1
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Borrelli C, Gurtner A, Arnold IC, Moor AE. Stress-free single-cell transcriptomic profiling and functional genomics of murine eosinophils. Nat Protoc 2024:10.1038/s41596-024-00967-3. [PMID: 38504138 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-00967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Eosinophils are a class of granulocytes with pleiotropic functions in homeostasis and various human diseases. Nevertheless, they are absent from conventional single-cell RNA sequencing atlases owing to technical difficulties preventing their transcriptomic interrogation. Consequently, eosinophil heterogeneity and the gene regulatory networks underpinning their diverse functions remain poorly understood. We have developed a stress-free protocol for single-cell RNA capture from murine tissue-resident eosinophils, which revealed distinct intestinal subsets and their roles in colitis. Here we describe in detail how to enrich eosinophils from multiple tissues of residence and how to capture high-quality single-cell transcriptomes by preventing transcript degradation. By combining magnetic eosinophil enrichment with microwell-based single-cell RNA capture (BD Rhapsody), our approach minimizes shear stress and processing time. Moreover, we report how to perform genome-wide CRISPR pooled genetic screening in ex vivo-conditioned bone marrow-derived eosinophils to functionally probe pathways required for their differentiation and intestinal maturation. These protocols can be performed by any researcher with basic skills in molecular biology and flow cytometry, and can be adapted to investigate other granulocytes, such as neutrophils and mast cells, thereby offering potential insights into their roles in both homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. Single-cell transcriptomics of eosinophils can be performed in 2-3 d, while functional genomics assays may require up to 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Borrelli
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Gurtner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Andreas E Moor
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Thompson-Souza GA, Vasconcelos CRI, Neves JS. Eosinophils: Focus on DNA extracellular traps. Life Sci 2022; 311:121191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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3
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Nazarinia D, Behzadifard M, Gholampour J, Karimi R, Gholampour M. Eotaxin-1 (CCL11) in neuroinflammatory disorders and possible role in COVID-19 neurologic complications. Acta Neurol Belg 2022; 122:865-869. [PMID: 35690992 PMCID: PMC9188656 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-022-01984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The related neurologic complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 patients and survivors comprise symptoms including depression, anxiety, muscle pain, dizziness, headaches, fatigue, and anosmia/hyposmia that may continue for months. Recent studies have been demonstrated that chemokines have brain-specific attraction and effects such as chemotaxis, cell adhesion, modulation of neuroendocrine functions, and neuroinflammation. CCL11 is a member of the eotaxin family that is chemotactic agents for eosinophils and participate in innate immunity. Eotaxins may exert physiological and pathological functions in the central nerve system, and CCL11 may induce neuronal cytotoxicity effects by inducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in microglia cells. Plasma levels of CCL11 elevated in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders. COVID-19 patients display elevations in CCL11 levels. As CCL11 plays roles in physiosomatic and neuroinflammation, analyzing the level of this chemokine in COVID-19 patients during hospitalization and to predicting post-COVID-19-related neurologic complications may be worthwhile. Moreover, using chemokine modulators may be helpful in lessening the neurologic complications in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donya Nazarinia
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Mahin Behzadifard
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran.
| | - Javad Gholampour
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad Branch of Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roqaye Karimi
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadali Gholampour
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Rosenberg CE, Fulkerson PC, Williams KW. Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Hypereosinophilic Syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:1131-1138. [PMID: 35181546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a diverse group of disorders characterized by peripheral blood eosinophilia of 1.5 × 109/L (1,500/μL) or greater with evidence of end-organ damage attributable to eosinophilia and no other cause of the end-organ damage. The HES is rare, especially in children. This review aims to provide best practices in diagnosis and treatment of HES in children, including how to differentiate between primary and secondary causes of hypereosinophilia; how to distinguish the differences in clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis of HES in children and adults; and how to identify key steps in the evaluation and management of HES in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen E Rosenberg
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Patricia C Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kelli W Williams
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.
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5
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Bonjour K, Palazzi C, Silva TP, Malta KK, Neves VH, Oliveira-Barros EG, Neves I, Kersten VA, Fortuna BT, Samarasinghe AE, Weller PF, Bandeira-Melo C, Melo RCN. Mitochondrial Population in Mouse Eosinophils: Ultrastructural Dynamics in Cell Differentiation and Inflammatory Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836755. [PMID: 35386204 PMCID: PMC8979069 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles of which ultrastructure is tightly linked to cell physiology. Accumulating evidence shows that mitochondrial remodeling has an impact on immune responses, but our current understanding of the mitochondrial architecture, interactions, and morphological changes in immune cells, mainly in eosinophils, is still poorly known. Here, we applied transmission electron microscopy (TEM), single-cell imaging analysis, and electron tomography, a technique that provides three-dimensional (3D) views at high resolution, to investigate mitochondrial dynamics in mouse eosinophils developing in cultures as well as in the context of inflammatory diseases characterized by recruitment and activation of these cells (mouse models of asthma, H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) infection, and schistosomiasis mansoni). First, quantitative analyses showed that the mitochondrial area decrease 70% during eosinophil development (from undifferentiated precursor cells to mature eosinophils). Mitophagy, a consistent process revealed by TEM in immature but not in mature eosinophils, is likely operating in mitochondrial clearance during eosinophilopoiesis. Events of mitochondria interaction (inter-organelle membrane contacts) were also detected and quantitated within developing eosinophils and included mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria-mitochondria, and mitochondria-secretory granules, all of them significantly higher in numbers in immature compared to mature cells. Moreover, single-mitochondrion analyses revealed that as the eosinophil matures, mitochondria cristae significantly increase in number and reshape to lamellar morphology. Eosinophils did not change (asthma) or reduced (IAV and Schistosoma infections) their mitochondrial mass in response to inflammatory diseases. However, asthma and schistosomiasis, but not IAV infection, induced amplification of both cristae numbers and volume in individual mitochondria. Mitochondrial cristae remodeling occurred in all inflammatory conditions with the proportions of mitochondria containing only lamellar or tubular, or mixed cristae (an ultrastructural aspect seen just in tissue eosinophils) depending on the tissue/disease microenvironment. The ability of mitochondria to interact with granules, mainly mobilized ones, was remarkably captured by TEM in eosinophils participating in all inflammatory diseases. Altogether, we demonstrate that the processes of eosinophilopoiesis and inflammation-induced activation interfere with the mitochondrial dynamics within mouse eosinophils leading to cristae remodeling and inter-organelle contacts. The understanding of how mitochondrial dynamics contribute to eosinophil immune functions is an open interesting field to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Bonjour
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Palazzi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Kássia K Malta
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Vitor H Neves
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Eliane G Oliveira-Barros
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Igor Neves
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Victor A Kersten
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno T Fortuna
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Amali E Samarasinghe
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy-Immunology and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Peter F Weller
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christianne Bandeira-Melo
