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Wang L, Wei X, Wang Y. Promoting Angiogenesis Using Immune Cells for Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:660-678. [PMID: 36774426 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Implantable tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) usually trigger the host reaction which is inextricably linked with the immune system, including blood-material interaction, protein absorption, inflammation, foreign body reaction, and so on. With remarkable progress, the immune response is no longer considered to be entirely harmful to TEVGs, but its therapeutic and impaired effects on angiogenesis and tissue regeneration are parallel. Although the implicated immune mechanisms remain elusive, it is certainly worthwhile to gain detailed knowledge about the function of the individual immune components during angiogenesis and vascular remodeling. This review provides a general overview of immune cells with an emphasis on macrophages in light of the current literature. To the extent possible, we summarize state-of-the-art approaches to immune cell regulation of the vasculature and suggest that future studies are needed to better define the timing of the activity of each cell subpopulation and to further reveal key regulatory switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinbo Wei
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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2
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Keshi E, Tang P, Weinhart M, Everwien H, Moosburner S, Seiffert N, Lommel M, Kertzscher U, Globke B, Reutzel-Selke A, Strücker B, Pratschke J, Sauer IM, Haep N, Hillebrandt KH. Surface modification of decellularized bovine carotid arteries with human vascular cells significantly reduces their thrombogenicity. J Biol Eng 2021; 15:26. [PMID: 34819102 PMCID: PMC8611970 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since autologous veins are unavailable when needed in more than 20% of cases in vascular surgery, the production of personalized biological vascular grafts for implantation has become crucial. Surface modification of decellularized xenogeneic grafts with vascular cells to achieve physiological luminal coverage and eventually thromboresistance is an important prerequisite for implantation. However, ex vivo thrombogenicity testing remains a neglected area in the field of tissue engineering of vascular grafts due to a multifold of reasons. METHODS After seeding decellularized bovine carotid arteries with human endothelial progenitor cells and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells, luminal endothelial cell coverage (LECC) was correlated with glucose and lactate levels on the cell supernatant. Then a closed loop whole blood perfusion system was designed. Recellularized grafts with a LECC > 50% and decellularized vascular grafts were perfused with human whole blood for 2 h. Hemolysis and complete blood count evaluation was performed on an hourly basis, followed by histological and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS While whole blood perfusion of decellularized grafts significantly reduced platelet counts, platelet depletion from blood resulting from binding to re-endothelialized grafts was insignificant (p = 0.7284). Moreover, macroscopic evaluation revealed thrombus formation only in the lumen of unseeded grafts and histological characterization revealed lack of CD41 positive platelets in recellularized grafts, thus confirming their thromboresistance. CONCLUSION In the present study we were able to demonstrate the effect of surface modification of vascular grafts in their thromboresistance in an ex vivo whole blood perfusion system. To our knowledge, this is the first study to expose engineered vascular grafts to human whole blood, recirculating at high flow rates, immediately after seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriselda Keshi
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Tang
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Cluster of Excellence Matters of Activity. Image Space Material funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy - EXC 2025 - 390648296, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hannah Everwien
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Moosburner
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolai Seiffert
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Lommel
- Institute for Cardiovascular Computer-Assisted Medicine, Biofluid Mechanics Lab, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kertzscher
- Institute for Cardiovascular Computer-Assisted Medicine, Biofluid Mechanics Lab, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brigitta Globke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Reutzel-Selke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Strücker
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Matters of Activity. Image Space Material funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy - EXC 2025 - 390648296, Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor Maximillian Sauer
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence Matters of Activity. Image Space Material funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy - EXC 2025 - 390648296, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nils Haep
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karl Herbert Hillebrandt
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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3
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Polydopamine and gelatin coating for rapid endothelialization of vascular scaffolds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 134:112544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Friedrich RP, Cicha I, Alexiou C. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092337. [PMID: 34578651 PMCID: PMC8466586 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many promising nanotechnological approaches to biomedical research have been developed in order to increase implementation of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering in clinical practice. In the meantime, the use of nanomaterials for the regeneration of diseased or injured tissues is considered advantageous in most areas of medicine. In particular, for the treatment of cardiovascular, osteochondral and neurological defects, but also for the recovery of functions of other organs such as kidney, liver, pancreas, bladder, urethra and for wound healing, nanomaterials are increasingly being developed that serve as scaffolds, mimic the extracellular matrix and promote adhesion or differentiation of cells. This review focuses on the latest developments in regenerative medicine, in which iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) play a crucial role for tissue engineering and cell therapy. IONPs are not only enabling the use of non-invasive observation methods to monitor the therapy, but can also accelerate and enhance regeneration, either thanks to their inherent magnetic properties or by functionalization with bioactive or therapeutic compounds, such as drugs, enzymes and growth factors. In addition, the presence of magnetic fields can direct IONP-labeled cells specifically to the site of action or induce cell differentiation into a specific cell type through mechanotransduction.
