1
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Peled A, Sprecher E. Proteolytic and Antiproteolytic Activity in the Skin: Gluing the Pieces Together. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:466-473. [PMID: 37865898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal differentiation is ultimately aimed at the formation of a functional barrier capable of protecting the organism from the environment while preventing loss of biologically vital elements. Epidermal differentiation entails a delicately regulated process of cell-cell junction formation and dissolution to enable upward cell migration and desquamation. Over the past two decades, the deciphering of the genetic basis of a number of inherited conditions has delineated the pivotal role played in this process by a series of proteases and protease inhibitors, including serpins, cathepsins, and cystatins, suggesting novel avenues for therapeutic intervention in both rare and common disorders of cornification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Peled
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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2
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Zhang Z, Zhan F. Type 2 Cystatins and Their Roles in the Regulation of Human Immune Response and Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5363. [PMID: 38001623 PMCID: PMC10670837 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystatins are a family of intracellular and extracellular protease inhibitors that inhibit cysteine cathepsins-a group of lysosomal cysteine proteases that participate in multiple biological processes, including protein degradation and post-translational cleavage. Cysteine cathepsins are associated with the development of autoimmune diseases, tumor progression, and metastasis. Cystatins are categorized into three subfamilies: type 1, type 2, and type 3. The type 2 cystatin subfamily is the largest, containing 10 members, and consists entirely of small secreted proteins. Although type 2 cystatins have many shared biological roles, each member differs in structure, post-translational modifications (e.g., glycosylation), and expression in different cell types. These distinctions allow the type 2 cystatins to have unique biological functions and properties. This review provides an overview of type 2 cystatins, including their biological similarities and differences, their regulatory effect on human immune responses, and their roles in tumor progression, immune evasion, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Myeloma Center, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
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3
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Gai D, Chen JR, Stewart JP, Nookaew I, Habelhah H, Ashby C, Sun F, Cheng Y, Li C, Xu H, Peng B, Garg TK, Schinke C, Thanendrarajan S, Zangari M, Chen F, Barlogie B, van Rhee F, Tricot G, Shaughnessy JD, Zhan F. CST6 suppresses osteolytic bone disease in multiple myeloma by blocking osteoclast differentiation. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:159527. [PMID: 35881476 PMCID: PMC9479617 DOI: 10.1172/jci159527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteolytic bone disease is a hallmark of multiple myeloma (MM). A significant fraction (~20%) of MM patients do not develop osteolytic lesions (OL). The molecular basis for the absence of bone disease in MM is not understood. We combined PET-CT and gene expression profiling (GEP) of purified bone marrow (BM) CD138+ MM cells from 512 newly diagnosed MM patients to reveal that elevated expression of cystatin M/E (CST6) was significantly associated with the absence of OL in MM. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed a strong correlation between CST6 levels in BM serum/plasma and CST6 mRNA expression. Both recombinant CST6 protein and BM serum from patients with high CST6 significantly inhibited the activity of the osteoclast-specific protease cathepsin K, and blocked osteoclast differentiation and function. Recombinant CST6 inhibited bone destruction in ex vivo and in vivo myeloma models. Single cell RNA-sequencing identified that CST6 attenuates polarization of monocytes to osteoclast precursors. Furthermore, CST6 protein blocks osteoclast differentiation by suppressing cathepsin-mediated cleavage of NF-κB/p100 and TRAF3 following RANKL stimulation. Secretion by MM cells of CST6, an inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation and function, suppresses osteolytic bone disease in MM and probably other diseases associated with osteoclast-mediated bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzheng Gai
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Jin-Ran Chen
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - James P Stewart
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Hasem Habelhah
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Cody Ashby
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Fumou Sun
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Yan Cheng
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Can Li
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Bailu Peng
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Tarun K Garg
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Carolina Schinke
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Sharmilan Thanendrarajan
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Maurizio Zangari
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Fangping Chen
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bart Barlogie
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Frits van Rhee
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Guido Tricot
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - John D Shaughnessy
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
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4
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Sotiropoulou G, Zingkou E, Pampalakis G. Reconstructing the epidermal proteolytic cascades in health and disease. J Pathol 2022; 257:545-560. [PMID: 35218558 DOI: 10.1002/path.5888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is the outer stratified epithelium of the skin, forming the physical barrier that is indispensable for homeostasis. Epidermal proteolysis, mainly but not exclusively executed by kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), is tightly regulated to ensure maintenance of physiological skin renewal and an intact skin barrier. Perturbation of epidermal proteolytic networks is implicated in a wide array of rare and common skin pathologies of diverse genetic backgrounds. Recent studies of monogenic human skin diseases and newly developed animal models have revealed new mechanisms of regulation of proteolytic pathways in epidermal physiology and in disease states. These new data have challenged some accepted views, for example the role of matriptase in epidermal desquamation, which turned out to be restricted to mouse skin. The significance of PAR2 signaling in skin inflammation should also be reconsidered in the face of recent findings. Cumulatively, recent studies necessitate a sophisticated redefinition of the proteolytic and signaling pathways that operate in human skin. We elaborate how epidermal proteolysis is finely regulated at multiple levels, and in a spatial manner that was not taken into consideration so far, in which specific proteases are confined to distinct epidermal sublayers. Of interest, transglutaminases have emerged as regulators of epidermal proteolysis and desquamation by spatially fixing endogenous protease inhibitors, constituting regulatory factors that were not recognized before. Furthermore, new evidence suggests a link between proteolysis and lipid metabolism. By synthesis of established notions and recent discoveries, we provide an up-to-date critical parathesis of current knowledge and the extended complexity of proteolysis regulation and signaling pathways in skin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacology-Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 541 24, Greece