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Osiecka O, Skrzeczynska-Moncznik J, Morytko A, Mazur A, Majewski P, Bilska B, Kapinska-Mrowiecka M, Kosalka-Wegiel J, Pastuszczak M, Pyza E, Cichy J. Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor Is Present in Circulating and Tissue-Recruited Human Eosinophils and Regulates Their Migratory Function. Front Immunol 2022; 12:737231. [PMID: 35095834 PMCID: PMC8789888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.737231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) are both associated with Th2 immune responses and allergic diseases, but whether the fact that they are both implicated in these conditions is pathophysiologically related remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that human eosinophils derived from normal individuals are one of the major sources of SLPI among circulating leukocytes. SLPI was found to be stored in the crystalline core of eosinophil granules, and its dislocation/rearrangement in the crystalline core likely resulted in changes in immunostaining for SLPI in these cells. High levels of SLPI were also detected in blood eosinophils from patients with allergy-associated diseases marked by eosinophilia. These include individuals with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) and atopic dermatitis (AD), who were also found to have elevated SLPI levels in their plasma. In addition to the circulating eosinophils, diseased skin of AD patients also contained SLPI-positive eosinophils. Exogenous, recombinant SLPI increased numbers of migratory eosinophils and supported their chemotactic response to CCL11, one of the key chemokines that regulate eosinophil migratory cues. Together, these findings suggest a role for SLPI in controlling Th2 pathophysiologic processes via its impact on and/or from eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktawia Osiecka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Skrzeczynska-Moncznik
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Morytko
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Angelika Mazur
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pawel Majewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bernadetta Bilska
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Kosalka-Wegiel
- II Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Pastuszczak
- Department of Dermatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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7
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Eosinophils as Drivers of Severe Eosinophilic Asthma: Endotypes or Plasticity? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810150. [PMID: 34576313 PMCID: PMC8467265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is now recognized as a heterogeneous disease, encompassing different phenotypes driven by distinct pathophysiological mechanisms called endotypes. Common phenotypes of asthma, referred to as eosinophilic asthma, are characterized by the presence of eosinophilia. Eosinophils are usually considered invariant, terminally differentiated effector cells and have become a primary therapeutic target in severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA) and other eosinophil-associated diseases (EADs). Biological treatments that target eosinophils reveal an unexpectedly complex role of eosinophils in asthma, including in SEA, suggesting that "not all eosinophils are equal". In this review, we address our current understanding of the role of eosinophils in asthma with regard to asthma phenotypes and endotypes. We further address the possibility that different SEA phenotypes may involve differences in eosinophil biology. We discuss how these differences could arise through eosinophil "endotyping", viz. adaptations of eosinophil function imprinted during their development, or through tissue-induced plasticity, viz. local adaptations of eosinophil function through interaction with their lung tissue niches. In doing so, we also discuss opportunities, technical challenges, and open questions that, if addressed, might provide considerable benefits in guiding the choice of the most efficient precision therapies of SEA and, by extension, other EADs.
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8
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Miyabe Y, Kobayashi Y, Fukuchi M, Saga A, Moritoki Y, Saga T, Akuthota P, Ueki S. Eosinophil-mediated inflammation in the absence of eosinophilia. Asia Pac Allergy 2021; 11:e30. [PMID: 34386406 PMCID: PMC8331253 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2021.11.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase of eosinophil levels is a hallmark of type-2 inflammation. Blood eosinophil counts act as a convenient biomarker for asthma phenotyping and the selection of biologics, and they are even used as a prognostic factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019. However, the circulating eosinophil count does not always reflect tissue eosinophilia and vice versa. The mismatch of blood and tissue eosinophilia can be seen in various clinical settings. For example, blood eosinophil levels in patients with acute eosinophilic pneumonia are often within normal range despite the marked symptoms and increased number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Histological studies using immunostaining for eosinophil granule proteins have revealed the extracellular deposition of granule proteins coincident with pathological conditions, even in the absence of a significant eosinophil infiltrate. The marked deposition of eosinophil granule proteins in tissue is often associated with cytolytic degranulation. Recent studies have indicated that extracellular trap cell death (ETosis) is a major mechanism of cytolysis. Cytolytic ETosis is a total cell degranulation in which cytoplasmic and nuclear contents, including DNA and histones that act as alarmins, are also released. In the present review, eosinophil-mediated inflammation in such mismatch conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Miyabe
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kobayashi
- Airway Disease Section, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan.,Allergy Center, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Mineyo Fukuchi
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Akiko Saga
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuki Moritoki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Tomoo Saga
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Praveen Akuthota
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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9
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Gebremeskel S, Schanin J, Coyle KM, Butuci M, Luu T, Brock EC, Xu A, Wong A, Leung J, Korver W, Morin RD, Schleimer RP, Bochner BS, Youngblood BA. Mast Cell and Eosinophil Activation Are Associated With COVID-19 and TLR-Mediated Viral Inflammation: Implications for an Anti-Siglec-8 Antibody. Front Immunol 2021; 12:650331. [PMID: 33777047 PMCID: PMC7988091 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.650331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection represents a global health crisis. Immune cell activation via pattern recognition receptors has been implicated as a driver of the hyperinflammatory response seen in COVID-19. However, our understanding of the specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 remains limited. Mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils are innate immune cells that play pathogenic roles in many inflammatory responses. Here we report MC-derived proteases and eosinophil-associated mediators are elevated in COVID-19 patient sera and lung tissues. Stimulation of viral-sensing toll-like receptors in vitro and administration of synthetic viral RNA in vivo induced features of hyperinflammation, including cytokine elevation, immune cell airway infiltration, and MC-protease production—effects suppressed by an anti-Siglec-8 monoclonal antibody which selectively inhibits MCs and depletes eosinophils. Similarly, anti-Siglec-8 treatment reduced disease severity and airway inflammation in a respiratory viral infection model. These results suggest that MC and eosinophil activation are associated with COVID-19 inflammation and anti-Siglec-8 antibodies are a potential therapeutic approach for attenuating excessive inflammation during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krysta M Coyle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Research Centre, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Thuy Luu
- Allakos Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | | | - Alan Xu
- Allakos Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Alan Wong
- Allakos Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - John Leung
- Allakos Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | | | - Ryan D Morin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Research Centre, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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10
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Masterson JC, Menard-Katcher C, Larsen LD, Furuta GT, Spencer LA. Heterogeneity of Intestinal Tissue Eosinophils: Potential Considerations for Next-Generation Eosinophil-Targeting Strategies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020426. [PMID: 33671475 PMCID: PMC7922004 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are implicated in the pathophysiology of a spectrum of eosinophil-associated diseases, including gastrointestinal eosinophilic diseases (EGIDs). Biologics that target the IL-5 pathway and are intended to ablate eosinophils have proved beneficial in severe eosinophilic asthma and may offer promise in treating some endotypes of EGIDs. However, destructive effector functions of eosinophils are only one side of the coin; eosinophils also play important roles in immune and tissue homeostasis. A growing body of data suggest tissue eosinophils represent a plastic and heterogeneous population of functional sub-phenotypes, shaped by environmental (systemic and local) pressures, which may differentially impact disease outcomes. This may be particularly relevant to the GI tract, wherein the highest density of eosinophils reside in the steady state, resident immune cells are exposed to an especially broad range of external and internal environmental pressures, and greater eosinophil longevity may uniquely enrich for co-expression of eosinophil sub-phenotypes. Here we review the growing evidence for functional sub-phenotypes of intestinal tissue eosinophils, with emphasis on the multifactorial pressures that shape and diversify eosinophil identity and potential targets to inform next-generation eosinophil-targeting strategies designed to restrain inflammatory eosinophil functions while sustaining homeostatic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C. Masterson
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.C.M.); (C.M.-K.); (L.D.L.); (G.T.F.)