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5
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Intravascular Application of Labelled Cell Spheroids: An Approach for Ischemic Peripheral Artery Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136831. [PMID: 34202056 PMCID: PMC8269343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are known for their vascular regeneration capacity by neoangiogenesis. Even though, several delivery approaches exist, particularly in the case of intravascular delivery, only limited number of cells reach the targeted tissue and are not able to remain on site. Applicated cells exhibit poor survival accompanied with a loss of functionality. Moreover, cell application techniques lead to cell death and impede the overall MSC function and survival. 3D cell spheroids mimic the physiological microenvironment, thus, overcoming these limitations. Therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate and assess the feasibility of 3D MSCs spheroids for endovascular application, for treatment of ischemic peripheral vascular pathologies. Multicellular 3D MSC spheroids were generated at different cell seeding densities, labelled with ultra-small particles of iron oxide (USPIO) and investigated in vitro in terms of morphology, size distribution, mechanical stability as well as ex vivo with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess their trackability and distribution. Generated 3D spheroids were stable, viable, maintained stem cell phenotype and were easily trackable and visualized via MRI. MSC 3D spheroids are suitable candidates for endovascular delivery approaches in the context of ischemic peripheral vascular pathologies.
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Chen SG, Ugwu F, Li WC, Caplice NM, Petcu E, Yip SP, Huang CL. Vascular Tissue Engineering: Advanced Techniques and Gene Editing in Stem Cells for Graft Generation. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 27:14-28. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Guang Chen
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Felix Ugwu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wan-Chun Li
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | - Noel M. Caplice
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eugen Petcu
- Griffith University School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Shea Ping Yip
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chien-Ling Huang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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7
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MR and PET-CT monitoring of tissue-engineered vascular grafts in the ovine carotid artery. Biomaterials 2019; 216:119228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Chen J, Hu H, Feng L, Zhu Q, Hancharou A, Liu B, Yan C, Xu Y, Guo R. Preparation and characterization of 3D porous conductive scaffolds with magnetic resonance enhancement in tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2019; 14:045013. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab1d9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Wang Y, Zhou S, Yang R, Zou Q, Zhang K, Tian Q, Zhao W, Zong L, Fu Q. Bioengineered bladder patches constructed from multilayered adipose-derived stem cell sheets for bladder regeneration. Acta Biomater 2019; 85:131-141. [PMID: 30553012 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-seeded scaffolds are a common route of cell transplantation for bladder repair and reconstruction. However, when cell suspensions are harvested, proteolytic enzymes often cause extracellular matrix damage and loss of intercellular junctions. To overcome this problem, we developed a bioengineered three-dimensional bladder patch comprising porous scaffolds and multilayered adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) sheets, and evaluated its feasibility for bladder regeneration in a rat model. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) were labeled with ultrasmall super-paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles. ASC patches were constructed using multilayered USPIO-labeled ASC sheets and porous polyglycolic acid scaffolds. To monitor the distribution and localization of bioengineered bladder patches in live animals, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks after transplantation. The bladder regenerative potential of ASC patches was further evaluated by urodynamic and histological analysis. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that cell sheets adhered tightly to the scaffold. MRI showed hypointense signals that lasted up to 8 weeks at the site of USPIO-labeled ASC sheet transplants. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that these tissue-engineered bladder patches promoted regeneration of urothelium, smooth muscle, neural cells and blood vessels. Urodynamic testing revealed that the ASC patch restored bladder function with augmented capacity. The USPIO-labeled ASC patch provides a promising perspective on image-guided tissue engineering and holds great promise as a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for bladder regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) sheets avoid enzymatic dissociation and preserve the cell-to-cell interactions and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, which exhibit great potential for tissue regeneration. In this study, we developed a bioengineered three-dimensional bladder patch comprising porous scaffolds and multilayered ASC sheets, and evaluated its feasibility for bladder regeneration in a rat model. Tissue-engineered bladder patches restored bladder function and promoted regeneration of urothelium, smooth muscle, neural cells and blood vessels. Moreover, ultrasmall super-paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-labeled bladder patches can be dynamically monitored in vivo by noninvasive MRI for long periods of time. Therefore, The USPIO-labeled bladder patch provides a promising image-guided therapeutic strategy for bladder regeneration.
