Cyclooxygenase 2 is a key enzyme for inflammatory cytokine-induced angiogenesis

Role and Functions of Irisin: A Perspective on Recent Developments and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Irisin is a peptide derived from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) and is primarily produced by muscle fibers under the regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) during exercise. Irisin has been the subject of extensive research due to its potential as a metabolic regulator and its antioxidant properties. Notably, it has been associated with protective actions within the brain. Despite growing interest, many questions remain regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects. This review summarizes recent findings on irisin, highlighting its pleiotropic functions and the biological processes and molecular cascades involved in its action, with a particular focus on the central nervous system. Irisin plays a crucial role in neuron survival, differentiation, growth, and development, while also promoting mitochondrial homeostasis, regulating apoptosis, and facilitating autophagy-processes essential for normal neuronal function. Emerging evidence suggests that irisin may improve conditions associated with non-communicable neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and multiple sclerosis. Given its diverse benefits, irisin holds promise as a novel therapeutic agent for preventing and treating neurological diseases.

Triterpenoids From Ilex rotunda and Their Anti-Inflammatory Effects by Interfering With NF-κB and MAPK Activation

Ilex rotunda is traditionally employed to treat inflammatory diseases. A feature-based molecular network guided the phytochemical investigation of this plant, which resulted in the isolation and identification of two new and nine known compounds. Through the analysis of their mass and spectroscopic data and comparison with those published in the literature, their structures were determined. The isolated compounds were discovered to have anti-inflammatory properties that suppressed the synthesis of nitric oxide mediators and inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α] production and interleukin-6 [IL-6]). Compound 1 and the new compounds 3 and 6 downregulated the expression levels of the COX-2 and iNOS enzymatic proteins. Furthermore, compounds 3 and 6 were mechanically found to downregulate LPS-stimulated inflammation via NF-κB and MAPK inactivation by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of p65 and preventing the phosphorylation of Iκαβ and ERK kinases. The molecular docking data on binding affinity and interactions with active compounds docked into the targeted proteins supported the above anti-inflammatory effects. We identified the active constituents of I. rotunda that possess anti-inflammatory properties, aiming to develop strategies for treating inflammation.

The potential role of PD-1/PD-L1 small molecule inhibitors in colorectal cancer with different mechanisms of action

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide, with increasing incidence in younger ages highlighting the need for new or alternative therapy, of which is immune checkpoint inhibitors. Antibody-based immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the interaction between programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have revolutionized cancer treatment, including CRC. However, the low response rate in CRC highlights the need for additional research and innovative therapies. Small molecule inhibitors have risen as another strategy worth exploring, considering their potential to target a wide array of PD-1/PD-L1-related pathways. This review focuses on the potential of small molecule inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in CRC. Exploring various classes of small molecule inhibitors, including those that directly block the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and others that target upstream regulators or downstream signaling pathways involved in PD-1/PD-L1-mediated immune suppression. Additionally, modulation of post-transcriptional and post-translational processes, thereby influencing the expression, stability, or localization of PD-1/PD-L1 proteins to enhance antitumor immunity, provides a multifaceted treatment approach. By disrupting these pathways, these inhibitors can restore immune system activity against tumor cells, offering new hope for overcoming resistance and improving outcomes in CRC patients who do not respond to conventional immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Integrating these small molecules into CRC treatment strategies could represent a promising advancement in the battle against the challenging disease.

Spatiotemporal characterization of cyclooxygenase pathway enzymes during vertebrate embryonic development

Vertebrate development is regulated by several complex well-characterized morphogen signaling pathways, transcription factors, and structural proteins, but less is known about the enzymatic pathways that regulate early development. We have identified that factors from the inflammation-mediating cyclooxygenase (COX) signaling pathway are expressed at early stages of development in avian embryos. Using Gallus gallus (chicken) as a research model, we characterized the spatiotemporal expression of a subset of genes and proteins in the COX pathway during early neural development stages. Specifically, here we show expression patterns of COX-1, COX-2, and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2 (mPGES-2) as well as the genes encoding these enzymes (PTGS1, PTGS2, and PTGES-2). Unique expression patterns of individual players within the COX pathway suggest that they may play non-canonical/non-traditional roles in the embryo compared to their roles in the adult. Future work should examine the function of the COX pathway in tissue specification and morphogenesis and determine if these expression patterns are conserved across species.

Irisin: A Multifaceted Hormone Bridging Exercise and Disease Pathophysiology

The fibronectin domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), or irisin, is an adipo-myokine hormone produced during exercise, which shows therapeutic potential for conditions like metabolic disorders, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review explores its potential across various pathophysiological processes that are often considered independent. Elevated in healthy states but reduced in diseases, irisin improves muscle-adipose communication, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic balance by enhancing mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress. It promotes osteogenesis and mitigates bone loss in osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Irisin exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and countering insulin resistance. In the brain, it reduces amyloid-β toxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress, enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, which improves cognition and synaptic health in AD models. It also regulates dopamine pathways, potentially alleviating neuropsychiatric symptoms like depression and apathy. By linking physical activity to systemic health, irisin emphasizes its role in the muscle-bone-brain axis. Its multifaceted benefits highlight its potential as a therapeutic target for AD and related disorders, with applications in prevention, in treatment, and as a complement to exercise strategies.

Celecoxib inhibits NLRP1 inflammasome pathway in MDA-MB-231 Cells

NLRP1 is predominantly overexpressed in breast cancer tissue, and the evaluated activation of NLRP1 inflammasome is associated with tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Therefore, targeting NLRP1 activation could be a crucial strategy in anticancer therapy. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that NLRP1 pathway may contribute to the cytotoxic effects of celecoxib and nimesulide in MDA-MB-231 cells. First of all, IC50 values and inhibitory effects on the colony-forming ability of drugs were evaluated in cells. Then, the alterations in the expression levels of NLRP1 inflammasome components induced by drugs were investigated. Subsequently, the release of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and the activity of caspase-1 in drug-treated cells were measured. According to our results, celecoxib and nimesulide selectively inhibited the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells. These drugs remarkably inhibited the colony-forming ability of cells. The expression levels of NLRP1 inflammasome components decreased in celecoxib-treated cells, accompanied by decreased caspase-1 activity and IL-1β release. In contrast, nimesulide treatment led to the upregulation of the related protein expressions with unchanged caspase-1 activity and increased IL-1β secretion. Our results indicated that the NLRP1 inflammasome pathway might contribute to the antiproliferative effects of celecoxib in MDA-MB-231 cells but is not a crucial mechanism for nimesulide.

Enhancing immune and antioxidant responses in Nile tilapia through dietary supplementation with Ulva fasciata extract: A study on gene expression and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila

BACKGROUND

The study focused on the impact of Ulva fasciata extract (UFE) supplementation in the diets of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on blood and biochemical markers, immune and oxidative responses, and the expression of related genes, with a specific interest in their condition following exposure to Aeromonas hydrophila.

METHODS

Four different levels of UFE were tested in the diets: 0% (0 mg kg- 1) for the control group (U0), and incremental additions of 0.05% (50 mg kg-1), 0.1% (100 mg kg-1), and 0.15% (150 mg kg-1) for the experimental groups U50, U100, and U150 respectively. Groups of 45 fish weighing 3.126 ± 0.120 g were fed these diets over 90 days.

RESULTS

The study found that groups treated with UFE showed statistically significant enhancements (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. These improvements included increased red and white blood cell counts, higher haemoglobin concentrations, greater packed cell volume, and elevated enzyme activities-specifically, superoxide dismutase, catalase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase. Additionally, lysozyme and phagocytic activities were notably higher, especially in the U100 group after exposure. Before exposure to Aeromonas hydrophila, all levels of UFE supplementation led to increased expression of TNF-α and COXII genes and decreased NFκ-B expression. After the challenge, UFE intake resulted in varied expression levels of immune and antioxidant genes (TNF-α, NFκ-B, SOD, and COXII) in the liver, with the most effective responses observed in the U50, U100, and U150 groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings underscore the potential of dietary UFE as a natural antioxidant and immune booster for Nile tilapia.