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Allergy, Inflammation & Remodeling Research Laboratory, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Calies Menard-Katcher
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.C.M.); (C.M.-K.); (L.D.L.); (G.T.F.)
| | - Leigha D. Larsen
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.C.M.); (C.M.-K.); (L.D.L.); (G.T.F.)
| | - Glenn T. Furuta
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.C.M.); (C.M.-K.); (L.D.L.); (G.T.F.)
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lisa A. Spencer
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.C.M.); (C.M.-K.); (L.D.L.); (G.T.F.)
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-303-724-3277
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11
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Ma J, Chan CC, Huang WC, Kuo ML. Berberine Inhibits Pro-inflammatory Cytokine-induced IL-6 and CCL11 Production via Modulation of STAT6 Pathway in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1464-1473. [PMID: 32624703 PMCID: PMC7330667 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.45400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from various Chinese herbs that has potential of anti-inflammatory, anti-lipidemic, anti-neoplastic, and anti-diabetic activity. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory efficacy of berberine on allergic airway inflammation by targeting epithelial cells. Allergic airway inflammation driven by T helper 2 (Th2)-type immunity is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, elevated IgE production, and eosinophilic infiltration. For eosinophil recruitment, major chemoattractant CCL11 (eotaxin-1) was secreted by lung epithelial cells. BEAS-2B cells, a human bronchial epithelial cell line, were pre-treated with berberine and then activated by IL-4 plus TNF-α. The viability of BEAS-2B cells was assessed. Expression levels of IL-6 and CCL11 were determined using ELISA and real-time PCR. The signaling pathways of MAP kinases, NF-κB, and STAT6 were analyzed by western blot. Berberine treatment (≤1 μM) didn't significantly affect the viability of BEAS-2B cells with or without IL-4 plus TNF-stimulation. Berberine significantly inhibited the secretion of IL-6 and CCL11 from pro-inflammatory cytokine-activated BEAS-2B cells. NF-κB and MAP kinase pathways were seemingly unaffected in BEAS-2B cells with berberine treatment. Significant reduction of nuclear STAT6 protein expression in activated BEAS-2B cells with berberine treatment was observed. Current study reveals that berberine has inhibitory effect in pro-inflammatory cytokine-activated BEAS-2B cells through reducing IL-6 and CCL11 production, which is possibly modulated by suppressing STAT6 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chi Chan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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12
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Shamri R, Young KM, Weller PF. Rho and Rac, but not ROCK, are required for secretion of human and mouse eosinophil-associated RNases. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 49:190-198. [PMID: 30295352 PMCID: PMC6353669 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophil-associated RNases (EARs) are stored preformed in eosinophil cytoplasmic secretory granules and have a key role in eosinophil effector functions in host defence and inflammatory disorders. However, the secretion mechanisms of EARs are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to understand the involvement of cytoskeleton machinery in EAR secretion. METHODS Fresh human and mouse eosinophils were stimulated with CCL11, and the secretion of enzymatically active EARs was detected using an RNase activity assay. The involvement of cytoskeletal elements or microtubules was probed using specific inhibitors. RESULTS We found that dynamic polymerization of microtubules and cytoskeletal elements, such as Rho and Rac, is required for chemokine-mediated EAR secretion from human and mouse eosinophils. However, inhibition of ROCK (Rho-associated protein kinase) increased EAR secretion in human and mouse eosinophils even in the absence of chemokine stimulation, suggesting ROCK negatively regulates EAR secretion. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data suggest a cytoskeleton-dependent mechanism of EAR secretion from eosinophils, findings that are pertinent to host defence, allergy and other eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Shamri
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 02215
| | - Kristen M. Young
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 02215
| | - Peter F. Weller
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 02215
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13
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Dias FF, Amaral KB, Malta KK, Silva TP, Rodrigues GSC, Rosa FM, Rodrigues GOL, Costa VV, Chiarini-Garcia H, Weller PF, Melo RCN. Identification of Piecemeal Degranulation and Vesicular Transport of MBP-1 in Liver-Infiltrating Mouse Eosinophils During Acute Experimental Schistosoma mansoni Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3019. [PMID: 30619361 PMCID: PMC6306457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils have been long associated with helminthic infections, although their functions in these diseases remain unclear. During schistosomiasis caused by the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, eosinophils are specifically recruited and migrate to sites of granulomatous responses where they degranulate. However, little is known about the mechanisms of eosinophil secretion during this disease. Here, we investigated the degranulation patterns, including the cellular mechanisms of major basic protein-1 (MBP-1) release, from inflammatory eosinophils in a mouse model of S. mansoni infection (acute phase). Fragments of the liver, a major target organ of this disease, were processed for histologic analyses (whole slide imaging), conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunonanogold EM using a pre-embedding approach for precise localization of major basic protein 1 (MBP-1), a typical cationic protein stored pre-synthesized in eosinophil secretory (specific) granules. A well-characterized granulomatous inflammatory response with a high number of infiltrating eosinophils surrounding S. mansoni eggs was observed in the livers of infected mice. Moreover, significant elevations in the levels of plasma Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10) and serum enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) reflecting altered liver function were detected in response to the infection. TEM quantitative analyses revealed that while 19.1% of eosinophils were intact, most of them showed distinct degranulation processes: cytolysis (13.0%), classical and/or compound exocytosis identified by granule fusions (1.5%), and mainly piecemeal degranulation (PMD) (66.4%), which is mediated by vesicular trafficking. Immunonanogold EM showed a consistent labeling for MBP-1 associated with secretory granules. Most MBP-1-positive granules had PMD features (79.0 ± 4.8%). MBP-1 was also present extracellularly and on vesicles distributed in the cytoplasm and attached to/surrounding the surface of emptying granules. Our data demonstrated that liver-infiltrating mouse eosinophils are able to degranulate through different secretory processes during acute experimental S. mansoni infections with PMD being the predominant mechanism of eosinophil secretion. This means that a selective secretion of MBP-1 is occurring. Moreover, our study demonstrates, for the first time, a vesicular trafficking of MBP-1 within mouse eosinophils elicited by a helminth infection. Vesicle-mediated secretion of MBP-1 may be relevant for the rapid release of small concentrations of MBP-1 under cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe F Dias
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Kátia B Amaral
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Kássia K Malta
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S C Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Florence M Rosa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Gisele O L Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vivian V Costa
- Center for Drug Research and Development of Pharmaceuticals, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Research Group in Arboviral Diseases, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hélio Chiarini-Garcia
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Structural Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Peter F Weller
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, Boston, MA, United States
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14
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Luo WD, Min JW, Huang WX, Wang X, Peng YY, Han S, Yin J, Liu WH, He XH, Peng BW. Vitexin reduces epilepsy after hypoxic ischemia in the neonatal brain via inhibition of NKCC1. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:186. [PMID: 29925377 PMCID: PMC6011387 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, characterized by tissue loss and neurologic dysfunction, is a leading cause of mortality and a devastating disease of the central nervous system. We have previously shown that vitexin has been attributed various medicinal properties and has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective roles in neonatal brain injury models. In the present study, we continued to reinforce and validate the basic understanding of vitexin (45 mg/kg) as a potential treatment for epilepsy and explored its possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS P7 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats that underwent right common carotid artery ligation and rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMECs) were used for the assessment of Na+-K+-Cl- co-transporter1 (NKCC1) expression, BBB permeability, cytokine expression, and neutrophil infiltration by western blot, q-PCR, flow cytometry (FCM), and immunofluorescence respectively. Furthermore, brain electrical activity in freely moving rats was recorded by electroencephalography (EEG). RESULTS Our data showed that NKCC1 expression was attenuated in vitexin-treated rats compared to the expression in the HI group in vivo. Oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD) was performed on RBMECs to explore the role of NKCC1 and F-actin in cytoskeleton formation with confocal microscopy, N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium bromide, and FCM. Concomitantly, treatment with vitexin effectively alleviated OGD-induced NKCC1 expression, which downregulated F-actin expression in RBMECs. In addition, vitexin significantly ameliorated BBB leakage and rescued the expression of tight junction-related protein ZO-1. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokine and neutrophil infiltration were concurrently and progressively downregulated with decreasing BBB permeability in rats. Vitexin also significantly suppressed brain electrical activity in neonatal rats. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results confirmed that vitexin effectively alleviates epilepsy susceptibility through inhibition of inflammation along with improved BBB integrity. Our study provides a strong rationale for the further development of vitexin as a promising therapeutic candidate treatment for epilepsy in the immature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-di Luo