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5
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Xu D, Ding S, Cao M, Yu X, Wang H, Qiu D, Xu Z, Bi X, Mu Z, Li K. A Pan-Cancer Analysis of Cystatin E/M Reveals Its Dual Functional Effects and Positive Regulation of Epithelial Cell in Human Tumors. Front Genet 2021; 12:733211. [PMID: 34603393 PMCID: PMC8484784 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.733211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystatin E/M (CST6), a representative cysteine protease inhibitor, plays both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing functions and is pursued as an epigenetically therapeutic target in special cancer types. However, a comprehensive and systematic analysis for CST6 in pan-cancer level is still lacking. In the present study, we explored the expression pattern of CST6 in multiple cancer types across ∼10,000 samples from TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) and ∼8,000 samples from MMDs (Merged Microarray-acquired Datasets). We found that the dynamic expression alteration of CST6 was consistent with dual function in different types of cancer. In addition, we observed that the expression of CST6 was globally regulated by the DNA methylation in its promoter region. CST6 expression was positively correlated with the epithelial cell infiltration involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and proliferation. The relationship between CST6 and tumor microenvironment was also explored. In particular, we found that CST6 serves a protective function in the process of melanoma metastasis. Finally, the clinical association analysis further revealed the dual function of CST6 in cancer, and a combination of the epithelial cell infiltration and CST6 expression could predict the prognosis for SKCM patients. In summary, this first CST6 pan-cancer study improves the understanding of the dual functional effects on CST6 in different types of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shun Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Meng Cao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaorong Yu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Dongqin Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhengyang Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaoman Bi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhonglin Mu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Kongning Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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6
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Eckl KM, Gruber R, Brennan L, Marriott A, Plank R, Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Blunder S, Schossig A, Altmüller J, Thiele H, Nürnberg P, Zschocke J, Hennies HC, Schmuth M. Cystatin M/E Variant Causes Autosomal Dominant Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans by Dysregulating Cathepsins L and V. Front Genet 2021; 12:689940. [PMID: 34322157 PMCID: PMC8312243 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.689940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans (KFSD) is a rare cornification disorder with an X-linked recessive inheritance in most cases. Pathogenic variants causing X-linked KFSD have been described in MBTPS2, the gene for a membrane-bound zinc metalloprotease that is involved in the cleavage of sterol regulatory element binding proteins important for the control of transcription. Few families have been identified with an autosomal dominant inheritance of KFSD. We present two members of an Austrian family with a phenotype of KFSD, a mother and her son. The disease was not observed in her parents, pointing to a dominant inheritance with a de novo mutation in the index patient. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a heterozygous missense variant in CST6 in DNA samples from the index patient and her affected son. In line with family history, the variant was not present in samples from her parents. CST6 codes for cystatin M/E, a cysteine protease inhibitor. Patient keratinocytes showed increased expression of cathepsin genes CTSL and CTSV and reduced expression of transglutaminase genes TGM1 and TGM3. A relative gain of active, cleaved transglutaminases was found in patient keratinocytes compared to control cells. The variant found in CST6 is expected to affect protein targeting and results in marked disruption of the balance between cystatin M/E activity and its target proteases and eventually transglutaminases 1 and 3. This disturbance leads to an impairment of terminal epidermal differentiation and proper hair shaft formation seen in KFSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Eckl
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Louise Brennan
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Marriott
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Roswitha Plank
- Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom.,Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Blunder
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Schossig
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Cologne University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Cologne University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Cologne University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hans Christian Hennies
- Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom.,Cologne Center for Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Cologne University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Müller P, Maus H, Hammerschmidt SJ, Knaff P, Mailänder V, Schirmeister T, Kersten C. Interfering with Host Proteases in SARS-CoV-2 Entry as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:635-665. [PMID: 34042026 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210526111318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to its fast international spread and substantial mortality, the coronavirus disease COVID-19 evolved to a global threat. Since currently, there is no causative drug against this viral infection available, science is striving for new drugs and approaches to treat the new disease. Studies have shown that the cell entry of coronaviruses into host cells takes place through the binding of the viral spike (S) protein to cell receptors. Priming of the S protein occurs via hydrolysis by different host proteases. The inhibition of these proteases could impair the processing of the S protein, thereby affecting the interaction with the host-cell receptors and preventing virus cell entry. Hence, inhibition of these proteases could be a promising strategy for treatment against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we discuss the current state of the art of developing inhibitors against the entry proteases furin, the transmembrane serine protease type-II (TMPRSS2), trypsin, and cathepsin L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Müller