Catalpol reduced LPS induced BV2 immunoreactivity through NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways: an in Vitro and in silico study

Background: Ischemic Stroke (IS) stands as one of the primary cerebrovascular diseases profoundly linked with inflammation. In the context of neuroinflammation, an excessive activation of microglia has been observed. Consequently, regulating microglial activation emerges as a vital target for neuroinflammation treatment. Catalpol (CAT), a natural compound known for its anti-inflammatory properties, holds promise in this regard. However, its potential to modulate neuroinflammatory responses in the brain, especially on microglial cells, requires comprehensive exploration. Methods: In our study, we investigated into the potential anti-inflammatory effects of catalpol using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells as an experimental model. The production of nitric oxide (NO) by LPS-activated BV2 cells was quantified using the Griess reaction. Immunofluorescence was employed to measure glial cell activation markers. RT-qPCR was utilized to assess mRNA levels of various inflammatory markers. Western blot analysis examined protein expression in LPS-activated BV2 cells. NF-κB nuclear localization was detected by immunofluorescent staining. Additionally, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations (MDs) were conducted to explore the binding affinity of catalpol with key targets. Results: Catalpol effectively suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) induced by LPS and reduced the expression of microglial cell activation markers, including Iba-1. Furthermore, we observed that catalpol downregulated the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, as well as key molecules involved in the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway, including NLRP3, NF-κB, caspase-1, and ASC. Our mechanistic investigations shed light on how catalpol operates against neuroinflammation. It was evident that catalpol significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, both of which serve as upstream regulators of the inflammatory cascade. Molecular docking and MDs showed strong binding interactions between catalpol and key targets such as NF-κB, NLRP3, and IL-1β. Conclusion: Our findings support the idea that catalpol holds the potential to alleviate neuroinflammation, and it is achieved by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB, ultimately leading to the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Catalpol emerges as a promising candidate for the treatment of neuroinflammatory conditions.

Ferroptosis: Emerging mechanisms, biological function, and therapeutic potential in cancer and inflammation

Ferroptosis represents a distinct form of programmed cell death triggered by excessive iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation-induced damage. This mode of cell death differentiates from classical programmed cell death in terms of morphology and biochemistry. Ferroptosis stands out for its exceptional biological characteristics and has garnered extensive research and conversations as a form of programmed cell death. Its dysfunctional activation is closely linked to the onset of diseases, particularly inflammation and cancer, making ferroptosis a promising avenue for combating these conditions. As such, exploring ferroptosis may offer innovative approaches to treating cancer and inflammatory diseases. Our review provides insights into the relevant regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis, examining the impact of ferroptosis-related factors from both physiological and pathological perspectives. Describing the crosstalk between ferroptosis and tumor- and inflammation-associated signaling pathways and the potential of ferroptosis inducers in overcoming drug-resistant cancers are discussed, aiming to inform further novel therapeutic directions for ferroptosis in relation to inflammatory and cancer diseases.

Skin Cancer: An Insight on its Association with Aging, Pathogenesis and Treatment Strategies

Skin cancer is one of the deadly diseases of the skin characterized by pain and uncontrolled growth of cells. The pathogenesis of skin cancer involves the uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in the part of the body affected by an accumulation of genome variation over the course of a lifetime. The incidence of skin cancer has been increasing all over the world and has been reported more in old-aged persons. Furthermore, aging plays a vital role in promoting malignancy. Cancer necessitates lifelong administration of drugs to maintain the quality of life. The major challenge of treatment is the side effects associated with these drugs. Novel and targeted approaches are now formulated to explore as an alternative measure to treat cancer. The current review summarizes the pathogenesis of cancer and its treatment strategies. These approaches are discussed with regard to the drugs, mechanism of action, causative factors, distribution of cancer, mortality rate, and treatment strategies.

Celecoxib treatment alleviates cerebral injury in a rat model of post-traumatic epilepsy

Background

An important factor contributing to the development and occurrence of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The effects of celecoxib include inhibiting inflammatory reactions and antioxidant stress and reducing seizures, making it a potential epilepsy treatment solution.

Objective

To observe the effect of celecoxib on early epilepsy in post-traumatic epilepsy rats. Methods: Twenty-four adult healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups: sham-operated, PTE, and celecoxib. A rat model of PTE was established by injecting ferrous chloride into the right frontal cortex. Afterward, the behavior of rats was observed and recorded. 3.0T superconducting magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to describe the changes in ADC values of the brain. HE and Nissl staining were also used to detect the damage to frontal lobe neurons. Furthermore, the expression of COX-2 protein in the right frontal lobe was detected by Western blot. Moreover, the contents of IL-1 and TNF-α in the right frontal lobe were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Compared with the PTE group, the degree of seizures in rats treated with celecoxib declined dramatically (P < 0.05). Celecoxib-treated rats had significant decreases in tissue structural damage and cell death in the brain. The results of the MRI showed that celecoxib reduced the peripheral edema zone and ADC value of the cortex around the damaged area of the right frontal lobe in the celecoxib-treatment group, which was significantly decreased compared with the PTE group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, celecoxib decreased the expression of COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α in brain tissue (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

In PTE rats, celecoxib significantly reduced brain damage and effectively reduced seizures. As a result of celecoxib's ability to inhibit inflammation, it can reduce the edema caused by injury in rat brain tissue.

Ferrous Ion Alleviates Lipid Deposition and Inflammatory Responses Caused by a High Cottonseed Meal Diet by Modulating Hepatic Iron Transport Homeostasis and Controlling Ferroptosis in Juvenile Ctenopharyngodon idellus

To investigate the mechanisms through which ferrous ion (Fe2+) addition improves the utilization of a cottonseed meal (CSM) diet, two experimental diets with equal nitrogen and energy content (low-cottonseed meal (LCM) and high-cottonseed meal (HCM) diets, respectively) containing 16.31% and 38.46% CSM were prepared. Additionally, the HCM diet was supplemented with graded levels of FeSO4·7H2O to establish two different Fe2+ supplementation groups (HCM + 0.2%Fe2+ and HCM + 0.4%Fe2+). Juvenile Ctenopharyngodon idellus (grass carps) (5.0 ± 0.5 g) were fed one of these four diets (HCM, LCM, HCM + 0.2%Fe2+ and HCM + 0.4%Fe2+ diets) for eight weeks. Our findings revealed that the HCM diet significantly increased lipid peroxide (LPO) concentration and the expression of lipogenic genes, e.g., sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (srebp1) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (scd), leading to excessive lipid droplet deposition in the liver (p < 0.05). However, these effects were significantly reduced in the HCM + 0.2%Fe2+ and HCM + 0.4%Fe2+ groups (p < 0.05). Plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration was also significantly lower in the HCM and HCM + 0.2%Fe2+ groups compared to the LCM group (p < 0.05), whereas low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration was significantly higher in the HCM + 0.2%Fe2+ and HCM + 0.4%Fe2+ groups than in the LCM group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the plasma levels of liver functional indices, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and glucose (GLU), were significantly lower in the HCM + 0.4%Fe2+ group (p < 0.05). Regarding the expression of genes related to iron transport regulation, transferrin 2 (tfr2) expression in the HCM group and Fe2+ supplementation groups were significantly suppressed compared to the LCM group (p < 0.05). The addition of 0.4% Fe2+ in the HCM diet activated hepcidin expression and suppressed ferroportin-1 (fpn1) expression (p < 0.05). Compared to the LCM group, the expression of genes associated with ferroptosis and inflammation, including acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4b (acsl4b), lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (lpcat3), cyclooxygenase (cox), interleukin 1β (il-1β), and nuclear factor kappa b (nfκb), were significantly increased in the HCM group (p < 0.05), whereas Fe2+ supplementation in the HCM diet significantly inhibited their expression (p < 0.05) and significantly suppressed lipoxygenase (lox) expression (p < 0.05). Compared with the HCM group without Fe2+ supplementation, Fe2+ supplementation in the HCM diet significantly upregulated the expression of genes associated with ferroptosis, such as heat shock protein beta-associated protein1 (hspbap1), glutamate cysteine ligase (gcl), and glutathione peroxidase 4a (gpx4a) (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the expression of the inflammation-related genes interleukin 15/10 (il-15/il-10) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, FeSO4·7H2O supplementation in the HCM diet maintained iron transport and homeostasis in the liver of juvenile grass carps, thus reducing the occurrence of ferroptosis and alleviating hepatic lipid deposition and inflammatory responses caused by high dietary CSM contents.