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10
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Szulc DA, Cheng HLM. One-Step Labeling of Collagen Hydrogels with Polydopamine and Manganese Porphyrin for Non-Invasive Scaffold Tracking on Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1800330. [PMID: 30645045 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial scaffolds are the cornerstone to supporting 3D tissue growth. Optimized scaffold design is critical to successful regeneration, and this optimization requires accurate knowledge of the scaffold's interaction with living tissue in the dynamic in vivo milieu. Unfortunately, non-invasive methods that can probe scaffolds in the intact living subject are largely underexplored, with imaging-based assessment relying on either imaging cells seeded on the scaffold or imaging scaffolds that have been chemically altered. In this work, the authors develop a broadly applicable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method to image scaffolds directly. A positive-contrast "bright" manganese porphyrin (MnP) agent for labeling scaffolds is used to achieve high sensitivity and specificity, and polydopamine, a biologically derived universal adhesive, is employed for adhering the MnP. The technique was optimized in vitro on a prototypic collagen gel, and in vivo assessment was performed in rats. The results demonstrate superior in vivo scaffold visualization and the potential for quantitative tracking of degradation over time. Designed with ease of synthesis in mind and general applicability for the continuing expansion of available biomaterials, the proposed method will allow tissue engineers to assess and fine-tune the in vivo behavior of their scaffolds for optimal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Andrzej Szulc
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology & Engineering Program, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, RS407, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Hai-Ling Margaret Cheng
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology & Engineering Program, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, RS407, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
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11
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Stacy MR, Best CA, Maxfield MW, Qiu M, Naito Y, Kurobe H, Mahler N, Rocco KA, Sinusas AJ, Shinoka T, Sampath S, Breuer CK. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Shear Stress and Wall Thickness in Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 24:465-473. [PMID: 29978768 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) have demonstrated potential for treating congenital heart disease (CHD); however, quantitative imaging for tracking functional and structural remodeling of TEVGs has not been applied. Therefore, we evaluated the potential of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for assessing TEVG wall shear stress (WSS) and wall thickness in a large animal model. METHODS Cell-seeded (n = 3) or unseeded (n = 3) TEVGs were implanted as inferior vena cava interposition grafts in juvenile lambs. Six months following implantation, two-dimensional phase-contrast MR imaging was performed at 3 slice locations (proximal, middle, and distal) to assess normalized WSS (i.e., WSS-to-cross sectional area). T2-weighted MR imaging was performed to assess TEVG wall thickness. Histology was qualitatively assessed, whereas immunohistochemistry was semiquantitatively assessed for smooth muscle cells (αSMA), macrophage lineage cells (CD11b), and matrix metalloproteinase activity (MMP-2 and MMP-9). Picrosirius Red staining was performed to quantify collagen content. RESULTS TEVG wall thickness was significantly higher for proximal, middle, and distal slices in unseeded versus cell-seeded grafts. Significantly higher WSS values existed for proximal versus distal slice locations for cell-seeded TEVGs, whereas no differences in WSS existed between slices for unseeded TEVGs. Additionally, no differences in WSS existed between cell-seeded and unseeded groups. Both groups demonstrated elastin formation, without vascular calcification. Unseeded TEVGs possessed greater content of smooth muscle cells when compared with cell-seeded TEVGs. No differences in macrophage, MMP activity, or collagen content existed between groups. CONCLUSION MR imaging allows for in vivo assessment of functional and anatomical characteristics of TEVGs and may provide a nonionizing approach that is clinically translatable to children undergoing treatment for CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel R Stacy
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut.,2 Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cameron A Best
- 2 Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mark W Maxfield
- 3 Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Maolin Qiu
- 4 Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yuji Naito
- 3 Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hirotsugu Kurobe
- 3 Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nathan Mahler
- 2 Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kevin A Rocco
- 5 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Albert J Sinusas
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut.,4 Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Toshiharu Shinoka
- 2 Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Smita Sampath
- 4 Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christopher K Breuer
- 2 Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
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12
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Forton SM, Latourette MT, Parys M, Kiupel M, Shahriari D, Sakamoto JS, Shapiro EM. In Vivo Microcomputed Tomography of Nanocrystal-Doped Tissue Engineered Scaffolds. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:508-516. [PMID: 30035211 PMCID: PMC6054471 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineered scaffolds (TES) hold promise for improving the outcome of cell-based therapeutic strategies for a variety of biomedical scenarios, including musculoskeletal injuries, soft tissue repair, and spinal cord injury. Key to TES research and development, and clinical use, is the ability to longitudinally monitor TES location, orientation, integrity, and microstructure following implantation. Here, we describe a strategy for using microcomputed tomography (microCT) to visualize TES following implantation into mice. TES were doped with highly radiopaque gadolinium oxide nanocrystals and were implanted into the hind limbs of mice. Mice underwent serial microCT over 23 weeks. TES were clearly visible over the entire time course. Alginate scaffolds underwent a 20% volume reduction over the first 6 weeks, stabilizing over the next 17 weeks. Agarose scaffold volumes were unchanged. TES attenuation was also unchanged over the entire time course, indicating a lack of nanocrystal dissolution or leakage. Histology at the implant site showed the presence of very mild inflammation, typical for a mild foreign body reaction. Blood work indicated marked elevation in liver enzymes, and hematology measured significant reduction in white blood cell counts. While extrapolation of the X-ray induced effects on hematopoiesis in these mice to humans is not straightforward, clearly this is an area for careful monitoring. Taken together, these data lend strong support that doping TES with radiopaque nanocrystals and performing microCT imaging, represents a possible strategy for enabling serial in vivo monitoring of TES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey M. Forton
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, 846 Service Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Matthew T. Latourette
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, 846 Service Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Maciej Parys
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Dena Shahriari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeff S. Sakamoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Erik M. Shapiro
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, 846 Service Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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13
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Alam SR, Stirrat C, Richards J, Mirsadraee S, Semple SIK, Tse G, Henriksen P, Newby DE. Vascular and plaque imaging with ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2015; 17:83. [PMID: 26381872 PMCID: PMC4574723 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-015-0183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) has become a primary tool for non-invasive assessment of cardiovascular anatomy, pathology and function. Existing contrast agents have been utilised for the identification of infarction, fibrosis, perfusion deficits and for angiography. Novel ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO) contrast agents that are taken up by inflammatory cells can detect cellular inflammation non-invasively using CMR, potentially aiding the diagnosis of inflammatory medical conditions, guiding their treatment and giving insight into their pathophysiology. In this review we describe the utilization of USPIO as a novel contrast agent in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirjel R Alam
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
| | - Colin Stirrat
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
| | - Jennifer Richards
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
| | - Saeed Mirsadraee
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
- Department of Radiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
| | - Scott I K Semple
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
| | - George Tse
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
| | - Peter Henriksen
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
| | - David E Newby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5SA, UK.