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disorder, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei Donghu Rd 185#, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jia-Wei Min
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disorder, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei Donghu Rd 185#, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Wen-Xian Huang
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disorder, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei Donghu Rd 185#, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Peng
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disorder, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei Donghu Rd 185#, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan-Hong Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bi-Wen Peng
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disorder, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei Donghu Rd 185#, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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15
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Lu L, Li J, Moussaoui M, Boix E. Immune Modulation by Human Secreted RNases at the Extracellular Space. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1012. [PMID: 29867984 PMCID: PMC5964141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ribonuclease A superfamily is a vertebrate-specific family of proteins that encompasses eight functional members in humans. The proteins are secreted by diverse innate immune cells, from blood cells to epithelial cells and their levels in our body fluids correlate with infection and inflammation processes. Recent studies ascribe a prominent role to secretory RNases in the extracellular space. Extracellular RNases endowed with immuno-modulatory and antimicrobial properties can participate in a wide variety of host defense tasks, from performing cellular housekeeping to maintaining body fluid sterility. Their expression and secretion are induced in response to a variety of injury stimuli. The secreted proteins can target damaged cells and facilitate their removal from the focus of infection or inflammation. Following tissue damage, RNases can participate in clearing RNA from cellular debris or work as signaling molecules to regulate the host response and contribute to tissue remodeling and repair. We provide here an overall perspective on the current knowledge of human RNases’ biological properties and their role in health and disease. The review also includes a brief description of other vertebrate family members and unrelated extracellular RNases that share common mechanisms of action. A better knowledge of RNase mechanism of actions and an understanding of their physiological roles should facilitate the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Mohammed Moussaoui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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16
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Ma M, Redes JL, Percopo CM, Druey KM, Rosenberg HF. Alternaria alternata challenge at the nasal mucosa results in eosinophilic inflammation and increased susceptibility to influenza virus infection. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:691-702. [PMID: 29473965 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils in the nasal mucosa are an elemental feature of allergic rhinitis. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to explore eosinophilic inflammation and its impact on respiratory virus infection at the nasal mucosa. METHODS Inflammation in the nasal mucosae of mice was evaluated in response to repetitive stimulation with strict intranasal volumes of a filtrate of Alternaria alternata. Mice were then challenged with influenza virus. RESULTS Repetitive stimulation with A. alternata resulted in eosinophil recruitment to the nasal passages in association with elevated levels of IL-5, IL-13 and eotaxin-1; eosinophil recruitment was diminished in eotaxin-1-/- mice, and abolished in Rag1-/- mice. A. alternata also resulted in elevated levels of nasal wash IgA in both wild-type and eosinophil-deficient ∆dblGATA mice. Interestingly, A. alternata-treated mice responded to an influenza virus infection with profound weight loss and mortality compared to mice that received diluent alone (0% vs 100% survival, ***P < .001); the lethal response was blunted when A. alternata was heat-inactivated. Minimal differences in virus titre were detected, and eosinophils present in the nasal passages at the time of virus inoculation provided no protection against the lethal sequelae. Interestingly, nasal wash fluids from mice treated with A. alternata included more neutrophils and higher levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in response to virus challenge, among these, IL-6, a biomarker for disease severity in human influenza. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Repetitive administration of A. alternata resulted in inflammation of the nasal mucosae and unanticipated morbidity and mortality in response to subsequent challenge with influenza virus. Interestingly, and in contrast to findings in the lower airways, eosinophils recruited to the nasal passages provided no protection against lethal infection. As increased susceptibility to influenza virus among individuals with rhinitis has been the subject of several clinical reports, this model may be used for further exploration of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ma
- Inflammation Immunobiology, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J L Redes
- Molecular Signal Transduction Sections, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C M Percopo
- Inflammation Immunobiology, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K M Druey
- Molecular Signal Transduction Sections, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H F Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Abstract
Human eosinophils have characteristic morphologic features, including a bilobed nucleus and cytoplasmic granules filled with cytotoxic and immunoregulatory proteins that are packaged in a specific manner. Eosinophil production in the bone marrow is exquisitely regulated by timely expression of a repertoire of transcription factors that work together via collaborative and hierarchical interactions to direct eosinophil development. In addition, proper granule formation, which occurs in a spatially organized manner, is an intrinsic checkpoint that must be passed for proper eosinophil production to occur. In eosinophil-associated disorders, eosinophils and their progenitors can be recruited in large numbers into tissues where they can induce proinflammatory organ damage in response to local signals. Eosinophils are terminally differentiated and do not proliferate once they leave the bone marrow. The cytokine IL-5 specifically enhances eosinophil production and, along with other mediators, promotes eosinophil activation. Indeed, eosinophil depletion with anti-IL-5 or anti-IL-5Rα is now proven to be clinically beneficial for several eosinophilic disorders, most notably severe asthma, and several therapeutics targeting eosinophil viability and production are now in development. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of eosinophil development and the consequences of tissue eosinophilia. Future research efforts focused on basic eosinophil immunobiology and translational efforts to assist in the diagnosis, treatment selection, and resolution of eosinophil-associated disorders will likely be informative and clinically helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
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18
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Geslewitz WE, Percopo CM, Rosenberg HF. FACS isolation of live mouse eosinophils at high purity via a protocol that does not target Siglec F. J Immunol Methods 2017; 454:27-31. [PMID: 29253503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry protocols designed to identify mouse eosinophils typically target Siglec F, an α-2,3-sialic acid binding transmembrane protein expressed universally on cells of this lineage. While a convenient target, antibody-mediated ligation of Siglec F induces eosinophil apoptosis, which limits its usefulness for isolations that are to be followed by functional and/or gene expression studies. We present here a method for FACS isolation which does not target Siglec F and likewise utilizes no antibodies targeting IL5Rα (CD125) or CCR3. Single cell suspensions are prepared from lungs of mice that were sensitized and challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus antigens; eosinophils were identified and isolated by FACS as live SSChi/FSChi CD11c-Gr1-/loMHCII- cells. This strategy was also effective for eosinophil isolation from the lungs of IL5tg mice. Purity by visual inspection of stained cytospin preparations and by Siglec F-diagnostic flow cytometry was 98-99% and 97-99%, respectively. Eosinophils isolated by this method (yield, ~4×106/mouse) generated high-quality RNA suitable for gene expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Geslewitz