The prevalence of endometrial polyp in women with tubal factor infertility is higher than male factor infertility: Is PID one of the causes of endometrial polyp?

AIMS

Previous studies have shown an association between chronic endometritis and endometrial polyps, and only one study in infertile women reported an association between tubal obstruction and polyps. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of endometrial polyps in two groups of women with tubal factor infertility and male factor infertility to assess if is there any association between tubal factor infertility and endometrial polyps.

METHODS

This case-control study was performed on infertile women. The case group included women with tubal factor infertility and the control group included all women with male factor infertility. In all patients, vaginal ultrasound was performed between days 8 and 12 of the menstrual cycle to diagnose endometrial polyp, its size, and number. Demographic and obstetrics variables were recorded. Patients underwent hysteroscopy and polypectomy and the diagnosis of the polyp was confirmed by pathology report.

RESULT

In the present study, 245 people participated in two groups. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic and obstetric characteristics like type of infertility, duration of infertility, and gravidity. The prevalence of polyps in the tubal factor group was higher than in the male factor group (63 [60%] vs. 12 [9.8%]), and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.0001). In addition, the prevalence of chronic endometritis in the tubal factor group was higher than in the male factor group (19 [18.8%] vs. 4 [3.3%]), and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

In the present study, a strong association was observed between endometrial polyps and tubal obstruction, and considering that the most common cause of tubal obstruction is pelvic and genital infections, after confirmation with more studies, it may be possible to consider antibiotic treatment in these patients, especially in patients with recurrent polyps.

Cardiac epigenetic changes in VEGF signaling genes associate with myocardial microvascular rarefaction in experimental chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in patients with heart failure and often results in left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD). However, the mechanisms responsible for cardiac damage in CKD-LVDD remain to be elucidated. Epigenetic alterations may impose long-lasting effects on cellular transcription and function, but their exact role in CKD-LVDD is unknown. We investigate whether changes in cardiac site-specific DNA methylation profiles might be implicated in cardiac abnormalities in CKD-LVDD. CKD-LVDD and normal control pigs (n = 6 each) were studied for 14 wk. Renal and cardiac hemodynamics were quantified by multidetector CT and echocardiography. In randomly selected pigs (n = 3/group), cardiac site-specific 5-methylcytosine (5mC) immunoprecipitation (MeDIP)- and mRNA-sequencing (seq) were performed, followed by integrated (MeDiP-seq/mRNA-seq analysis), and confirmatory ex vivo studies. MeDIP-seq analysis revealed 261 genes with higher (fold change > 1.4; P < 0.05) and 162 genes with lower (fold change < 0.7; P < 0.05) 5mC levels in CKD-LVDD versus normal pigs, which were primarily implicated in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-related signaling and angiogenesis. Integrated MeDiP-seq/mRNA-seq analysis identified a select group of VEGF-related genes in which 5mC levels were higher, but mRNA expression was lower in CKD-LVDD versus normal pigs. Cardiac VEGF signaling gene and VEGF protein expression were blunted in CKD-LVDD compared with controls and were associated with decreased subendocardial microvascular density. Cardiac epigenetic changes in VEGF-related genes are associated with impaired angiogenesis and cardiac microvascular rarefaction in swine CKD-LVDD. These observations may assist in developing novel therapies to ameliorate cardiac damage in CKD-LVDD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Chronic kidney disease (CKD) often leads to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and heart failure. Using a novel translational swine model of CKD-LVDD, we characterize the cardiac epigenetic landscape, identifying site-specific 5-methylcytosine changes in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-related genes associated with impaired angiogenesis and cardiac microvascular rarefaction. These observations shed light on the mechanisms of cardiac microvascular damage in CKD-LVDD and may assist in developing novel therapies for these patients.

Implication of Ferroptosis in Cholangiocarcinoma: A Potential Future Target?

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), the second most common liver neoplasm, has a poor overall 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. A deeper understanding of the molecular pathogenesis contributing to CCA progression is essential for developing better therapeutic approaches to manage this disease. Ferroptosis, an oxidative iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, has been reported to be involved in tumorigenesis and progression. In particular, ferroptosis and inflammation, which are common issues in cholangiocarcinogenesis and CCA development, might be in concert with disease progression. Notably, the key feature of cancer cells is "iron addiction", which is crucial for the high metabolic demand in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Additionally, iron metabolism is of great importance in ferroptosis. Moreover, that cancer cells are vulnerable to ferroptosis might be a possible mechanism of CCA development. Although the underlying mechanism of how ferroptosis is implicated in CCA development requires further investigation, developing a new strategy combined with a pro-ferroptotic treatment would be an exciting CCA treatment approach in the future.

Morinda umbellata active fraction inhibits lipopolysaccharide induced proinflammatory cytokines by downregulating NF-κB activation

Morinda umbellata L. is a woody climber or liana distributed in south East Asia. It is a traditional medicinal plant with excellent curative effects against diarrhea, dysentery, and other stomach disorders. The present study was aimed to assess the effect of M. umbellata active fraction (MUAF) on various inflammatory mediators using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced in vivo model in Wistar rats. The effect of MUAF on secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were evaluated in LPS-induced experimental animals. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2, and nuclear factor NF-κB genes were also evaluated. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the active fraction was carried out to identify the active compounds present in MUAF. The results of oral acute toxicity suggested the non-toxic nature of MUAF. GC-MS analysis of the MUAF leaves revealed the presence of 8 compounds. The study demonstrated that the proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were significantly inhibited by MUAF in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, MUAF down-regulated the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB genes. Our research findings suggest that the presence of anti-inflammatory compounds in MUAF can effectively inhibit LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-β, and IL-6 in vivo. It also suppressed the over expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 possibly via downregulating NF-κB activation.

Role of Interleukin-1 family in bone metastasis of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most fatal diseases in male patients with high bone metastatic potential. Bone metastasis severely shortens overall survival and brings skeletal-related events (SREs) which reduces the life quality of patients, and this situation is currently regarded as irreversible and incurable. The progression and metastasis of PCa are found to be closely associated with inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. As pivotal members of inflammatory cytokines, Interleukin-1 (IL-1) family plays a crucial role in this process. Elevated expression of IL-1 family was detected in PCa patients with bone metastasis, and accumulating evidences proved that IL-1 family could exert vital effects on the progression and bone metastasis of many cancers, while some members have dual effects. In this review, we discuss the role of IL-1 family in the bone metastasis of PCa. Furthermore, we demonstrate that many members of IL-1 family could act as pivotal biomarkers to predict the clinical stage and prognosis of PCa patients. More importantly, we have elucidated the role of IL-1 family in the bone metastasis of PCa, which could provide potential targets for the treatment of PCa bone metastasis and probable directions for future research.

STAT signaling as a target for intervention: from cancer inflammation and angiogenesis to non-coding RNAs modulation

As a landmark, scientific investigation in cytokine signaling and interferon-related anti-viral activity, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of proteins was first discovered in the 1990s. Today, we know that the STAT family consists of several transcription factors which regulate various molecular and cellular processes, including proliferation, angiogenesis, and differentiation in human carcinoma. STAT family members play an active role in transducing signals from cell membrane to nucleus through intracellular signaling and thus activating gene transcription. Additionally, they are also associated with the development and progression of human cancer by facilitating inflammation, cell survival, and resistance to therapeutic responses. Accumulating evidence suggests that not all STAT proteins are associated with the progression of human malignancy; however, STAT3/5 are constitutively activated in various cancers, including multiple myeloma, lymphoma, breast cancer, prostate hepatocellular carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer. The present review highlights how STAT-associated events are implicated in cancer inflammation, angiogenesis and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) modulation to highlight potential intervention into carcinogenesis-related cellular processes.