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Frese J, Morgenroth A, Mertens ME, Koch S, Rongen L, Vogg ATJ, Zlatopolskiy BD, Neumaier B, Gesche VN, Lammers T, Schmitz-Rode T, Mela P, Jockenhoevel S, Mottaghy FM, Kiessling F. Nondestructive monitoring of tissue-engineered constructs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 59:165-75. [PMID: 24021591 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2013-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Tissue engineering as a multidisciplinary field enables the development of living substitutes to replace, maintain, or restore diseased tissue and organs. Since the term was introduced in medicine in 1987, tissue engineering strategies have experienced significant progress. However, up to now, only a few substitutes were able to overcome the gap from bench to bedside and have been successfully approved for clinical use. Substantial donor variability makes it difficult to predict the quality of tissue-engineered constructs. It is essential to collect sufficient data to ensure that poor or immature constructs are not implanted into patients. The fulfillment of certain quality requirements, such as mechanical and structural properties, is crucial for a successful implantation. There is a clear need for new nondestructive and real-time online monitoring and evaluation methods for tissue-engineered constructs, which are applicable on the biomaterial, tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels. This paper reviews current established nondestructive techniques for implant monitoring including biochemical methods and noninvasive imaging.
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Abstract
Nanoparticles are frequently suggested as diagnostic agents. However, except for iron oxide nanoparticles, diagnostic nanoparticles have been barely incorporated into clinical use so far. This is predominantly due to difficulties in achieving acceptable pharmacokinetic properties and reproducible particle uniformity as well as to concerns about toxicity, biodegradation, and elimination. Reasonable indications for the clinical utilization of nanoparticles should consider their biologic behavior. For example, many nanoparticles are taken up by macrophages and accumulate in macrophage-rich tissues. Thus, they can be used to provide contrast in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and inflammatory lesions (eg, atherosclerotic plaques). Furthermore, cells can be efficiently labeled with nanoparticles, enabling the localization of implanted (stem) cells and tissue-engineered grafts as well as in vivo migration studies of cells. The potential of using nanoparticles for molecular imaging is compromised because their pharmacokinetic properties are difficult to control. Ideal targets for nanoparticles are localized on the endothelial luminal surface, whereas targeted nanoparticle delivery to extravascular structures is often limited and difficult to separate from an underlying enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The majority of clinically used nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems are based on the EPR effect, and, for their more personalized use, imaging markers can be incorporated to monitor biodistribution, target site accumulation, drug release, and treatment efficacy. In conclusion, although nanoparticles are not always the right choice for molecular imaging (because smaller or larger molecules might provide more specific information), there are other diagnostic and theranostic applications for which nanoparticles hold substantial clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kiessling
- From the Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (F.K., M.E.M., T.L.); and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (J.G.)
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16
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Mertens ME, Koch S, Schuster P, Wehner J, Wu Z, Gremse F, Schulz V, Rongen L, Wolf F, Frese J, Gesché VN, van Zandvoort M, Mela P, Jockenhoevel S, Kiessling F, Lammers T. USPIO-labeled textile materials for non-invasive MR imaging of tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Biomaterials 2014; 39:155-63. [PMID: 25465443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive imaging might assist in the clinical translation of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVG). It can e.g. be used to facilitate the implantation of TEVG, to longitudinally monitor their localization and function, and to provide non-invasive and quantitative feedback on their remodeling and resorption. We here incorporated ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based textile fibers, and used them to prepare imageable tissue-engineered vascular grafts (iTEVG). The USPIO-labeled scaffold materials were molded with a mixture of fibrin, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, and then endothelialized in a bioreactor under physiological flow conditions. The resulting grafts could be sensitively detected using T1-, T2- and T2*-weighted MRI, both during bioreactor cultivation and upon surgical implantation into sheep, in which they were used as an arteriovenous shunt between the carotid artery and the jugular vein. In vivo, the iTEVG were shown to be biocompatible and functional. Post-mortem ex vivo analyses provided evidence for efficient endothelialization and for endogenous neo-vascularization within the biohybrid vessel wall. These findings show that labeling polymer-based textile materials with MR contrast agents is straightforward and safe, and they indicate that such theranostic tissue engineering approaches might be highly useful for improving the production, performance, personalization and translation of biohybrid vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Mertens
- Dept. of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Koch
- Dept. of Tissue Engineering & Textile Implants, Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Schuster
- Institut für Textiltechnik, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Strasse 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jakob Wehner
- Dept. of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Zhuojun Wu
- Dept. of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Gremse
- Dept. of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Volkmar Schulz
- Dept. of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lisanne Rongen
- Dept. of Tissue Engineering & Textile Implants, Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frederic Wolf
- Dept. of Tissue Engineering & Textile Implants, Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Frese
- Dept. of Tissue Engineering & Textile Implants, Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Valentine N Gesché
- Institut für Textiltechnik, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Strasse 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc van Zandvoort
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Petra Mela