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hannah Maus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Josef Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip Knaff
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Kersten
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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8
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Samaha E, Vierlinger K, Weinhappel W, Godnic-Cvar J, Nöhammer C, Koczan D, Thiesen HJ, Yanai H, Fraifeld VE, Ziesche R. Expression Profiling Suggests Loss of Surface Integrity and Failure of Regenerative Repair as Major Driving Forces for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Progression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:441-452. [PMID: 33524306 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0270oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) poses a major risk for public health, yet remarkably little is known about its detailed pathophysiology. Definition of COPD as nonreversible pulmonary obstruction revealing more about spatial orientation than about mechanisms of pathology may be a major reason for this. We conducted a controlled observational study allowing for simultaneous assessment of clinical and biological development in COPD. Sixteen healthy control subjects and 104 subjects with chronic bronchitis, with or without pulmonary obstruction at baseline, were investigated. Using both the extent of and change in bronchial obstruction as main scoring criteria for the analysis of gene expression in lung tissue, we identified 410 genes significantly associated with progression of COPD. One hundred ten of these genes demonstrated a distinctive expression pattern, with their functional annotations indicating participation in the regulation of cellular coherence, membrane integrity, growth, and differentiation, as well as inflammation and fibroproliferative repair. The regulatory pattern indicates a sequentially unfolding pathology that centers on a two-step failure of surface integrity commencing with a loss of epithelial coherence as early as chronic bronchitis. Decline of regenerative repair starting in Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage I then activates degradation of extracellular-matrix hyaluronan, causing structural failure of the bronchial wall that is only resolved by scar formation. Although they require independent confirmation, our findings provide the first tangible pathophysiological concept of COPD to be further explored.Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00618137).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam Samaha
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klemens Vierlinger
- Department of Health and Environment, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Weinhappel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasminka Godnic-Cvar
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christa Nöhammer
- Department of Health and Environment, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Department of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; and
| | | | - Hagai Yanai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer-Sheva Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Vadim E Fraifeld
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer-Sheva Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rolf Ziesche
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Cystatin M/E (Cystatin 6): A Janus-Faced Cysteine Protease Inhibitor with Both Tumor-Suppressing and Tumor-Promoting Functions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081877. [PMID: 33919854 PMCID: PMC8070812 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alongside its contribution in maintaining skin homeostasis and its probable involvement in fetal and placental development, cystatin M/E (also known as cystatin 6) was first described as a tumor suppressor of breast cancer. This review aims to provide an update on cystatin M/E with particular attention paid to its role during tumorigenesis. Cystatin M/E, which is related to type 2 cystatins, displays the unique property of being a dual tight-binding inhibitor of both legumain (also known as asparagine endopeptidase) and cysteine cathepsins L, V and B, while its expression level is epigenetically regulated via the methylation of the CST6 promoter region. The tumor-suppressing role of cystatin M/E was further reported in melanoma, cervical, brain, prostate, gastric and renal cancers, and cystatin M/E was proposed as a biomarker of prognostic significance. Contrariwise, cystatin M/E could have an antagonistic function, acting as a tumor promoter (e.g., oral, pancreatic cancer, thyroid and hepatocellular carcinoma). Taking into account these apparently divergent functions, there is an urgent need to decipher the molecular and cellular regulatory mechanisms of the expression and activity of cystatin M/E associated with the safeguarding homeostasis of the proteolytic balance as well as its imbalance in cancer.
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10
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Bai J, Gong Z, Xu Q, Chen H, Chen Q, Fang R, Zheng Y, Lai W. A Selectable Biomarker in Hair Follicle Cycles - Cathepsins: A Preliminary Study in Murine. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 34:1-7. [PMID: 33588419 DOI: 10.1159/000509943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Hair cycle is regulated by many biological factors. Cathepsins are involved in various physiological processes in human skin. Here, we investigated the cathepsin expression and distribution changes in follicular growth cycles for better understanding the hair cycles and to explore new intervention measures. METHODS The 24 mice (C57BL/6, female, 7-week old) were selected and removed the back hair via rosin/paraffin method. At Day 8, Day 20, and Day 25, biopsy on post-plucking area was done. Immunohistochemical staining, Western blot, and Q-PCR were used to test the cathepsin B/D/L/E. RESULTS In anagen, cathepsins (B, D, L, and E) were distributed in the hair follicle matrix, inner hair root sheath, and hair. In catagen, cathepsins were mainly observed in un-apoptosis inner root sheath and outer root sheath. Expression of cathepsins B-mRNA and L-mRNA was decreased from anagen and catagen to telogen. Cathepsin D-mRNA was increased in catagen and then decreased in telogen. Cathepsin E-mRNA was decreased in catagen and slightly increased in telogen. CONCLUSIONS The distribution and expression of cathepsins B, D, L, and E in hair follicle changed with hair growth process which indicated that cathepsins might act as selectable biomarkers of hair cycle in different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhu Bai