Graphene-Based Biosensors for Molecular Chronic Inflammatory Disease Biomarker Detection

Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, stroke, ischemic heart diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, and COVID-19 have had a high number of deaths worldwide in recent years. The accurate detection of the biomarkers for chronic inflammatory diseases can significantly improve diagnosis, as well as therapy and clinical care in patients. Graphene derivative materials (GDMs), such as pristine graphene (G), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), have shown tremendous benefits for biosensing and in the development of novel biosensor devices. GDMs exhibit excellent chemical, electrical and mechanical properties, good biocompatibility, and the facility of surface modification for biomolecular recognition, opening new opportunities for simple, accurate, and sensitive detection of biomarkers. This review shows the recent advances, properties, and potentialities of GDMs for developing robust biosensors. We show the main electrochemical and optical-sensing methods based on GDMs, as well as their design and manufacture in order to integrate them into robust, wearable, remote, and smart biosensors devices. We also describe the current application of such methods and technologies for the biosensing of chronic disease biomarkers. We also describe the current application of such methods and technologies for the biosensing of chronic disease biomarkers with improved sensitivity, reaching limits of detection from the nano to atto range concentration.

LncRNA MALAT1 functions as a biomarker of no-reflow phenomenon in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients receiving primary percutaneous coronary intervention

MALAT1 was reported to sponge miR-30e, miR-126 and miR-155 in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Plasma miR-30e can indicate the risk of no-reflow during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI), while miR-126 can be used as a predictor of coronary slow flow phenomenon. In this study, we compared the diagnostic value of above genes in the prediction of no-reflow phenomenon in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) subjects receiving pPCI. Quantitative real-time PCR, ELISA, Western blot and luciferase assays were performed to explore the regulatory relationship of MALAT1/miR-30e, MALAT1/miR-126, MALAT1/miR-155, miR-126/HPSE, and miR-155/EDN1. ROC analysis was carried out to evaluate the potential value of MALAT1, miRNAs and target genes in differentiating normal reflow and no-reflow in STEMI patients receiving pPCI. Elevated MALAT1, CRP, HPSE, and EDN1 expression and suppressed miR-30e, miR-155 and miR-126 expression was found in the plasma of STEMI patients receiving pPCI who were diagnosed with no-reflow phenomenon. ROC analysis showed that the expression of MALAT1, miR-30e, miR-126 and CRP could be used as predictive biomarkers to differentiate normal reflow and no-reflow in STEMI patients receiving pPCI. MALAT1 was found to suppress the expression of miR-30e, miR-126 and miR-155, and HPSE and EDN1 were respectively targeted by miR-126 and miR-155. This study demonstrated that MALAT1 could respectively sponge the expression of miR-30e, miR-126 and miR-155. And miR-30e, miR-126 and miR-155 respectively targeted CRP, HPSE and EDN1 negatively. Moreover, MALAT1 could function as an effective biomarker of no-reflow phenomenon in STEMI patients receiving pPCI.

Antiplatelet Agents Affecting GPCR Signaling Implicated in Tumor Metastasis

Metastasis requires that cancer cells survive in the circulation, colonize distant organs, and grow. Despite platelets being central contributors to hemostasis, leukocyte trafficking during inflammation, and vessel stability maintenance, there is significant evidence to support their essential role in supporting metastasis through different mechanisms. In addition to their direct interaction with cancer cells, thus forming heteroaggregates such as leukocytes, platelets release molecules that are necessary to promote a disseminating phenotype in cancer cells via the induction of an epithelial-mesenchymal-like transition. Therefore, agents that affect platelet activation can potentially restrain these prometastatic mechanisms. Although the primary adhesion of platelets to cancer cells is mainly independent of G protein-mediated signaling, soluble mediators released from platelets, such as ADP, thromboxane (TX) A2, and prostaglandin (PG) E2, act through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to cause the activation of more additional platelets and drive metastatic signaling pathways in cancer cells. In this review, we examine the contribution of the GPCRs of platelets and cancer cells in the development of cancer metastasis. Finally, the possible use of agents affecting GPCR signaling pathways as antimetastatic agents is discussed.

Clinical application and pharmacological mechanism of Wuling powder in the treatment of ascites: A systematic review and network pharmacological analysis

Ascites is one of the common complications in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Wuling powder (WLP) is a classic prescription for the treatment of water retention caused by bladder gasification. It is also widely used in the treatment of ascites. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of WLP and determine its effective chemical components based on a large number of related pieces of literature. The pharmacological effects and chemical constituents of WLP were summarized. Besides, the clinical research status of WLP in the treatment of ascites caused by liver cancer and cirrhosis was analyzed. The key targets and pathways of WLP in the treatment of ascites based on network pharmacology analysis were also discussed. Furthermore, the core components and core targets of WLP in the treatment of ascites using molecular docking were verified and the interaction sites were predicted, to provide a theoretical and scientific basis for the clinical application of WLP.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for retinal neurodegenerative diseases

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most common prescription drugs for inflammation, and topical NSAIDs are often used in ophthalmology to reduce pain, photophobia, inflammation, and edema. In recent years, many published reports have found that NSAIDs play an important role in the treatment of retinal neurodegenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, pathological myopia, and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The aim of the current review is to provide an overview of the role of various NSAIDs in the treatment of retinal neurodegenerative diseases and the corresponding mechanisms of action. This review highlighted that the topical application of NSAIDs for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases has been studied to a remarkable extent and that its beneficial effects in many diseases have been proven. In the future, prospective studies with large study populations are required to extend these effects to clinical settings.

Cannabinoids and Endocannabinoid System Changes in Intestinal Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer

Despite the multiple preventive measures and treatment options, colorectal cancer holds a significant place in the world's disease and mortality rates. The development of novel therapy is in critical need, and based on recent experimental data, cannabinoids could become excellent candidates. This review covered known experimental studies regarding the effects of cannabinoids on intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. In our opinion, because colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease with different genomic landscapes, the choice of cannabinoids for tumor prevention and treatment depends on the type of the disease, its etiology, driver mutations, and the expression levels of cannabinoid receptors. In this review, we describe the molecular changes of the endocannabinoid system in the pathologies of the large intestine, focusing on inflammation and cancer.

Mechanism of preservation of the intestinal mucosa architecture and NF-κB/PGE2 reduction by hydrogen sulfide on cholera toxin-induced diarrhea in mice

AIMS

Investigate the involvement of Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in inflammatory parameters and intestinal morphology caused by cholera toxin (CT) in mice.

MAIN METHODS

Mice were subjected to the procedure of inducing diarrhea by CT in the isolated intestinal loop model. The intestinal loops were inoculated with H₂S donor molecules (NaHS and GYY 4137) or saline and CT. To study the role of EP2 and EP4 prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors in the H₂S antisecretory effect, PAG (DL-propargylglycine - inhibitor of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE)), PF-04418948 (EP2 antagonist) and ONO-AE3-208 (EP4 antagonist) were used. The intestinal loops were evaluated for intestinal secretion, relation of the depth of villi and intestinal crypts, and real-time PCR for the mRNA of the CXCL2, IL-6, NOS-2, IL-17, NF-κB1, NF-κBIA, SLC6A4 and IFN-γ genes.

KEY FINDINGS

H₂S restored the villus/crypt depth ratio caused by CT. NaHS and GYY 4137 increased the expression of NF-κB1 and for the NF-κBIA gene, only GYY 4137 increased the expression of this gene. The increased expression of NF-κB inhibitors, NF-κB1 and NF-κBIA by H₂S indicates a possible decrease in NF-κB activity. The pretreatment with PAG reversed the protective effect of PF-04418948 and ONO-AE3-208, indicating that H₂S probably decreases PGE2 because in the presence of antagonists of this pathway, PAG promotes intestinal secretion.

SIGNIFICANCE

Our results point to a protective activity of H₂S against CT for promoting a protection of villus and crypt intestine morphology and also that its mechanism occurs at least in part due to decreasing the activity of NF-κB and PGE2.

Hydrogen Peroxide: Its Use in an Extensive Acute Wound to Promote Wound Granulation and Infection Control - Is it Better Than Normal Saline?

