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Rimal R, Muduli S, Desai P, Marquez AB, Möller M, Platzman I, Spatz J, Singh S. Vascularized 3D Human Skin Models in the Forefront of Dermatological Research. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303351. [PMID: 38277705 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
In vitro engineered skin models are emerging as an alternative platform to reduce and replace animal testing in dermatological research. Despite the progress made in recent years, considerable challenges still exist for the inclusion of diverse cell types within skin models. Blood vessels, in particular, are essential in maintaining tissue homeostasis and are one of many primary contributors to skin disease inception and progression. Substantial efforts in the past have allowed the successful fabrication of vascularized skin models that are currently utilized for disease modeling and drugs/cosmetics testing. This review first discusses the need for vascularization within tissue-engineered skin models, highlighting their role in skin grafting and disease pathophysiology. Second, the review spotlights the milestones and recent progress in the fabrication and utilization of vascularized skin models. Additionally, advances including the use of bioreactors, organ-on-a-chip devices, and organoid systems are briefly explored. Finally, the challenges and future outlook for vascularized skin models are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rimal
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Saradaprasan Muduli
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Prachi Desai
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Bonnin Marquez
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Spatz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Smriti Singh
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Pontiggia L, Van Hengel IAJ, Klar A, Rütsche D, Nanni M, Scheidegger A, Figi S, Reichmann E, Moehrlen U, Biedermann T. Bioprinting and plastic compression of large pigmented and vascularized human dermo-epidermal skin substitutes by means of a new robotic platform. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221088513. [PMID: 35495096 PMCID: PMC9044789 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221088513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive availability of engineered autologous dermo-epidermal skin substitutes (DESS) with functional and structural properties of normal human skin represents a goal for the treatment of large skin defects such as severe burns. Recently, a clinical phase I trial with this type of DESS was successfully completed, which included patients own keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Yet, two important features of natural skin were missing: pigmentation and vascularization. The first has important physiological and psychological implications for the patient, the second impacts survival and quality of the graft. Additionally, accurate reproduction of large amounts of patient’s skin in an automated way is essential for upscaling DESS production. Therefore, in the present study, we implemented a new robotic unit (called SkinFactory) for 3D bioprinting of pigmented and pre-vascularized DESS using normal human skin derived fibroblasts, blood- and lymphatic endothelial cells, keratinocytes, and melanocytes. We show the feasibility of our approach by demonstrating the viability of all the cells after printing in vitro, the integrity of the reconstituted capillary network in vivo after transplantation to immunodeficient rats and the anastomosis to the vascular plexus of the host. Our work has to be considered as a proof of concept in view of the implementation of an extended platform, which fully automatize the process of skin substitution: this would be a considerable improvement of the treatment of burn victims and patients with severe skin lesions based on patients own skin derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pontiggia
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingmar AJ Van Hengel
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agnes Klar
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Rütsche
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monica Nanni
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ernst Reichmann
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Moehrlen
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Biedermann
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Pappalardo A, Herron L, Alvarez Cespedes DE, Abaci HE. Quantitative Evaluation of Human Umbilical Vein and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells as an Alternative Cell Source to Skin-Specific Endothelial Cells in Engineered Skin Grafts. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2021; 10:490-502. [PMID: 32870778 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2020.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: We compared the capability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived endothelial cells (iECs), and human dermal blood endothelial cells (HDBECs) to effectively vascularize engineered human skin constructs (HSCs) in vitro and on immunodeficient mice. Approach: We quantified the angiogenesis within HSCs both in vitro and in vivo through computational analyses of immunofluorescent (IF) staining. We assayed with real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) the expression of key endothelial, dermal, and epidermal genes in 2D culture and HSCs. Epidermal integrity and proliferation were also evaluated through haematoxylin and eosin staining, and IF staining. Results: IF confirmed iEC commitment to endothelial phenotype. RT-qPCR showed HUVECs and iECs immaturity compared with HDBECs. In vitro, the vascular network extension was comparable for HDBECs and HUVECs despite differences in vascular diameter, whereas iECs formed unorganized rudimentary tubular structures. In vivo, all ECs produced discrete vascular networks of varying dimensions. HUVECs and HDBECs maintained a higher proliferation of basal keratinocytes. HDBECs had the best impact on extracellular matrix expression, and epidermal proliferation and differentiation. Innovation: To our knowledge, this study represents the first direct and quantitative comparison of HDBECs, HUVECs, and iECs angiogenic performance in HSCs. Conclusions: Our data indicate that HUVECs and iECs can be an alternative cell source to HDBEC to promote the short-term viability of prevascularized engineered grafts. Nevertheless, HDBECs maintain their capillary identity and outperform other EC types in promoting the maturation of the dermis and epidermis. These intrinsic characteristics of HDBECs may influence the long-term function of skin grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pappalardo
- Dermatology Department, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lauren Herron
- Dermatology Department, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Hasan Erbil Abaci
- Dermatology Department, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Li X, Wang Y, Ma R, Liu X, Song B, Duan Y, Guo J, Feng G, Cui T, Wang L, Hao J, Wang H, Gu Q. Reconstruction of functional uterine tissues through recellularizing the decellularized rat uterine scaffolds by MSCs in vivo and in vitro. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:035023. [PMID: 33660616 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abd116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Infertile people who suffered from loss of uterine structures and/or functions can be treated through gestational surrogacy or uterus transplantation, which remains challenging due to the ethical and social issues, the lack of donor organs as well as technical and safety risks. One promising solution is to regenerate and reconstruct a bioartificial uterus for transplantation through the engineering of uterine architecture and appropriate cellular constituents. Here, we developed a well-defined system to regenerate a functional rat uterine through recellularization of the decellularized uterine matrix (DUM) patches reseeded with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Engraftment of the recellularized DUMs on the partially excised uteri yielded a functional rat uterus with a pregnancy rate and number of fetuses per uterine horn comparable to that of the control group with an intact uterus. Particularly, the recellularized DUMs enhanced the regeneration of traumatic uterine in vivo because of MSC regulation. The established system here will shed light on the treatment of uterine infertility with heterogeneous DUMs/cell resources through tissue engineering in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Biaobiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongtong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
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5
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Harper S, Hoff M, Skepper J, Davies S, Huguet E. Portal venous repopulation of decellularised rat liver scaffolds with syngeneic bone marrow stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1502-1512. [PMID: 32808475 DOI: 10.1002/term.3117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the only life-saving treatment for end-stage liver failure but is limited by the organ shortage and consequences of immunosuppression. Repopulation of decellularised scaffolds with recipient cells provides a theoretical solution, allowing reliable and timely organ sourcing without the need for immunosuppression. Recellularisation of the vasculature of decellularised liver scaffolds was investigated as an essential prerequisite to the survival of other parenchymal components. Liver decellularisation was carried out by portal vein perfusion using a detergent-based solution. Decellularised scaffolds were placed in a sterile perfusion apparatus consisting of a sealed organ chamber, functioning at 37°C in normal atmospheric conditions. The scaffold was perfused via portal vein with culture medium. A total of 107 primary cultured bone marrow stem cells, selected by plastic adherence, were infused into the scaffold, after which repopulated scaffolds were perfused for up to 30 days. The cultured stem cells were assessed for key marker expression using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and recellularised scaffolds were analysed by light, electron and immunofluorescence microscopy. Stem cells were engrafted in portal, sinusoidal and hepatic vein compartments, with cell alignment reminiscent of endothelium. Cell surface marker expression altered following engraftment, from haematopoietic to endothelial phenotype, and engrafted cells expressed sinusoidal endothelial endocytic receptors (mannose, Fc and stabilin receptors). These results represent one step towards complete recellularisation of the liver vasculature and progress towards the objective of generating transplantable neo-organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Harper
- Cambridge University, Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mekhola Hoff
- Cambridge University, Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeremy Skepper
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan Davies
- Cambridge University, Department of Histopathology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emmanuel Huguet
- Cambridge University, Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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6