- Dept. of Tissue Engineering & Textile Implants, Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Jockenhoevel
- Dept. of Tissue Engineering & Textile Implants, Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institut für Textiltechnik, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Strasse 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Dept. of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Twan Lammers
- Dept. of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Dept. of Controlled Drug Delivery, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Mertens ME, Frese J, Bölükbas DA, Hrdlicka L, Golombek S, Koch S, Mela P, Jockenhövel S, Kiessling F, Lammers T. FMN-coated fluorescent USPIO for cell labeling and non-invasive MR imaging in tissue engineering. Theranostics 2014; 4:1002-13. [PMID: 25157279 PMCID: PMC4142292 DOI: 10.7150/thno.8763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is gaining significant attention in the field of tissue engineering, since it can provide valuable information on in vitro production parameters and in vivo performance. It can e.g. be used to monitor the morphology, location and function of the regenerated tissue, the integrity, remodeling and resorption of the scaffold, and the fate of the implanted cells. Since cells are not visible using conventional MR techniques, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles are routinely employed to label and monitor the cells embedded in tissue-engineered implants. We here set out to optimize cell labeling procedures with regard to labeling efficiency, biocompatibility and in vitro validation during bioreactor cultivation, using flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-coated fluorescent USPIO (FLUSPIO). Efficient FLUSPIO uptake is demonstrated in three different cell lines, applying relatively short incubation times and low labeling concentrations. FLUSPIO-labeled cells were successfully employed to visualize collagen scaffolds and tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Besides promoting safe and efficient cell uptake, an exquisite property of the non-polymeric FMN-coating is that it renders the USPIO fluorescent, providing a means for in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo validation via fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence reflectance imaging (FRI). FLUSPIO cell labeling is consequently considered to be a suitable tool for theranostic tissue engineering purposes.
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18
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Hamilton N, Bullock AJ, Macneil S, Janes SM, Birchall M. Tissue engineering airway mucosa: a systematic review. Laryngoscope 2014; 124:961-8. [PMID: 24129819 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Effective treatments for hollow organ stenosis, scarring, or agenesis are suboptimal or lacking. Tissue-engineered implants may provide a solution, but those performed to date are limited by poor mucosalization after transplantation. We aimed to perform a systematic review of the literature on tissue-engineered airway mucosa. Our objectives were to assess the success of this technology and its potential application to airway regenerative medicine and to determine the direction of future research to maximize its therapeutic and commercial potential. DATA SOURCES AND REVIEW METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed searching Medline (January 1996) and Embase (January 1980) using search terms "tissue engineering" or "tissue" and "engineering" or "tissue engineered" and "mucous membrane" or "mucous" and "membrane" or "mucosa." Original studies utilizing tissue engineering to regenerate airway mucosa within the trachea or the main bronchi in animal models or human studies were included. RESULTS A total of 719 papers matched the search criteria, with 17 fulfilling the entry criteria. Of these 17, four investigated mucosal engineering in humans, with the remaining 13 studies investigating mucosal engineering in animal models. The review demonstrated how an intact mucosal layer protects against infection and suggests a role for fibroblasts in facilitating epithelial regeneration in vitro. A range of scaffold materials were used, but no single material was clearly superior to the others. CONCLUSION The review highlights gaps in the literature and recommends key directions for future research such as epithelial tracking and the role of the extracellular environment.
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Mertens ME, Hermann A, Bühren A, Olde-Damink L, Möckel D, Gremse F, Ehling J, Kiessling F, Lammers T. Iron Oxide-labeled Collagen Scaffolds for Non-invasive MR Imaging in Tissue Engineering. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2014; 24:754-762. [PMID: 24569840 PMCID: PMC3837415 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201301275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive imaging holds significant potential for implementation in tissue engineering. It can e.g. be used to monitor the localization and function of tissue-engineered implants, as well as their resorption and remodelling. Thus far, however, the vast majority of efforts in this area of research have focused on the use of ultrasmall super-paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticle-labeled cells, colonizing the scaffolds, to indirectly image the implant material. Reasoning that directly labeling scaffold materials might be more beneficial (enabling imaging also in case of non-cellularized implants), more informative (enabling the non-invasive visualization and quantification of scaffold degradation) and more easy to translate into the clinic (since cell-free materials are less complex from a regulatory point-of-view), we here prepared three different types of USPIO nanoparticles, and incorporated them both passively and actively (via chemical conjugation; during collagen crosslinking) into collagen-based scaffold materials. We furthermore optimized the amount of USPIO incorporated into the scaffolds, correlated the amount of entrapped USPIO with MR signal intensity, showed that the labeled scaffolds are highly biocompatible, demonstrated that scaffold degradation can be visualized using MRI and provided initial proof-of-principle for the in vivo visualization of the scaffolds. Consequently, USPIO-labeled scaffold materials seem to be highly suitable for image-guided tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E. Mertens
- Department for Experimental Molecular Imaging University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering RWTH - Aachen University Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen (Germany)
| | - Alina Hermann
- Matricel GmbH Kaiserstraße 100 52134 Herzogenrath (Germany)
| | - Anne Bühren
- Matricel GmbH Kaiserstraße 100 52134 Herzogenrath (Germany)
| | | | - Diana Möckel
- Department for Experimental Molecular Imaging University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering RWTH - Aachen University Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen (Germany)