Background: Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is used as a topical antiseptic in contaminated wounds caused by road traffic accidents. It kills bacteria by producing oxidation through local, nascent, free oxygen radicals. It also removes dirt from the wound due to its frothing action. H₂O₂ is synthesized by various cells as an active biochemical agent that affects cell biological behavior through complex chemical reactions. H₂O₂ has also been used as a wound cleaning agent, removing debris, preventing infection, and causing hemostasis due to its exothermic reaction with blood. Despite its widespread use, there is scanty literature on its use to promote granulation tissue formation. Objective: In the orthopaedics literature, studies on H₂O₂ use are very limited and its potential is underestimated. In the present study, we would like to report our protocol of use of H₂O₂ for its tremendous potential for stimulating granulation and early wound healing. Material and Methods: A total of 53 patients with large acute extensive lower limb contaminated wounds reported to the emergency department have been included with and without lower limb fracture. In group A (43 patients) wound management was done using 7% H₂O₂ and group B (10 patients) was treated by only saline dressing as a control group. Results: In the present study, daily dressing by 7% H₂O₂ solution and provide solution gives excellent results compared to the Saline group. Granulation tissue appeared much earlier with a mean SD 6.3 ± 6.8 days in the hydrogen peroxide group as compared to the Saline group where granulation tissue appeared in 9.3 ± 8.4 days. Conclusion: Spontaneous wound healing is a controlled balance between destructive and healing processes. It is mandatory to remove damaged tissue to promote healing by secondary intention and minimize infection. The dynamic effect of H₂O₂ promotes faster healing, stimulates granulation, and minimizes infection by oxidative stress.

New Angiogenic Regulators Produced by TAMs: Perspective for Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis

Simple Summary

Since the targeting of a single pro-angiogenic factor fails to improve oncological disease outcome, significant efforts have been made to identify new pro-angiogenic factors that could compensate for the deficiency of current therapy or act independently as single drugs. Our review aims to present the state-of-the art for well-known and recently described factors produced by macrophages that induce and regulate angiogenesis. A number of positive and negative regulators of angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment are produced by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Accumulating evidence has indicated that, apart from the well-known angiogenic factors, there are plenty of novel angiogenesis-regulating proteins that belong to different classes. We summarize the data regarding the direct or indirect mechanisms of the interaction of these factors with endothelial cells during angiogenesis. We highlight the recent findings that explain the limitations in the efficiency of current anti-angiogenic therapy approaches.

Abstract

Angiogenesis is crucial to the supply of a growing tumor with nutrition and oxygen. Inhibition of angiogenesis is one of the main treatment strategies for colorectal, lung, breast, renal, and other solid cancers. However, currently applied drugs that target VEGF or receptor tyrosine kinases have limited efficiency, which raises a question concerning the mechanism of patient resistance to the already developed drugs. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were identified in the animal tumor models as a key inducer of the angiogenic switch. TAMs represent a potent source not only for VEGF, but also for a number of other pro-angiogenic factors. Our review provides information about the activity of secreted regulators of angiogenesis produced by TAMs. They include members of SEMA and S100A families, chitinase-like proteins, osteopontin, and SPARC. The COX-2, Tie2, and other factors that control the pro-angiogenic activity of TAMs are also discussed. We highlight how these recent findings explain the limitations in the efficiency of current anti-angiogenic therapy. Additionally, we describe genetic and posttranscriptional mechanisms that control the expression of factors regulating angiogenesis. Finally, we present prospects for the complex targeting of the pro-angiogenic activity of TAMs.

Protective roles of the TIR/BB-loop mimetic AS-1 in alkali-induced corneal neovascularization by inhibiting ERK phosphorylation

Hydrocinnamoyl-L-valylpyrrolidine (AS-1), a synthetic low-molecule mimetic of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), inhibits inflammation by disrupting the interaction between the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) and MyD88. Here, we describe the effects of AS-1 on injury-induced increases in inflammation and neovascularization in mouse corneas. Mice were administered a subconjunctival injection of 8 μL AS-1 diluent before or after corneal alkali burn, followed by evaluation of corneal resurfacing and corneal neovascularization (CNV) by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and clinical assessment. Corneal inflammation was assessed by whole-mount CD45⁺ immunofluorescence staining, and corneal hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis following injury were evaluated by immunostaining for the vascular markers isolectin B4 (IB4) and the lymphatic vascularized marker lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE1), respectively. Additionally, corneal tissues were collected to determine the expression of 35 cytokines, and we detected activation of IL-1RI, MyD88, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The results showed that alkali conditions increased the number of CD45⁺ cells and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C, and LYVE1 in corneas, with these levels decreased in the AS-1-treated group. Moreover, AS-1 effectively prevented alkali-induced cytokine production, blocked interactions between IL-1RI and MyD88, and inhibited MAPK activation post-alkali burn. These results indicated that AS-1 prevented alkali-induced corneal hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by blocking IL-1RI-MyD88 interaction, as well as extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, and could be efficacious for the prevention and treatment of corneal alkali burn.

Higher PGD2 production by synovial mast cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients compared with osteoarthritis patients via miR-199a-3p/prostaglandin synthetase 2 axis

We previously reported that synovial mast cells (MCs) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) produced TNF-α in response to immune complexes via FcγRI and FcγRIIA. However, the specific functions of synovial MCs in RA remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate those functions. Synovial tissues and fluid were obtained from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients undergoing joint replacement surgery. Synovium-derived, cultured MCs were generated by culturing dispersed synovial cells with stem cell factor. We performed microarray-based screening of mRNA and microRNA (miRNA), followed by quantitative RT-PCR-based verification. Synovial MCs from RA patients showed significantly higher prostaglandin systhetase (PTGS)1 and PTGS2 expression compared with OA patients' MCs, and they produced significantly more prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂) following aggregation of FcγRI. PGD₂ induced IL-8 production by human group 2 innate lymphoid cells, suggesting that PGD₂-producing MCs induce neutrophil recruitment into the synovium of RA patients. PTGS2 mRNA expression in RA patients' MCs correlated inversely with miRNA-199a-3p expression, which down-regulated PTGS2. RA patients' synovial fluid contained significantly more PGD₂ compared with OA patients' fluid. Synovial MCs might regulate inflammation in RA through hyper-production of PGD₂ following FcRγ aggregation. Our findings indicate functional heterogeneity of human MCs among diseases.

Sub-Regional Differences of the Human Amniotic Membrane and Their Potential Impact on Tissue Regeneration Application

For more than 100 years, the human amniotic membrane (hAM) has been used in multiple tissue regeneration applications. The hAM consists of cells with stem cell characteristics and a rich layer of extracellular matrix. Undoubtedly, the hAM with viable cells has remarkable properties such as the differentiation potential into all three germ layers, immuno-modulatory, and anti-fibrotic properties. At first sight, the hAM seems to be one structural entity. However, by integrating its anatomical location, the hAM can be divided into placental, reflected, and umbilical amniotic membrane. Recent studies show that cells of these amniotic sub-regions differ considerably in their properties such as morphology, structure, and content/release of certain bioactive factors. The aim of this review is to summarize these findings and discuss the relevance of these different properties for tissue regeneration. In summary, reflected amnion seems to be more immuno-modulatory and could have a higher reprogramming efficiency, whereas placental amnion seems to be pro-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, with higher proliferation and differentiation capacity (e.g., chondrogenic and osteogenic), and could be more suitable for certain graft constructions. Therefore, we suggest that the respective hAM sub-region should be selected in consideration of its desired outcome. This will help to optimize and fine-tune the clinical application of the hAM.

Cysteinyl leukotriene D4 (LTD4) promotes airway epithelial cell inflammation and remodelling

OBJECTIVE

Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), a group of inflammatory lipid mediators, are found elevated in obese-asthmatic patients. Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), a representative CysLT, is implicated in promoting lung inflammation and remodelling in allergic asthma, but its role in non-allergic asthma, especially in obese-asthmatic patients, is not known. Here, using primary human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) we have investigated the mechanism of LTD4-induced inflammation and remodelling and assessed high proneness of obese mice to develop asthma upon challenge with allergen ovalbumin (OVA).