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Wang A, Kuriata O, Xu F, Nietzsche S, Gremse F, Dirsch O, Settmacher U, Dahmen U. A Survival Model of In Vivo Partial Liver Lobe Decellularization Towards In Vivo Liver Engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 26:402-417. [PMID: 31668131 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2019.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo liver decellularization has become a promising strategy to study in vivo liver engineering. However, long-term survival after in vivo liver decellularization has not yet been achieved due to anatomical and technical challenges. This study aimed at establishing a survival model of in vivo partial liver lobe perfusion-decellularization in rats. We compared three decellularization protocols (1% Triton X100 followed by 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS], 1% SDS vs. 1% Triton X100, n = 6/group). Using the optimal one as judged by macroscopy, histology and DNA content, we characterized the structural integrity and matrix proteins by using histology, scanning electron microscopy, computed tomography scanning, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). We prevented contamination of the abdominal cavity with the corrosive detergents by using polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) film + dry gauze in comparison to PVDC film + dry gauze + aspiration tube (n = 6/group). Physiological reperfusion was assessed by histology. Survival rate was determined after a 7-day observation period. Only perfusion with 1% SDS resulted in an acellular scaffold (fully translucent without histologically detectable tissue remnants, DNA concentration is <2% of that in native lobe) with remarkable structural and ultrastructural integrity as well as preservation of main matrix proteins (IHC positive for collagen IV, laminin, and elastin). Contamination of abdominal organs with the potentially toxic SDS solution was achieved by placing a suction tube in addition to the PVDC film + dry gauze and allowed a 7-day survival of all animals without severe postoperative complications. On reperfusion, the liver turned red within seconds without any leakage from the surface of the liver. About 12 h after reperfusion, not only blood cells but also some clots were visible in the portal vein, sinusoidal matrix network, and central vein, suggesting physiological perfusion. In conclusion, our results of this study show the first available data on generation of a survival model of in vivo parenchymal organ decellularization, creating a critical step toward in vivo organ engineering. Impact Statement Recently, in vivo liver decellularization has been considered a promising approach to study in vivo liver repopulation of a scaffold compared with ex vivo liver repopulation. However, long-term survival of in vivo liver decellularization has not yet been achieved. Here, despite anatomical and technical challenges, we successfully created a survival model of in vivo selected liver lobe decellularization in rats, providing a major step toward in vivo organ engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Wang
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Olha Kuriata
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Fengming Xu
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Gremse
- Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Chemnitz gGmbH, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Utz Settmacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Abstract
The ability to generate new microvessels in desired numbers and at desired locations has been a long-sought goal in vascular medicine, engineering, and biology. Historically, the need to revascularize ischemic tissues nonsurgically (so-called therapeutic vascularization) served as the main driving force for the development of new methods of vascular growth. More recently, vascularization of engineered tissues and the generation of vascularized microphysiological systems have provided additional targets for these methods, and have required adaptation of therapeutic vascularization to biomaterial scaffolds and to microscale devices. Three complementary strategies have been investigated to engineer microvasculature: angiogenesis (the sprouting of existing vessels), vasculogenesis (the coalescence of adult or progenitor cells into vessels), and microfluidics (the vascularization of scaffolds that possess the open geometry of microvascular networks). Over the past several decades, vascularization techniques have grown tremendously in sophistication, from the crude implantation of arteries into myocardial tunnels by Vineberg in the 1940s, to the current use of micropatterning techniques to control the exact shape and placement of vessels within a scaffold. This review provides a broad historical view of methods to engineer the microvasculature, and offers a common framework for organizing and analyzing the numerous studies in this area of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:1155-1212, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Tien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Brookline, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Mazio C, Casale C, Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Attanasio C, De Gregorio M, Rescigno F, Netti PA. Pre-vascularized dermis model for fast and functional anastomosis with host vasculature. Biomaterials 2019; 192:159-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Campo H, Baptista PM, López-Pérez N, Faus A, Cervelló I, Simón C. De- and recellularization of the pig uterus: a bioengineering pilot study. Biol Reprod 2016. [DOI: 10.1095/biolre/bio143396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Campo
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Valencia University and Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro M Baptista
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria López-Pérez
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Valencia University and Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Faus
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Valencia University and Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Cervelló
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Valencia University and Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Simón
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Valencia University and Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Asano Y, Shimoda H, Okano D, Matsusaki M, Akashi M. Transplantation of three-dimensional artificial human vascular tissues fabricated using an extracellular matrix nanofilm-based cell-accumulation technique. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1303-1307. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Asano
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Cell Biology and Histology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Cell Biology and Histology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Japan
- Department of Anatomical Science; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Japan
| | - Daisuke Okano
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Cell Biology and Histology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; Japan
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; Japan
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Xiang JX, Zheng XL, Gao R, Wu WQ, Zhu XL, Li JH, Lv Y. Liver regeneration using decellularized splenic scaffold: a novel approach in tissue engineering. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2015; 14:502-8. [PMID: 26459726 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(15)60423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential application of decellularized liver scaffold for liver regeneration is limited by severe shortage of donor organs. Attempt of using heterograft scaffold is accompanied with high risks of zoonosis and immunological rejection. We proposed that the spleen, which procured more extensively than the liver, could be an ideal source of decellularized scaffold for liver regeneration. METHODS After harvested from donor rat, the spleen was processed by 12-hour freezing/thawing x 2 cycles, then circulation perfusion of 0.02% trypsin and 3% Triton X-100 sequentially through the splenic artery for 32 hours in total to prepare decellularized scaffold. The structure and component characteristics of the scaffold were determined by hematoxylin and eosin and immumohistochemical staining, scanning electron microscope, DNA detection, porosity measurement, biocompatibility and cytocompatibility test. Recellularization of scaffold by 5 x 10(6) bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was carried out to preliminarily evaluate the feasibility of liver regeneration by BMSCs reseeding and differentiation in decellularized splenic scaffold. RESULTS After decellularization, a translucent scaffold, which retained the gross shape of the spleen, was generated. Histological evaluation and residual DNA quantitation revealed the remaining of extracellular matrix without nucleus and cytoplasm residue. Immunohistochemical study proved the existence of collagens I, IV, fibronectin, laminin and elastin in decellularized splenic scaffold, which showed a similarity with decellularized liver. A scanning electron microscope presented the remaining three-dimensional porous structure of extracellular matrix and small blood vessels. The porosity of scaffold, aperture of 45.36 +/- 4.87 μm and pore rate of 80.14% +/- 2.99% was suitable for cell engraftment. Subcutaneous implantation of decellularized scaffold presented good histocompatibility, and recellularization of the splenic scaffold demonstrated that BMSCs could locate and survive in the decellularized matrix. CONCLUSION Considering the more extensive organ source and satisfying biocompatibility, the present study indicated that the three-dimensional decellularized splenic scaffold might have considerable potential for liver regeneration when combined with BMSCs reseeding and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xi Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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12
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Qi C, Yan X, Huang C, Melerzanov A, Du Y. Biomaterials as carrier, barrier and reactor for cell-based regenerative medicine. Protein Cell 2015; 6:638-53. [PMID: 26088192 PMCID: PMC4537472 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy has achieved tremendous success in regenerative medicine in the past several decades. However, challenges such as cell loss, death and immune-rejection after transplantation still persist. Biomaterials have been designed as carriers to deliver cells to desirable region for local tissue regeneration; as barriers to protect transplanted cells from host immune attack; or as reactors to stimulate host cell recruitment, homing and differentiation. With the assistance of biomaterials, improvement in treatment efficiency has been demonstrated in numerous animal models of degenerative diseases compared with routine free cell-based therapy. Emerging clinical applications of biomaterial assisted cell therapies further highlight their great promise in regenerative therapy and even cure for complex diseases, which have been failed to realize by conventional therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Qi
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Chenyu Huang
- />Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital; Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218 China
| | - Alexander Melerzanov
- />Cellular and Molecular Technologies Laboratory, MIPT, Dolgoprudny, 141701 Russia
| | - Yanan Du
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- />Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003 China
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13