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Dermato-Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijian Gong
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingfang Xu
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiaoping Chen
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruihua Fang
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Lai
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,
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11
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Rochman M, Azouz NP, Rothenberg ME. Epithelial origin of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 142:10-23. [PMID: 29980278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, allergen-driven inflammatory disease of the esophagus characterized predominantly by eosinophilic inflammation, leading to esophageal dysfunction. Converging data have placed the esophageal epithelium at the center of disease pathogenesis. In particular, the main EoE disease susceptibility loci at 2p23 and 5p22 encode for gene products that are produced by the esophageal epithelium: the intracellular protease calpain 14 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, respectively. Furthermore, genetic and functional data establish a primary role for impaired epithelial barrier function in disease susceptibility and pathoetiology. Additionally, the EoE transcriptome, a set of genes dysregulated in the esophagi of patients with EoE, is enriched in genes that encode for proteins involved in esophageal epithelial cell differentiation. This transcriptome has a high proportion of esophagus-specific epithelial genes that are notable for the unexpected enrichment in genes encoding for proteases and protease inhibitors, as well as in IL-1 family genes, demonstrating a previously unappreciated role for innate immunity responses in the esophagus under homeostatic conditions. Among these pathways, basal production of the serine protease inhibitor, Kazal-type 7 (SPINK7) has been demonstrated to be part of the normal differentiation program of esophageal epithelium. Profound lost expression of SPINK7 occurs in patients with EoE and is sufficient for unleashing increased proteolytic activity (including urokinase plasminogen activator), impaired barrier function, and production of large quantities of proinflammatory and proallergic cytokines, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Collectively, we put forth a model in which the esophagus is normally equipped as an anti-inflammatory sensing organ and that defects in this pathway, mediated by epithelial protease/protease inhibitor imbalances, unleash inflammatory responses resulting in disorders, such as EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rochman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nurit P Azouz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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12
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Tanabe Y, Yamane M, Kato M, Teshima H, Kuribayashi M, Tatsukawa H, Takama H, Akiyama M, Hitomi K. Studies on differentiation‐dependent expression and activity of distinct transglutaminases by specific substrate peptides using three‐dimensional reconstituted epidermis. FEBS J 2019; 286:2536-2548. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Japan
| | - Miki Yamane
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Japan
| | - Manami Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Japan
| | - Hirofumi Teshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Japan
| | - Miki Kuribayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Japan
| | - Hideki Tatsukawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takama
- Department of Dermatology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
- Department of Dermatology Aichi Medical University Nagakute Japan
| | - Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology Aichi Medical University Nagakute Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hitomi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Japan
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13
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van den Bogaard EHJ, van Geel M, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Jansen PAM, Peppelman M, van Erp PEJ, Atalay S, Venselaar H, Simon MEH, Joosten M, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM. Deficiency of the human cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin M/E causes hypotrichosis and dry skin. Genet Med 2018; 21:1559-1567. [PMID: 30425301 PMCID: PMC6752276 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to assess the biological and clinical significance of the human cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin M/E, encoded by the CTS6 gene, in diseases of human hair and skin. Methods Exome and Sanger sequencing was performed to reveal the genetic cause in two related patients with hypotrichosis. Immunohistochemical, biophysical, and biochemical measurements were performed on patient skin and 3D-reconstructed skin from patient-derived keratinocytes. Results We identified a homozygous variant c.361C>T (p.Gln121*), resulting in a premature stop codon in exon 2 of CST6 associated with hypotrichosis, eczema, blepharitis, photophobia and impaired sweating. Enzyme assays using recombinant mutant cystatin M/E protein, generated by site-directed mutagenesis, revealed that this p.Gln121* variant was unable to inhibit any of its three target proteases (legumain and cathepsins L and V). Three-dimensional protein structure prediction confirmed the disturbance of the protease/inhibitor binding sites of legumain and cathepsins L and V in the p.Gln121* variant. Conclusion The herein characterized autosomal recessive hypotrichosis syndrome indicates an important role of human cystatin M/E in epidermal homeostasis and hair follicle morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen H J van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel van Geel
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick A M Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Malou Peppelman
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet E J van Erp
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Selma Atalay
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, RIMLS, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen E H Simon
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Joosten
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Abstract
Plant vacuoles are multifunctional organelles. On the one hand, most vegetative tissues develop lytic vacuoles that have a role in degradation. On the other hand, seed cells have two types of storage vacuoles: protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) in endosperm and embryonic cells and metabolite storage vacuoles in seed coats. Vacuolar proteins and metabolites are synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum and then transported to the vacuoles via Golgi-dependent and Golgi-independent pathways. Proprotein precursors delivered to the vacuoles are converted into their respective mature forms by vacuolar processing enzyme, which also regulates various kinds of programmed cell death in plants. We summarize two types of vacuolar membrane dynamics that occur during defense responses: vacuolar membrane collapse to attack viral pathogens and fusion of vacuolar and plasma membranes to attack bacterial pathogens. We also describe the chemical defense against herbivores brought about by the presence of PSVs in the idioblast myrosin cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