| | - Felix Gremse
- Department for Experimental Molecular Imaging University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering RWTH - Aachen University Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen (Germany)
| | - Josef Ehling
- Department for Experimental Molecular Imaging University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering RWTH - Aachen University Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen (Germany)
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Department for Experimental Molecular Imaging University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering RWTH - Aachen University Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen (Germany)
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Appel AA, Anastasio MA, Larson JC, Brey EM. Imaging challenges in biomaterials and tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6615-30. [PMID: 23768903 PMCID: PMC3799904 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials are employed in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) in order to enhance the regeneration or replacement of tissue function and/or structure. The unique environments resulting from the presence of biomaterials, cells, and tissues result in distinct challenges in regards to monitoring and assessing the results of these interventions. Imaging technologies for three-dimensional (3D) analysis have been identified as a strategic priority in TERM research. Traditionally, histological and immunohistochemical techniques have been used to evaluate engineered tissues. However, these methods do not allow for an accurate volume assessment, are invasive, and do not provide information on functional status. Imaging techniques are needed that enable non-destructive, longitudinal, quantitative, and three-dimensional analysis of TERM strategies. This review focuses on evaluating the application of available imaging modalities for assessment of biomaterials and tissue in TERM applications. Included is a discussion of limitations of these techniques and identification of areas for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A. Appel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Mark A. Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffery C. Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Eric M. Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
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21
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Waters JP, Kluger MS, Graham M, Chang WG, Bradley JR, Pober JS. In vitro self-assembly of human pericyte-supported endothelial microvessels in three-dimensional coculture: a simple model for interrogating endothelial-pericyte interactions. J Vasc Res 2013; 50:324-31. [PMID: 23860328 DOI: 10.1159/000353303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a method for coculture of macro- or microvascular human endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes (PCs) within a 3-dimensional (3-D) protein matrix resulting in lumenized EC cords invested by PCs. To prevent apoptotic cell death of ECs in 3-D culture, human umbilical vein or dermal microvascular ECs were transduced to express the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. To prevent PC-mediated gel contraction, the collagen-fibronectin gel was polymerized within a polyglycolic acid nonwoven matrix. Over the first 24-48 h, EC-only gels spontaneously formed cords that developed lumens via vacuolization; such vascular networks were maintained for up to 7 days. In EC-PC cocultures, PCs were recruited to the EC networks. PC investment of EC cords both limited the lumen diameter and increased the degree of vascular network arborization. Peg and socket junctions formed between ECs and PCs in this system, but dye transfer, indicative of gap junction formation, was not observed. This simple system can be used to analyze bidirectional signals between ECs and PCs in a 3-D geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Waters
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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22
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Tissue engineered vascular grafts--preclinical aspects. Int J Cardiol 2012; 167:1091-100. [PMID: 23040078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering enables the development of fully biological vascular substitutes that restore, maintain and improve tissue function in a manner identical to natural host tissue. However the development of the appropriate preclinical evaluation techniques for the generation of fully functional tissue-engineered vascular graft (TEVG) is required to establish their safety for use in clinical trials and to test clinical effectiveness. This review gives an insight on the various preclinical studies performed in the area of tissue engineered vascular grafts highlighting the different strategies used with respect to cells and scaffolds, typical animal models used and the major in vivo evaluation studies that have been carried out. The review emphasizes the combined effort of engineers, biologists and clinicians which can take this clinical research to new heights of regenerative therapy.
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Patterson JT, Gilliland T, Maxfield MW, Church S, Naito Y, Shinoka T, Breuer CK. Tissue-engineered vascular grafts for use in the treatment of congenital heart disease: from the bench to the clinic and back again. Regen Med 2012; 7:409-19. [PMID: 22594331 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first tissue-engineered vascular graft (TEVG) was implanted in a child over a decade ago, growth in the field of vascular tissue engineering has been driven by clinical demand for improved vascular prostheses with performance and durability similar to an autologous blood vessel. Great strides were made in pediatric congenital heart surgery using the classical tissue engineering paradigm, and cell seeding of scaffolds in vitro remained the cornerstone of neotissue formation. Our second-generation bone marrow cell-seeded TEVG diverged from tissue engineering dogma with a design that induces the recipient to regenerate vascular tissue in situ. New insights suggest that neovessel development is guided by cell signals derived from both seeded cells and host inflammatory cells that infiltrate the graft. The identification of these signals and the regulatory interactions that influence cell migration, phenotype and extracellular matrix deposition during TEVG remodeling are yielding a next-generation TEVG engineered to guide neotissue regeneration without the use of seeded cells. These developments represent steady progress towards our goal of an off-the-shelf tissue-engineered vascular conduit for pediatric congenital heart surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Patterson
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology & Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street Amistad 314, PO Box 208062, New Haven, CT 06520-8062, USA.