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Bao J, Wu Q, Sun J, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Jiang X, Li L, Shi Y, Bu H. Hemocompatibility improvement of perfusion-decellularized clinical-scale liver scaffold through heparin immobilization. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10756. [PMID: 26030843 PMCID: PMC5377232 DOI: 10.1038/srep10756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-liver perfusion-decellularization is an attractive scaffold–preparation technique for producing clinical transplantable liver tissue. However, the scaffold’s poor hemocompatibility poses a major obstacle. This study was intended to improve the hemocompatibility of perfusion-decellularized porcine liver scaffold via immobilization of heparin. Heparin was immobilized on decellularized liver scaffolds (DLSs) by electrostatic binding using a layer-by-layer self-assembly technique (/h-LBL scaffold), covalent binding via multi-point attachment (/h-MPA scaffold), or end-point attachment (/h-EPA scaffold). The effect of heparinization on anticoagulant ability and cytocompatibility were investigated. The result of heparin content and release tests revealed EPA technique performed higher efficiency of heparin immobilization than other two methods. Then, systematic in vitro investigation of prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), platelet adhesion and human platelet factor 4 (PF4, indicates platelet activation) confirmed the heparinized scaffolds, especially the /h-EPA counterparts, exhibited ultralow blood component activations and excellent hemocompatibility. Furthermore, heparin treatments prevented thrombosis successfully in DLSs with blood perfusion after implanted in vivo. Meanwhile, after heparin processes, both primary hepatocyte and endothelial cell viability were also well-maintained, which indicated that heparin treatments with improved biocompatibility might extend to various hemoperfusable whole-organ scaffolds’ preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Bao
- 1] Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [2] Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [3] Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- 1] Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [2] Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiu Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The first people's hospital of Yibin, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Yongjie Zhou
- 1] Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [2] Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- 1] Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [2] Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Li
- 1] Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [2] Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yujun Shi
- 1] Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [2] Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hong Bu
- 1] Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [2] Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [3] Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Fan Y, Tajima A, Goh SK, Geng X, Gualtierotti G, Grupillo M, Coppola A, Bertera S, Rudert WA, Banerjee I, Bottino R, Trucco M. Bioengineering Thymus Organoids to Restore Thymic Function and Induce Donor-Specific Immune Tolerance to Allografts. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1262-1277. [PMID: 25903472 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles in organ transplantation is to establish immune tolerance of allografts. Although immunosuppressive drugs can prevent graft rejection to a certain degree, their efficacies are limited, transient, and associated with severe side effects. Induction of thymic central tolerance to allografts remains challenging, largely because of the difficulty of maintaining donor thymic epithelial cells in vitro to allow successful bioengineering. Here, the authors show that three-dimensional scaffolds generated from decellularized mouse thymus can support thymic epithelial cell survival in culture and maintain their unique molecular properties. When transplanted into athymic nude mice, the bioengineered thymus organoids effectively promoted homing of lymphocyte progenitors and supported thymopoiesis. Nude mice transplanted with thymus organoids promptly rejected skin allografts and were able to mount antigen-specific humoral responses against ovalbumin on immunization. Notably, tolerance to skin allografts was achieved by transplanting thymus organoids constructed with either thymic epithelial cells coexpressing both syngeneic and allogenic major histocompatibility complexes, or mixtures of donor and recipient thymic epithelial cells. Our results demonstrate the technical feasibility of restoring thymic function with bioengineered thymus organoids and highlight the clinical implications of this thymus reconstruction technique in organ transplantation and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fan
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Asako Tajima
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Saik Kia Goh
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xuehui Geng
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Giulio Gualtierotti
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maria Grupillo
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Antonina Coppola
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Current address: Section of Endocrinology, Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (DIBIMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Suzanne Bertera
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William A Rudert
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ipsita Banerjee
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rita Bottino
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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15
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Gao R, Wu W, Xiang J, Lv Y, Zheng X, Chen Q, Wang H, Wang B, Liu Z, Ma F. Hepatocyte culture in autologous decellularized spleen matrix. Organogenesis 2015; 11:16-29. [PMID: 25664568 PMCID: PMC4594376 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2015.1011908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Using decellularized scaffold to reengineer liver tissue is a promising alternative therapy for end-stage liver diseases. Though the decellularized human liver matrix is the ideal scaffold for reconstruction of the liver theoretically, the shortage of liver donors is still an obstacle for potential clinical application. Therefore, an appropriate alternative scaffold is needed. In the present study, we used a tissue engineering approach to prepare a rat decellularized spleen matrix (DSM) and evaluate the effectiveness of this DSM for primary rat hepatocytes culture. METHODS Rat decellularized spleen matrix (DSM) was prepared by perfusion of a series of detergents through spleen vasculature. DSM was characterized by residual DNA and specific extracellular matrix distribution. Thereafter, primary rat hepatocytes were cultured in the DSM in a 3-dimensional dynamic culture system, and liver cell survival and biological functions were evaluated by comparison with 3-dimensional sandwich culture and also with cultured in decellularized liver matrix (DLM). RESULTS Our research found that DSM did not exhibit any cellular components, but preserved the main extracellular matrix and the intact vasculature evaluated by DNA detection, histology, immunohistochemical staining, vessel corrosion cast and upright metallurgical microscope. Moreover, the method of DSM preparation procedure was relatively simple with high success rate (100%). After seeding primary hepatocytes in DSM, the cultured hepatocytes survived inside DSM with albumin synthesis and urea secretion within 10 d. Additionally, hepatocytes in dynamic culture medium had better biological functions at day 10 than that in sandwich culture. Albumin synthesis was 85.67 ± 6.34 μg/10(7) cell/24h in dynamic culture in DSM compared to 62.43 ± 4.59 μg/10(7) cell/24h in sandwich culture (P < 0.01) and to 87.54 ± 5.25 μg/10(7) cell/24h in DLM culture (P > 0.05); urea release was 32.14 ± 8.62 μg/10(7) cell/24h in dynamic culture in DSM compared to 20.47 ± 4.98 μg/10(7) cell/24h in sandwich culture (P < 0.05) and to 37.38 ± 7.29 μg/10(7) cell/24h cultured in DLM (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that DSM can be prepared successfully using a tissue engineering approach. The DSM is an appropriate scaffold for primary hepatocytes culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Tissue Engineering Research; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanquan Wu
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Tissue Engineering Research; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; First Hospital of Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junxi Xiang
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Tissue Engineering Research; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; First Hospital of Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Tissue Engineering Research; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; First Hospital of Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinglong Zheng
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Tissue Engineering Research; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; First Hospital of Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences; Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Haohua Wang
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Tissue Engineering Research; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; First Hospital of Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Tissue Engineering Research; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases; First Hospital of Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng Ma
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Tissue Engineering Research; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; First Hospital of Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Sánchez-Muñoz I, Granados R, Holguín Holgado P, García-Vela JA, Casares C, Casares M. The Use of Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Human Umbilical Vascular Endothelial Cells on a Fibrin Matrix for Endothelialized Skin Substitute. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:214-23. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosario Granados
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Celia Casares
- Tissue Bank, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Casares
- Tissue Bank, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Augustine R, Kalarikkal N, Thomas S. Advancement of wound care from grafts to bioengineered smart skin substitutes. Prog Biomater 2014; 3:103-113. [PMID: 29470769 PMCID: PMC5299852 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-014-0030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This review gives a brief description on the skin and its essential functions, damages or injury which are common to the skin and the role of skin substitute to replace the functions of the skin soon after an injury. Skin substitutes have crucial role in the management of deep dermal and full thickness wounds. At present, there is no skin substitute in the market that can replace all the functions of skin 'and the research is still continuing for a better alternative. This review is an attempt to recollect and report the past efforts including skin grafting and recent trends like use of bioengineered smart skin substitutes in wound care. Incorporation functional moieties like antimicrobials and wound healing agents are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Augustine
- International and Interuniversity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P. O., Kottayam, 686 560, Kerala, India
| | - Nandakumar Kalarikkal
- International and Interuniversity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P. O., Kottayam, 686 560, Kerala, India.