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caroline M Percopo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Eosinophils are a prominent cell type in particular host responses such as the response to helminth infection and allergic disease. Their effector functions have been attributed to their capacity to release cationic proteins stored in cytoplasmic granules by degranulation. However, eosinophils are now being recognized for more varied functions in previously underappreciated diverse tissue sites, based on the ability of eosinophils to release cytokines (often preformed) that mediate a broad range of activities into the local environment. In this Review, we consider evolving insights into the tissue distribution of eosinophils and their functional immunobiology, which enable eosinophils to secrete in a selective manner cytokines and other mediators that have diverse, 'non-effector' functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Weller
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, CLS 943, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Lisa A Spencer
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, CLS 943, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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20
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Ueki S, Ohta N, Takeda M, Konno Y, Hirokawa M. Eosinophilic Otitis Media: the Aftermath of Eosinophil Extracellular Trap Cell Death. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 17:33. [PMID: 28455742 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-017-0702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Eosinophilic otitis media (EOM) is a refractory disease characterized by the accumulation of eosinophils in middle ear effusion and mucosa. We summarize current knowledge regarding the clinical characteristics and management of EOM. Although eosinophil activation in inflamed foci is involved in the pathogenesis of EOM, little is known about the fate of the eosinophils and aftermath of their cell death. We discuss the possibility that eosinophils undergo non-apoptotic cell death that worsens tissue damage and increases effusion viscosity. RECENT FINDINGS Unlike chronic otitis media, EOM is strongly associated with an allergic background. Corticosteroids are currently the only effective pharmacological treatment, and surgical intervention is often required. Mucosal eosinophils infiltrate extensively into the middle ear cavity where they are stimulated by locally produced activators including interleukin-5 and eotaxin. The eosinophils undergo cytolysis in the effusion, which represents a major fate of activated eosinophils in vivo. Recent data revealed cytolysis could be renamed as extracellular trap cell death (ETosis). ETosis represents suicidal cell death involving total cell degranulation and development of sticky chromatin structures (extracellular traps (ETs)). The characteristics of eosinophil- and neutrophil-derived ET polymers might contribute to the difference in viscosity of secretions between EOM and common chronic otitis media. The extracellular products remaining after eosinophil ETosis are an important aspect of EOM pathology. The concept of ETosis also has novel implications for potential therapeutic modalities in various eosinophilic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masahide Takeda
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yasunori Konno
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Akita University Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirokawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
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21
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Fu LS, Wu YR, Fang SL, Tsai JJ, Lin HK, Chen YJ, Chen TY, Chang MDT. Cell Penetrating Peptide Derived from Human Eosinophil Cationic Protein Decreases Airway Allergic Inflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12352. [PMID: 28955044 PMCID: PMC5617860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptide derived from human eosinophil cationic protein (CPPecp) is a 10-amino-acid peptide containing a core heparan sulfate (HS)-binding motif of human eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). It binds and penetrates bronchial epithelial cells without cytotoxic effects. Here we investigated airway-protective effects of CPPecp in BEAS-2B cell line and mite-induced airway allergic inflammation in BALB/c mice. In BEAS-2B cell, CPPecp decreases ECP-induced eotaxin mRNA expression. CPPecp also decreases eotaxin secretion and p-STAT6 activation induced by ECP, as well as by IL-4. In vivo studies showed CPPecp decreased mite-induced airway inflammation in terms of eosinophil and neutrophil count in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid, peri-bronchiolar and alveolar pathology scores, cytokine production in lung protein extract including interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, IL-17A/F, eotaxin; and pause enhancement from methacholine stimulation. CPPecp treated groups also showed lower serum mite-specific IgE level. In this study, we have demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo anti-asthma effects of CPPecp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Shien Fu
- Pediatric Department, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Pediatrics Department, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Rou Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Lung Fang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Ji Tsai
- Medical Research Department, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Kuei Lin
- Pediatric Department, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Jun Chen
- Pediatric Department, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Margaret Dah-Tsyr Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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22
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Diny NL, Baldeviano GC, Talor MV, Barin JG, Ong S, Bedja D, Hays AG, Gilotra NA, Coppens I, Rose NR, Čiháková D. Eosinophil-derived IL-4 drives progression of myocarditis to inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy. J Exp Med 2017; 214:943-957. [PMID: 28302646 PMCID: PMC5379983 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diny et al. report a pathogenic role for eosinophils in autoimmune myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Eosinophils are required for progression of myocarditis to dilated cardiomyopathy and drive severe disease when present in large numbers. Activated cardiac eosinophils mediate this process through IL-4. Inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMi) is a major cause of heart failure in children and young adults. DCMi develops in up to 30% of myocarditis patients, but the mechanisms involved in disease progression are poorly understood. Patients with eosinophilia frequently develop cardiomyopathies. In this study, we used the experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) model to determine the role of eosinophils in myocarditis and DCMi. Eosinophils were dispensable for myocarditis induction but were required for progression to DCMi. Eosinophil-deficient ΔdblGATA1 mice, in contrast to WT mice, showed no signs of heart failure by echocardiography. Induction of EAM in hypereosinophilic IL-5Tg mice resulted in eosinophilic myocarditis with severe ventricular and atrial inflammation, which progressed to severe DCMi. This was not a direct effect of IL-5, as IL-5TgΔdblGATA1 mice were protected from DCMi, whereas IL-5−/− mice exhibited DCMi comparable with WT mice. Eosinophils drove progression to DCMi through their production of IL-4. Our experiments showed eosinophils were the major IL-4–expressing cell type in the heart during EAM, IL-4−/− mice were protected from DCMi like ΔdblGATA1 mice, and eosinophil-specific IL-4 deletion resulted in improved heart function. In conclusion, eosinophils drive progression of myocarditis to DCMi, cause severe DCMi when present in large numbers, and mediate this process through IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Diny
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - G Christian Baldeviano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Monica V Talor
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jobert G Barin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - SuFey Ong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Djahida Bedja
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Allison G Hays
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Nisha A Gilotra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Noel R Rose
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 .,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Yamauchi Y, Ueki S, Konno Y, Ito W, Takeda M, Nakamura Y, Nishikawa J, Moritoki Y, Omokawa A, Saga T, Hirokawa M. The effect of hepatocyte growth factor on secretory functions in human eosinophils. Cytokine 2016; 88:45-50. [PMID: 27552115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), originally identified as a potent mitogen for mature hepatocytes, is now recognized as a humoral mediator in inflammatory and immune responses. Previous studies indicated that HGF negatively regulated allergic airway inflammation. In view of eosinophils playing a role in the pathogenesis of asthma, especially in airway remodeling as a rich source of pro-fibrogenic mediators, the effects of HGF on the different types of eosinophil secretory functions were examined in this study. We found that HGF significantly inhibited IL-5-induced secretion of TGF-β and VEGF from human eosinophils. The inhibitory effect is not associated with TGF-β transcription; rather, it is associated with ultrastructural granule emptying and loss of intracellular TGF-β contents, indicating HGF inhibits the process of piecemeal degranulation. The effect of HGF on extracellular trap cell death (ETosis) that mediates cytolytic degranulation was also investigated; however, immobilized IgG- or phorbol myristate acetate-induced ETosis was only minimally attenuated by HGF. These results reveal the effect of HGF on the distinct pathways of eosinophil secretory functions and also provide novel insights into the role of HGF in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Yamauchi