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Rathore A, Cleary M, Naito Y, Rocco K, Breuer C. Development of tissue engineered vascular grafts and application of nanomedicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 4:257-72. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ramaswamy S, Schornack PA, Smelko AG, Boronyak SM, Ivanova J, Mayer JE, Sacks MS. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) labeling efficiency and subsequent MRI tracking of native cell populations pertinent to pulmonary heart valve tissue engineering studies. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:410-417. [PMID: 22351640 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The intimal and medial linings of the pulmonary artery consist largely of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), respectively. The migration of these cell types to a potential tissue-engineered pulmonary valve (TEPV) implant process is therefore of interest in understanding the valve remodeling process. Visualization and cell tracking by MRI, which employs hypointense contrast achievable through the use of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) microparticles to label cells, provides a method in which this can be studied. We investigated the SPIO labeling efficiency of human VECs and VSMCs, and used two- and three-dimensional gradient echo sequences to track the migration of these cells in agar gel constructs. Protamine sulfate (4.5 µg/mL) was used to enhance SPIO uptake and was found to have no influence on cell viability or proliferation. MRI experiments were initially performed using a 9.4-T scanner. The results demonstrated that the spatial positions of hypointense spots were relatively unchanged over 12 days. Subsequent MR experiments performed at 7 T demonstrated that three-dimensional imaging provided the best spatial resolution to assess cell fate. R(2)* maps were bright in SPIO cell-encapsulated gels in comparison with unlabeled counterparts. Signal voids were ruled out as hypointense regions owing to the smooth exponential decay of T(2)* in these voxels. As a next step, we intend to use the SPIO cell labeling and MR protocols established in this study to assess whether hemodynamic stresses will alter the vascular cell migratory patterns. These studies will shed light on the mechanisms of vascular remodeling after TEPV implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharan Ramaswamy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, College of Engineering and Computing, Miami, FL 33174, USA.
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Harrington JK, Chahboune H, Criscione JM, Li AY, Hibino N, Yi T, Villalona GA, Kobsa S, Meijas D, Duncan DR, Devine L, Papademetri X, Shin'oka T, Fahmy TM, Breuer CK. Determining the fate of seeded cells in venous tissue-engineered vascular grafts using serial MRI. FASEB J 2011; 25:4150-61. [PMID: 21846838 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-185140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation of tissue engineering research is the lack of noninvasive monitoring techniques for observations of dynamic changes in single tissue-engineered constructs. We use cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to track the fate of cells seeded onto functional tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) through serial imaging. After in vitro optimization, murine macrophages were labeled with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles and seeded onto scaffolds that were surgically implanted as inferior vena cava interposition grafts in SCID/bg mice. Serial MRI showed the transverse relaxation times (T(2)) were significantly lower immediately following implantation of USPIO-labeled scaffolds (T(2) = 44 ± 6.8 vs. 71 ± 10.2 ms) but increased rapidly at 2 h to values identical to control implants seeded with unlabeled macrophages (T(2) = 63 ± 12 vs. 63 ± 14 ms). This strongly indicates the rapid loss of seeded cells from the scaffolds, a finding verified using Prussian blue staining for iron containing macrophages on explanted TEVGs. Our results support a novel paradigm where seeded cells are rapidly lost from implanted scaffolds instead of developing into cells of the neovessel, as traditionally thought. Our findings confirm and validate this paradigm shift while demonstrating the first successful application of noninvasive MRI for serial study of cellular-level processes in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie K Harrington
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Abstract
Due to their high magnetization, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles induce an important decrease in the transverse relaxation of water protons and are, therefore, very efficient negative MRI contrast agents. The knowledge and control of the chemical and physical characteristics of nanoparticles are of great importance. The choice of the synthesis method (microemulsions, sol-gel synthesis, laser pyrolysis, sonochemical synthesis or coprecipitation) determines the magnetic nanoparticle's size and shape, as well as its size distribution and surface chemistry. Nanoparticles can be used for numerous in vivo applications, such as MRI contrast enhancement and hyperthermia drug delivery. New developments focus on targeting through molecular imaging and cell tracking.
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Villa C, Erratico S, Razini P, Farini A, Meregalli M, Belicchi M, Torrente Y. In VivoTracking of Stem Cell by Nanotechnologies: Future Prospects for Mouse to Human Translation. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:1-11. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Villa
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Erratico
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Razini
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Farini
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mirella Meregalli
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marzia Belicchi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Yvan Torrente
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Kedziorek DA, Kraitchman DL. Superparamagnetic iron oxide labeling of stem cells for MRI tracking and delivery in cardiovascular disease. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 660:171-83. [PMID: 20680819 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-705-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In the mid-1980s, iron oxide nanoparticles were developed as contrast agents for diagnostic imaging. In the last two decades, established methods to label cells with superparamagnetic iron oxides (SPIOs) have been developed to aid in targeted delivery and tracking of stem cell therapies. The surge in cellular therapy clinical trials for cardiovascular applications has seen a similar rise in the number of preclinical animal studies of SPIO-labeled stem cells in an effort to understand the mechanisms of cardiovascular regenerative therapy and stem cell biodistribution. The adoption of a limited number of methods of direct labeling of stem cells with SPIOs is due in large part to the desire to rapidly translate these techniques to clinical trials. In this review, we will outline the most commonly adopted methods for iron oxide labeling of stem cells for cardiovascular applications and describe strategies for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of magnetically labeled cells in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota A Kedziorek