- School of Pure and Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P. O., Kottayam, 686 560, Kerala, India.
| | - Sabu Thomas
- International and Interuniversity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P. O., Kottayam, 686 560, Kerala, India.
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P. O., Kottayam, 686 560, Kerala, India.
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18
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Miyazaki K, Maruyama T. Partial regeneration and reconstruction of the rat uterus through recellularization of a decellularized uterine matrix. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8791-8800. [PMID: 25043501 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite dramatic progress in infertility treatments and assisted reproduction, no effective therapies exist for complete loss of uterine structure and/or function. For such patients, genetic motherhood is possible only through gestational surrogacy or uterine transplantation. However, many ethical, social, technical and safety challenges accompany such approaches. A theoretical alternative is to generate a bioartificial uterus, which requires engineering of uterine architecture and appropriate cellular constituents. Here, rat uteri decellularization by aortic perfusion with detergents produced an underlying extracellular matrix together with an acellular, perfusable vascular architecture. Uterine-like tissues were then regenerated and maintained in vitro for up to 10 d through decellularized uterine matrix (DUM) reseeding with adult and neonatal rat uterine cells and rat mesenchymal stem cells followed by aortic perfusion in a bioreactor. Furthermore, DUM placement onto a partially excised uterus yielded recellularization and regeneration of uterine tissues and achievement of pregnancy nearly comparable to the intact uterus. These results suggest that DUM could be used for uterine regeneration, and provides insights into treatments for uterine factor infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Miyazaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Maruyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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19
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Klar AS, Güven S, Biedermann T, Luginbühl J, Böttcher-Haberzeth S, Meuli-Simmen C, Meuli M, Martin I, Scherberich A, Reichmann E. Tissue-engineered dermo-epidermal skin grafts prevascularized with adipose-derived cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5065-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Fu RH, Wang YC, Liu SP, Shih TR, Lin HL, Chen YM, Sung JH, Lu CH, Wei JR, Wang ZW, Huang SJ, Tsai CH, Shyu WC, Lin SZ. Decellularization and Recellularization Technologies in Tissue Engineering. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:621-30. [PMID: 24816454 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x678382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularization is the process by which cells are discharged from tissues/organs, but all of the essential cues for cell preservation and homeostasis are retained in a three-dimensional structure of the organ and its extracellular matrix components. During tissue decellularization, maintenance of the native ultrastructure and composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is extremely acceptable. For recellularization, the scaffold/matrix is seeded with cells, the final goal being to form a practical organ. In this review, we focus on the biological properties of the ECM that remains when a variety of decellularization methods are used, comparing recellularization technologies, including bioreactor expansion for perfusion-based bioartificial organs, and we discuss cell sources. In the future, decellularization–recellularization procedures may solve the problem of organ assembly on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Huei Fu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Wang
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Liu
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ton-Ru Shih
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lien Lin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Mi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Huei Sung
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Lu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Rong Wei
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Wan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Jer Huang
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hai Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Woei-Cherng Shyu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tainan Municipal An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Abstract
The liver is a target of in vitro tissue engineering despite its capability to regenerate in vivo. The construction of liver tissues in vitro remains challenging. In this review, conventional 3D cultures of hepatocytes are first discussed. Recent advances in the 3D culturing of liver cells are then summarized in the context of in vitro liver tissue reconstruction at the micro- and macroscales. The application of microfluidics technology to liver tissue engineering has been introduced as a bottom-up approach performed at the microscale, whereas whole-organ bioengineering technology was introduced as a top-down approach performed at the macroscale. Mesoscale approaches are also discussed in considering the integration of micro- and macroscale approaches. Multiple parallel multiscale liver tissue engineering studies are ongoing; however, no tissue-engineered liver that is appropriate for clinical use has yet been realized. The integration of multiscale tissue engineering studies is essential for further understanding of liver reconstruction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sudo
- Department of System Design Engineering; Keio University; Yokohama, Japan
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22
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Tropism-modified AAV vectors overcome barriers to successful cutaneous therapy. Mol Ther 2014; 22:929-39. [PMID: 24468915 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous human keratinocytes (HK) forming sheet grafts are approved as skin substitutes. Genetic engineering of HK represents a promising technique to improve engraftment and survival of transplants. Although efficacious in keratinocyte-directed gene transfer, retro-/lentiviral vectors may raise safety concerns when applied in regenerative medicine. We therefore optimized adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors of the serotype 2, characterized by an excellent safety profile, but lacking natural tropism for HK, through capsid engineering. Peptides, selected by AAV peptide display, engaged novel receptors that increased cell entry efficiency by up to 2,500-fold. The novel targeting vectors transduced HK with high efficiency and a remarkable specificity even in mixed cultures of HK and feeder cells. Moreover, differentiated keratinocytes in organotypic airlifted three-dimensional cultures were transduced following topical vector application. By exploiting comparative gene analysis we further succeeded in identifying αvβ8 integrin as a target receptor thus solving a major challenge of directed evolution approaches and describing a promising candidate receptor for cutaneous gene therapy.
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Uygun BE, Yarmush ML. Engineered liver for transplantation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:893-9. [PMID: 23791465 PMCID: PMC3783566 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation is the only definitive treatment for end stage liver failure and the shortage of donor organs severely limits the number of patients receiving transplants. Liver tissue engineering aims to address the donor liver shortage by creating functional tissue constructs to replace a damaged or failing liver. Despite decades of work, various bottoms-up, synthetic biomaterials approaches have failed to produce a functional construct suitable for transplantation. Recently, a new strategy has emerged using whole organ scaffolds as a vehicle for tissue engineering. This technique involves preparation of these organ scaffolds via perfusion decellularization with the resulting scaffold retaining the circulatory network of the native organ. This important phenomenon allows for the construct to be repopulated with cells and to be connected to the blood torrent upon transplantation. This opinion paper presents the current advances and discusses the challenges of creating fully functional transplantable liver grafts with this whole liver engineering approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak E Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children in Boston, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA, Phone: 1-617-371-4879, Fax: 617-573-9471
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children in Boston and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, Phone: 1-617-371-4882, Fax: 617-573-9471
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24
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Abstract
Vascularization is one of the great challenges that tissue engineering faces in order to achieve sizeable tissue and organ substitutes that contain living cells. There are instances, such as skin replacement, in which a tissue-engineered substitute does not absolutely need a preexisting vascularization. However, tissue or organ substitutes in which any dimension, such as thickness, exceeds 400 μm need to be vascularized to ensure cellular survival. Consistent with the wide spectrum of approaches to tissue engineering itself, which vary from acellular synthetic biomaterials to purely biological living constructs, approaches to tissue-engineered vascularization cover numerous techniques. Those techniques range from micropatterns engineered in biomaterials to microvascular networks created by endothelial cells. In this review, we strive to provide a critical overview of the elements that must be considered in the pursuit of this goal and the major approaches that are investigated in hopes of achieving it.
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Affiliation(s)
- François A Auger
- Centre LOEX de l'Université Laval, Regenerative Medicine section of the FRQS Research Center of the CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.