METHODS

Primary human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) were stimulated with different concentrations of LTD4 for different time intervals and various inflammatory markers were measured through cytokine array, membrane-based ELISA and Western blotting. An air-liquid interface (ALI) model of SAECs was used to study the effects of LTD4-induced remodelling in SAECs using Western blotting, H&E staining and PAS staining. Further, OVA-based murine model was used to examine the propensity of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice to develop asthma symptoms by studying the infiltration of inflammatory cells (assessed by bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology) and airway remodelling (assessed by histopathology) upon allergen exposure.

RESULTS

The human primary small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) treated with LTD4 showed significant alterations in the levels of inflammatory markers such as GM-CSF, TNF-α, IL-1β, EGF and eotaxin in dose- and time-dependent manner. Further, LTD4 enhanced the activation of inflammasomes as evidenced by increased levels of NALP3, cleaved caspase-1 and IL-1β. LTD4 also enhanced inflammation by increasing the expression of COX-2 in SAECs. The airway remodelling markers Vimentin and Muc5AC were found elevated in ALI culture of SAECs when stimulated with LTD4, as it also increased TGF-β levels and activation of Smad2/3 phosphorylation in SAECs. Last, sensitization and challenge of HFD-fed obese mice with OVA showed increased infiltration of inflammatory cells in BAL and enhanced levels of remodeling phenotypes like loss of cilia, mucus cell metaplasia and collagen deposition in mice lung tissues.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that LTD4 could induce inflammatory response in human airway epithelial cell by activating NALP3 inflammasome. LTD4 could further promote airway epithelial cells' remodelling through TGF-β/smad2/3-mediated pathway. Our in vivo results suggested that obesity predisposed the OVA challenged mice to develop lung inflammation and remodelling akin to asthma-like phenotypes during obesity.

Oxidative stress biomarkers in the preterm infant

Oxidative stress (OS) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of preterm infants. Accurate assessment of OS remains an analytical challenge that has been partially addressed during the last few decades. A plethora of approaches have been developed to assess preterm biofluids to demonstrate a link postnatally with preterm OS, giving rise to a set of widely employed biomarkers. However, the vast number of different analytic methods and lack of standardization hampers reliable comparison of OS-related biomarkers. In this chapter, we discuss approaches for the study of OS in prematurity with respect to methodologic considerations, the metabolic source of different biomarkers and their role in clinical studies.

Obesity, Inflammation, and Advanced Prostate Cancer

Obesity is associated with high-grade and advanced prostate cancer. While this association may be multi-factorial, studies suggest that obesity-induced inflammation may play a role in the progression of advanced prostate cancer. The microenvironment associated with obesity increases growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines which have been implicated mechanistically to promote invasion, metastasis, and androgen-independent growth. This review summarizes recent findings related to obesity-induced inflammation which may be the link to advanced prostate cancer. In addition, this review while introduce novel targets to mitigate prostate cancer metastasis to the bone. Specific emphasis will be placed on the role of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, and IL-1β.

Edible plant Jiaosu: manufacturing, bioactive compounds, potential health benefits, and safety aspects

Edible plant Jiaosu (EPJ), a type of plant-based functional food fermented by beneficial bacteria, has gained publicity in recent years for its potential benefits to health. Important progress in relevant manufacturing technology has been made in the past decade with respect to raw materials, fermentation microorganisms and fermentation conditions. Current research has revealed that EPJ contains abundant nutrients and bioactive compounds, such as minerals, amino acids, polyphenols, organic acids and polysaccharides. Thus, many studies have focused on the beneficial effects of EPJ in preventing lifestyle diseases, such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver, obesity, diabetes and some cancers, although limited studies have involved the related active compounds and their protective mechanisms. Furthermore, very few studies have investigated the potential safety risks associated with the consumption of such food. In this review, we present a brief summary of the current research progress pertaining to the manufacturing, bioactive compounds, potential health benefits and safety aspects of EPJ. However, as a result of the complex components in EPJ, further studies on the bioactive compounds with relevant beneficial effects in EPJ and the safety evaluations of EPJ consumption are needed. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of Prostanoids on Human Platelet Function: An Overview

Prostanoids are bioactive lipid mediators and take part in many physiological and pathophysiological processes in practically every organ, tissue and cell, including the vascular, renal, gastrointestinal and reproductive systems. In this review, we focus on their influence on platelets, which are key elements in thrombosis and hemostasis. The function of platelets is influenced by mediators in the blood and the vascular wall. Activated platelets aggregate and release bioactive substances, thereby activating further neighbored platelets, which finally can lead to the formation of thrombi. Prostanoids regulate the function of blood platelets by both activating or inhibiting and so are involved in hemostasis. Each prostanoid has a unique activity profile and, thus, a specific profile of action. This article reviews the effects of the following prostanoids: prostaglandin-D₂ (PGD₂), prostaglandin-E₁, -E₂ and E₃ (PGE₁, PGE₂, PGE₃), prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α), prostacyclin (PGI₂) and thromboxane-A₂ (TXA₂) on platelet activation and aggregation via their respective receptors.

Ferulic Acid Prevents Angiogenesis Through Cyclooxygenase-2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane Model

Objectives

This study was designed to verify the antiangiogenic activity of ferulic acid (FA) and its potency to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Moreover, we verified its mechanism of action by docking the molecule on COX-2, tyrosine kinase, and VEGF-2 proteins in silico.

Materials and Methods

An antiangiogenesis assay of FA at doses of 30, 60, and 90 μg was performed using the CAM of chicken eggs that were 9 days old and stimulated by 60 ng of basic fibroblast growth factor. Celecoxib (60 μg) was used as the reference drug. The inhibitory activity on VEGF and COX-2 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry assay. Molecular docking of FA was accomplished by Molegro Virtual Docker program ver. 5.5 on COX-2 enzyme (PDB ID 1CX2), tyrosine kinase receptor (PDB ID 1XKK), and VEGF-2 receptor (PDB ID 4ASD).

Results

FA at doses of 30, 60, and 90 μg significantly prevented angiogenesis in the CAM model, which was represented as inhibitory activity against endothelial cells of blood vessels (42.6-70.7%) and neovascularization (43.0-86.6%). The inhibitory activity of FA against VEGF expression was stronger than its action on COX-2 expression. Molecular docking on VEGF-2 receptor resulted in an RS value of FA of -73.844 kcal/mol and for celecoxib it was -94.557 kcal/mol. The RS value on tyrosine kinase of FA was -84.954 kcal/mol, while on celecoxib it was -93.163 kcal/mol. Docking on COX-2 receptor gave an RS value of FA of -73.416 kcal/mol, while for celecoxib it was -118.107 kcal/mol.

Conclusion

Reductions in VEGF-2 and COX-2 expression due to treatment with FA at the dose range 30-90 μg appeared to be related to angiogenesis inhibition, which was shown by two parameters, namely inhibition of neovascularization and endothelial cell growth in blood vessels. It was concluded that FA is a promising antiangiogenic therapeutic agent especially at the early stage, and this activity can arise from inhibitory action on COX-2 and VEGF-2 proteins.

The Emerging Role of PPAR Beta/Delta in Tumor Angiogenesis

PPARs are ligand-activated transcriptional factors that belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Among them, PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma are prone to exert an antiangiogenic effect, whereas PPAR beta/delta has an opposite effect in physiological and pathological conditions. Angiogenesis has been known as a hallmark of cancer, and our recent works also demonstrate that vascular-specific PPAR beta/delta overexpression promotes tumor angiogenesis and progression in vivo. In this review, we will mainly focus on the role of PPAR beta/delta in tumor angiogenesis linked to the tumor microenvironment to further facilitate tumor progression and metastasis. Moreover, the crosstalk between PPAR beta/delta and its downstream key signal molecules involved in tumor angiogenesis will also be discussed, and the network of interplay between them will further be established in the review.

Effect of digital hypothermia on lamellar inflammatory signaling in the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp laminitis model

Background

Continuous digital hypothermia (CDH) prevents lamellar failure in the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC) model of laminitis, but the protective mechanisms are unclear.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To determine if CDH inhibits lamellar inflammatory signaling in the EHC model of laminitis.

Animals

Eight Standardbred horses.