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Konno
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Wataru Ito
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Nagareyama Tobu Clinic, 909-1 Nazukari, Nagareyama City, Chiba 270-0145, Japan
| | - Masahide Takeda
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakamura
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Junko Nishikawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yuki Moritoki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Ayumi Omokawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Tomoo Saga
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirokawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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24
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Julián MT, Alonso N, Colobran R, Sánchez A, Miñarro A, Pujol-Autonell I, Carrascal J, Rodríguez-Fernández S, Ampudia RM, Vives-Pi M, Puig-Domingo M. CD26/DPPIV inhibition alters the expression of immune response-related genes in the thymi of NOD mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 426:101-12. [PMID: 26911933 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane glycoprotein CD26 or dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) is a multifunctional protein. In immune system, CD26 plays a role in T-cell function and is also involved in thymic maturation and emigration patterns. In preclinical studies, treatment with DPPIV inhibitors reduces insulitis and delays or even reverses the new -onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. However, the specific mechanisms involved in these effects remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate how DPPIV inhibition modifies the expression of genes in the thymus of NOD mice by microarray analysis. Changes in the gene expression of β-cell autoantigens and Aire in thymic epithelial cells (TECs) were also evaluated by using qRT-PCR. A DPPIV inhibitor, MK626, was orally administered in the diet for 4 and 6 weeks starting at 6-8 weeks of age. Thymic glands from treated and control mice were obtained for each study checkpoint. Thymus transcriptome analysis revealed that 58 genes were significantly over-expressed in MK626-treated mice after 6 weeks of treatment. Changes in gene expression in the thymus were confined mainly to the immune system, including innate immunity, chemotaxis, antigen presentation and immunoregulation. Most of the genes are implicated in central tolerance mechanisms through several pathways. No differences were observed in the expression of Aire and β-cell autoantigens in TECs. In the current study, we demonstrate that treatment with the DPPIV inhibitor MK626 in NOD mice alters the expression of the immune response-related genes in the thymus, especially those related to immunological central tolerance, and may contribute to the prevention of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Julián
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute and Hospital, 08916, Badalona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Alonso
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute and Hospital, 08916, Badalona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roger Colobran
- Immunology Division, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Sánchez
- Statistics Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Miñarro
- Statistics Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- Immunology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute, 08916, Badalona, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrascal
- Immunology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute, 08916, Badalona, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Rodríguez-Fernández
- Immunology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute, 08916, Badalona, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa María Ampudia
- Immunology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute, 08916, Badalona, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute, 08916, Badalona, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute and Hospital, 08916, Badalona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain; CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Zhu X, Hogan SP, Molkentin JD, Zimmermann N. Cyclophilin D regulates necrosis, but not apoptosis, of murine eosinophils. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G609-17. [PMID: 26893161 PMCID: PMC4836130 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00389.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil degranulation and clusters of free extracellular granules are frequently observed in diverse diseases, including atopic dermatitis, nasal polyposis, and eosinophilic esophagitis. Whether these intact granules are released by necrosis or a biochemically mediated cytolysis remains unknown. Recently, a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase located within the mitochondrial matrix, cyclophilin D (PPIF), was shown to regulate necrotic, but not apoptotic, cell death in vitro in fibroblasts, hepatocytes, and cardiomyocytes. Whether cyclophilin D regulates necrosis in hematopoietic cells such as eosinophils remains unknown. We used PPIF-deficient (Ppif(-/-)) mice to test whether cyclophilin D is required for regulating eosinophil necrosis. PPIF deficiency did not affect eosinophil development or maturation at baseline. After in vitro ionomycin or H2O2 treatment, Ppif(-/-) eosinophils were significantly protected from Ca(2+) overload- or oxidative stress-induced necrosis. Additionally, Ppif(-/-) eosinophils demonstrated significantly decreased necrosis, but not apoptosis, in response to Siglec-F cross-linking, a stimulus associated with eosinophil-mediated processes in vitro and in vivo. When treated with apoptosis inducers, Ppif(+/+) and Ppif(-/-) eosinophils exhibited no significant difference in apoptosis or secondary necrosis. Finally, in a dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis model, although levels of colitogenic cytokines and eosinophil-selective chemokines were comparable between Ppif(+/+) and Ppif(-/-) mice, the latter exhibited decreased clinical outcomes. This correlated with significantly reduced eosinophil cytolysis in the colon. Collectively, our present studies demonstrate that murine eosinophil necrosis is regulated in vitro and in vivo by cyclophilin D, at least in part, thus providing new insight into the mechanism of eosinophil necrosis and release of free extracellular granules in eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nives Zimmermann
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
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26
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Expression and subcellular localization of the Qa-SNARE syntaxin17 in human eosinophils. Exp Cell Res 2015; 337:129-135. [PMID: 26254897 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SNARE members mediate membrane fusion during intracellular trafficking underlying innate and adaptive immune responses by different cells. However, little is known about the expression and function of these proteins in human eosinophils, cells involved in allergic, inflammatory and immunoregulatory responses. Here, we investigate the expression and distribution of the Qa-SNARE syntaxin17 (STX17) within human eosinophils isolated from the peripheral blood. METHODS Flow cytometry and a pre-embedding immunonanogold electron microscopy (EM) technique that combines optimal epitope preservation and secondary Fab-fragments of antibodies linked to 1.4 nm gold particles for optimal access to microdomains, were used to investigate STX17. RESULTS STX17 was detected within unstimulated eosinophils. Immunogold EM revealed STX17 on secretory granules and on granule-derived vesiculotubular transport carriers (Eosinophil Sombrero Vesicles-EoSVs). Quantitative EM analyses showed that 77.7% of the granules were positive for STX17 with a mean±SEM of 3.9±0.2 gold particles/granule. Labeling was present on both granule outer membranes and matrices while EoSVs showed clear membrane-associated labeling. STX17 was also present in secretory granules in eosinophils stimulated with the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or the CC-chemokine ligand 11 CCL11 (eotaxin-1), stimuli that induce eosinophil degranulation. The number of secretory granules labeled for STX17 was significantly higher in CCL11 compared with the unstimulated group. The level of cell labeling did not change when unstimulated cells were compared with TNF-α-stimulated eosinophils. CONCLUSIONS The present study clearly shows by immunanonogold EM that STX17 is localized in eosinophil secretory granules and transport vesicles and might be involved in the transport of granule-derived cargos.
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27
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Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin (EDN/RNase 2) and the Mouse Eosinophil-Associated RNases (mEars): Expanding Roles in Promoting Host Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15442-55. [PMID: 26184157 PMCID: PMC4519907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN/RNase2) and its divergent orthologs, the mouse eosinophil-associated RNases (mEars), are prominent secretory proteins of eosinophilic leukocytes and are all members of the larger family of RNase A-type ribonucleases. While EDN has broad antiviral activity, targeting RNA viruses via mechanisms that may require enzymatic activity, more recent studies have elucidated how these RNases may generate host defense via roles in promoting leukocyte activation, maturation, and chemotaxis. This review provides an update on recent discoveries, and highlights the versatility of this family in promoting innate immunity.