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25
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Pan MX, Hu PY, Cheng Y, Cai LQ, Rao XH, Wang Y, Gao Y. An efficient method for decellularization of the rat liver. J Formos Med Assoc 2013; 113:680-7. [PMID: 23849456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Using gradient ionic detergent, we optimized the preparation procedure for the decellularized liver biologic scaffold, and analyzed its immunogenicity and biocompatibility. METHODS EDTA, hypotonic alkaline solution, Triton X-100, and gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate (1%, 0.5%, and 0.1%, respectively) were prepared for continuous perfusion through the hepatic vascular system. The decellularization of the liver tissue was performed with the optimized reagent buffer and washing protocol. In addition, the preservation of the original extracellular matrix was observed. To analyze its biocompatibility, the scaffold was embedded in a heterologous animal and the inflammation features, including the surrounding cell infiltration and changes of the scaffold architecture, were detected. The cell-attachment ability was also validated by the perfusion culture of HepG2 cells with the scaffold. RESULTS By using gradient ionic detergent, we completed the decellularization process in approximately 5 h, which was shorter than >10 hours in previous experiments (p<0.001). The extracellular matrix was kept relatively intact, with no obvious inflammatory cellular infiltration or structural damage in the grafted tissue. The engraftment efficiencies of HepG2 were 86±5% (n=8). The levels of albumin and urea synthesis were significantly superior to the ones in traditional two-dimensional culture. CONCLUSION The current new method can be used efficiently for the decellularization of the liver biologic scaffold with satisfying biocomparability for application both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xin Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peng Yun Hu
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Quan Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao Hui Rao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Imbeault A, Bernard G, Rousseau A, Morissette A, Chabaud S, Bouhout S, Bolduc S. An endothelialized urothelial cell-seeded tubular graft for urethral replacement. Can Urol Assoc J 2013; 7:E4-9. [PMID: 23401738 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many efforts are used to improve surgical techniques and graft materials for urethral reconstruction. We developed an endothelialized tubular structure for urethral reconstruction. METHODS Two tubular models were created in vitro. Human fibroblasts were cultured for 4 weeks to form fibroblast sheets. Then, endothelial cells (ECs) were seeded on the fibroblast sheets and wrapped around a tubular support to form a cylinder for the endothelialized tubular urethral model (ET). No ECs were added in the standard tubular model (T). After 21 days of maturation, urothelial cells were seeded into the lumen of both models. Constructs were placed under perfusion in a bioreactor for 1 week. At several times, histology and immunohistochemistry were performed on grafted nude mice to evaluate the impact of ECs on vascularization. RESULTS Both models produced an extracellular matrix, without exogenous material, and developed a pseudostratified urothelium. Seven days after the graft, mouse red blood cells were present only in the outer layers in T model, but in the full thickness of ET model. After 14 days, erythrocytes were present in both models, but in a greater proportion in ET model. At day 28, both models were well-vascularized, with capillary-like structures in the whole thickness of the tubes. CONCLUSION Incorporating endothelial cells was associated with an earlier vascularization of the grafts, which could decrease the necrosis of the transplanted tissue. As those models can be elaborated with the patient's cells, this tubular urethral graft would be unique in its autologous property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Imbeault
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC
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Zamora DO, Natesan S, Becerra S, Wrice N, Chung E, Suggs LJ, Christy RJ. Enhanced wound vascularization using a dsASCs seeded FPEG scaffold. Angiogenesis 2013; 16:745-57. [PMID: 23709171 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bioengineering of autologous vascular networks is of great importance in wound healing. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are of interest due to their ability to differentiate toward various cell types, including vascular. We hypothesized that adult human ASCs embedded in a three-dimensional PEG-fibrin (FPEG) gel have the ability to modulate vascularization of a healing wound. Initial in vitro characterization of ASCs isolated from discarded burn skin samples (dsASCs) and embedded in FPEG gels indicated they could express such pericyte/smooth muscle cell markers as α-smooth muscle actin, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β, NG2 proteoglycan, and angiopoietin-1, suggesting that these cells could potentially be involved in a supportive cell role (i.e., pericyte/mural cell) for blood vessels. Using a rat skin excision model, wounds treated with dsASCs-FPEG gels showed earlier collagen deposition and wound remodeling compared to vehicle FPEG treated wounds. Furthermore, the dsASCs-seeded gels increased the number of vessels in the wound per square millimeter by day 16 (~66.7 vs. ~36.9/mm(2)) in these same studies. dsASCs may support this increase in vascularization through their trophic contribution of vascular endothelial growth factor, as determined by in vitro analysis of mRNA and the protein levels. Immunohistochemistry showed that dsASCs were localized to the surrounding regions of large blood-perfused vessels. Human dsASCs may play a supportive role in the formation of vascular structures in the healing wound through direct mechanisms as well as indirect trophic effects. The merging of autologous grafts or bioengineered composites with the host's vasculature is critical, and the use of autologous dsASCs in these procedures may prove to be therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Zamora
- Regenerative Medicine Research Program, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, BHT 1: Bldg 3611, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234-6315, USA
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Michael S, Sorg H, Peck CT, Koch L, Deiwick A, Chichkov B, Vogt PM, Reimers K. Tissue engineered skin substitutes created by laser-assisted bioprinting form skin-like structures in the dorsal skin fold chamber in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57741. [PMID: 23469227 PMCID: PMC3587634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering plays an important role in the production of skin equivalents for the therapy of chronic and especially burn wounds. Actually, there exists no (cellularized) skin equivalent which might be able to satisfactorily mimic native skin. Here, we utilized a laser-assisted bioprinting (LaBP) technique to create a fully cellularized skin substitute. The unique feature of LaBP is the possibility to position different cell types in an exact three-dimensional (3D) spatial pattern. For the creation of the skin substitutes, we positioned fibroblasts and keratinocytes on top of a stabilizing matrix (Matriderm®). These skin constructs were subsequently tested in vivo, employing the dorsal skin fold chamber in nude mice. The transplants were placed into full-thickness skin wounds and were fully connected to the surrounding tissue when explanted after 11 days. The printed keratinocytes formed a multi-layered epidermis with beginning differentiation and stratum corneum. Proliferation of the keratinocytes was mainly detected in the suprabasal layers. In vitro controls, which were cultivated at the air-liquid-interface, also exhibited proliferative cells, but they were rather located in the whole epidermis. E-cadherin as a hint for adherens junctions and therefore tissue formation could be found in the epidermis in vivo as well as in vitro. In both conditions, the printed fibroblasts partly stayed on top of the underlying Matriderm® where they produced collagen, while part of them migrated into the Matriderm®. In the mice, some blood vessels could be found to grow from the wound bed and the wound edges in direction of the printed cells. In conclusion, we could show the successful 3D printing of a cell construct via LaBP and the subsequent tissue formation in vivo. These findings represent the prerequisite for the creation of a complex tissue like skin, consisting of different cell types in an intricate 3D pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Michael
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Heiko Sorg
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claas-Tido Peck
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Koch
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter M. Vogt
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Reimers
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
Initially hailed as the ultimate solution to organ failure, engineering of vascularized tissues such as the liver has stalled because of the need for a well-structured circulatory system that can maintain the cells seeded inside the construct. A new approach has evolved to overcome this obstacle. Whole-organ decellularization is a method that retains most of the native vascular structures of the organ, providing microcirculatory support and structure, which can be anastomosed with the recipient circulation. The technique was first applied to the heart and then adapted for the liver. Several studies have shown that cells can be eliminated, the extracellular matrix and vasculature are reasonably preserved and, after repopulation with hepatocytes, these grafts can perform hepatic functions in vitro and in vivo. Progress is rapidly being made as researchers are addressing several key challenges to whole-organ tissue engineering, such as ensuring correct cell distribution, nonparenchymal cell seeding, blood compatibility, immunological concerns, and the source of cells and matrices.