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Hjortnaes J, Gottlieb D, Figueiredo JL, Melero-Martin J, Kohler RH, Bischoff J, Weissleder R, Mayer JE, Aikawa E. Intravital molecular imaging of small-diameter tissue-engineered vascular grafts in mice: a feasibility study. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:597-607. [PMID: 19751103 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Creating functional small-diameter tissue-engineered blood vessels has not been successful to date. Moreover, the processes underlying the in vivo remodeling of these grafts and the fate of cells seeded onto scaffolds remain unclear. Here we addressed these unmet scientific needs by using intravital molecular imaging to monitor the development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVG) implanted in mouse carotid artery. METHODS AND RESULTS Green fluorescent protein-labeled human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and cord blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells were seeded on polyglycolic acid-poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds to construct small-caliber TEVG that were subsequently implanted in the carotid artery position of nude mice (n = 9). Mice were injected with near-infrared agents and imaged using intravital fluorescence microscope at 0, 7, and 35 days to validate in vivo the TEVG remodeling capability (Prosense680; VisEn, Woburn, MA) and patency (Angiosense750; VisEn). Imaging coregistered strong proteolytic activity and blood flow through anastomoses at both 7 and 35 days postimplantation. In addition, image analyses showed green fluorescent protein signal produced from mesenchymal stem cell up to 35 days postimplantation. Comprehensive correlative histopathological analyses corroborated intravital imaging findings. CONCLUSIONS Multispectral imaging offers simultaneous characterization of in vivo remodeling enzyme activity, functionality, and cell fate of viable small-caliber TEVG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Hjortnaes
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Mirensky TL, Hibino N, Sawh-Martinez RF, Yi T, Villalona G, Shinoka T, Breuer CK. Tissue-engineered vascular grafts: does cell seeding matter? J Pediatr Surg 2010; 45:1299-305. [PMID: 20620335 PMCID: PMC2971535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Use of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) in the repair of congenital heart defects provides growth and remodeling potential. Little is known about the mechanisms involved in neovessel formation. We sought to define the role of seeded monocytes derived from bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) on neovessel formation. METHODS Small diameter biodegradable tubular scaffolds were constructed. Scaffolds were seeded with the entire population of BM-MNC (n = 15), BM-MNC excluding monocytes (n = 15), or only monocytes (n = 15) and implanted as infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC) interposition grafts into severe combined immunodeficiency/bg mice. Grafts were evaluated at 1 week, 10 weeks, or 6 months via ultrasonography and microcomputed tomography, as well as by histologic and immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS All grafts remained patent without stenosis or aneurysm formation. Neovessels contained a luminal endothelial lining surrounded by concentric smooth muscle cell layer and collagen similar to that seen in the native mouse IVC. Graft diameters differed significantly between those scaffolds seeded with only monocytes (1.022 +/- 0.155 mm) and those seeded without monocytes (0.771 +/- 0.121 mm; P = .021) at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Monocytes may play a role in maintaining graft patency. Incorporation of such findings into the development of second-generation TEVGs will promote graft patency and success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar L. Mirensky
- Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06510, USA,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA,Corresponding author. 71 Harbour Close, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. Tel.: +1 203 927 4247; fax: +1 203 785 3820, (T.L. Mirensky)
| | | | | | - Tai Yi
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Toshiharu Shinoka
- Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06510, USA,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Christopher K. Breuer
- Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06510, USA,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Huang HC, Chang PY, Chang K, Chen CY, Lin CW, Chen JH, Mou CY, Chang ZF, Chang FH. Formulation of novel lipid-coated magnetic nanoparticles as the probe for in vivo imaging. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:86. [PMID: 19772552 PMCID: PMC2758848 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Application of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) as the contrast agent has improved the quality of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Low efficiency of loading the commercially available iron oxide nanoparticles into cells and the cytotoxicity of previously formulated complexes limit their usage as the image probe. Here, we formulated new cationic lipid nanoparticles containing SPIOs feasible for in vivo imaging. Methods Hydrophobic SPIOs were incorporated into cationic lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-3-(trimethylammonium) propane (DOTAP) and polyethylene-glycol-2000-1,2-distearyl-3-sn-phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DSPE) based micelles by self-assembly procedure to form lipid-coated SPIOs (L-SPIOs). Trace amount of Rhodamine-dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (Rhodamine-DOPE) was added as a fluorescent indicator. Particle size and zeta potential of L-SPIOs were determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), respectively. HeLa, PC-3 and Neuro-2a cells were tested for loading efficiency and cytotoxicity of L-SPIOs using fluorescent microscopy, Prussian blue staining and flow cytometry. L-SPIO-loaded CT-26 cells were tested for in vivo MR imaging. Results The novel formulation generates L-SPIOs particle with the average size of 46 nm. We showed efficient cellular uptake of these L-SPIOs with cationic surface charge into HeLa, PC-3 and Neuro-2a cells. The L-SPIO-loaded cells exhibited similar growth potential as compared to unloaded cells, and could be sorted by a magnet stand over ten-day duration. Furthermore, when SPIO-loaded CT-26 tumor cells were injected into Balb/c mice, the growth status of these tumor cells could be monitored using optical and MR images. Conclusion We have developed a novel cationic lipid-based nanoparticle of SPIOs with high loading efficiency, low cytotoxicity and long-term imaging signals. The results suggested these newly formulated non-toxic lipid-coated magnetic nanoparticles as a versatile image probe for cell tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Chung Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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