| | - Junpei Takagi
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Takuji Ichino
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
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15
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Cai D, Li Y, Zhou C, Jiang Y, Jiao J, Wu L. Comparative proteomics analysis of primary cutaneous amyloidosis. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3004-3012. [PMID: 28912854 PMCID: PMC5585729 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cutaneous amyloidosis (PCA) is a localized skin disorder that is characterized by the abnormal deposition of amyloid in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the dermis. The pathogenesis of PCA is poorly understood. The objective of the present study was to survey proteome changes in PCA lesions in order to gain insight into the molecular basis and pathogenesis of PCA. Total protein from PCA lesions and normal skin tissue samples were extracted and analyzed using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation technique. The function of differentially expressed proteins in PCA were analyzed by gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and protein-protein interaction analysis. The proteins that were most upregulated in PCA lesions were further analyzed by immunohistochemistry. A total of 1,032 proteins were identified in PCA lesions and control skin samples, with 51 proteins differentially expressed in PCA lesions, of which 27 were upregulated. In PCA lesions, the upregulated proteins were primarily extracellulary located. In addition, GO analysis indicated that the upregulated proteins were significantly enriched in the biological processes of epidermal development, collagen fiber organization and response to wounding (adjusted P<0.001). KEGG analysis indicated that the upregulated proteins were significantly enriched in the signaling pathways of cell communication, ECM receptor interaction and focal adhesion (adjusted P<0.001). Furthermore, the upregulated proteins were enriched in the molecular function of calcium ion binding, and the calcium binding proteins calmodulin-like protein 5, S100 calcium-binding protein A7 (S100A7)/fatty-acid binding protein and S100A8/A9 exhibited the highest levels of upregulation in PCA. This analysis of differentially expressed proteins in PCA suggests that increased focal adhesion, differentiation and wound healing is associated with the pathogenesis of PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxing Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Protein Innovation Co. Ltd., Beijing 101318, P.R. China
| | - Chunlei Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Jiang
- Beijing Protein Innovation Co. Ltd., Beijing 101318, P.R. China
| | - Jian Jiao
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
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16
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Oortveld MAW, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Kersten FFJ, Cheng T, Verdoes M, van Erp PEJ, Verbeek S, Reinheckel T, Hendriks WJAJ, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM. Cathepsin B as a potential cystatin M/E target in the mouse hair follicle. FASEB J 2017; 31:4286-4294. [PMID: 28596234 PMCID: PMC5602906 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700267r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of the cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin M/E (Cst6) in mice leads to disturbed epidermal cornification, impaired barrier function, and neonatal lethality. We report the rescue of the lethal skin phenotype of ichq (Cst6-deficient; Cst6−/−) mice by transgenic, epidermis-specific, reexpression of Cst6 under control of the human involucrin (INV) promoter. Rescued Tg(INV-Cst6)Cst6ichq/ichq mice survive the neonatal phase, but display severe eye pathology and alopecia after 4 mo. We observed keratitis and squamous metaplasia of the corneal epithelium, comparable to Cst6−/−Ctsl+/− mice, as we have reported in other studies. We found the INV promoter to be active in the hair follicle infundibulum; however, we did not observe Cst6 protein expression in the lower regions of the hair follicle in Tg(INV-Cst6)Cst6ichq/ichq mice. This result suggests that unrestricted activity of proteases is involved in disturbance of hair follicle biology, eventually leading to baldness. Using quenched activity-based probes, we identified mouse cathepsin B (CtsB), which is expressed in the lower regions of the hair follicle, as an additional target of mouse Cst6. These data suggest that Cst6 is necessary to control CtsB activity in hair follicle morphogenesis and highlight Cst6-controlled proteolytic pathways as targets for preventing hair loss.—Oortveld, M. A. W., van Vlijmen-Willems, I. M. J. J., Kersten, F. F. J., Cheng, T., Verdoes, M., van Erp, P. E. J., Verbeek, S., Reinheckel, T., Hendriks, W. J. A. J., Schalkwijk, J., Zeeuwen, P. L. J. M. Cathepsin B as a potential cystatin M/E target in the mouse hair follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel A W Oortveld
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry F J Kersten
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tsing Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet E J van Erp
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
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17
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Kavčič N, Pegan K, Turk B. Lysosomes in programmed cell death pathways: from initiators to amplifiers. Biol Chem 2017; 398:289-301. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Lysosome is the central organelle for intracellular degradation of biological macromolecules and organelles. The material destined for degradation enters the lysosomes primarily via endocytosis, autophagy and phagocytosis, and is degraded through the concerted action of more than 50 lysosomal hydrolases. However, lysosomes are also linked with numerous other processes, including cell death, inflammasome activation and immune response, as well as with lysosomal secretion and cholesterol recycling. Among them programmed cell death pathways including apoptosis have received major attention. In most of these pathways, cell death was accompanied by lysosomal membrane permeabilization and release of lysosomal constituents with an involvement of lysosomal hydrolases, including the cathepsins. However, it is less clear, whether lysosomal membrane permeabilization is really critical for the initiation of cell death programme(s). Therefore, the role of lysosomal membrane permeabilization in various programmed cell death pathways is reviewed, as well as the mechanisms leading to it.