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Groeber F, Kahlig A, Loff S, Walles H, Hansmann J. A bioreactor system for interfacial culture and physiological perfusion of vascularized tissue equivalents. Biotechnol J 2012; 8:308-16. [PMID: 23047238 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A pivotal requirement for the generation of vascularized tissue equivalents is the development of culture systems that provide a physiological perfusion of the vasculature and tissue-specific culture conditions. Here, we present a bioreactor system that is suitable to culture vascularized tissue equivalents covered with culture media and at the air-medium interface, which is a vital stimulus for skin tissue. For the perfusion of the vascular system a new method was integrated into the bioreactor system that creates a physiological pulsatile medium flow between 80 and 120 mmHg to the arterial inflow of the equivalent's vascular system. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (hDMECs) were injected into the vascular system of a biological vascularized scaffold based on a decellularized porcine jejunal segment and cultured in the bioreactor system for 14 days. Histological analysis and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) staining revealed that the hDMECs were able to recolonize the perfused vascular structures and expressed endothelial cell specific markers such as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule and von Willebrand factor. These results indicate that our bioreactor system can serve as a platform technology to generate advanced bioartificial tissues with a functional vasculature for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Groeber
- Institute for Interfacial Engineering (IGVT), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Kusuma S, Zhao S, Gerecht S. The extracellular matrix is a novel attribute of endothelial progenitors and of hypoxic mature endothelial cells. FASEB J 2012; 26:4925-36. [PMID: 22919069 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-209296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) production is critical to preserve the function and integrity of mature blood vessels. Toward the engineering of blood vessels, studies have centered on ECM production by supporting cells, whereas few studies implicate endothelial cells (ECs) with ECM synthesis. Here, we elucidate variations between cultured human arterial, venous, and progenitor ECs with respect to ECM deposition assembly, composition, and response to biomolecular and physiological factors. Our studies reveal that progenitor ECs, endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs), deposit collagen IV, fibronectin, and laminin that assemble to an organized weblike structure, as confirmed by decellularized cultures. Mature ECs only express these ECM proteins intracellularly. ECFC-derived ECM is abrogated in response to TGFβ signaling inhibition and actin cytoskeleton disruption. Hypoxic (1%) and physiological (5%) O(2) tension stimulate ECM deposition from mature ECs. Interestingly, deposition of collagen I is observed only under 5% O(2) tension. ECM production from all ECs is found to be regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors 1α and 2α but differentially in the different cell lines. Collectively, we suggest that ECM deposition and assembly by ECs is dependent on maturation stage and oxygen supply and that these findings can be harnessed to advance engineered vascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravanti Kusuma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Ji SZ, Xiao SC, Luo PF, Huang GF, Li HY, Zhu SH, Xia ZF. A new strategy of promoting vascularization of skin substitutes by capturing endothelial progenitor cells automatically. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:662-4. [PMID: 21840131 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
How to promote vascularization of a skin substitute is the key to successful skin transplantation. Current methods are mainly through releasing angiogenesis-related factors (ARF) or seeding angiogenesis-related cells (ARC), but the efficacy of these methods is not satisfactory, because angiogenesis needs participation of multiple factors, extracellular matrix and related cells. The latest research has demonstrated that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) originating from bone marrow and existing in peripheral blood are the key element participating in revascularization of adult tissues. They directly participate in both stem cell vasculogenesis of ischemic tissues and local angiogenesis. We therefore hypothesize whether it is possible to construct a new skin substitute and use it to mobilize EPCs in bone marrow to peripheral circulation and capture EPCs automatically as a simple and effective method of promoting vascularization of the skin substitute for the sake of improving its post-transplant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-zhao Ji
- Burn Center, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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34
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Badylak SF, Taylor D, Uygun K. Whole-organ tissue engineering: decellularization and recellularization of three-dimensional matrix scaffolds. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2011; 13:27-53. [PMID: 21417722 PMCID: PMC10887492 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071910-124743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The definitive treatment for end-stage organ failure is orthotopic transplantation. However, the demand for transplantation far exceeds the number of available donor organs. A promising tissue-engineering/regenerative-medicine approach for functional organ replacement has emerged in recent years. Decellularization of donor organs such as heart, liver, and lung can provide an acellular, naturally occurring three-dimensional biologic scaffold material that can then be seeded with selected cell populations. Preliminary studies in animal models have provided encouraging results for the proof of concept. However, significant challenges for three-dimensional organ engineering approach remain. This manuscript describes the fundamental concepts of whole-organ engineering, including characterization of the extracellular matrix as a scaffold, methods for decellularization of vascular organs, potential cells to reseed such a scaffold, techniques for the recellularization process and important aspects regarding bioreactor design to support this approach. Critical challenges and future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Badylak
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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35
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Engineered blood vessel networks connect to host vasculature via wrapping-and-tapping anastomosis. Blood 2011; 118:4740-9. [PMID: 21835951 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-02-338426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid blood perfusion is critical for postimplantation survival of thick, prevascularized bioartificial tissues. Yet the mechanism by which implanted vascular networks inosculate, or anastomose, with the host vasculature has been unknown, making it difficult to develop optimized strategies for facilitating perfusion. Here we show that implanted vascular networks anastomose with host vessels through a previously unidentified process of "wrapping and tapping" between the engrafted endothelial cells (ECs) and the host vasculature. At the host-implant interface, implanted ECs first wrap around nearby host vessels and then cause basement membrane and pericyte reorganization and localized displacement of the underlying host endothelium. In this way, the implanted ECs replace segments of host vessels to divert blood flow to the developing implanted vascular network. The process is facilitated by high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-14 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expressed by the wrapping ECs. These findings open the door to new strategies for improving perfusion of tissue grafts and may have implications for other physiologic and pathologic processes involving postnatal vasculogenesis.
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36
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Truslow JG, Tien J. Perfusion systems that minimize vascular volume fraction in engineered tissues. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:22201. [PMID: 21799708 PMCID: PMC3145227 DOI: 10.1063/1.3576926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study determines the optimal vascular designs for perfusing engineered tissues. Here, "optimal" describes a geometry that minimizes vascular volume fraction (the fractional volume of a tissue that is occupied by vessels) while maintaining oxygen concentration above a set threshold throughout the tissue. Computational modeling showed that optimal geometries depended on parameters that affected vascular fluid transport and oxygen consumption. Approximate analytical expressions predicted optima that agreed well with the results of modeling. Our results suggest one basis for comparing the effectiveness of designs for microvascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Truslow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington St., Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Cooper T, Sefton M. Fibronectin coating of collagen modules increases in vivo HUVEC survival and vessel formation in SCID mice. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:1072-83. [PMID: 21059413 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Modular tissue engineering is a novel approach to creating scalable, self-assembling, three-dimensional tissue constructs with inherent vascularization. Under initial methods, the subcutaneous implantation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC)-covered collagen modules in immunocompromised mice resulted in significant host inflammation and limited HUVEC survival. A minimally invasive injection technique was used to minimize surgery-related inflammation, and cell death was attributed to extensive apoptosis within 72 h of implantation. Coating collagen modules with fibronectin (Fn) was shown in vivo to reduce short-term HUVEC TUNEL staining by nearly 40%, while increasing long-term HUVEC survival by 30-45%, relative to collagen modules without fibronectin. Consequently, a ∼100% increase in the number of HUVEC-lined vessels was observed with Fn-coated modules, as compared to collagen-only modules, at 7 and 14 days post-implantation. Furthermore, vessels appeared to be perfused with host erythrocytes by day 7, and vessel maturation and stabilization was evident by day 14.