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28
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Yamada KJ, Barker T, Dyer KD, Rice TA, Percopo CM, Garcia-Crespo KE, Cho S, Lee JJ, Druey KM, Rosenberg HF. Eosinophil-associated ribonuclease 11 is a macrophage chemoattractant. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8863-75. [PMID: 25713137 PMCID: PMC4423678 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.626648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNase A is the prototype of an extensive family of divergent proteins whose members share a unique disulfide-bonded tertiary structure, conserved catalytic motifs, and the ability to hydrolyze polymeric RNA. Several members of this family maintain independent roles as ribonucleases and modulators of innate immunity. Here we characterize mouse eosinophil-associated RNase (Ear) 11, a divergent member of the eosinophil ribonuclease cluster, and the only known RNase A ribonuclease expressed specifically in response to Th2 cytokine stimulation. Mouse Ear 11 is differentially expressed in somatic tissues at baseline (brain ≪ liver < lung < spleen); systemic stimulation with IL-33 results in 10-5000-fold increased expression in lung and spleen, respectively. Ear 11 is also expressed in response to protective priming of the respiratory mucosa with Lactobacillus plantarum; transcripts are detected both locally in lung as well as systemically in bone marrow and spleen. Mouse Ear 11 is enzymatically active, although substantially less so than mEar 1 and mEar 2; the relative catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of mEar 11 is diminished ∼1000-1500-fold. However, in contrast to RNase 2/EDN and mEar 2, which have been characterized as selective chemoattractants for CD11c(+) dendritic cells, mEar 11 has prominent chemoattractant activity for F4/80(+)CD11c(-) tissue macrophages. Chemoattractant activity is not dependent on full enzymatic activity, and requires no interaction with the pattern recognition receptor, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Taken together, this work characterizes a divergent RNase A ribonuclease with a unique expression pattern and function, and highlights the versatility of this family in promoting innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tolga Barker
- Molecular Signal Transduction Sections, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | | | | - Soochin Cho
- the Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, and
| | - James J Lee
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | - Kirk M Druey
- Molecular Signal Transduction Sections, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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29
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Shamri R, Minai-Fleminger Y, Gangwar RS, Migalovich-Sheikhet H, Seaf M, Levi-Schaffer F. Author response to 'Staphylococcus aureus and primary lysis of eosinophils' by Dr Persson. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:490-1. [PMID: 25565468 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Shamri
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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30
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Dual proinflammatory and antiviral properties of pulmonary eosinophils in respiratory syncytial virus vaccine-enhanced disease. J Virol 2014; 89:1564-78. [PMID: 25410867 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01536-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of morbidity and severe lower respiratory tract disease in the elderly and very young, with some infants developing bronchiolitis, recurrent wheezing, and asthma following infection. Previous studies in humans and animal models have shown that vaccination with formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) leads to prominent airway eosinophilic inflammation following RSV challenge; however, the roles of pulmonary eosinophilia in the antiviral response and in disease pathogenesis are inadequately understood. In vivo studies in mice with eotaxin and/or interleukin 5 (IL-5) deficiency showed that FI-RSV vaccination did not lead to enhanced pulmonary disease, where following challenge there were reduced pulmonary eosinophilia, inflammation, Th2-type cytokine responses, and altered chemokine (TARC and CCL17) responses. In contrast to wild-type mice, RSV was recovered at high titers from the lungs of eotaxin- and/or IL-5-deficient mice. Adoptive transfer of eosinophils to FI-RSV-immunized eotaxin- and IL-5-deficient (double-deficient) mice challenged with RSV was associated with potent viral clearance that was mediated at least partly through nitric oxide. These studies show that pulmonary eosinophilia has dual outcomes: one linked to RSV-induced airway inflammation and pulmonary pathology and one with innate features that contribute to a reduction in the viral load. IMPORTANCE This study is critical to understanding the mechanisms attributable to RSV vaccine-enhanced disease. This study addresses the hypothesis that IL-5 and eotaxin are critical in pulmonary eosinophil response related to FI-RSV vaccine-enhanced disease. The findings suggest that in addition to mediating tissue pathology, eosinophils within a Th2 environment also have antiviral activity.
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31
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Persson C, Uller L. Theirs but to die and do: primary lysis of eosinophils and free eosinophil granules in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:628-33. [PMID: 24512466 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201311-2069oe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Persson
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; and
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Gentil K, Lentz CS, Rai R, Muhsin M, Kamath AD, Mutluer O, Specht S, Hübner MP, Hoerauf A. Eotaxin-1 is involved in parasite clearance during chronic filarial infection. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:60-77. [PMID: 24112106 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil migration as key feature of helminth infection is increased during infection with filarial nematodes. In a mouse model of filariasis, we investigated the role of the eosinophil-attracting chemokine Eotaxin-1 on disease outcome. BALB/c and Eotaxin-1(-/-) mice were infected with the rodent filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis, and parasitic parameters, cellular migration to the site of infection, and cellular responsiveness were investigated. We found increased parasite survival but unaffected eosinophil migration to the site of infection in Eotaxin-1(-/-) mice. Expression of CD80 and CD86 was reduced on eosinophils from Eotaxin-1(-/-) mice after in vitro TLR2 stimulation and exposure to filarial antigen, respectively, suggesting a potential reduced activation state of eosinophils in Eotaxin-1 deficient mice. We further demonstrated that macrophages from Eotaxin-1(-/-) mice produce decreased amounts of IL-6 in vitro, a cytokine found to be associated with parasite containment, suggesting possible mechanisms by which Eotaxin-1 regulates activation of inflammatory cells and thus parasite survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gentil
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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33
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Muniz VS, Baptista-Dos-Reis R, Neves JS. Functional extracellular eosinophil granules: a bomb caught in a trap. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 162:276-82. [PMID: 24136351 DOI: 10.1159/000354934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils store a wide range of preformed proteins, including cationic proteins and cytokines, within their morphologically unique granules. Recently, we have demonstrated that cell-free eosinophil granules are functional, independent, secretory organelles and that clusters of cell-free granules are commonly found at tissue sites associated with various pathologic conditions. Cytolytic release of intact eosinophil granules produces extracellular organelles that are fully capable of ligand-elicited, active, secretory responses and are hence able to act as 'cluster bombs' that amplify the differential secretory properties of eosinophils. Herein, we review recent progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the cytolytical release of intact cell-free functional eosinophil granules in a process associated with the liberation of eosinophil DNA traps (nets), a known aspect of the innate response recognized in various immune cells and pathological conditions. We also discuss the importance of clusters of cell-free eosinophil granules trapped in eosinophil DNA nets in disease and speculate on their potential role(s) in immunity as well as compare available data on DNA-releasing neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdirene S Muniz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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34
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Shamri R, Young KM, Weller PF. PI3K, ERK, p38 MAPK and integrins regulate CCR3-mediated secretion of mouse and human eosinophil-associated RNases. Allergy 2013; 68:880-9. [PMID: 23742707 DOI: 10.1111/all.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils have the capacity to secrete varied cytotoxic proteins. Among the proteins are the eosinophil-associated RNases (EARs): the human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and eosinophilic cationic protein, and their murine ortholog EARs, which have been shown to be involved in host defense, tissue remodeling, and immunity regulation. However, the signal transduction that regulates EARs secretion in response to physiological stimuli, such as chemokines, has been little studied in human and scarcely in mouse eosinophils, the foremost animal model for eosinophil-associated human diseases. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to understand the signal transduction involved in the secretion of enzymatically active EARs following chemokine stimulation. METHODS Fresh mouse and human eosinophils were stimulated with CCL11 and CCL24, and the secretion of enzymatically active EARs was detected using an RNase activity assay. The involvement of signaling factors or integrins was probed using specific inhibitors and blocking antibodies. Adhesion was evaluated by microscopy. RESULTS We found that secretion of mouse EARs in response to CCL11 and CCL24 was Gαi -dependent. Both mouse and human eosinophils required the activation of PI3K, ERK, and p38 MAPK. In addition, the adhesion molecules β1 and β2 integrins were found to be crucial for EAR secretion, and we suggest a mechanism in which spreading is obligatory for EAR secretion. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data suggest a common CCR3-mediated signaling pathway that leads to EAR secretion in both mouse and human eosinophils. These findings are applicable for eosinophil-mediated host defense and eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Shamri
