et de Recherches de Médecine AérospatialeParisFrance
| | - G. Germain
- Clinique Universitaire BaudeloqueINSERM U.262ParisFrance
| | - G. Florence
- Ministère de la DéfenseCentre d'Études et de Recherches de Médecine AérospatialeParisFrance
| | - C. Milhaud
- Ministère de la DéfenseCentre d'Études et de Recherches de Médecine AérospatialeParisFrance
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Shideler SE, Munro CJ, Tell L, Owiti G, Laughlin L, Chatterton R, Lasley BL. The relationship of serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations to the enzyme immunoassay measurements of urinary estrone conjugates and immunoreactive pregnanediol-3-glucuronide inMacaca mulatta. Am J Primatol 1990; 22:113-122. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350220205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/1989] [Accepted: 05/25/1990] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Eley RM, Tarara RP, Worthman CM, Else JG. Reproduction in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops): III. The menstrual cycle. Am J Primatol 1989; 17:1-10. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350170102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/1988] [Revised: 09/02/1988] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Braasch HV, Frederiksen MC, Chatterton RT. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of progesterone in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Steroids 1988; 52:279-94. [PMID: 3254628 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(88)90009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
[4-14C]Progesterone was administered to two cycling female monkeys during the luteal phase of the cycle, and blood and urine were sampled over a 24 h period. Progesterone had a volume of distribution of 1.75 +/- 0.3 L/kg, and a plasma elimination clearance of 0.06 +/- 0.03 L/kg/min. In comparison to the human, plasma progesterone binding was greater and progesterone clearance was slower in the cynomolgus monkey. The major unconjugated metabolite in plasma was 20 alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. In urine 6.2% of 14C-steroids were unconjugated, 2.3% of which were [14C]progesterone. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of conjugated metabolites in urine revealed that 24% had the mobility of sulfates, 19% that of glucuronides, and 52% were more polar. After hydrolysis of conjugates, a major fraction chromatographed with pregnanediol. However, despite evidence for the presence of a 20 alpha-hydroxyl group, none of the pregnanediol isomers could be identified among these 14C-steroids. Nevertheless, over 80% of urinary metabolites had sufficient analogy to pregnanediol to bind to an antiserum specific for ring D and the C-17 side-chain of pregnanediol.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Braasch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
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