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Uygun BE, Price G, Saedi N, Izamis ML, Berendsen T, Yarmush M, Uygun K. Decellularization and recellularization of whole livers. J Vis Exp 2011:2394. [PMID: 21339718 DOI: 10.3791/2394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a complex organ which requires constant perfusion for delivery of nutrients and oxygen and removal of waste in order to survive. Efforts to recreate or mimic the liver microstructure with grounds up approach using tissue engineering and microfabrication techniques have not been successful so far due to this design challenge. In addition, synthetic biomaterials used to create scaffolds for liver tissue engineering applications have been limited in inducing tissue regeneration and repair in large part due to the lack of specific cell binding motifs that would induce the proper cell functions. Decellularized native tissues such blood vessels and skin on the other hand have found many applications in tissue engineering, and have provided a practical solution to some of the challenges. The advantage of decellularized native matrix is that it retains, to an extent, the original composition, and the microstructure, hence enhancing cell attachment and reorganization. In this work we describe the methods to perform perfusion-decellularization of the liver, such that an intact liver bioscaffold that retains the structure of major blood vessels is obtained. Further, we describe methods to recellularize these bioscaffolds with adult primary hepatocytes, creating a liver graft that is functional in vitro, and has the vessel access necessary for transplantation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak E Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, USA
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Hendrickx B, Vranckx JJ, Luttun A. Cell-Based Vascularization Strategies for Skin Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:13-24. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Hendrickx
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plastic Surgery and Tissue Engineering Research, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, KUL–University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan J. Vranckx
- Laboratory of Plastic Surgery and Tissue Engineering Research, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, KUL–University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aernout Luttun
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Zhang X, Yang J, Li Y, Liu S, Long K, Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Deng Z, Jin Y. Functional neovascularization in tissue engineering with porcine acellular dermal matrix and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 17:423-33. [PMID: 21062229 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells-matrix interactions play an important role in promoting and controlling network formation. In this study, porcine acellular dermal matrix (PADM) was used to guide human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) adhesion and proliferation as a potential system for vascularization of engineered tissues. We fabricated PADM using a modified protocol and assessed their composition and ultrastructures. Subsequently, the viability of HUVECs and the formation of capillary-like networks were evaluated by seeding cells directly on PADM scaffolds or PADM digests in vitro. We further investigated the function of the HUVECs seeded on the PADM scaffolds after subcutaneous transplantation in athymic mice. Moreover, the function of the neovessels formed in the PADM scaffolds was assessed by implantation into cutaneous wounds on the backs of mice. The results showed that PADM scaffolds significantly increased proliferation of HUVECs, and the PADM digest induced HUVECs formed many tube-like structures. Moreover, HUVECs seeded on the PADM scaffolds formed numerous capillary-like networks and some perfused vascular structures after implantation into mice. PADM seeded with HUVECs and fibroblasts were also able to form many capillary-like networks in vitro. Further, these neovessels could inosculate with the murine vasculature after implantation into cutaneous wounds in mice. The advantage of this method is that the decellularized matrix not only provides signals to maintain the viability of endothelial cells but also serves as the template structure for regenerated tissue. These findings indicate that PADM seeded with HUVECs may be a potential system for successful engineering of large, thick, and complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhang
- Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Abstract
Extensive skin loss and chronic wounds present a significant challenge to the clinician. With increased understanding of wound healing, cell biology, and cell culture techniques, various synthetic dressings and bioengineered skin substitutes have been developed. These materials can protect the wound, increase healing, provide overall wound coverage, and improve patient care. The ideal skin substitute may soon become a reality.
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Gibot L, Galbraith T, Huot J, Auger FA. A Preexisting Microvascular Network Benefits In Vivo Revascularization of a Microvascularized Tissue-Engineered Skin Substitute. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:3199-206. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gibot
- Laboratoire d'Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval, Génie tissulaire et régénération: LOEX, Centre de recherche FRSQ du Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire de Québec and Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Todd Galbraith
- Laboratoire d'Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval, Génie tissulaire et régénération: LOEX, Centre de recherche FRSQ du Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire de Québec and Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques Huot
- Le Centre de recherche en cancérologie de l'Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - François A. Auger
- Laboratoire d'Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval, Génie tissulaire et régénération: LOEX, Centre de recherche FRSQ du Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire de Québec and Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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McGuire PG, Howdieshell TR. The importance of engraftment in flap revascularization: confirmation by laser speckle perfusion imaging. J Surg Res 2010; 164:e201-12. [PMID: 20863524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The delivery of proangiogenic agents in clinical trials of wound healing has produced equivocal results, the lack of real-time assessment of vascular growth is a major weakness in monitoring the efficacy of therapeutic angiogenesis, and surgical solutions fall short in addressing the deficiency in microvascular blood supply to ischemic wounds. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanisms involved in ischemia-induced blood vessel growth has potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications in wound healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three surgical models of wound ischemia, a cranial-based myocutaneous flap, an identical flap with underlying silicone sheeting to prevent engraftment, and a complete incisional flap without circulation were created on C57BL6 transgenic mice. Laser speckle contrast imaging was utilized to study the pattern of ischemia and return of revascularization. Simultaneous analysis of wound histology and microvascular density provided correlation of wound perfusion and morphology. RESULTS Creation of the peninsular-shaped flap produced a gradient of ischemia. Laser speckle contrast imaging accurately predicted the spatial and temporal pattern of ischemia, the return of functional revascularization, and the importance of engraftment in distal flap perfusion and survival. Histologic analysis demonstrated engraftment resulted in flap revascularization by new blood vessel growth from the recipient bed and dilatation of pre-existing flap vasculature. CONCLUSIONS Further research utilizing this model of graded wound ischemia and the technology of laser speckle perfusion imaging will allow monitoring of the real-time restitution of blood flow for correlation with molecular biomarkers of revascularization in an attempt to gain further understanding of wound microvascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G McGuire
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico HSC, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Uygun BE, Soto-Gutierrez A, Yagi H, Izamis ML, Guzzardi MA, Shulman C, Milwid J, Kobayashi N, Tilles A, Berthiaume F, Hertl M, Nahmias Y, Yarmush ML, Uygun K. Organ reengineering through development of a transplantable recellularized liver graft using decellularized liver matrix. Nat Med 2010; 16:814-20. [PMID: 20543851 PMCID: PMC2930603 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 948] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation is the only available treatment for severe liver failure, but it is currently limited by organ shortage. One technical challenge that has thus far limited the development of a tissue-engineered liver graft is oxygen and nutrient transport. Here we demonstrate a novel approach to generate transplantable liver grafts using decellularized liver matrix. The decellularization process preserves the structural and functional characteristics of the native microvascular network, allowing efficient recellularization of the liver matrix with adult hepatocytes and subsequent perfusion for in vitro culture. The recellularized graft supports liver-specific function including albumin secretion, urea synthesis and cytochrome P450 expression at comparable levels to normal liver in vitro. The recellularized liver grafts can be transplanted into rats, supporting hepatocyte survival and function with minimal ischemic damage. These results provide a proof of principle for the generation of a transplantable liver graft as a potential treatment for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak E Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Harding MJ, Lepus CM, Gibson TF, Shepherd BR, Gerber SA, Graham M, Paturzo FX, Rahner C, Madri JA, Bothwell ALM, Lindenbach BD, Pober JS. An implantable vascularized protein gel construct that supports human fetal hepatoblast survival and infection by hepatitis C virus in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9987. [PMID: 20376322 PMCID: PMC2848675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Widely accessible small animal models suitable for the study of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in vivo