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation; Department of Medicine; Harvard Medical School; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston; MA; USA
| | - K. M. Young
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation; Department of Medicine; Harvard Medical School; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston; MA; USA
| | - P. F. Weller
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation; Department of Medicine; Harvard Medical School; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston; MA; USA
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35
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Melo RCN, Liu L, Xenakis JJ, Spencer LA. Eosinophil-derived cytokines in health and disease: unraveling novel mechanisms of selective secretion. Allergy 2013; 68:274-84. [PMID: 23347072 DOI: 10.1111/all.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, our understanding of eosinophils has evolved from that of categorically destructive effector cells to include active participation in immune modulation, tissue repair processes, and normal organ development, in both health and disease. At the core of their newly appreciated functions is the capacity of eosinophils to synthesize, store within intracellular granules, and very rapidly secrete a highly diverse repertoire of cytokines. Mechanisms governing the selective secretion of preformed cytokines from eosinophils are attractive therapeutic targets and may well be more broadly applicable to other immune cells. Here, we discuss recent advances in deciphering pathways of cytokine secretion, both from intact eosinophils and from tissue-deposited cell-free eosinophil granules, extruded from eosinophils undergoing a lytic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Liu
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation; Department of Medicine; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston; MA; USA
| | - J. J. Xenakis
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation; Department of Medicine; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston; MA; USA
| | - L. A. Spencer
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation; Department of Medicine; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston; MA; USA
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Eosinophil extracellular DNA trap cell death mediates lytic release of free secretion-competent eosinophil granules in humans. Blood 2013; 121:2074-83. [PMID: 23303825 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-432088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils release their granule proteins extracellularly through exocytosis, piecemeal degranulation, or cytolytic degranulation. Findings in diverse human eosinophilic diseases of intact extracellular eosinophil granules, either free or clustered, indicate that eosinophil cytolysis occurs in vivo, but the mechanisms and consequences of lytic eosinophil degranulation are poorly understood. We demonstrate that activated human eosinophils can undergo extracellular DNA trap cell death (ETosis) that cytolytically releases free eosinophil granules. Eosinophil ETosis (EETosis), in response to immobilized immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA), cytokines with platelet activating factor, calcium ionophore, or phorbol myristate acetate, develops within 120 minutes in a reduced NADP (NADPH) oxidase-dependent manner. Initially, nuclear lobular formation is lost and some granules are released by budding off from the cell as plasma membrane-enveloped clusters. Following nuclear chromatolysis, plasma membrane lysis liberates DNA that forms weblike extracellular DNA nets and releases free intact granules. EETosis-released eosinophil granules, still retaining eosinophil cationic granule proteins, can be activated to secrete when stimulated with CC chemokine ligand 11 (eotaxin-1). Our results indicate that an active NADPH oxidase-dependent mechanism of cytolytic, nonapoptotic eosinophil death initiates nuclear chromatolysis that eventuates in the release of intact secretion-competent granules and the formation of extracellular DNA nets.
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Lee JJ, Jacobsen EA, Ochkur SI, McGarry MP, Condjella RM, Doyle AD, Luo H, Zellner KR, Protheroe CA, Willetts L, Lesuer WE, Colbert DC, Helmers RA, Lacy P, Moqbel R, Lee NA. Human versus mouse eosinophils: "that which we call an eosinophil, by any other name would stain as red". J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:572-84. [PMID: 22935586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The respective life histories of human subjects and mice are well defined and describe a unique story of evolutionary conservation extending from sequence identity within the genome to the underpinnings of biochemical, cellular, and physiologic pathways. As a consequence, the hematopoietic lineages of both species are invariantly maintained, each with identifiable eosinophils. This canonical presence nonetheless does not preclude disparities between human and mouse eosinophils, their effector functions, or both. Indeed, many books and reviews dogmatically highlight differences, providing a rationale to discount the use of mouse models of human eosinophilic diseases. We suggest that this perspective is parochial and ignores the wealth of available studies and the consensus of the literature that overwhelming similarities (and not differences) exist between human and mouse eosinophils. The goal of this review is to summarize this literature and in some cases provide experimental details comparing and contrasting eosinophils and eosinophil effector functions in human subjects versus mice. In particular, our review will provide a summation and an easy-to-use reference guide to important studies demonstrating that although differences exist, more often than not, their consequences are unknown and do not necessarily reflect inherent disparities in eosinophil function but instead species-specific variations. The conclusion from this overview is that despite nominal differences, the vast similarities between human and mouse eosinophils provide important insights as to their roles in health and disease and, in turn, demonstrate the unique utility of mouse-based studies with an expectation of valid extrapolation to the understanding and treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
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Aceves S, Hirano I, Furuta GT, Collins MH. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases--clinically diverse and histopathologically confounding. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:715-31. [PMID: 22842863 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases are a group of chronic diseases characterized by a range of symptoms caused by eosinophilic inflammation of various parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Other causes for eosinophilia need to be ruled out prior to making the diagnosis of EGIDs. The most common form of EGID is eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), an antigen-driven disease that afflicts children and adults and has been identified across the world. Histological features include dense eosinophilia of the esophageal mucosa, eosinophil degranulation, eosinophil microabscess formation, and other features of epithelial inflammation including basal zone hyperplasia and rete pege elongation. Treatments include dietary exclusions and topical corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Aceves
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Muniz VS, Weller PF, Neves JS. Eosinophil crystalloid granules: structure, function, and beyond. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:281-8. [PMID: 22672875 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0212067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes associated with host defense against parasitic helminths with allergic conditions and more recently, with immunoregulatory responses. Eosinophils are distinguished from leukocytes by their dominant population of cytoplasmic crystalloid (also termed secretory, specific, or secondary) granules that contain robust stores of diverse, preformed cationic proteins. Here, we provide an update on our knowledge about the unique and complex structure of human eosinophil crystalloid granules. We discuss their significance as rich sites of a variety of receptors and review our own recent research findings and those of others that highlight discoveries concerning the function of intracellular receptors and their potential implications in cell signaling. Special focus is provided on how eosinophils might use these intracellular receptors as mechanisms to secrete, selectively and rapidly, cytokines or chemokines and enable cell-free extracellular eosinophil granules to function as independent secretory structures. Potential roles of cell-free eosinophil granules as immune players in the absence of intact eosinophils will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdirene S Muniz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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