Methods

Prospective experimental study. Horses underwent an EHC, with 1 forelimb treated with CDH and the other kept at ambient temperature (AMB). Horses were euthanized 48 hours after initiation of the EHC and lamellar tissue was analyzed via polymerase chain reaction (pro‐inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes—CXCL1, CXCL6, CXCL8, IL‐6, MCP‐1, MCP‐2, IL‐1β, IL‐11, cyclooxygenase 1 and 2, tumour necrosis factor‐alpha [TNF‐α], E‐selectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 [ICAM‐1]) and immunoblotting (phosphorylated and total signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 [STAT1] and STAT3).

Results

Compared to AMB, lamellar messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) concentrations of CXCL6 (P =.02), CXCL8 (P = .008), IL‐6 (P = .008), IL‐1β (P = .008), IL‐11 (P = .008), and cyclooxygenase‐2 (P = .008) were decreased in CDH. Cyclooxygenase‐1 (P = .008) was increased in CDH, while CXCL1 (P = .15), MCP‐1 (P = .05), MCP‐2 (P = .46), TNF‐α (P = .05), E‐selectin (P = .15), and ICAM‐1 (P = .15) mRNA were not significantly different. Compared to AMB, lamellar concentration of total STAT3 protein was decreased in CDH (P < .001), but there was no change in phosphorylated STAT3 (P‐STAT3 [S727] P = .19; P‐STAT3 [Y705] P = .05). There was no change in lamellar concentrations of total STAT1 (P = .75) or phosphorylated STAT1 (P‐STAT1 [S727], P = .25; P‐STAT1 [Y701], P = .64).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

These data add further support for the use of CDH as a first aid treatment for severe acute laminitis associated with hyperinsulinemia in horses.

The Interplay among miRNAs, Major Cytokines, and Cancer-Related Inflammation

Inflammation is closely related with the progression of cancer and is an indispensable component that orchestrates the tumor microenvironment. Studies suggest that different mediator and cellular effectors, including cytokines (interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], transforming growth factor-β [TGF-β], and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]), chemokines, as well as some transcription factors (nuclear factor κB [NF-κB], signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 [STAT3], hypoxia-inducible factor-1α [HIF1α]), play a crucial role during cancer-related inflammation (CRI). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the key components of cellular physiology. They play notable roles during posttranscriptional gene regulation and, thus, might have a potential role in controlling the inflammatory cascade during cancer progression. Taking into consideration the role identified for miRNAs in relation to inflammatory cytokines, we have tried to review their participation in neoplastic progression. Additionally, the involvement of miRNAs with some important transcription factors (NF-κB, STAT3, HIF1α) and proteins (cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2], inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]) closely associated with inflammation during cancer has also been discussed. A clear insight into the responsibility of miRNAs in cytokine signaling and inflammation related to CRI could project them as new therapeutic molecules, which could lead to improved treatment of CRI in the near future.

Nitric oxide synthase-mediated sub-chronic injury and recovery in the small intestine of mice after oral administration with halloysite nanotubes

Natural halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) with a hollow lumen have been widely applied in many fields, such as water purification, drug carriers, cosmetics, antibacterial, and scaffolds for tissue engineering. However, their in vivo toxicity is still largely unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate sub-chronic oral toxicity of HNTs in the small intestine of mice. The results demonstrated that oral HNTs at low dose (5 mg/kg) for 30 days promoted mouse growth with no obvious adverse effect on the small intestine. The promotive effect on mouse growth disappeared after cessation of oral administration of HNTs. Oral HNTs at high dose (50 mg/kg) for 30 days induced aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si) accumulation and oxidative stress in the small intestine, which caused significant increases in the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and inflammatory response and iNOS-mediated damages in the organ. Oral HNTs-induced changes in the small intestine at high dose were not observed after a 30-day recovery period. These findings provided the first evidence that oral HNTs-induced sub-chronic toxicity in the small intestine was reversible. The results suggest that HNTs at low concentration in environments have no adverse effect on mice, while there are health risks to mice under severe contamination by HNTs.

The emerging role of ferroptosis in inflammation

Ferroptosis is a newly discovered type of cell death triggered by intracellular phospholipid peroxidation that is morphologically, biologically and genetically distinct from other types of cell death. Ferroptosis is classified as regulated necrosis and is more immunogenic than apoptosis. To date, compelling evidence indicates that ferroptosis plays an important role in inflammation, and several antioxidants functioning as ferroptosis inhibitors have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in experimental models of certain diseases. Our review provides an overview of the link between ferroptosis and inflammation; a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis and inflammation may hasten the development of promising therapeutic strategies involving ferroptosis inhibitors to address inflammation.

Prominence of IL6, IGF, TLR, and Bioenergetics Pathway Perturbation in Lung Tissues of Scleroderma Patients With Pulmonary Fibrosis

Scleroderma-associated pulmonary fibrosis (SSc-PF) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are two of many chronic fibroproliferative diseases that are responsible for nearly 45% of all deaths in developed countries. While sharing several pathobiological characteristics, they also have very distinct features. Currently no effective anti-fibrotic treatments exist that can halt the progression of PF or reverse it. Our goal is to uncover potential gene targets for the development of anti-fibrotic therapies efficacious in both diseases, and those specific to SSc-PF, by identifying universal pathways and molecules driving fibrosis in SSc-PF and IPF tissues as well as those unique to SSc-PF. Using DNA microarray data, a meta-analysis of the differentially expressed (DE) genes in SSc-PF and IPF lung tissues (diseased vs. normal) was performed followed by a full systems level analysis of the common and unique transcriptomic signatures obtained. Protein-protein interaction networks were generated to identify hub proteins and explore the data using the centrality principle. Our results suggest that therapeutic strategies targeting IL6 trans-signaling, IGFBP2, IGFL2, and the coagulation cascade may be efficacious in both SSc-PF and IPF. Further, our data suggest that the expression of matrikine-producing collagens is also perturbed in PF. Lastly, an overall perturbation of bioenergetics, specifically between glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism, was uncovered in SSc-PF. Our findings provide insights into potential targets for the development of anti-fibrotic therapies that could be effective in both IPF and SSc-PF.

INOS-mediated acute stomach injury and recovery in mice after oral exposure to halloysite nanotubes

Natural halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) with a hollow lumen are already applied in numerous fields and enter the environment in increasing quantities, which may have effects on animal and human health. However their in vivo toxicity in mammals is still largely unclear. The aim of this study is to assess acute oral toxicity of HNTs in the stomach of mice and recovery. Oral HNTs at low dose (5 mg HNTs/kg BW) for 30 days increased in daily food and water intake and promoted mouse growth with no obvious adverse effect on the stomach. The promotive effect on mouse growth disappeared after cessation of oral administration of the nanotubes. Oral HNTs for 30 days at high dose (50 mg HNTs/kg BW) induced Si and Al accumulation in the stomach, which caused oxidative stress, inflammation and iNOS-mediated damage in the organ. The damage in the stomach led to slight atrophic gastritis and reduced mouse growth. Oral HNTs-induced changes at high dose were not observed after a 30-days recovery period. The findings provided the evidence that oral HNTs-induced acute toxicity in the stomach was reversible. More importantly, this research showed that Al and Si were cleared out of the mice by hepatic excretion and renal excretion, respectively, during the recovery period. The results suggest that HNTs at low concentration in environments have no adverse effect on mice, while there are health risks to mice under severe contamination by HNTs.

Mapping the structure and biological functions within mesenchymal bodies using microfluidics

Organoids that recapitulate the functional hallmarks of anatomic structures comprise cell populations able to self-organize cohesively in 3D. However, the rules underlying organoid formation in vitro remain poorly understood because a correlative analysis of individual cell fate and spatial organization has been challenging. Here, we use a novel microfluidics platform to investigate the mechanisms determining the formation of organoids by human mesenchymal stromal cells that recapitulate the early steps of condensation initiating bone repair in vivo. We find that heterogeneous mesenchymal stromal cells self-organize in 3D in a developmentally hierarchical manner. We demonstrate a link between structural organization and local regulation of specific molecular signaling pathways such as NF-κB and actin polymerization, which modulate osteo-endocrine functions. This study emphasizes the importance of resolving spatial heterogeneities within cellular aggregates to link organization and functional properties, enabling a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling organoid formation, relevant to organogenesis and tissue repair.

Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs demethylates MeR2 enhancer and promotes Mbnl1 transcription in myogenic cells

Muscleblind-like 1 (MBNL1) is a ubiquitously expressed RNA-binding protein, which is highly expressed in skeletal muscle. Abnormally expanded CUG-repeats in the DMPK gene cause myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) by sequestration of MBNL1 to nuclear RNA foci and by upregulation of another RNA-binding protein, CUG-binding protein 1 (CUGBP1). We previously reported that a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), phenylbutazone, upregulates MBNL1 expression in DM1 mouse model by demethylation of MeR2, an enhancer element in Mbnl1 intron 1. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX), which is comprised of COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms. In this study, we screened 29 NSAIDs in C2C12 myoblasts, and found that 13 NSAIDs enhanced Mbnl1 expression, where COX-1-selective NSAIDs upregulated Mbnl1 more than COX-2-selective NSAIDs. Consistently, knockdown of COX-1, but not of COX-2, upregulated MBNL1 expression in C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes, as well as in myotubes differentiated from DM1 patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Luciferase assay showed that COX-1-knockdown augmented the MeR2 enhancer activity. Furthermore, bisulfite sequencing analysis demonstrated that COX-1-knockdown suppressed methylation of MeR2. These results suggest that COX-1 inhibition upregulates Mbnl1 transcription through demethylation of the MeR2 enhancer. Taken together, our study provides new insights into the transcriptional regulation of Mbnl1 by the COX-1-mediated pathway.

The effects of anti-VEGF and kinin B1 receptor blockade on retinal inflammation in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease treated by anti-VEGF intravitreal injections. As inflammation is potentially involved in retinal degeneration, the pro-inflammatory kallikrein-kinin system is a possible alternative pharmacological target. Here, we investigated the effects of anti-VEGF and anti-B₁ receptor treatments on the inflammatory mechanisms in a rat model of choroidal neovascularization (CNV).

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Immediately after laser-induced CNV, Long-Evans rats were treated by eye-drop application of a B₁ receptor antagonist (R-954) or by intravitreal injection of B₁ receptor siRNA or anti-VEGF antibodies. Effects of treatments on gene expression of inflammatory mediators, CNV lesion regression and integrity of the blood-retinal barrier was measured 10 days later in the retina. B₁ receptor and VEGF-R2 cellular localization was assessed.

KEY RESULTS

The three treatments significantly inhibited the CNV-induced retinal changes. Anti-VEGF and R-954 decreased CNV-induced up-regulation of B₁ and B₂ receptors, TNF-α, and ICAM-1. Anti-VEGF additionally reversed up-regulation of VEGF-A, VEGF-R2, HIF-1α, CCL2 and VCAM-1, whereas R-954 inhibited gene expression of IL-1β and COX-2. Enhanced retinal vascular permeability was abolished by anti-VEGF and reduced by R-954 and B₁ receptor siRNA treatments. Leukocyte adhesion was impaired by anti-VEGF and B₁ receptor inhibition. B₁ receptors were found on astrocytes and endothelial cells.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

B₁ receptor and VEGF pathways were both involved in retinal inflammation and damage in laser-induced CNV. The non-invasive, self-administration of B₁ receptor antagonists on the surface of the cornea by eye drops might be an important asset for the treatment of AMD.

Vascular endothelial growth factor in bipolar depression: A potential biomarker for diagnosis and treatment outcome prediction

BACKGROUND

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) has been implicated in the neurotrophic model of depression. We explored the potential role of VEGF in the pathophysiology of bipolar depression and potential utility as a diagnostic or outcome predictive biomarker.

METHODS

In a double-blind study, treatment-resistant bipolar depressed patients received Escitalopram and were randomized to receive add-on Celecoxib (26 participants) or Placebo (21 participants). There were 32 healthy controls. Plasma levels of VEGF were determined at three timepoints over eight weeks.

RESULTS

Bipolar patients had significantly higher VEGF levels at baseline compared to healthy controls. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the AUC is 0.67 and the VEGF cut point is 8.21. At all timepoints, patients receiving Celecoxib had comparable VEGF levels to those receiving Placebo. VEGF levels did not change significantly over time. Baseline VEGF was a poor predictor of treatment response with an AUC of 0.53.

CONCLUSIONS

The increased VEGF in bipolar depression agrees with similar findings in major depressive disorder. A high VEGF level tended to accurately predict bipolar disorder, with apparent differential VEGF expression. Baseline VEGF did not predict treatment response, and levels did not change with treatment. Plasma VEGF may have diagnostic utility and guide personalized treatment.

Multiple Biological Effects of an Iridoid Glucoside, Catalpol and Its Underlying Molecular Mechanisms

Catalpol, an iridoid glucoside, is widely distributed in many plant families and is primarily obtained from the root of Rehmanniaglutinosa Libosch. Rehmanniaglutinosa is a plant very commonly used in Chinese and Korean traditional medicine for various disorders, including diabetes mellitus, neuronal disorders, and inflammation. Catalpol has been studied extensively for its biological properties both in vitro and in vivo. This review aims to appraise the biological effects of catalpol and their underlying mechanisms. An extensive literature search was conducted using the keyword "Catalpol" in the public domains of Google scholar, PubMed, and Scifinder. Catalpol exhibits anti-diabetic, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective, anticancer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant effects in experimental studies. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are mostly related for its biological effect. However, some specific mechanisms are also elucidated. Elevated serotonin and BDNF level by catalpol significantly protect against depression and neurodegeneration. Catalpol demonstrated an increased mitochondrial biogenesis and activation of PI3K/Akt pathway for insulin sensitizing effect. Further, its cardiovascular protective effect was linked to PI3K/Akt, apelin/APJ and Jak-Stat pathway. Catalpol produced a significant reduction in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis in different cancer conditions. Overall, catalpol demonstrated multiple biological effects due to its numerous mechanisms including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Probing the Antitumor Mechanism of Solanum nigrum L. Aqueous Extract against Human Breast Cancer MCF7 Cells

Solanum nigrum L. is one of the major medicinal plants used to treat cancer. However, the functional mechanism of S. nigrum L. extract is still unknown in spite of numerous studies on its active components. In this study, we probed the potential anticancer mechanism of the aqueous extract of S. nigrum L. (AESN) towards human breast cancer cell line MCF7. At a concentration of 10 g/L, AESN caused 43% cytotoxicity, inhibited the migration, and suppressed the activities of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase by about 30% and 40%, respectively, towards the MCF7 cells. RT²-PCR analysis of a panel of 89 caner-related genes identified 13 upregulated and eight downregulated genes (>2-folds) in MCF7 cells upon AESN treatment. Gene ontology (GO) and functional disease ontology (FunDO) analyses show that the antitumor function of S. nigrum L. involves multiple genes and these genes are shared across other diseases or disorders.

EFFECT OF SUN EXPOSURE DURATION ON CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 EXPRESSION IN THE CONJUNCTIVA

Pterygium is a multifactorial proliferative pathologic change of bulbar conjunctiva. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the duration of exposure to solar radiation (expressed in years) on the incidence of positive cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) finding in conjunctival tissue in two groups of patients. Group 1 consisted of 68 patients with primary pterygium having undergone conjunctival autograft transplantation. Group 2 consisted of 43 patients with morphologically unchanged conjunctivae that were harvested during cataract surgery. All 111 specimens were submitted to immunohistochemical staining for monoclonal COX-2 antibody (1:100; M361701 MO A-HU, Dako, Santa Clara, California, USA). The immunostaining intensity in the surface epithelium was scored using the following grading system: 0 no immunostaining; + weak immunostaining (few cells being positive focally or scattered); ++ medium immunostaining; and +++ strong immunostaining (diffuse staining throughout the tissue). The analysis of COX-2 activity yielded 29 (42.6%) positive findings in group 1 and 27 (62.8%) positive findings in group 2. Group 2 consisted of statistically significantly older individuals with a history of considerably longer sun exposure. Statistical analysis proved the duration of exposure to solar radiation to be the most important factor in positive COX-2 findings.