are lacking, primarily because rodent hepatocytes cannot be productively infected and because human hepatocytes are not easily engrafted in immunodeficient mice. Methodology/Principal Findings We report here on a novel approach for human hepatocyte engraftment that involves subcutaneous implantation of primary human fetal hepatoblasts (HFH) within a vascularized rat collagen type I/human fibronectin (rCI/hFN) gel containing Bcl-2-transduced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (Bcl-2-HUVEC) in severe combined immunodeficient X beige (SCID/bg) mice. Maturing hepatic epithelial cells in HFH/Bcl-2-HUVEC co-implants displayed endocytotic activity at the basolateral surface, canalicular microvilli and apical tight junctions between adjacent cells assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Some primary HFH, but not Huh-7.5 hepatoma cells, appeared to differentiate towards a cholangiocyte lineage within the gels, based on histological appearance and cytokeratin 7 (CK7) mRNA and protein expression. Levels of human albumin and hepatic nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) mRNA expression in gel implants and plasma human albumin levels in mice engrafted with HFH and Bcl-2-HUVEC were somewhat enhanced by including murine liver-like basement membrane (mLBM) components and/or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-HUVEC within the gel matrix. Following ex vivo viral adsorption, both HFH/Bcl-2-HUVEC and Huh-7.5/Bcl-2-HUVEC co-implants sustained HCV Jc1 infection for at least 2 weeks in vivo, based on qRT-PCR and immunoelectron microscopic (IEM) analyses of gel tissue. Conclusion/Significance The system described here thus provides the basis for a simple and robust small animal model of HFH engraftment that is applicable to the study of HCV infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha J Harding
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
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Enabling tools for engineering collagenous tissues integrating bioreactors, intravital imaging, and biomechanical modeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 107:3335-9. [PMID: 19955446 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0907813106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many investigators have engineered diverse connective tissues having good mechanical properties, yet few tools enable a global understanding of the associated formation of collagen fibers, the primary determinant of connective tissue stiffness. Toward this end, we developed a biomechanical model for collagenous tissues grown on polymer scaffolds that accounts for the kinetics of polymer degradation as well as the synthesis and degradation of multiple families of collagen fibers in response to cyclic strains imparted in a bioreactor. The model predicted well both overall thickness and stress-stretch relationships for tubular engineered vessels cultured for 8 weeks, and suggested that a steady state had not yet been reached. To facilitate future refinements of the model, we also developed bioreactors that enable intravital nonlinear optical microscopic imaging. Using these tools, we found that collagen fiber alignment was driven strongly by nondegraded polymer fibers at early times during culture, with subsequent mechano-stimulated dispersal of fiber orientations as polymer fibers degraded. In summary, mathematical models of growth and remodeling of engineered tissues cultured on polymeric scaffolds can predict evolving tissue morphology and mechanics after long periods of culture, and related empirical observations promise to further our understanding of collagen matrix development in vitro.
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Zhou J, Liu L, Li X, Chen H, Zhang Q. Primary Study on Transplantation of Endothelialized Dermal Equivalents Into Normal Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 35:377-90. [PMID: 17701484 DOI: 10.1080/10731190701460242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the ability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in dermal equivalent (DE) to form microvessel-like tubes after transplantation into normal rats. A mixture of rat fibroblasts and HUVEC was inosculated into collagen-chitosan sponges to prepare endothelialized dermal equivalents (EDE). After culture in vitro for 24 hours, inosculated cells dispersed throughout the sponges and the equivalents were transplanted subcutaneously into the back of normal Lewis rats. Anti-human specific CD31 antibody was used for immunohistochemical localization of human endothelial cells in sections of EDE excised from rats after grafting. HUVEC in EDE organized into microvessel-like tubes at the end of the first week after transplantation, which still persisted after two weeks. The host microvessels began to pervade both DE and EDE during the second week after transplantation. These results demonstrated that HUVEC in EDE was able to persist and form microvessel-like tubes after transplantation into normal rats, and this is the first time to transplant DE containing HUVEC into normal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College [corrected] Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material of Tianjin, Tianjin, PR China
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Shepherd BR, Jay SM, Saltzman WM, Tellides G, Pober JS. Human aortic smooth muscle cells promote arteriole formation by coengrafted endothelial cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:165-73. [PMID: 18620481 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen-fibronectin gels containing Bcl-2-transduced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (Bcl-2-HUVEC) implanted in the abdominal walls of immunodeficient mice form mature microvessels invested by host-derived smooth muscle cells (SMC) by 8 weeks. We tested the hypothesis that coengraftment of human aortic SMC (HASMC) could accelerate vessel maturation. To prevent SMC-mediated gel contraction, we polymerized the gel within a nonwoven poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) scaffold. Implanted grafts were evaluated at 15, 30, and 60 days. Acellular PGA-supported protein gels elicited a macrophage-rich foreign body reaction and transient host angiogenic response. When transplanted alone, HASMC tightly associated with the fibers of the scaffold and incorporated into the walls of angiogenic mouse microvessels, preventing their regression. When transplanted alone in PGA-supported gels, Bcl-2-HUVEC retained the ability to form microvessels invested by mouse SMC. Interestingly, grafts containing both Bcl-2-HUVEC and HASMC displayed greater numbers of smooth muscle alpha-actin-expressing cells associated with human EC-lined arteriole-like microvessels at all times examined and showed a significant increase in the number of larger caliber microvessels at 60 days. We conclude that SMC coengraftment can accelerate vessel development by EC and promote arteriolization. This strategy of EC-SMC coengraftment in PGA-supported protein gels may have broader application for perfusing bioengineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Shepherd
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8089, USA
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Babu AN, Murakawa T, Thurman JM, Miller EJ, Henson PM, Zamora MR, Voelkel NF, Nicolls MR. Microvascular destruction identifies murine allografts that cannot be rescued from airway fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2008; 117:3774-85. [PMID: 18060031 DOI: 10.1172/jci32311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small airway fibrosis (bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome) is the primary obstacle to long-term survival following lung transplantation. Here, we show the importance of functional microvasculature in the prevention of epithelial loss and fibrosis due to rejection and for the first time, relate allograft microvascular injury and loss of tissue perfusion to immunotherapy-resistant rejection. To explore the role of alloimmune rejection and airway ischemia in the development of fibroproliferation, we used a murine orthotopic tracheal transplant model. We determined that transplants were reperfused by connection of recipient vessels to donor vessels at the surgical anastomosis site. Microcirculation through the newly formed vascular anastomoses appeared partially dependent on VEGFR2 and CXCR2 pathways. In the absence of immunosuppression, the microvasculature in rejecting allografts exhibited vascular complement deposition, diminished endothelial CD31 expression, and absent perfusion prior to the onset of fibroproliferation. Rejecting grafts with extensive endothelial cell injury were refractory to immunotherapy. After early microvascular loss, neovascularization was eventually observed in the membranous trachea, indicating a reestablishment of graft perfusion in established fibrosis. One implication of this study is that bronchial artery revascularization at the time of lung transplantation may decrease the risk of subsequent airway fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok N Babu
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Shepherd BR, Hoying JB, Williams SK. Microvascular transplantation after acute myocardial infarction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 13:2871-9. [PMID: 17883324 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2007.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate epicardial transplantation of an intact microvascular network for treatment of myocardial ischemia in a murine model of acute myocardial infarction. We describe transplantation of an intact microvascular network constructed from isolated microvascular segments stabilized in a 3-dimensional matrix to the epicardial surface after acute myocardial infarction. This microvascular graft was implanted as a patch on the epicardium of mice after left coronary artery ligation. After 14 and 28 days of implantation, left ventricular (LV) function was assessed and grafts evaluated via histology and cytochemistry. Inosculation of microvessels within the graft with host coronary microcirculation occurred as early as 7 days after initial tissue grafting. Morphologic evaluation of the grafts revealed arterioles, venules, capillaries, and erythrocytes within vascular lumina. Control grafts of collagen alone remained avascular. LV infarct size was smaller, and LV function improved in treated animals. Engraftment of whole microvascular units can be achieved to support cell-assisted vascular remodeling. Microvascular grafts may provide therapeutic benefit as a primary treatment or serve as a microvascular platform for cardiac repair and regeneration.
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