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18
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Li J, van Vliet C, Rufaut NW, Jones L, Sinclair R, Carbone F. Laser Capture Microdissection Reveals Transcriptional Abnormalities in Alopecia Areata before, during, and after Active Hair Loss. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:715-718. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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de Veer SJ, Furio L, Harris JM, Hovnanian A. Proteases: common culprits in human skin disorders. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:166-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Lacritin and the tear proteome as natural replacement therapy for dry eye. Exp Eye Res 2013; 117:39-52. [PMID: 23769845 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tear proteins are potential biomarkers, drug targets, and even biotherapeutics. As a biotherapeutic, a recombinant tear protein might physiologically rescue the ocular surface when a deficiency is detected. Such a strategy pays more attention to the natural prosecretory and protective properties of the tear film and seeks to alleviate symptoms by addressing cause, rather than the current palliative, non-specific and temporary approaches. Only a handful of tear proteins appear to be selectively downregulated in dry eye, the most common eye disease. Lacritin and lipocalin-1 are two tear proteins selectively deficient in dry eye. Both proteins influence ocular surface health. Lacritin is a prosecretory mitogen that promotes basal tearing when applied topically. Levels of active monomeric lacritin are negatively regulated by tear tissue transglutaminase, whose expression is elevated in dry eye with ocular surface inflammation. Lipocalin-1 is the master lipid sponge of the ocular surface, without which residual lipids could interfere with epithelial wetting. It also is a carrier for vitamins and steroid hormones, and is a key endonuclease. Accumulation of DNA in tears is thought to be proinflammatory. Functions of these and other tear proteins may be influenced by protein-protein interactions. Here we discuss new advances in lacritin biology and provide an overview on lipocalin-1, and newly identified members of the tear proteome.
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21
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Shim J, Seo H, Choi Y, Yoo I, Lee CK, Hyun SH, Lee E, Ka H. Analysis of legumain and cystatin 6 expression at the maternal-fetal interface in pigs. Mol Reprod Dev 2013; 80:570-80. [PMID: 23686917 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins (CTSs), a family of lysosomal cysteine proteases, and their inhibitors, cystatins (CSTs), play a critical role in endometrial and placental tissue remodeling during the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in many species including rodents, sheep, cow, and pigs. In this study, we determined expression of legumain (LGMN), a cathepsinmember, and its inhibitor, CST6, at the maternal-fetal interface in pigs. Expression of both LGMN and CST6 mRNAs increased during mid- to late pregnancy in the uterine endometrium. LGMN and CST6 mRNAs localized to luminal epithelial cells (LE) and glandular epithelial cells (GE) and to the chorionic membrane (CM), with a strong intensity in GE and the CM for LGMN and in the CM for CST6 during pregnancy. LGMN protein was detected at molecular weights (MW) of approximately 50,000 and 37,000, and the abundance of the37,000-MW LGMN protein increased during mid- to latepregnancy. CST6 protein was also highly expressed in the uterine endometrium in mid- to latepregnancy. LGMN protein localized to LE, GE, and the CM during pregnancy. LGMN and CST6 were aberrantly expressed in the uterine endometrium from gilts with somatic cell nuclear transfer-derived conceptuses at term compared to those of gilts carrying conceptuses derived from natural mating. These results demonstrated that LGMN and CST6 were expressed in the uterine endometrium in a cell-type and stage-specific manner, suggesting that the LGMN and CST6 system at the maternal-fetal interface may play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangsoo Shim
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, IPAID and Institute of Biomaterials, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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22
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Novinec M, Lenarčič B. Papain-like peptidases: structure, function, and evolution. Biomol Concepts 2013; 4:287-308. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2012-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPapain-like cysteine peptidases are a diverse family of peptidases found in most known organisms. In eukaryotes, they are divided into multiple evolutionary groups, which can be clearly distinguished on the basis of the structural characteristics of the proenzymes. Most of them are endopeptidases; some, however, evolved into exopeptidases by obtaining additional structural elements that restrict the binding of substrate into the active site. In humans, papain-like peptidases, also called cysteine cathepsins, act both as non-specific hydrolases and as specific processing enzymes. They are involved in numerous physiological processes, such as antigen presentation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and hormone processing. Their activity is tightly regulated and dysregulation of one or more cysteine cathepsins can result in severe pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Other organisms can utilize papain-like peptidases for different purposes and they are often part of host-pathogen interactions. Numerous parasites, such as Plasmodium and flukes, utilize papain-like peptidases for host invasion, whereas plants, in contrast, use these enzymes for host defense. This review presents a state-of-the-art description of the structure and phylogeny of papain-like peptidases as well as an overview of their physiological and pathological functions in humans and in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Novinec
- 1Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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23
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Brocklehurst K, Philpott MP. Cysteine proteases: mode of action and role in epidermal differentiation. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 351:237-44. [PMID: 23344364 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Desquamation or cell shedding in mammalian skin is known to involve serine proteases, aspartic proteases and glycosidases. In addition, evidence continues to accumulate that papain-like cysteine proteases and an inhibitor cystatin M/E largely confined to the cutaneous epithelia also play key roles in the process. This involves the complete proteolysis of cell adhesive structures of the stratum corneum, the corneodesmosomes and notably of the desmogleins. Continual cell replacement in the epidermis is the result of the balance between the loss of the outer squames and mitosis of the cells in the basal cell layer. This article provides a brief account of the salient features of the characteristics and catalytic mechanism of cysteine proteases, followed by a discussion of the relevant epidermal biology. The proteases include the asparaginyl endopeptidase legumain, which exerts a strict specificity for the hydrolysis of asparaginyl bonds, cathepsin-V and cathepsin-L. The control of these enzymes by cystatin M/E regulates the processing of transglutaminases and is crucial in the biochemical pathway responsible for regulating the cross-linking and desquamation of the stratum corneum. In addition, caspase-14 has now been shown to play a major part in epidermal maturation. Uncontrolled proteolytic activity leads to abnormal hair follicle formation and deleterious effects on the skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Brocklehurst
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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24
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Haugen MH, Johansen HT, Pettersen SJ, Solberg R, Brix K, Flatmark K, Maelandsmo GM. Nuclear legumain activity in colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52980. [PMID: 23326369 PMCID: PMC3542341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease legumain is involved in several biological and pathological processes, and the protease has been found over-expressed and associated with an invasive and metastatic phenotype in a number of solid tumors. Consequently, legumain has been proposed as a prognostic marker for certain cancers, and a potential therapeutic target. Nevertheless, details on how legumain advances malignant progression along with regulation of its proteolytic activity are unclear. In the present work, legumain expression was examined in colorectal cancer cell lines. Substantial differences in amounts of pro- and active legumain forms, along with distinct intracellular distribution patterns, were observed in HCT116 and SW620 cells and corresponding subcutaneous xenografts. Legumain is thought to be located and processed towards its active form primarily in the endo-lysosomes; however, the subcellular distribution remains largely unexplored. By analyzing subcellular fractions, a proteolytically active form of legumain was found in the nucleus of both cell lines, in addition to the canonical endo-lysosomal residency. In situ analyses of legumain expression and activity confirmed the endo-lysosomal and nuclear localizations in cultured cells and, importantly, also in sections from xenografts and biopsies from colorectal cancer patients. In the HCT116 and SW620 cell lines nuclear legumain was found to make up approximately 13% and 17% of the total legumain, respectively. In similarity with previous studies on nuclear variants of related cysteine proteases, legumain was shown to process histone H3.1. The discovery of nuclear localized legumain launches an entirely novel arena of legumain biology and functions in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads H Haugen
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital - The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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25
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Robinson PM, Smith TS, Patel D, Dave M, Lewin AS, Pi L, Scott EW, Tuli SS, Schultz GS. Proteolytic processing of connective tissue growth factor in normal ocular tissues and during corneal wound healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:8093-103. [PMID: 23139278 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a fibrogenic cytokine that is up-regulated by TGF-β and mediates most key fibrotic actions of TGF-β, including stimulation of synthesis of extracellular matrix and differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. This study addresses the role of proteolytic processing of CTGF in human corneal fibroblasts (HCF) stimulated with TGF-β, normal ocular tissues and wounded corneas. METHODS Proteolytic processing of CTGF in HCF cultures, normal animal eyes, and excimer laser wounded rat corneas were examined by Western blot. The identity of a 21-kDa band was determined by tandem mass spectrometry, and possible alternative splice variants of CTGF were assessed by 5' Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE). RESULTS HCF stimulated by TGF-β contained full length 38-kDa CTGF and fragments of 25, 21, 18, and 13 kDa, while conditioned medium contained full length 38- and a 21-kDa fragment of CTGF that contained the middle "hinge" region of CTGF. Fragmentation of recombinant CTGF incubated in HCF extracts was blocked by the aspartate protease inhibitor, pepstatin. Normal mouse, rat, and rabbit whole eyes and rabbit ocular tissues contained abundant amounts of C-terminal 25- and 21-kDa fragments and trace amounts of 38-kDa CTGF, although no alternative transcripts were detected. All forms of CTGF (38, 25, and 21 kDa) were detected during healing of excimer ablated rat corneas, peaking on day 11. CONCLUSIONS Proteolytic processing of 38-kDa CTGF occurs during corneal wound healing, which may have important implications in regulation of corneal scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulette M Robinson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Wound Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0294, USA
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Tholen S, Biniossek ML, Gansz M, Gomez-Auli A, Bengsch F, Noel A, Kizhakkedathu JN, Boerries M, Busch H, Reinheckel T, Schilling O. Deletion of cysteine cathepsins B or L yields differential impacts on murine skin proteome and degradome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 12:611-25. [PMID: 23233448 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.017962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies highlight the fact that concerted proteolysis is essential for skin morphology and function. The cysteine protease cathepsin L (Ctsl) has been implicated in epidermal proliferation and desquamation, as well as in hair cycle regulation. In stark contrast, mice deficient in cathepsin B (Ctsb) do not display an overt skin phenotype. To understand the systematic consequences of deleting Ctsb or Ctsl, we determined the protein abundances of >1300 proteins and proteolytic cleavage events in skin samples of wild-type, Ctsb(-/-), and Ctsl(-/-) mice via mass-spectrometry-based proteomics. Both protease deficiencies revealed distinct quantitative changes in proteome composition. Ctsl(-/-) skin revealed increased levels of the cysteine protease inhibitors cystatin B and cystatin M/E, increased cathepsin D, and an accumulation of the extracellular glycoprotein periostin. Immunohistochemistry located periostin predominantly in the hypodermal connective tissue of Ctsl(-/-) skin. The proteomic identification of proteolytic cleavage sites within skin proteins revealed numerous processing sites that are underrepresented in Ctsl(-/-) or Ctsb(-/-) samples. Notably, few of the affected cleavage sites shared the canonical Ctsl or Ctsb specificity, providing further evidence of a complex proteolytic network in the skin. Novel processing sites in proteins such as dermokine and Notch-1 were detected. Simultaneous analysis of acetylated protein N termini showed prototypical mammalian N-alpha acetylation. These results illustrate an influence of both Ctsb and Ctsl on the murine skin proteome and degradome, with the phenotypic consequences of the absence of either protease differing considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tholen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Jansen PAM, van den Bogaard EH, Kersten FFJ, Oostendorp C, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Oji V, Traupe H, Hennies HC, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM. Cystatin M/E knockdown by lentiviral delivery of shRNA impairs epidermal morphogenesis of human skin equivalents. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:889-91. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Corien Oostendorp
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen; the Netherlands
| | | | - Vinzenz Oji
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital; Münster; Germany
| | - Heiko Traupe
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital; Münster; Germany
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Jin L, Zhang Y, Li H, Yao L, Fu D, Yao X, Xu LX, Hu X, Hu G. Differential secretome analysis reveals CST6 as a suppressor of breast cancer bone metastasis. Cell Res 2012; 22:1356-73. [PMID: 22688893 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a frequent complication of breast cancer and a common cause of morbidity and mortality from the disease. During metastasis secreted proteins play crucial roles in the interactions between cancer cells and host stroma. To characterize the secreted proteins that are associated with breast cancer bone metastasis, we preformed a label-free proteomic analysis to compare the secretomes of four MDA-MB-231 (MDA231) derivative cell lines with varied capacities of bone metastasis. A total of 128 proteins were found to be consistently up-/down-regulated in the conditioned medium of bone-tropic cancer cells. The enriched molecular functions of the altered proteins included receptor binding and peptidase inhibition. Through additional transcriptomic analyses of breast cancer cells, we selected cystatin E/M (CST6), a cysteine protease inhibitor down-regulated in bone-metastatic cells, for further functional studies. Our results showed that CST6 suppressed the proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. The suppressive function against cancer cell motility was carried out by cancer cell-derived soluble CST6. More importantly, ectopic expression of CST6 in cancer cells rescued mice from overt osteolytic metastasis and deaths in the animal study, while CST6 knockdown markedly enhanced cancer cell bone metastasis and shortened animal survival. Overall, our study provided a systemic secretome analysis of breast cancer bone tropism and established secreted CST6 as a bona fide suppressor of breast cancer osteolytic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Rd, Shanghai 200025, China
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de Koning H, van den Bogaard E, Bergboer J, Kamsteeg M, van Vlijmen-Willems I, Hitomi K, Henry J, Simon M, Takashita N, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen P. Expression profile of cornified envelope structural proteins and keratinocyte differentiation-regulating proteins during skin barrier repair. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166:1245-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Schiro MM, Stauber SE, Peterson TL, Krueger C, Darnell SJ, Satyshur KA, Drinkwater NR, Newton MA, Hoffmann FM. Mutations in protein-binding hot-spots on the hub protein Smad3 differentially affect its protein interactions and Smad3-regulated gene expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25021. [PMID: 21949838 PMCID: PMC3176292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hub proteins are connected through binding interactions to many other proteins. Smad3, a mediator of signal transduction induced by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), serves as a hub protein for over 50 protein-protein interactions. Different cellular responses mediated by Smad3 are the product of cell-type and context dependent Smad3-nucleated protein complexes acting in concert. Our hypothesis is that perturbation of this spectrum of protein complexes by mutation of single protein-binding hot-spots on Smad3 will have distinct consequences on Smad3-mediated responses. Methodology/Principal Findings We mutated 28 amino acids on the surface of the Smad3 MH2 domain and identified 22 Smad3 variants with reduced binding to subsets of 17 Smad3-binding proteins including Smad4, SARA, Ski, Smurf2 and SIP1. Mutations defective in binding to Smad4, e.g., D408H, or defective in nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, e.g., W406A, were compromised in modulating the expression levels of a Smad3-dependent reporter gene or six endogenous Smad3-responsive genes: Mmp9, IL11, Tnfaip6, Fermt1, Olfm2 and Wnt11. However, the Smad3 mutants Y226A, Y297A, W326A, K341A, and E267A had distinct differences on TGF-β signaling. For example, K341A and Y226A both reduced the Smad3-mediated activation of the reporter gene by ∼50% but K341A only reduced the TGF-β inducibilty of Olfm2 in contrast to Y226A which reduced the TGF-β inducibility of all six endogenous genes as severely as the W406A mutation. E267A had increased protein binding but reduced TGF-β inducibility because it caused higher basal levels of expression. Y297A had increased TGF-β inducibility because it caused lower Smad3-induced basal levels of gene expression. Conclusions/Significance Mutations in protein binding hot-spots on Smad3 reduced the binding to different subsets of interacting proteins and caused a range of quantitative changes in the expression of genes induced by Smad3. This approach should be useful for unraveling which Smad3 protein complexes are critical for specific biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Schiro
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sara E. Stauber
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tami L. Peterson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chateen Krueger
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Darnell
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Satyshur
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Norman R. Drinkwater
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Newton
- Departments of Statistics and of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - F. Michael Hoffmann
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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